Design of Compression members- Axially Loaded columns by S.Praveenkumar Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering PSG College of Technology CoimbatoreIntroduction > Acolumn is an important components of R.C. Structures. > Acolumn, in general, may be defined as a member carrying direct axial load which causes compressive stresses of such magnitude that these stresses largely control its design. > A column or strut is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension.(Cl. 25.1.1) » When a member carrying mainly axial load is vertical, it is termed as column while if it is inclined or horizontal, it is termed as a strut. > Columns may be of various shape such as circular, rectangular, square, hexagonal etc. > ‘Pedestal’ is a vertical compression member whose ‘effective length’ is less than three times its least lateral dimension (Cl. 26.5.3.1(h)].Classification of columns Based on Type of Reinforcement a) Tied Columns-where the main longitudinal bars are enclosed within closely spaced /stera/ ties( all cross sectional shapes) b) Spiral columns-where the main longitudinal bars are enclosed within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement (Circular, square, octagonal sections) c) Composite Columns-where — the reinforcement is in the form of structural steel sections or pipes, with or without longitudinal bars [_] te (a) tied column (b) spiral column | structural ‘steel section (c) composite columnBased on Type of Loading a) Columns with axial loading (applied concentrically) b) Columns with uniaxial eccentric loading c) Columns with biaxial eccentric loading Pp Pp e, = MJP e= MIP. = MJP P | jS>| ey | centroidal axis —+ | rc y |i Ly i 4 ; Pa | Ke cROsS | mi or. 4 SES. pet of iE yee 2 \| Se (a) (b) (ce) axial loading loading with loading with (concentric) uniaxial eccentricities biaxial eccentricitiesaxial compression with axial compression with axial compression eT tonding Biaxial bending:fie : The combination of \ _ Load P applied with an | axial compression (P,) \ eccentricity e = MJP, with» with bending moment respect to the longitudinal | . (M,) atany column equifffent to \ centroidal axis of the / section yf column section. Po Pp, Mu ELEVATION> The occurrence of ‘pure’ axial compression in a column (due to concentric loads) is relatively rare. > Generally, flexure accompanies axial compression — due to ‘rigid frame’ action, lateral loading and/or actual(or_—_even, unintended/ accidental) eccentricities in loading. > The combination of axial compression (P) with bending moment (M) at any column section is statically equivalent ta a system consisting of the load P applied with an eccentricity e = M/P with respect to the longitudinal centroidal axis of the column section. > Ina more general loading situation, bending moments (M, and M) are applied simultaneously on the axially loaded column in two perpendicular directions — about the major axis (XX) and minor axis (YY) of the column section. This results in biaxial eccentricities e= M,/P and e,= M,/P, as shown in [Fig.(c)]. 7> Columns in reinforced concrete framed buildings, in general, fall into the third category, viz. columns with biaxial eccentricities. > The biaxial eccentricities are particularly significant in the case of the columns located in the building corners. > Inthe case of columns located in the interior of symmetrical, simple buildings, these eccentricities under gravity loads are generally of a low order (in comparison with the lateral dimensions of the column), and hence are sometimes neglected in design calculations. > In such cases, the columns are assumed to fall in the first category, viz. columns with axial loading. > The Code, however, ensures that the design of such columns is sufficiently conservative to enable them to be capable of resisting nominal eccentricities in loadingBased on Slenderness Ratio (Cl. 20.1.2) Columns (i... compression members) may be classitied into the following two types, depending on whether slenderness effects are considered insignificant or significant: Geers inghe 1) 1. Short columns L cristo) 45120008) 2. Slender (or long) columns. ia » ‘Slenderness' is a geometrical property of a compression member which is related to the ratio of its ‘effective length’ to its lateral dimension. This ratio, called slenderness ratio, also provides a measure of the vulnerability to failure of the column by elastic instability (buckling) — in the plane in which the slenderness ratio is computed.» Columns with low slenderness ratios, i.e. relatively short and stocky columns, invariably fail under ultimate loads with the material (concrete, steel) reaching its ultimate strength, and not by buckling. » On the other hand, columns with very high slenderness ratios are in danger of buckling (accompanied with large lateral deflection) under relatively low compressive loads, and thereby failing suddenly. (a) (b> CRUSHING BUCKLING 10Braced columns & unbraced column In most of the cases, columns are also subjected to horizontal loads like wind, earthquake etc. If lateral supports are provided at the ends of the column, the lateral loads are borne entirely by the lateral supports. Such columns are known as braced columns.