Chapter 18 Solutions near a regular singular point

Case2: Indicial equation: Equal roots

Page 381 #1
𝑥 2 𝑦" − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0

Assume the solution to be:

∞

𝑦 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+𝑐
𝑛=0

Derivatives are:
∞

𝑦′ = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑐)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐−1
𝑛=0
∞

𝑦" = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑐)(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐−2

𝑛=0

Substituting and simplifying:

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑐)(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐 − ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑐)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐 − ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑐)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐+1 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+𝑐 = 0

𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
∞ ∞

∑ 𝑎𝑛 [(𝑛 + 𝑐)(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1) − (𝑛 + 𝑐) + 1]𝑥 𝑛+𝑐 − ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑐)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐+1 = 0

𝑛=0 𝑛=0
∞ ∞

∑ 𝑎𝑛 [(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)]𝑥 𝑛+𝑐 − ∑ 𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐 = 0

𝑛=0 𝑛=1

Equating terms left and right:

Indicial equation:
n = 0 ao (c-1)(c-1) = 0 ao is an arbitrary constant
c1= 1 c2= 1 (equal root)

∞ ∞
𝑛+𝑐
𝐿(𝑦) = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 [(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)]𝑥 − ∑ 𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐
𝑛=0 𝑛=1

for n≥ 1
𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1) − 𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1) = 0
 𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎𝑛 =
(𝑛 + 𝑐 − 1)
𝑎𝑜
𝑎𝑛 (𝑐) =
[𝑐(𝑐 + 1)(𝑐 + 2) … . (𝑐 + 𝑛 − 1))

First Solution:
∞

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑜 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑐)𝑥 𝑛+𝑐

𝑐

𝑛=1
∞

𝑦1 = 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑐 = 1) = 𝑎𝑜 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑐 = 1)𝑥 𝑛+1

1

𝑛=1
𝑎𝑜 𝑎𝑜
𝑎𝑛 (𝑐 = 1) = =
(1)(2)(3) … (𝑛) 𝑛!
∞
𝑎𝑜 𝑛+1
𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑜 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑥
𝑛!
𝑛=1
∞
𝑎𝑜 𝑛
𝑦1 = 𝑥 (𝑎𝑜 + ∑ 𝑥 )
𝑛!
𝑛=1
∞
𝑎𝑜 𝑛
𝑦1 = 𝑥 (∑ 𝑥 )
𝑛!
𝑛=0

𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑜 𝑥𝑒 𝑥

Second Solution:
∞

𝑦2 = 𝑦1 ln 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑎′𝑛 (𝑐 = 1)𝑥 𝑛+1

𝑛=1
𝑎𝑜
𝑎𝑛 (𝑐) =
[𝑐(𝑐 + 1)(𝑐 + 2) … . (𝑐 + 𝑛 − 1))
1 1 1 1
𝑎′ 𝑛 (𝑐) = 𝑎𝑛 (𝑐) {− − − …− }
𝑐 𝑐+1 𝑐+2 𝑐+𝑛−1
𝑎𝑜 1 1 1
𝑎′ 𝑛 (𝑐 = 1) = {−1 − − … − }
𝑛! 2 2 𝑛
𝑎𝑜 1 1 1
𝑎′ 𝑛 (𝑐 = 1) = − {1 + + … + }
𝑛! 2 2 𝑛
′ (𝑐
𝑎𝑜
𝑎 𝑛 = 1) = − 𝐻𝑛
𝑛!
∞
𝑎𝑜 𝐻𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 ln 𝑥 + ∑ = −
𝑛!
𝑛=1

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