Language Practice for Advanced Michael Vince English Grammar and Vocabulary 4th edition with Key oA MACMILLANMacmillan Education 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited ‘Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-230.46378-3 with key ISBN 978-0-230-46379-0 without key ‘Text © Michael Vince 2014 Design and illustration © Macrnillan Publishers Limited 2014 ‘The author has asserted his rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. jon published 2014 First edition published 1993, All rights reserved; no part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored ima retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, ‘mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Designed by Macmillan lustrated by: Paul Davie pp 3, 16, 74,117, 210; Red Giraffe pp 43, 80, 135, 176, 2605 Julian Mosedale pp 10. 12, 24, 27, 6, 89, 110, 122, 124, 147, 153, 177, 191, 195, 217, 220, 235, 236. Cover design by Skinny Whippet Authors acknowledgements, ‘The author would like to thank the many schools and teachers who have commented on these materials. Thanks also go to the editorial team at Macmillan for advice and assistance Although we have tried to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, {n some cases this has not been possible. If contacted we will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. Printed and bound in Thailand 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 10987654321Grammar 1 Grammar 2 Grammar 3 Grammar 4 Consolidation 1 Grammar 5 Grammar 6 Grammar 7 Contents Introduction viii Present time Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs State verbs normally without a continuous form. Difference of meaning in stative and active verbs Other uses of present continuous Other uses of present simple Future time Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous Future continuous Future perfect Other ways of referring to the future Other future referenices Past time Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous Past perfect simple and continuous Used to and would Unfulfilled past events Polite forms Contrast with present perfect verb forms Present perfect, Present perfect simple Present perfect contintious Time expressions with the present perfect Units 1-4 Passive 1 Basic uses of the passive Mentioning or not mentioning the agent Passive 2 Have and get something done, need doing Passive get Reporting verbs Verbs with prepositions ‘Common contexts for the passive Conditionals Basic usage: truths, real situations, hypothetical situations (present and past) ‘Variations: if only, unless and other alternatives to if, past events with results in the present, should, were to, happen to, if it were not for, ifit hadn't been for, will | would “4 a 28 33CONTENTS Grammar 8 Consolidation 2 Grammar 9 Grammar 10 Other ways of making a conditional sentence: supposing, otherwise, but for, iso, if not, colloquial omission of if, and adjectives, if meaning although Unreal time and subjunctives 54 Its time Wishes Td rather | Td prefer (followed by a clause) As if, as though ‘Suppose and imagine Formal subjunctives Formulaic subjunctive Units 5-8 60 ‘Modals: present and future 65 Don't have to and must not: absence of obligation, obligation not to do something, Should and ought to: expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action, uncertainty with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance, after in case to emphasize unlikelihood Could: possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness Can: criticism, capability ‘Must and cart: certainty, present time reference only May and might: although clauses, may / might as well, possiblity or uncertainty, with try ‘Shalt; certainty, what the speaker wants to happen, in formal rules Will: assumption, intention, to refuse or insist Would: to express a conditional sense Need and need to: need to not a modal, need partly a modal Dare: with and without to Related non-modal expressions: had better, be bound to ‘Modals: past R Had to and didn't have to: past obligation or absence of obligation ‘Should have and ought to have; expectation, criticism of an action, should have and verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance, polite expressions Could have and couldn't have: past possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives, unwillingness Could: past permission or ability, compared with could have May have and might have: past possibility, uncertainty, to express annoyance Must have and can't have: certainty, with surely Would not: unwillingness Would have: events in the past which did not happen, assumptions Grai Gra Cor Gra Gre Gr Griand 54 Grammar 11 Grammar 12 60 a Consolidation 3 on Grammar 13, sm of an jectives | ves to ness Grammar 14 ibility ral rules Grammar 15 r R t ty with, : Grammar 16 mptions CONTENTS ‘Needn't have and didv't need to; unnecessary actions done and not done Adverbs and modals: easily, just, really, well Inversion 78 Inversion Inversion after negative adverbials Inversion after so/ such with that Inverted conditional sentences without if Emphasis 85 Changing word order to change focus Adding words for