i 5 J 1 SECTION 2 12 Stanley Ness, Mission Viejo, California l 4 l | ] 1 1 VISUAL TESTING 1 ] ] | J ] q 7 7} J ] J J J J Ja | 424 /wonoastucnv rsa overview ; 1 | DEEEDEN RS ‘ REFERENCES 1 q I Bor, Mand, Wolf Prinepes of Optics Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon Press (170) Kleiot, RE. “Relations etween Defect Oren {ation and Ulsasoni Inbeatons = ce 1, Seen emg i ime eas, Sates * Nia ets Soe) fe Renda Teng eye] ] WoL IW Maser and RTOS Sm. Meal een of Spl 40 Sl evi ited persie” Rat Se a Bly Mae | % Biman BL Abergand Ferg Uswonic —g, SEMEGUOMEY TO Charscerzation of ‘Micrstictures in Powder Metal Alloy.” Materials Anais by Uremic A. Vary ed. Pik Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation se Materis — A Review” Material Eeoluaton. Vol 44, No.4. Columbus. OH. American Society for Nondestructive Testing (Apri 1086) p 4b-162 s8rip ab 10. BarCohen Uren and M. Merch “Defect 4. BarCoben, X, “Utraonle NDE of Composites — Detection and. Charateraaton In Compones A Reve Sad Mocs Rech or aa Sih Stresses APE ae Oe nell ia No Goin Cx Srey fe ¥. Ragplae, eds. Dorzect, Netherlands: Mart Aeaoonent of Materia Process Engineering nus Nit Pblshers (1957) p 188-201 78) pe |] Agen egal een 11, BanCoben i Nondestuctive Chactenttion of Keates. and H, Kraithimer. Ulrasone Delay Ung Uetcons eaoceeen o Testing of Materia, int edo, New Yor. NY mene Pook a gtcomarng Meare, Springer Verag 1969) p 238 Conference Suey, Uae Kinglow: Buterorth J 6. BarCshen, ot a “Ulresonie NDE Metinds of and Company (uly 1987, Retecton sd Kdenticaon of Defessin Fisment 12. ‘Hagemaler Dd R Pasbender “Nondestructive Wound Gar ber Renton Paste tebe Nair Etats S'S No" 8 Clin Ft mea Soc Yor Nondsache Rang tp S38 ‘Testing of Adhesive Bonded Structares” SAMPE Quertry, Vol. 9. Covina, CA" Society for the Advancement of Matera and Process Eon uly 198) p 368, 71 1 ] ] ] ] | | J |{Te » sonoesrmuerve rene ovennew ‘PART 1 'DESCRIPTION OF VISUAL AND OPTICAL {TESTS } Nondestructive teste ply are done by applying & ing tedium (ach aon lesroaeoneie a ate Ar tat ie ot mara ih properties ofthe prob tedium are change ad aa ed drm tn nthe hae wt mate Denny difreces to 4 wage ot Ke el om eee sans used nda probing mea Changs Jina tec ee xt neti ot ely Jove sta tessa propery expend adognph ss ‘iol when the radopapieinterreer he soon oie Jbepector an otherwise she dacontly. sean (pi at ae bing ee he iron of electromagnet spectra Changes nt oo 4 ties afer contact withthe tet objet may be detected by ‘uma or machine vision. Detection ray be enhanced or ES SR res mean pe rae om enhanciag accessor. luminous Energy Tests Visual testing was probably the fist method of nonde Sutin test Thar developed fiom I nent egos so many complet and labor opt iment ques. Some salts are tase on the snp awe of hometial opts. Others depend on properties of ig was ts wae ature. A uigoe advantage ay via ist i that the can eld qunstatve eta more rely it athernondtace tek Luminous energy tents ae used prima fr evo pur gover (I) toting of exgned or cess suc of ‘ge et objets (incu ajo partly ase 1 Hs thd pot ting fi mero \winoparent tes dijects sich as glass, que some plaice luis and gee). For many pes of jc, al tata «tbe ted determine qui se, Shape sac Bak 1 elect color charters ft, farctond hare teres andthe presence of surface scones Geometrical Optics Image Formation Mos opi instruments se designed primal to frm fnags Inmany cases the anon of nage frmaon sod the proportion a themage ab termed oy gerne tnd tgonomeny without dtaled considratce of he Power fight ss “Thi protic tecnigue sald geomet opis and A includes the formation of images by lenses an iro The operation of miernope.tescopes and als in be partly epned wih geomet ope a ‘ton, the ros common tations of opts isin ‘nents can besnry evaded wth us tegae Light Sources The light sure for visual texts ply eats edition of a continuo or noncontnunas As) ect Mose, ‘hromatic lights produced by um of dee known at a mnenecrometor ich sepuracr on diese ae Ep he pan en pi ory nd ssa nan porn ofthis by en sprtce as coy an