(When relative transverse displacement between the upper and lower ends of a column is prevented, the frame is said to be braced (against sideway)). Other columns, where the lateral loads have to be resisted by them, in addition to axial loads and end moments, are considered as unbraced columns. (When relative transverse displacement between the upper and lower ends of a column is not prevented, the frame is said to be unbraced (against sideway).Unsupported Length Code (Cl. 25.1.3) defines the ‘unsupported length’ / of a column explicitly for various types of constructions. Effective length of a column The effective length of a column in a given plane is defined as the distance between the points of inflection in the buckled configuration of the column in that plane. The effective length depends on the unsupported length | andthe boundary conditions at the column endsEffective lengths for idealised boundary conditions (Euler’s theary) End conditions Both ends hinged One end fixed and the other end free One end fixed and the other hinged Both ends fixed Effective lengthCode recommendations for idealised boundary conditions (Cl. E-1)-Use of Code Charts Charts are given in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 of the Code for determining the effective length ratios of braced columns and unbraced columns respectively in terms of coefficients @/ and 82 which represent the degrees of rotational freedom at the top and bottom ends of the column. =In such cases, the effective length ratio k varies between 0.5 and 1.0 lp [O5 However, longitudinal steel rods are always provided to assist in carrying the direct loads. > A minimum area of longitudinal steel is provided in the column, whether itis required from load point of view or not. > This is done to resist tensile stresses caused by some eccentricity of the vertical loads. > There is also an upper limit of amount of reinforcement in RC columns, because higher percentage of steel may cause difficulties in placing and compacting the concrete. > Longitudinal reinforcing bars are “tied” laterally by “ties” or “stirrups” at suitable interval so that the bars do not buckleCodal Provisions(IS-456-2000) 25 COMPRESSION MEMBERS 25.1 Definitions 25.1.1 Column or strut is a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. 25.1.2 Short and Slender Compression Members ‘A compression member may be considered as short shen both the slendernessratiog fe and 2 ae less than 12: where effective length in respect of the major axis, depth in respect of the major axis, effective length in respect of the minor axis, and width of the member. It shall otherwise be considered as a slender compression member. 25.1.3 Unsupported Length ‘The unsupported length, f, of a compression member shall be taken as the clear distance between end restraints except that: a) in flat slab construction, it shall be clear distance between the floor and the lower extremity of the capital, the drop panel or slab whichever is, the least. b) in beam and slab construction, it shall be the clear distance between the floor and the underside of the shallower beam framing into the columns in each direction at the next higher floor level ©) incolumns restrained laterally by struts it shall be the clear distance between consecutive struts in each vertical plane, provided that to be an adequate support, two such struts shall meet the columns at approximately the same level and the angle between vertical planes through the struts shall not vary more than 30° from a right angle. Such struts shall be of adequate dimensions and shall have sufficient anchorage to restrain the member against lateral deflection. @) in columns restrained laterally by struts or ‘beams, with brackets used at the junction, it shall bbe the clear distance between the floor and the lower edge of the bracket, provided that the bracket width equals that of the beam strut and is at least half that of the column. Page No:41 & 42 -IS 456-200025.2 Effective Length of Compression Members Degree of end restraint of compression member Theoretical value of effective length a) —2— Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at both ends. | 0.5t Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained regainst rotation at on | | lone end, Effectively held in position at both ends, but not restrained against 1.001 rotation. | Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end.