emphasis Other means Units 9-12 92 Reported speech 97 Problems: reported speech with modals, with conditionals, dont’ think Reporting verbs Functions: verbs that describe a function, verbs that describe actions Changes of viewpoint Articles 104 Definite article (the) Indefinite article (a / an) Zero article ‘Translation problems Relative clauses and non-finite causes m Defining and non-defining clauses Which, who and that Who and whom Whose When and where (Omitting the relative pronoun. Sentences ending in a preposition or phrasal verb Omitting which / who + be Which to comment on the main clause Clauses beginning with what and whatever Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form Verbs + infinitive or -ing 118 Verbs followed by either ~ing or infinitive with to Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to ‘Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to Verbs normally followed by -ing ‘Verbs followed by infinitive without fo Verbs followed by an object and toCONTENTS Consolidation 4 Grammar 17 Grammar 18 Grammar 19 Grammar 20 Grammar 21 Consolidation 5 Grammar 22 Grammar 23 Consolidation 6 Grammar 24 Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary Vocabulary SS eevausune Units 13-16 126 Verbs + prepositions 131 Verbs followed by: about, against, at, for from, in, of, on, to, with Prepositions 138 Prepositions following adjectives: about, at, by, for, from, in, of on, to, with Prepositions following nouns: for, am, over, to, with Expressions beginning: after, at-beyond, by, for, in, on, out of, under, with, within, without Phrasal verbs 1 144 Add up to get up to Phrasal verbs 2 150 Give away to put up with Phrasal verbs 3 156 Rip off to work out Units 17-21 162 Linking words and phrases 167 ‘Text organizers: adding a point, developing a point, explaining a point, contrast, explaining reasons, making generalizations, starting, giving new information, concession / qualification, giving a personal opinion Punctuation and spelling 172 Words commonly misspelled: common errors, words with similar spelling but different meanings, words with the same pronunciation bat different spelling and meaning Punctuation: commas, apostrophes, colons and semi-colons Units 22-23 178 Further practice 182 Leisure activities 188 Travel and movement 192 News events 196 Places 200 Media and advertising 204 The natural world 208 Work 2 Business and money 25 People and relationships 219 Social problems 223 Entertainment 227 eee126 131 138 144 150 156 162 167 ion / 172 1 similar tunciation, ns 178 182 188 192 196 200 204 208 2 215 219 223 227 Vocabulary 12 Government and society Vocabulary 13. Health and the body Vocabulary 14 World issues Vocabulary 15 Thinking and feeling Vocabulary 16 Technology Vocabulary 17 Quality and quantity Vocabulary 18 Education Vocabulary 19 Word formation Vocabulary 20 Multiple meaning Words and phrases 1. Expressions with come, expressions with i, idioms based on hand, wood and metal, ptefix un-, verbs of movement 2. Expressions with get, colour idioms, common phrases, expressions with see, suffix -ful, expressions with out 3. Expressions with on, expressions with one, expressions with break, sounds, words connected with memory 4 Formality, expressions with no, expressions with head, words connected with people, expressions with make, compound words 5 Size, suffixes, headline language, body movements, expressions with at 6 Expressions with set, places, words with more than one meaning, speaking, expressions with within, adjective suffix ing 7 Expressions with by, idioms with parts of the body, adjective-noun collocations, expressions with have, verbs of seeing, expressions with do, time expressions 8 — Collocations of nouns linked with of, size and amount, expressions with bring, feelings, prefix well, expressions with from 9 Adverbs, expressions with think, expressions with give, modifiers, words with more than one meaning, but 10 Expressions with put, exptessions with run, prefix under, names, expressions with cal, verbs with up Index Vocabulary wordlist Grammar answers Vocabulary answers Words and phrases answers 235, 239 243 247 250 254 258 262 265 268 an 274 277 280 283 286 289 293 295 297 313 331 340Introduction ‘This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of Cambridge ESOL Proficiency and CAE or Common European Framework levels C1 and C2. This revised edition updates the material in accordance with changes to Cambridge Proficiency and CAE, but also provides a range of Practice formats for this level, : ‘The grammar section includes additional revision and more advanced points. Units on phrasal verbs, prepositions and linking devices are also included. There are also sections on spelling and punctuation, The grammatical information provided can be used for reference when needed or worked through systematically. ‘The vocabulary section includes topic-based vocabulary, collocations and idiomatic phrases, as well as word formation and multiple ‘meaning, It also revises work on prepositions and phrasal verbs. ‘The book can be used as a self-study reference grammar and Practice book or as supplementary material in classes preparing for the