dnt qual soc ee auc ight soures emitting det spe nes, These Inle mer vd th oer wher Sacha ares Sehr ein cna way sider gaseous iter or with gly slecew mtrfetene tor for rasmiting only adit oe pci wnecagh Stroboscopic Sources i srowope a dvce dat wes nactronind uss of high nenay ight parm sewing of ogee evga rap perl oben soaks es sed for diet wing ofthe appre slled et eject Dr for expose of poogrphs ‘The timing of fhe seecope also canbe sued so that he moving test obec i steno mone bu teh sowerappuent notion The srobexcope cect Yeitesansecurely colle, itermitnt sure of ight or may be SEED enodicly mernpicd san Light Detectbn and Recording Once gts ntact wha tet opt ena soi ec ag ene Siterchcespal ty be corel vay {Seectrcaly, uch signals may bo detected by mens of cS ats tec themosin Pool Meer Sondra wletcn ene Tattnage even Sec fn we sed for thee ngs te scone pets thie ty Sp thy ay Oe tron is! Sita Fo hears Tonto or wound Sec ‘ese terme photographic cringe sate The won pte i x nbn Tevevaluated ether Visually or photoclctraly” Some ications te advantage ofthe sbi of fe ‘a intogme low ey sgn irl pono of te Pome tn ns ee caemetate mananenn c= Fluorescence Detection 4 al sl 0 Dre o zoe whe ste to radintion cas the mater to prec ‘har emiscon of lager wavelength thar Se pin ‘ting iit Val text used on rescence ‘havestence ply s prt nquatatve id quate or [cand ono cdoniny as ameans of oat cont Te oma compounds, for denng couse carey tracing laden ter om and other methods of lak deter tad er dt deter met iment. Colley, torscence std phosphorescence fod asian nc al Spal distinguished bythe Hetimes 1f ta igs ee sent sop fos ee “srga ‘Sting adatom. then he Frnesence & proba ‘scence, but if it contno ten the luminescence ‘lost cosy phosphorescence 4 J J } J J J J J‘| eo.» wowoesraucrverestns ovenvew ‘PART 2 IVISION AND LIGHT 1 The Physiology of Sight -Visual Data Collection | Human visual processing ocurs in two steps. First the lr i, ne sr neg ar ee ee een moi acinar ciara nine Tis tenon entcnon proce © Petdah eee taney os ane iin nen cet pier ig sls lo tnt ies assume aloe a ee step the subsequent dentition process the compar: ‘yon of visual data wath ee long tra nemory of previa fic ‘dat. Some researchers have sugseste that this son procedure is @ physiological cause of deja tu, errs iene mente rh [eraser LIN JSat pats Coie aah: eat a ty a a Werden iP Eorareeia ae cee, Sattar Scars eee “pang Tits aman ta ice Tete bonne ne en ‘By experiment thas hen shown that hese reas of sen sty have land of persistence, This an be lasted png att candle, Gen diverting the eyes toward alan Lil For a short time, he image of the candle is tetaned same persistence occurs with motion detection a an ‘illustrated by sarig ta moving abject, suc aa water, 1 dew at a staionary object ike the tver bank The bak wll seem to flow because the sual memory of motion it Se present. «ferentiation inthe Fie of View Boundary and edge detection can be seated by the [En hates ing When scanning the fe fos Litto nght the bck of evened Es deus epee fom the upg Tan the cnet the bouts bee {Thora Tad the ted Ps ea ape Theo «hy iferetion ecu becuse hotontl andser tallies comprse te and pag Tgp, segs sty atte blo money eso he oe mes om nap bese Cos ee Soe ee cena See Saga aslo ee Den cf ln in het fen oon wy soy ees as SC hgekt 4 eee baa oem Foe Se itn en 2 Si Tine auto eer be es ot lle lo when caf tet eee am my a ok le aa owe the ear rho ae aril wy specs Epes ee seebjet mp ted Sat ea Siryaethem helene Searching the Field of View 2 ao tate ded aie se tha sms objecs are iat Sent vay. Des ing preatentve processing. putea secs at shoe enon properties such enh wi cles or ort fetation ae ot ferent enough Gand ot Ifthe er Sey pen et ot de en el {tamase, then a vod inspector eur fe ofwhat tobe dented. When se arg objects ear {othe genera fit th iipectr needs ore see deal ‘out the age. sadn the tone equ to dees target increas arty th the sander an objet In senend td ‘when an unspecied tet s being sought the entre fk must be seratnzed. Ifthe et spot sheen shown satstely