| and at the other restrained against rotation but not held in position. Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, ‘and at the other partially restrained against rotation but not held in ition. Effectively held in position at one end but not restrained against rotation, Jand at the other end restrained against rotation but not held in position. Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end but {o)Cave3 (Caves (oy Cae 5 () Cave 6 END CONDITIONS FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS Page No:94-IS 456-200025.3 Slenderness Limits for Columns 25.3:1 The unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least lateral dimension of a column, — — -25.3.2_If, in any given plane, one end of a column is = its unsupported length, /, shall not exceed 1006? D where 6b = width of that cross-section, and D = depth of the cross-section measured in the plane under consideration. 25.4 Minimum Eccentricity All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity, equal to the unsupported length of column/ 500 plus lateral dimensions/30, subject to a minimum — &" 2 eater of 500 + 0/30) or 20 mm of 20mm. Where bi-axial bending is considered, it is ——> sufficient to ensure that eccentricity exceeds the ymin > greater of )/500 + b/30) or 20 mm minimum about one axis at a time. a Page No:42-IS 456-2000(1) Longitudinal reinforcement. (a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall_be not less than 0.8 percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross-sectional area of the column, Note. The use of 6 percent reinforcement] may involve practical difficulties in placing and compaction of concrete ; hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from the columns below have to be Lesped with those in the column under consideration, the eof L 4 (®) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area. (c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns and/ six in circular columns (d) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm _ in diameter. (e) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars of longitudinal reinforcement. () In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference. (g) Spacing of longitudinal bars| measured along the periphery of the column shall not 300 mm. J (A) In case of padestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into account in strength calculations, no ongitudinal reinforcement not less 0.15% oO the cross-sectional area shall be provided. Note : Padestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not exceed three times the least lateral dimension. Clause26.53.1- Page No:48-IS 456-2000— T , zine —~143001—Functions of longitudinal reinforcement > To share the vertical compressive load, thereby reducing the overall size of the column. > To resist tensile stresses caused in the column due to (i) eccentric load (ii) Moment (iii) Transverse load. > To prevent sudden brittle failure of the column. > To impart certain ductility to the column. > To reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.(2) Transverse reinforcement (a) General. A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral support against buckling subject to provisions in 2(b). The effective lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement_cither_in_the_form of circular rings capable of taking-up Circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties) with internalangles ‘not_exceeding | 135°, The « ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored: (6) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement. 22 (i If the longitudinal bars are_not spaced more than 75 mm on either “side? transverse reinforcement need only to go round corner and alternate bars for the purpose of providing effective lateral support $75 mm < 75 mm (a) 25 Clause 26.53.3.2Page No:49-IS 456-2000(ii) If the longitudinal bars spaced at_a distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter of the tie are effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in between these bars need to be tied in one direction by open ties, (iii) Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in more than one row, effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be assumed to have been provided if (a) transverse reinforcement is provided for outermost row in accordance with (2) above, and (b) no bar of the corner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the diameter of the largest bar in the inner row 548 4 (ob) +4 v <. 