DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING SHYAMSUNDER MERUGU ASST.

PROF

UNIT-1: PART-1

DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS

1. Define image.
Ans: The term monochrome image or simply image refers to a two dimensional light
intensity function, f(x, y) where ‘x’ and ‘y’ denote spatial coordinates and the value of ‘f’
at any point (x, y) s proportional to the brightness or gray level of that image at that
point. In simple functional form it can be represented as
F(x, y) = i(x, y) r(x, y)
2. Define digital image. [JNTUH-Apr/May-2018]
Ans: A digital image is an image f(x, y) that has been descretized both in spatial
coordinates and gray levels/brightness.
3. What is pixel?
Ans: The elements of a digital array or image are called image elements/picture
elements/pixels/pels.

4. Define gray level.

Ans: The intensity/pixel value of a monochrome image ‘f’ at coordinates (x, y) is called
the gray level (l) of that image at that point.
The range of gray levels is , Lmin≤ l ≤ Lmax ; where Lmin = imin rmin & Lmax = imax rmax

The interval [Lmin, Lmax] is called gray scale

5. How a digital image is represented?

Ans: The digital image is an image f(x,y) that has been descretized both in spatial
coordinates and intensity/gray level. The digital image can be represented in a matrix
form and is given by

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The coordinates x and y ranges are {x=0,1,2,…….M-1} and y= {x=0,1,2,…….N-1}

6. What are the advantages of the digital images?

Ans:
a. The processing of digital images is faster and cost effective.
b. They can be effectively stored and efficiently transmitted from one place to
other place.
c. When shooting a digital image, one can immediately see if the image is good or
not.
d. Copying a digital image is easy.
e. The quality of digital image will not be degraded even if it is copied for several
times.
f. The reproduction of the images is faster and cheaper.
g. Digital technology offers plenty of scope for versatile image manipulations.
7. List out the draw backs of the digital images.
Ans:
a. Problems associated with sensors such as high power.
b. Security issues associated with storage and transmission.
c. Misuse of copyright has become easier.
d. A digital file cannot be enlarged beyond a certain size without compromising on
quality.
e. The memory required to store and process good quality digital images is very
high.
f. For real time implementation of digital image processing algorithms, the
processor has to be very fast because the volume of the data is very high.

8. What is the storage requirement(number of bits required) for the digital image?
Ans: If the image is M x N size with 2m gray levels, then the number of bits required to
store the digitized image is,
Storage/number of bits required = M x N x m
Where M= width of image, N= height of image and m= bit depth.

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9. What is the storage requirement for a 1024x1024 binary image?

Ans: For a binary image one bit is enough to represent the pixel value. Therefore, from
the given data
M= 1024, N= 1024, m=1
Storage/number of bits required = 1024 x 1024 x 1 = 10,48,576 bits
= 1,31,072 Bytes
= 131.072 KB

10. What is digital image processing? [JNTUH-Nov/Dec-2018]

Ans: The processing/performing some operations on an image by means of a computer
in order to get an enhanced image or to extract useful information from it is called
digital image processing.
11. Draw an image for image processing system. [JNTUH-Apr/May-2018]
Ans:

12. Define image resolution. [JNTUH-March-2017]

Ans: Resolution is defined as the smallest number of discernible detail in an image. Spatial resolution is
the smallest discernible detail in an image and gray level resolution refers to the smallest discernible
change is gray level.
13. What are the steps involved in DIP? [JNTUH-March-2017]
Ans: The fundamental steps involved in digital image processing are
i. Image acquisition
ii. Image enhancement
iii. Image restoration
iv. Color image processing

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v. Wavelets and multi resolutions

vi. Compression
vii. Morphological processing
viii. Segmentation
ix. Representation and descriptions
x. Knowledge base
14. Define sampling and quantization. [JNTUH-Nov/Dec-2017]
Ans: Sampling- Digitization of spatial coordinates (x, y) is called image sampling.
Quantization- Digitization of amplitude/ gray level is called image quantization.
15. What is checkerboard effect?
Ans: This is the phenomenon that results in poor quality of images due to reduction in
the number of pixels while maintaining the quantization levels constant.
16. Define false contouring.
Ans: This is the phenomenon that results in poor quality of images due to reduction in
quantization levels while maintaining the number of pixels constant.
17. Define Weber ratio. [JNTUH-Nov/Dec-2016]