tht only abou hl the Ball ue arched FIGURE 1. Pattern changes iustraing boundary and edge detectionThe alerres betwen a earch or single fue snl sr onion of ob fer ‘mets For eal, wal pers may e eed fo Se rere tne 8 hecee metincnrd parton SEE using te hatred by combinations of uae Teen oid Be SETS Ta ac es ding ls sige popes ‘Anat spet of searching the ld few arate the acne Eker he pence fs femur eae © ‘Gitta tance sample ange tO ‘mend sed of any Qt nore Sect ana npe ina ll of OTe ey spp Shen ScChng tras ope Olina ede ad OF In {Kseae sais show tat rape saan the ta copia pean talon aie enchtned sy eesninetmion in the ares of visa rearch as cops seal te fy tds Sh tment sat vt studies of those features that shld Sand ately ping ese scmens of ely en feegaion The eferimeas enced ete I2aEhng quote propria sch aren ree evince tae comenstngen ng Ins ection, cares simple fms snd ro Sac Soe ena ey at datos reaps ner rly tog at hve someting wed" ver O) mer Sansmting sang in at he Been determined ht he ity to ausngush ens in cel bees ne ete seth cringe intent Ts he Weert iia kadde ethos moled inte ea “ea presen coon a tna ean cae is, Brin movement an ere eps Vision Acuity sion selty encompasses the city to sce and identify what sen. To forms of in acy are recone and ‘ust be considered when attempting to quay eu abi Ay. These ae own as near son and fo lion. ‘Components of te Human Eye “The components of the human eve (Fig. 2) 8 often compare thne of camera The lens ted to Foc ight ry ested by eet sn the fl of vio Tis rents nthe emergence ofthe reo there (a, inated athe ear the eeball Th comes coves theese ltd protects the ens. The guany of gt admitod to ies ted iy te cotton of in peste “The lor hth aby to become ker or hiner, as VISUAL TESTING / seco tether an st appear ‘Seog ia othe Gerace hee Soy Geese ae pigeon Soh mer geecariearene Seas cea eee Sel tema pte pores oe iedes trite iaeer an Seoncis meh eveaetrttts ich cia thas cet ort SGI We ecet ees Se Sie eee, Se a ee hath renews ecto eects Rete roc ato rilpiceerta cert thera ara cos ene) Faerie (beg ape en (abc rte ect Spe ie ig et eg Sec cde he rte per ote et pd Sep etac eta ees a Seer Aer amt Solna ee res 2 FIGURE 2, Components of the human eye in ross sectiona 420 / NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OveRViEW ] oxtemiing Vien ty [Se es Soci een te eae re mbar sik te Teta vendor aon i wa a ee ha | gous game eeepc oak foe erin ak eee ]ee in.) from the hy Direncet a iil features ‘must edie en a ‘arow working condos, gs ns no eas a Sic atin ‘Virgins Set) eM etn indy see 4 limi sen engenders ere, es ke edie cat Si Pa a teen oe Sct eh eS gees Te sai ga ei ae |Vision Acuity Examinations eget testing may occur once or more daring the fabs kts or manaactarng ccc sensu oan a IRor ct product, ating ma a |, Lemteaon ofthe visual test tel may alo be requis! ‘aetna ihe mata ee of testing I such cases, testing persoane ar eure eget xsl complete vison acy examinations ose soe rarer ist sate pet scepit Po ‘eran rte Inspections, it maybe sega eye pf thelnpetor tbe xine at ofen rc per uae Near Vision Examinations Te amin dtc hos be 0 enn hom igen ofan m8) i ty rue Sang ‘ere patina cet abi Intend ae) 2 led EEA el ne farm aeiy ena tN sl be Une ne eer a set snake iat IB (tps raged ae ch aga $2 Each groups afew ines ng andthe tering black iceman ug ceed ing per nel may be required to reid, for examples the letters at distance of S00 man (12 in). New vos amination that are more clnialy prise are dexcabod belo Far Vision Examinations Conditions ate the same as thse for near vision exami ations, ecept thatthe chart & placed 630 8) oe te ‘9 plane. Aguin, each ee teed independent Graaing Vision Acuity Tecrtrin ora ison ey ste iy owe selon ema boys ee ‘Fest The merge oat Neal tees ‘Salento olveseonde rude hehe Sete awed The anton fs cay exminaton doe net acer roare tie psa eae toi he tamed gel et s=llcpov mach In sme inde pec inp pu hee of deal aepnel pose, ie ts heen of ane te! by nc eproed real re che tg nag neh any fe in ‘tat te eamates FIGURE 3. Magnified cross section