236 Diameter 9 (co) Clause 26.5.3.2 Page No:49-IS 456-2000(iv) Where the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped (not in contact) and each group adequately tied with transverse reinforcement in accordance with clause (2), the transverse reinforcement for the compression member as a whole may be provided on the assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bar for purpose of determining the pitch and diameter of the transverse reinforcement in accordance with clause (2). The diameter of such transverse reinforcement need not, however, exceed 20 mm (c) Pitch and diameter of lateral ties (® Pitch. The pitch of the transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following distances: (1)| the least lateral dimension of the compression member ; (2) [sixteen _times the ‘smallest diameter] of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied; and (3) B0O_mm. (ii) Diameter. The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall not be less than one-fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than fmm. Glause 26.0.3.2 Page No:4Y-15 406-ZUUUFunctions of Transverse reinforcement > To prevent longitudinal buckling of longitudinal reinforcement. > To resist diagonal tension caused due to transverse shear due to moment/transverse load. > To hold the longitudinal reinforcement in position at the time of concreting. > To confine the concrete, thereby preventing its longitudinal splitting. > To impart ductility to the column. > To prevent sudden brittle failure of the columns. 28(d) Helical reinforcement (i) Pitch, Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of the spiral bar. Where an increased load on the column on the strength of the helical reinforcement is allowed for, the pitch of the helical turns shall be not more than 75 mm, nor more than one sixth of the core diameter of the column, nor less than 25 mm, nor less than three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix. (ii) Diameter. The diameter of the helix reinforcement shall be in accordance with clause 2 (c ii) given above. Clause 26.5.3.2 Page No:49-IS 456-2000 Cover to reinforcement For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, the nominal cover shall not be less than 40mm, nor less than the diameter of such bar. In the case of columns of minimum dimension of 200mm or under, whose reinforcing bars does not exceed |2mm, a cover of Zamm may be used. Clause 26.4.2.1 Page No:49-IS 456-2000 *R= 60mm # PITCHIPD oy oy tSematy ft te if Smm by RECTANGULAR COLUMN CIRCULAR COLUMN Gorge cam be reduced 10. 25enm when sCover can be requced to 25 mm when 26 300, b< 300 and 9" 1s OS So" and 9 St BAR SPACING REQUIREMENTS IN COLUMNS SP 34- 1987 Page No:88 aAssumptions in Limit State of Collapse ~Compression Design for the limit state of collapse in flexure shall be based on the assumptions given below: a) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending. b) The maximum strain in concrete at the ‘outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.003 5 in bending. c)_ The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of test. An acceptable stress- strain curve is given in Fig. 21. For design Purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times STRESS —— 0002 the characteristic strength. The partial safety STRAIN = factor y,, = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this. Thus, the design strength of concrete is F1-21 Stmess-Seany Conv om Concer taken as 0.67 fy/1.5 = 0.46 fy. Clause 38.1 Page No:69-IS 456-2000NOTE — For the stress-strain curve in Fig. 21 the design stress block parameters are as follows (see Fig. 22): Area of stress block = 0.6 f.x, Depth of centre of compressive force = 0.42 x, from the extreme fibre in compression where fog * Characteristic compressive strength of concrete, and 4, = depth of neutral axis. d) The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored. ¢) The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the type of steel used. Typical curves are given in Fig. 23. For design purposes the partial safety factor Y_,, equal to 1.15 shall be applied. 