Ans: The ratio of increment of illumination to background of illumination is called as weber ratio.
i.e., ∆i/i

If the ratio (∆i/i) is small, then small percentage of change in intensity is needed i.e., good
brightness adaptation.
If the ratio (∆i/i) is large , then large percentage of change in intensity is needed i.e., poor
brightness adaptation.
18. What is meant by image subtraction? [JNTUH-Nov/Dec-2016]
Ans: Image subtraction is basic tool in medical imaging, where it is used to remove the
static back ground information.
19. What are the applications of the digital image processing?
Ans: The various applications of digital image processing are listed below.
i. Biometrics
ii. Medical imaging
iii. Factory automation
iv. Remote sensing
v. Document image processing
vi. Defense/military applications
vii. Photography
viii. Entertainment

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20. Mention the elements/components of digital image processing system.

Ans: The various elements/components of digital image processing system are
i. Image acquisition
ii. Storage
iii. Processing
iv. Communication
v. display
21. List out the types of digital images.
Ans: The digital image types are
i. Gray scale images
ii. Binary images
iii. True color images
iv. Pseudo color images

22. Distinguish digital image and binary image.

Digital Image Binary Image
If spatial coordinates and amplitude are If amplitude varies from 0 to 1
descretized
Composed by many finite number of Represented by a set of ordered triples i.e,
picture elements or pixels binary image can be represented by a set
of maximal blocks of 1-pixel only
Sampling and Quantization are performed Those operations are not possible
Accuracy is more Accuracy is less
Arithmetic and logical operations are The similar operations are performed on
performed binary images

23. Explain a simple image model.

Ans: The term image refers to a two-dimensional light intensity function, denoted by f(x,
y), where the value or amplitude ‘f’ at spatial coordinates (x, y) gives the intensity
(brightness) of the image at that point. As light is a form of energy, f(x, y) must be non-
zero and finite, that is, 0 < f(x, y) < ∞.
The basic nature of f(x, y) may be characterized by two components viz., light
incident on the scene (illumination component-i(x, y)) and light reflected by the objects
in the scene ( reflectance component-r(x, y)).
The functions i(x, y) and r(x, y) combine as a product to form f(x, y)

Therefore, f(x, y) = i(x, y) r(x, y) ; where 0 < i(x, y) < ∞ & 0 < r(x, y) < 1.

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24. List out various distance measures used in image processing.

Ans: The various distance measures used in image processing are
i. Euclidian distance
ii. City block distance
iii. Chess board distance
iv. Dm-distance
25. What is Euclidean distance?
Ans: The Euclidean distance between the pixels ‘p’ and ‘q’, with coordinates (x, y) and
(s, t) respectively, can be defined as
De (p, q)= √(x − s)2 + (y − t)2
26. What is city block distance? [JNTUH-Nov/Dec-2016]
Ans: The D4 distance or city block distance between the pixels ‘p’ and ‘q’, with
coordinates (x, y) and (s, t) respectively, can be defined as
D4(p, q)=|x-s|+|y-t|

27. What is chess-board distance?

Ans: The D8 distance or chessboard distance between the pixels ‘p’ and ‘q’, with
coordinates (x, y) and (s, t) respectively, can be defined as
D8(p, q)=max(|x-s|+|y-t|)

28. Assume that a 10m high structure is observed from a distance of 50m. What is the size
of the retinal image?
Ans: Let the size of the retinal image be ‘x’.
10 x
=
50 17

It is assumed that the distance between the lens and retina is 17mm.
17x10
Therefore, x = = 3.4mm
50

29. The observer is looking at a tree 15m height at a distance of 100m. What is the size of
the retinal image?
Ans: : Let the size of the retinal image be ‘x’.
15 x
=
100 17

It is assumed that the distance between the lens and retina is 17mm.
17x15
Therefore, x = = 2.55mm
100

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30. An image is 2400 pixels wide and 2400 pixels high. The image was scanned at 300 dpi.
What is the physical size of the image?
The number of pixels in width The number of pixels in height
Ans: The physical size = x
Resolution Resolution
2400 2400
= x
300 300
= 8 inches x 8 inches

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