showing bind spot of human eye.1f an applicant doesnot pass the examination (als to tive the minimum number of eorect answers requied by fpecfcaton} te administer should advise he sppicant t2'seek« profesional examiation. if te. proesonal responds wth corectv lene or written rhttion sta ing the applicant ‘can and does meet the ior stan dhrds, the applicant may be considered soopable Tor performance the jo Vision Acuity Examination Requirements “There are some base rouirements tobe allowed whon setingup son seat examination ater. The distances ‘endoned shove ace campls but tee are doo deta) ‘equrements forthe in cha "he cart should cons of «white matte ais wth Uk chars or leters. The background shold extend at leet the wi fone character jon syne of char sets lon eters at show in Fig were dng to be Used where leters mst be eal rors, Bach cha ‘eter oocpies ives by ve re space “Te Ethgrnd laminance ofthe cha chou he 85 « Sed? The luminance is reading ofthe lit ected opt whtemate hia hr ‘When projected image ae ad. he prtrs or the sie of th character he background mince andthe otra ratio te the same tae specie for ears. In bo ease shou the conta ot nation ofthe projected Iiage be changed projection lamp of propre vatege sould be wed. When projecting ig, room lighting duet This shoul ot ease any change te liminane of the projected background contrast Tato that ofthe arses FIGURE 4, Letters used for aculty examination ‘charts {measurements in stroke Units), ocv RZ uns rsmna / 41 4 TALE 1. ye examination sytem coen ell 8 g & “The rom ight fr exiinations wing cats hoo be BOO 75 A ncandent go cha re ommended to bring the bagroond lminanos up to 85 = Scr Fes hg elt eles the yolow portion ofthe vse spectra, Ths makes reac ‘ingore comfortable fore casnce Florent lms, Sh ied pec, os or] ‘thon examination Many’ of hein conte for vison acuity era tations can be met by ing profstona exiation wit ‘With'one such eco of equpment he examinee ew ‘hls inde conte, ea gh conditions, ‘nother common design ued both i nds and meal examinations. With this unt. the dual lok tne an ose ste snap oe mute ters or geomet diferencesHoted in kine sides. Tie examine lated fom ambient ight “Teles and thelr respective data were developed b the Occupational Reva Center at Puri Unters based on many indus teed in many diferent opr tone Citegnes were deep diferent vcaions a tre provided ar gies for etmiatons vogue by aro Indes ut eit epense hl accrngy es, il er ppl Tl {compres tr ‘ul of thee the ison sity exsnation em Thre agi ites ween nig cats and the sides. The reading Shar tance for one Popa) iether cards 400 mo (6m. The simple se sewer ss | fornesr son testing 50 (1810) There abo are some dfferences between, indus cxanination charts, Most of he ferences se the result | Seranes tn eypelace in andthe peers ak sbvorpin | Jat. Regards ofthe exaninaton gh, requtertens Feeling sod contrast emu the ae432 / NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OVERVIEW ) ‘Visual Angie = Posture aflects the mane in which an eject s cluened— appropriate posture and vowing ake a, ace to minim fin, oe and ace ewe should mana pose tht makes itexs anemia Peripheral Vision Be poser nei te oni je Se Barra ant ege ee EST tale Seren, 7 Se oh en Aide es Lh, fg he uly ad cua rae “Pepin they te Smo eh cw . “hcl guct nun ated ago sida dra et See ome ‘en dec =e cag al eting “The angle of peripheral ton snot primary consider hen promlg dase dof itnler certain Ingecton conditons (1) when soni le ass for a comin indon a ) Ba ‘ao withthe Buclground sad (3) onerved So eet hc nln Te dro tothis areas tan then sensed rs Jbreveson the normal plan of ees | FIGURE 5. Vision aculty of peripheral vision i | fe Visual Testing Viewing Angle ‘The ange of view ver important ding visual The viower shold coer emp Soe a nthe center aso the eye The ange of em sold ‘more than 45 degree on nora The same pine applies to objets being vewed Asoagh cess ch hon obec ba cof view should be mantined much inthe sare way the wn the stout twat ot ye roe sk ee a ‘gett of te sree we Gueeed oredes