Design Applications in Hydrology iti i i 9-10, the 7 dition downstream of the culvert. Looking at Figure , ee eabeiced equation for comparing the water surface elevations on both sides of the culvert is HW+LS=TW+ H (9-9) where HW is the upstream headwater at the inlet of the culvert, LS is the product of the length multiplied by the slope of the culvert, TW is the down- stream tailwater at the outlet of the culvert, and H is the total head loss through the culvert, as described in further detail below. Culverts are generally divided into two classifications: inlet controlled or outlet controlled. Inlet-controlled culverts are governed by the inlet of the culvert, and the discharge through the culvert is predominately affected by the culvert entrance. In a simplistic sense, inlet control exists when the discharge through the culvert itself can be at a greater rate than what is capable of entering into the culvert at the inlet. Inlet-controlled culverts are not affected so much by the internal culvert characteristics, such as rough- = and length, as by the headwater depth, entrance geometry and configu- on ie and type of inlet edge. Culverts do not flow full throughout their eae a under inlet control conditions, and generally flows are super- relatively sabe sane Tf the culvert application is inan environment of example of ae pe, inlet control is more likely. Figure 9-11 illustrates an conditions exia Paental conditions for a culvert; other inlet-control flow as ‘ i sed of ote flow vonditocsy reference material for a more detailed description employed aoe can be somewhat involved in terms of the calculations Publications Fi to the partially full-flow conditions of the culvert. Many applications Ag autent the behavior of culvert conditions in a variety of tables, charts Would be typical, inlet-control conditions Tequire the use of Federal Ey; ehway AeePs, or other available reference materials from the lesigner in define ministration (FHWA) or other sources that will aid the ~ MANE based g the behavior of the culvert in terms of hydraulic perf a Upon extensive research. The design of inlet-controlled ere ibed publish the reasons stated above, and in lieu of iia the apply pe Plished culvert behavior tables, charts, and so on une the y readily available software programs ‘such as BEC ee later in this chapter. as HEC-RAS, as