CAE and Proficiency exams, If used for classwork, activities can be done individually or co-operatively in pairs or small groups. ‘There are regular consolidation units which include forms of testing commonly used in both exams and the material covers a range of difficulty appropriate to both exams, aia Bi: 1 GRAMMAR Present time Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous © The present simple generally refers to: acts that are always true Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius Habits British people drink a lot of tea. States I don't like gangster films © The present continuous (progressive) generally refers to actions which are in progress at the moment. These can be temporary: Tim staying in o hotel until Tfind a flat. ‘They can be actually in progress ‘The dog is sleeping on our bed! Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment. Tm learning to drive. © State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs State verbs describe a continuing state, so they do not usually have @.continuous form. ‘Typical examples are: believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know; like, love, matter, mean, need, own, prefer seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want, wish © Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning. Typical examples are: be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh Compare these uses: State Event Jack is noisy Fills being noisy Deirdre has a Porsche. We're having an interesting conversation! J think I ike you! Dayid’s thinking about getting a new job. ‘This fish tastes avfull Pm just tasting the soup. I feel that you are wrong. Fm feeling terrible. This bag weighs a ton! We're weighing the baby. It depends what you mean, Bill, ’'m depending on you to win this contract for us. ‘The differences here apply to all tense forms, not just to present tense forms,LANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED Other uses of the present continuous © Temporary situations ‘Are you enjoying your stay here? © Repeated actions ‘My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days. © Complaints about annoying habits You are always making sarcastic remarks about my cooking! Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever. © With verbs describing change and development ‘The weather is getting worse! More and more people are giving up smoking. Other uses of the present simple © Making declarations Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs. Thope you'll come to my party. T bet you don't know the answer! Thereby declare this hospital open! © Headlines ‘These are written in a ‘telegram? style, and references to the past are usually simplified to the present simple. Ship sinks in midnight collision. © Instructions and itineraries Instructions and recipes can be written in the present simple instead of in imperative forms. This style is more personal First you roll out the pastry. Itineraries ate descriptions of travel arrangements. On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avor. © Summaries of events Plots of stories, films etc, and summaries of historical events use present (and present perfect) verb forms. ‘May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end. «=. At the end of the play both families realize that their hatred caused the deaths of the lovers... © ‘Historic present’ in narrative and fanny stories In informal speech, itis possible to use what we call the ‘historic present’ to describe past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic. So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says. aly simplified : imperative ‘and present 1e deaths of to describe ramatic. sear and the GRAMMAR 1 PRESENT TIME 1. Underline the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. 1 Manes » 9 10 Thaventt decided yet whether to buy a new car or a second-hand one, But I think about it/ Im thinking about it All right, you try to fix the television! But f hope /Tha hoping you know what you're doing, Every year I visit / Fm visiting Britain to improve my English Its time we turned on the central heating. It gets / Its getting colder every day. Of course, you're Mary, aren't you! J recognize / I am recognizing you now. ‘The film of War and Peace is very long. It lasts / Its lasting over four hours. I can see from what you say thaf your mornings are very busy! But what do you do / are you doing in the afternoons? Tm going to buy anew swimming costume. My old one doesnt fit / ist fitting any more. “That must be the end of the first part of the performance. What happens /is happening now? ‘What’ the matter? Why do you look / are you looking at me like that? 2 Underline the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. Beervaueene 1 work in this office allthis year / all the time. ‘The Hobbit is currently / for long top of the best-sellers list Jam not making much money these days / so far this year. ‘The food tastes even worse viow / presently. You've put too much salt in Normally / Previously we get in touch with customers by post. Pete was ill but he is getting over his illness soon / now. Tm feeling rather run down lately / at present, doctor, always stay on duty since / until six oclock, {fm often / forever tidying up the mess in your room! Fortunately the baby now recently sleeps all night.LANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED 3 Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of 5c the verbs in brackets. Z 1 (hear) ear, . that you have been promoted. Congratulations! ¥ British people (drink) smonn tore and more wine, apparently. Thope Sarah will be here soon. I (depend)... «on her. Please be quiet, David. You (forever / interrupt . Hey, you! What (you / think)... you're doing? Could you come here, please? I (want). 