recite conta nag oft src fo Tas Seeeteea mab ong color or keanon Tass voy trp ‘eves toviow ares at alate dee cane Color Vision Thre are sete nhs wher acca of eb eon ipocan pa ad pep csp are lpi neh ck se pel aking nd ling milo eae es Sbcuing dscontnuties Calor changer ar not inca ch dlsontnutes and therefor, lor practi pups, olor i not as sigan in thea appleatons Ei eat tts are sometimes intportaat tears may eon ‘Gal in metallograpy aod falar nas, ‘When wit ight testngis petormed i must be rmeem bet ae gon eal ese ngs) in the spectrum. I the nepetor has olor ae fences, then the test object tng Viewed aiflnenty {han when viewed by an inspector wth norma cor vate Color decency may be as etal the tet tal Der tng visual testing ofa white or new white object. sight done, ences in olor vision may be unzportant Dating vised Color Vision Examinations Ten perent ofthe male pepultion have some form of Color vision deficiency. The socalled color ied soe alfets ven fewer people truly eo blind inndeck, unable to distal fed and geen. Bu, tere are may ‘ations and levels of senstivty between Indias sd, "onal vision and thor wth elor defences gy Wc of lo estoy etd nd Acquired. And each of these may besubnided ito seca lems. Most such sabdvisons ane peal ds ‘covered during the fist son exaatnTABLE 2. Causes of acquired color vision deficiencies ‘Busyetow aetaengy (Corua serous napa accompanied by "umn es ne crosses Davee etree Domnars eretaty epi opty Gover Hypertens noo durente macuorcagencrion ‘Men aeons posanng wpe etrulcageneaton Paptedeme Pementany degeneration of the tine Trung ret pigmentosa) eat detache Reins azar occur Seni mace Segenersson ecgreenceciecy Herta juvente mace degerestion (Sorgarats an Ses asease] sven mec cegerertion “ers opte seco Lsors of re ope pane and pansy pt esc ecb rar ‘eboee one amo ‘The mos common cor dfenis ae hereditary and ceca in he red-peen range. Aboat 0 peront of the Sifted nidook ae fetae, he robpcn sa ‘Women constut abot 50 percent of those flected inthe Diaerellow range Most aii deer occu i both ‘je adn rare tances im ony one eye. Abo 0001p ‘ent of he alected group in he erecta portion Rave thas defiency i the He gren ange Inch the red-green group may make misinerpieatons of dot orn ae lowe tn ol. ‘Aegred olor defn es preste problem to color vison testing The soqied desencs may dice ‘only one eye anda change fom soceptale color vison toa ‘cngrzble problem mss be ey gral Various medal Condos ean ext sich a change fo oxen Table has zion hat pee lg decency parc {treslorrnge Most acqued color son problems vay in Seventy ad ay be sntited wath oar paolo, the disease continues fran evended prio of ie what cpnet th decay Scie ran ney fd ay ary fom the ropes or Hoeyellow rages ‘Aging ca i affeccoor sion * VISUAL TESTING / 433 5 TABLE 3. casein of oor ion decent Tea ont les ase Percent Oy Color Vision Mates Affected nea acces oe a come eas : eee 1 con ecee cos Sarees 1 amo eee ope 7} Peco —— ocelot cosacea TEmtggg nov ore nremc wrerarcnmecaan Cole ison Cstcatons ] ‘ho on tht ome nc stn sage ar pon sec decane hes pry cobr msde br aot fimay soos) rene ipemepdo- Aner dace sear fae te hing mle ne sees Burg an cumlaioetnse to fans at ns ea “ee von cant pore uh a scope alos the nal eda ge gh cee Selo nar Nl and BS gi ny be me Stmnals eye Av anda Sth Sa aa Fees red ac uel geenspht oranda ee Bene cor qc tr sehen pet ne ‘ee fever tes itso Slr sn SMa sind eee oiectaes ot cree cent ofthe mae polation own fo be afiected 3 For the pret peyoof sl pecan asta fy nce cl eh eee tt Neda Resear Labontoy at ieelopel dose sons own bt Ab 3 pest of een perio cn be eprint ee ESE cover 00 pace othe cbr echoes pep ‘Chai cots or Sopra nda as gett techn rape soem Scot non an eth ay ersons can. The limitation of Class I people is when ] ‘Sor drnintonwneceany Pesos CIty be | Stliober ters nie rae dent ekans Sy Aa pa |434 / NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OveRViEW | TABLE 4. Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory color vision classification system Description ° ox Urea anomalous tivomst reluces mis ana mocerte cars| Sever clo aster cet eve hes 1 encompass menbes, mangas o era Sp vised trike cclnprssetien hae sis Gas IV mus berated om Seng whe + Sir iret sy mapas optel | “As with vison acalty examinations, ther are many fe. vexing rer aon Cordon ‘iru peso cn tn hac te Soe tn coat igus doen on ren dae Ua Scene sy crs were dang tte eedtayreligeen oes tain Bic yelow dehcsona 2 ‘Aft te al iden aly eames Mebeg segutemets td tine st be ole fs er aes cxaninaonn Th Hania of ll ctu Sores Sev lige soi on than 08 0 Th tang fe ig sue in he rtp feet lr entrap suas cop ln sake far fr peo eh doi Sco deftones fo gts te Et conch Acer tempore 600 sped Toop sobre Tpit uo angen. ei fate gre th ior hl be dre othe sta we act paper We eat ingtuee shalt 60 tot) ecm ene T pron mss om ramon te tine bot be led te age Been thet tn, em th Rian dr defieny can be asd rink td ome rence ye evi or ‘Sintec pts mac propane a Cup an ada oer tol sea oul pecs Pal spect tng (Sto ences rts ere Tule el hab ie tran aaloup cof arg weg nt oad Shh Senate oicmf tm ee ‘Sencar oe corset no pao cera ad Ewe illon mtd dng $line Tp recommended a al ones tesing pr send av tor oa ed ay we eg ere att cmon FIGURE 6, Electromagnetic spectrum and enlargement of ultraviolet region “fe ironome|Fluorescent Materials luocesonce isa compler phenomenon thst occurs i spses, quis and sls, For of isl none: ‘ruc testing, fooresence Is tsed tn conjunction vith Tong wave 18 an exeation sour (ace Fig ‘Vile ight rays are made up of ilo of photons tat cary energy and thse what we see when Bigit bulb is ‘energized = the photons bave cased energy rth ull lhe oe Photons have dierent energies or wavelengths wich we dng aceon coors Red ight photon est verge than ble ht photons. Inve lvl pho tons are moe energeds tan the not energetic let bight {Retour ees an se Staite he tens of aorecece a any stuatos is relly proporton! to the iteny of te Sree radiation Gat ences se Paorescene i the ‘taorton ft st one wavelength and remission ofthis lige ur sther wavleagh ‘The whol absorption sod nition proces occu in shut a aanovecond od bese ihe nig ene ten = Oss gow i obcrved to bap andend with Thetamingom and eof the lol! nceton Care ast betaan nln ng serve oc bet lein source A sale encral opertng principle ito any Hold th lar so the ig is ected ay fom yuan ‘er potaton. Lng wave ukrwicet is generily considered ser. However ddl should ust adapt proecon thy tue ptenenste or sujet to long expire tne Emmercaly sve sree Spee spa the vile _gecrum ows the human ye te ane om tony sed sensing deve. mort nondestictve testing ded Borer cha le the yee peak re m7 2 spect resp of the tren ee, the cos lhe Sof tbevpecrm rd Bae 22d ole appearing mh Ser Ahan te inthe center rsa yellow a ren. Nondesrctne toting method wing Muoesseace wil contive to improv wil the devlopmest of te Oye ot ‘ow sons tolnrease brights or je eps mao Safety for Visual and Optical Tests snl psn le for i pr poses and should not be conse in plac of coment sey Fegulitions, Note tht unts of messi have been com ‘etd this boos format and are not these commonly bed in all indus, Human vision cen Be draped oF vewsnme 4 der ere enfant mere th ser ee nl ne ‘Development in technology have ces need for beste understanding ofthe potential eats hag tds caused by high intent light sources or by ari light soures of anyintensy in the work ares. The hr rey opel ben ceemeest Henne ~ Teedhor inet tonight, wa carters ciel nt gf ene at wey then tipo ne cel sure The eo Sp Stet eugceake retin neh urn ent po chem change crn ener tn nome Sasi” owen ta angte a impetus oes te (Beare nt sap onde yor Fesole Ratan efile acd ale ation serch ep due ght nh Seng st Sonn of ee aera Son Ste ise fathtons kno a Shel Seneca Te gj ofa gat tfc is base on readun cycler and conta by cl te anh aed Sel yi ‘nf igh tothe pnd gander trey fs on Reapocnee pane (eran|) 2967 nonoesmucnve res ovennew | ‘Also of concern are the results of work that his been done demonstrating that lig affects immanoloieal rence tions in eto and in fe by infvencing the ation of See