0-42xu xu ose Fic. 22 Stress BLock PARaMErers STRESS 000 9007: 23A Cold Worked Deformed Bar STRAW 238. Sree. Ban wenn Dervert Yiew Pour Clause 38.1 Page No:69-IS 456-2000 ada) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0,002. b) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre. 0,002) 0.002 (b) Strain dstibution i | 0.446 |, 0.446 fy 4 4 (c) Stress distribution Clause 38.1 Page No:69-IS 456-2000 STRAIN AND STRESS DISTRIBU- TION ACROSS THE SECTION OF COLUMN SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSIONDESIGN OF SHORT COLUMN BY SP16 Charts 24 to 26 of the IS publication Design Aids SP 16 can be used for routine office design of short columns. These charts are made from the column formula P, = OAfaAc + O.6Tf Ay It Ay = area of cross-section p = percentage of steel = 100A/A, The areas of steel and concrete are given by As = Too Rewriting Eq. with the above quantities, we obtain Ae + Thy OTK - o4fa)| Ag Charts 24 to 26 of SP 16 have been prepared from these formula for Fe 250, Fe 415 and Fe 500 and fox = 15, 20, 30, 35 and 49, To use the design chart, choose the value of the factored design load Py, and proceed horizontally till the A, corresponding to the size of thé column selected is reached. The value of the percentage of stecl (100A,)/A, required for the adopted value of fxPROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF CENTRALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN The step-by-step procedure for design of a centrally loaded short column can be arranged as follows: Step 1: Compute the factored load on the column. Step 2: Choose a suitable size for the column, depending on the size of the beam that has to be placed on it and the architectural requirements. Usually, the beams are accommodated inside the column. Check also the minimum eccentricity. Step 3: Determine the effective length and slenderness of the column about the principal axes. If it is less than 12, it can be considered as a short column. If it is 12 or more, it is to be designed as a long column. Step 4: Compute the area of the longitudinal steel required by either (a) by using the formulae or (b) by using SP 16 in the following manner: @ P = OAfaAc + 0.67 Asc P= [os faa + te (O67f, - 04. fa] Ae (b) By use of SP 16 as already indicated in Section ‘The minimum percentage of steel adopted should be greater than 0.8. As regards the maximum percentage, it should be less than 4 in normal designs where lapping becomes essential; where lapping is not adopted, one may accept a percentage of up to 6.Step 5: Detail the steel by choosing a suitable size and number (size not to be less than 12 mm and for a symmetrical arrangement with at Jeast four bars for a rectangular column and six bars for a circular column). Adopt a suitable cover to the steel (clause 25.4.1) and check perimeter spacing of bars (IS clause 25.5.3.1) is not more than 300 mm as shown in Fig. Step 6: Detail the transverse steel. Adopt a suitable size, determine spacings, etc. Lateral ties r Piten(S) ‘Continuous Longitudinal tes (spiral) bar $11 ae [z bie + . L 30° $b, [416 ~|$300— 4, EF SanDetailing of columns Upper column bars outside f% [Column 4-9 J] Pers Lower coiumn bars WY ca Dowel bars Stope tin 6 (max. ) Extra ties Splicing of columns.stirrups bars (b) a) Termination of column bars inside slab b) Fixed end joint in a column 38Cc) c) Typical detail of beam column junction at external columnLayout of steet in columns v BK Structural detailing of columns -40mm cover to tines si ering 6 men links —t (M3) AA © mm links (MS) a (o) ) -C.C. Columns. 40Design problem if Design the reinforcement in a column of size 450 mm x 600 mm, subject to an axial load of 2000 kN. The column has an unsupported length of 3.01 and is braced against sidesway in both directions. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. 1. Short Column or Slender Column? Given: I, = 1, = 3000 mm, D, = 450 mm, D, = 600 mm 1,,/D, =k,],/D, =k, «3000/60 = 5k, slendermess ratios =)" 1) —& 1, /D, =k, x3000/450 = 6.67, * Effective length ratios k, and k, are less than unity (since the column is braced against sideway in both directions,) *and hence the slenderness ratios are both less than 12. * Hence, the column may be designed as a sliort colunut.2. Mininun Eccentricities 1/500 + D,/30 ein = / ./ whichever is greater 20mm 3000/500 + 600/30 ‘xsanin = / Y whichever is greater =26mm 20mm 3000/500 + 450/30 cs aD AO whichever is greater = =21 mm 20mm As 0.05D, = 0.05 x 600 = 30.0 mm > @, nin = 26.0 mm and 0.05D, = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm > é, ,j, = 21.0 mm, the Code formula for axially loaded short columns can be used. =04 fA, eyes OA a) Age3. Factored Load P,, = 2000 x 1.5 = 3000 KN 4. Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement P,=04 fy Ay +(0.67f, - 0.4 fox) Ae 3000 x 10° = 0.4 x 20 x 450 x 600 + (0.67 x 415-0.4 x 20) A, c A,, = 3111 mm? Provide 4-25 $ at corners : 4 x 491 = 1964 mm? and 4-20 6 additional: 4 x 314 = 1256 mm? A,, = 3220 mm? > 3111 mm? p = (100x3220) / (450x600) = 1.192 > 0.8 (minimum reinf.) — OK.5. Lateral Ties: $rons nas | 4 25/4 tiediameter % -| es / -{ y 6mm 6mm 7 450 tie spacing, ad 169.r¢,2in = 16x20=320 300mm 300mm Hence provide 8 ¢ ties @ 300 ¢/c 450 48208 V ~ 860300c/e 44256