Outlet control for culverts exists if the rate of flow that can enter the culvert is greater than that possible through the culvert. In outlet-controlled culverts, the physical characteristics of the culvert play a significant role, as do the tailwater conditions for a particular storm event being applied. If the culvert application is in an environment of relatively mild slope, outlet con- trol is more likely to govern. Generally, culverts flow full throughout all or most of their length in outlet-control conditions, and the flow is either sub- critical or under pressure throughout the culverts. Figure 9-12 illustrates an example of outlet-control conditions for a culvert; however, outlet-control circumstances can exist whereby the culvert outlet is not submerged (see reference material for a more detailed description of other flow conditions). Looking at Figure 9-12, the tailwater is above the outlet crown of the culvert pipe (the crown of a pipe is the inner top of the pipe, often called the pipe soffit). If the tailwater is below the crown of the pipe, then outlet- control conditions can still exist, but the calculation of the tailwater depth will be more involved. For the condition shown in Figure 9-12, H = Hex + Hexic + By (9-10) where Hent equals the entrance head loss in feet, Hesit equals the exit head loss in feet, and Hy equals the friction head loss in feet. The entrance loss is computed by, Het = KeV°2g (9-11) where K, is an entrance loss coefficient and the other terms are as applied pre- viously. Table 9-4 provides several commonly applied entrance loss coefficients. ‘The exit head loss computation can be simplified by assuming the downstream culvert end empties into a nonflowing body of water, in which case the exit head loss is computed by taking the full velocity head at the exit of the culvert (V7/2g, using V as the velocity in the culvert). A more accurate means is to recognize the downstream velocity in the channel, downstream of the culvert. Therefore, the exit head loss is computed by 2, Heri, = (V7/28)cxivert ~ (V'728)channa, (9-12) sty of flow in the culvert or downstream where Vv equals the velocity od the gravitational oo channel as ap- propriate in feet per second, gequals stant of 32.2 fuser 2 sthe friction loss within the calvet is calculated by Equation (9-4). A, emp