te a ati 1 Gh the sty fil tas nd anton hat confront the Wa aspect, portat to cose | seh fates in pertormance might be arent of cxcese sve emporare to light or oer radaton or evn ares lovfieent light sources, Ath ets that 2000 fovea si interne of alr inde hace sty for opting son. Tn fc. th not: there aye ‘se ies ‘in and beyond the fovea centr or many fio: the inspector may hive poo wereseple Visor Jia sity may be impaired by glare or reflec: or Metal vison maybe feted by ine r payed conditions, | Naser Hazards wes te mt ed jl fs a teres aerate cea gmebame Sieg er Pecremeencegs anu acre oe the penal or chvioetal tary Te thot cee ae see Svioaantesrares Sake Soe toto Sa ekpanua mesa ‘Sacha monty eed ot ree wich peed aren neon ices Soh cle frecionetomin mde: ue have been wel develop and prafy have ons frcrentie oe tds mance a pis hts lithe pby Saag ote ena High tease ofthe igh ener pte epablits of some der However the probabil of paiment ele ‘intact acsuienae as seung stoma (damaged responsive aes) can some- ‘Seb gored yh ean ee "The tuo suranding the sbsoin ste can much snr econ ne lag nt ‘i for large image sno. In ft seta njny rl Sree ma ise than 0.1 to 10 s exposure show a high pendence on the image se (001 19101 Wm fora 41600 nm image up 0 about O01 Iemma’ for 20 pn image To pot te seal nt perspective, the sun pred 16 um dametr image onthe sna 8 High Luminance Visible Light Sources “The normal ection to «high lminance ight source to Bik and to det the eyes vay To the saure, The fly of errmsg sacs her than Se expose thaws ceed igh helene ere a al Se FIGURE 8. Typical retinal burn threshotds!™™> ABSOROED RETNA RACINEcasual and posbly more hazardous way Inthe nondestrue tive testing industry, extended rouse ate ised as general {lumination and io mary specialized applications. Unfors: titel there are comparatively few gullies for the safe ‘we of extended sources of sible Infrared Hazaras Infiaed ration comprises, that invisible ration bond the red end of the vse spectrum up to about 1'rm wavelength Infrared i absorbed by many substances ad ts prncpal bilogel effets known ax hyperthermia heating that canbe let o cel. Usually the response intene infrared ration i pain andthe natural action is {o move aay fom the source so that bam do not develop. Utraviolet Hazares Before development ofthe Ie: the prin ard in thomas eka an in fom ural maton, Uke raat sive Tadon beyond the let end ofthe ble spectrum ‘eth wavelet down to about 155 sn It soo “Those! by the corn andthe les of he ee, Ulelet ‘ato a waelnginster tha 185 auorbel by ‘iron cal our tract a rarely of conera {othe vin npetor Many tral igh intent areas tone cy ye co peal ins of ure citon, Wi appropiate pecs, ‘ch ures can sre Yer ofa nal esting ection Sti hve cred We spectral nant pore does and relative spect efectos of lew radiation rosie to ebet an aver bilo response These ves inca heratecojoncas Cow a elders pose geeraion of tart snd erythro ‘eninge the sin Langer wavelength trae ition ‘ar leat uorescenct of the ee les and oar ‘oesrin and headache. These condos lea iat, 0 Iw tsk performane reslang fom the fagve ase ‘ih ineeaed eon. Chronic xponr oat da ‘on acelerts ln sping and psy aces the Sak of stlping eta forms of sh ance Tr doula be mentioned’ at some indvidsls ace Iypemensve to ulswilet sation aad may develop 4 ‘Pion fliwing wt woul be for the aeage hay Boman; snbenthenal exjosures However, te ‘unum for thee sptons of exepinal ptosis tobe eed sieht the limited emiuon spect fan Sedan gh source. An sapectr is pital ware of ‘ich uety bron of earicr expoarettosonight in snd, the ial iupetor ay enone any tourer of able and indie radiation Inendescnt {Rip ocpect are oorce (slr smoltors quart blo sling, metal vapor odin and mercy and et \VSUAL TESTING / 4377 i ee ee | {Bog es i Ten Soa tantra aro Sapna oman ee tls Pepe rete ert ‘et pel wi src Muto as ise injtonsee tringetodoioy be tbe Sie eee eee ne one li rl nner ‘natal att wstenslacy maspat Nerd Reman ereopetad cere ese gra et abs cel yt Se ee etic rate Cet Seis re errr frat nde al opel ere ek Solcedore