1» t0 tall to you now. Jane is away on holiday so Linda (handle) ....semson her work, ‘To be honest, I (doubt) »- whether Jim will be here next week, You've only just started the job, haven't you? How (you / get on) 10 Pay no attention to Graham. He (just / be) sone SARCAStE. weerauaen 4 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. | work in large ofce with about thirty other people, mast of whom (1) RHE. (know) quite well We (2). - (Spend) most ofthe day together, so we have all become lends, In fac, most of my coleagues are so ineresirg, that | (3), (tick) of ng aboot abot tet w oe = ate) Hee ato, reap Heen io Keith (9) know that Susan (11) (2) sn (13) (deceive) poor Helen. He (14). Overseas department. And plenty of cother interesting things (15) ... goon). For instance, every Week We (16) ese - (top) apsogahg ale tne she told me. ‘id besdes, now he s see) Betty Wills from the »-(crtenty { (experience) more and more problems with theft av (tealize) personal belongings and even money have been stolen When you (17) . smu (Se!) you at fst But - {also /try) to catch whoever itis before the police are called in, I'm not going that someon in your ofce sa thie it (18) (19) « to tell you who | (20) . (suspect. Well, not yet anyiayleee a GRAMMAR 1 PRESENT TIME tuous form of 5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. sentence, using one of the words in bold. Do not change the word in bold. tions! You must use between two and five words, including the word in bold. ently, 1 Charles and his father are exactly alike in appearance. tooks /looking Charles Leas just. lie. his father, 2. Take all your possessions and walk slowly tothe exit, 24 now, belongs / belonging 7 Take everything 4 and walk slowly to the ext 3 Tim finding it really enjoyable to work here 7 enjoy / enjoying Toes ee hee 4. {take work home regularly because of my new responsibility at work. rm of the means / meaning My new responsibility at work... regulary. 5 In my cycling group theres George, Tom, Harry and me. ext week, work home 09) ce consists / consisting Diy eee swvmevns George, Tom, Harry and me, (ink) of 6 In your opinion, who's going to win the Cup? think / thinking Who do win the Cop? 7 Ym seeing how wide the door is. measure / measuring .. the door. 8. Neil always forgets his wife’ birthday. remembers / remembering Neil his wife’ birthday. 9 Its ability to catch fish is the key to the polar bear's survival depends / depending The polar beats woven 10. What’ on your mind at the moment? think / thinking What vw to cate fish, vw at the moment?LANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED 6 Are the present simple and present continuous used correctly in these sentences? Tick the sentence if itis correct, and change any incorrect sentences. 1 Pim depending on you, so dort make any mistakes! 2 Is this total including the new students? ats tnis taka inelade she. nen SAME. 3. Excuse me, but do you wait for somebody? 4. These potatoes are tasting a bit funny. 5. How are you feeling today? 6 [look forward to hearing from you. 7 Thave a feeling that something goes wrong. 8 Whats that you'e eating? 9. Are you hearing anything from Wendy these days? Tm trying, ATE YOU ws to concentrate, off now, or can we talk? Go on, I'm I think we're -» at cross purposes. You're for trouble. Its... along nicely. You don't seem to be .. . much interest. ewaaeene You're 1a fuss about nothing, ‘Match one expression from 1-8 to each of the following meanings. a Are you ina hurry to leave? D_ Were talking about different things without realizing it. € Ifyou say or do this you will get into difficulties,ese ct sentences. YVeONne GRAMMAR Future time Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous @ Will is normally known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, or what wwe suppose is true. Tl be late home this evening. The company will make a profit next year ‘This can also take the form of an assumption, ‘That'll be fim at the door. (This means that I suppose it is Jim.) © Willis also used to express an immediate decision. PH take this one. © Going to describes intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plans have already been made. Tm going to wait here until Carol gets back. Going to is also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident. Look at that tree! It’s going to fall, ‘Compare the following with the will examples above: Ti going to be late this evening. I've got lots of paperwork to finish off ‘The figures are good. can see the company is going to make a profit this year. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. © ‘The present continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel artangements. A time reference is usually included, Note the strong similarity to the going to future. ‘Lam having a party next week / I am going to have a party next week. (The message is the same.) Future continuous © This describes an event which will be happening at @ future point. Come round in the morning. Pl be painting in the kitchen. © Itcan also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make happen. won't bother to fix a time to see you, because PU be calling into the office anyway several times next week, © In some contexts the future continuous also sounds more polite than wil. Will you be going to the shops later? If you go, could you get me some nuilk? © It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans, The band will be performing live in Paris this summer.LANGUAGE PRACTICE FOR ADVANCED Future perfect © This has both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time which we imagine looking back at from a future point. In two years’ time I'll have finished the book. By the end of the month, Pl have been working for this firm for a year. © It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker. You won't have heard the news, of course (I assume you have not heard the news.) Other ways of referring to the future @ Is / are to be This is used to describe formal arrangements. All students are to assemble in the hall at 9.00. See also Grammar 9 and 10 for uses expressing obligation. © Be about to, be on the point of, be due to, just / just about to Be about to and be on the point of both refer to the next moment. L think the play is about to start now. Be due to refers to scheduled times. Ants flight is due to arrive at 6.20, (or is due at 6.20) Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening, Hurry up! The train is just leaving / just about fo leave. © Present simple and present perfect ‘The present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner. ‘The present perfect can also be used instead of the present simple when the completion of the event is emphasized When we've had a rest, we'll go out © ‘The present simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the ‘wishes of the speaker. ‘Tom retires in three years. Similarly, calendar references use the present simple. Christmas is on a Tuesday next year Other future references © Hope This can be followed by either present or future verb forms. Thope it doesn’t rain, hope it won't rain, © Other verbs followed by will Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference. These include: think, believe, expect, doubt. Texpect the train will be ate, 1 doubt whether United wil win. © Shall Shall for fist person singular and plural is now used only in questions in everyday informal speech. See Grammar 9 and 10 for other uses of shall and will wGRAMMAR 2 FUTURE TIME 1. Complete each sentence with the best form of the verb in brackets. e imagine 1 In twenty-four hours’ time I (relax) .with be.celaatng... on my yacht, “There's someone at the door! ‘That (be). By the time you get back Harry (leave) Ws only a short trip. I (be) soowns back in an hour, What (you / do) this Saturday evening? Would you like to go out? By the end of the week we (decide) sermons What t0 do. It (ot / be) nn suns Tong before Doctor Smith is here. Weill go to the park when you (Finish) sum your tea. Its very hot in here, I think I (faint). 10. What (you ! give) .» Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet? . the postman! od the news.) 2 Underline the best verb forms to complete the text. In July Gordon (1) wil be / will have been at his company for 30 years and (2) he's finaly retiring /hel finally retire on his 65th birthday. We've decided to have a long holiday and (3) were going to take / wel take the opportunity to vieit: some old friends in Hungary, and then travel around in that region. (4) We leave / Well be leaving ‘towards the end of August, and our aim is to visit as many countries as we can. (©) We're ying / Well fy to Budapest on the 25th and then (6) we stop over /weill ke “stopping over with our friends ~ they've got a house on Lake Balaton, (77) Well have pert / Well probably spend a couple of weeks in Hungary and travel around. After ‘that (8) we're thinking /wol think of going to Romania, but we haven't planned anything definite. (9) Well know / Well have knowna bit more this weekend when (10) well research / well be researching the whole thing on the internet. Weld like to go on from there to Bulgaria or Ukraine, but | doubt: whether (11) welll have/ were having ‘time. Money could be a problem too —l hope the whole trip (12) won't be / won't have been too expensive, From now on (13) weare really having to / well really have to save as much ae we can, We're really looking forward to it~ | can hardly wait! Just think, In Just over two monthe' time (1.4) wellbe travelling / well have travelled around Europe like a couple of old hippies! When we come back, (15) you aren't recognizing us / you won't recognize uel he nply the These ~veryday