ena elas short expe of an ay ts ee er Seas ae ne eat mit Jane lt atin cer men eect pee i oe reac pune al ety Bram eer SORES pcr we bedi oy Pobre reach oxo ee dn Na ee Reka a ee sr aig os Ta tt atin ee ae [Efe npmenel qe hist ie acinus pena Seer er ieestaende Bataan itd ae ear amg 2 ston, tigi scout that nee fhe abo | Ful cate Macnt at te aa “neously exposed to photosersitizing gents, or pre of einige el kor 1 ly rape 9 eat Boson the wa gully apne ol ae UBracllet spectrum and are usualy ony calbrafed ot on ng eal ws ounce ay ae wang SiS cet ne leap ether Soveeertann ces ‘A cothmon exam ne nancegrotive tring tel un binssaed Mea irene eos Mu nce ed and ee ca cy ee Set he ts SLE cect Bans i ie oe renga Boa ae ere ie ee tomy als apancneenh font es Itc te hold posal ge) aera te eee Sareea tise ec iateaen aioe eto lamp of meres } Tk sence abot he ay fren seat, ove ings pecan ae‘eat grate fm sees. An ton be Ft of such protecon i that prevents the annoyance of les fluorescence and provides the wearer considerable pro- in from al tale radiation, Tn stain aplication, Inted lenses ean ao provide enhance vy a he test ject. hrotosersties situ aon nt Be igh inten ise ous maybe he pnt he Best‘ Corti! ij’ Bam Sate ten Shoal ne be rod ‘ver the pat in decades, large number f commonly jo Eg Fe tv sot cnet ben ' Shoo or pole agent ve a longer wl ofthe vs ethan Colne igs tnd foal dives are outble poorer or elo the sin Bocmie ngs wncength vale rin et op note Jamage to the Retina gore tail he pecan dy of be sman retina by the spectral ansmisaon dat ofthe eyes ford edad! debeltphs Carne ena Lhe rl pec Se te est ashy ero ee ed ase [eee Me tinpuatie eispertes caer sgiskecinem cate brn on inp 5 Sac gel cra um aes ¥ Sone’ ofeach shane doped aber ote ‘A lms gn pn ce a rel Meee eee as tla ind sctcng be a ed oes alee ee suede eo oe seep pce Te sl sett an Sa 8 ok unbeaten Mae ithe al hy tos fan nt dc ep ere, Sohne bermat Facter Visible and near neared radiation up to sbout 1400 nm sisted) with most optical sources) i tated rough the ev selar media and absorbed in significant doses: prncpals ip the retina. These radiations pas ‘ough the neural ayers of the retina small aout ‘orbed by the visual pens io the rods and cones, to latte the visual response, andthe remalning emery shrorbed in the ceil. pigment eitheliam and chord “The retinal pigment epithelium i opty the most dose sbsorbent yer neane of high concentaons of lain rales) and the rates tempentore changes are ni Fer show (010100) expres tthe sun ol mtn ce ma nly hong be penn ra ea Sco 2 cone econ Bose hege coomle at seks tes fa ‘Srival pel uoayace bes u aed ES chery tak ep dpe pe pkeeseteren conioneeyoet ee Nis ge ler Ia, pr ne wring dane ac De gas af ee rent ss ion he hea or sat Scapa napa The peut wa ‘essen lorcet veal vant ee Canes cc al bie Snare fen ae ee nce ‘eric ct coulsbe nije nase “he hat rns ny bj radiances belo We coop bret paey es Conca amore Geces op cal rete ire strlen par eps tg sno hv epen oitccfan aut afer inc niaa cn apres isan he GB ae dle mn nn tare a es such ogh bests ae Sal eee cata ae na ents geil nap! rs tegen seas ‘Srouflc co hears triacs bass on ooke apy ae dae ae eae tepeton So mt ren ay it pel ina means ow eldng eh bee "Realy al ener scent ios eq sh srw ene ot eee rel i tee fin wes ack ie ange ce eye oie ng ful at 9 end te Selec tte ne nto SS tr dorencn poe digi sad {pure mer of ae ee en Sic apert vol emptor ct orem pera snd mage prc eto feo wr do dopant custome igen dncamats tony dt pp ho cathe ued veel 9s buh ees ‘a een" Ts tet yrs or ow, pening celngte oe spanBlue Hazard ‘The soiled la hazard fncion hs been wed in con- Junction ih the thermal coro celateesporre daa Soto dance tei "he blue hazards used onthe demonstration thatthe retnacan be damage by ive lh at tense tat donot leat real temperate sft to ese 3 eral fare has bee found hat be bgt can produce 10 to 1 ines reel anagem dace trl sean this spose ngs a longer vi ‘Srrlong Nat thatthe ar some common sans Invhich both thera nd a ards ny be present Visual Safety Recommendations The Ann ore of Goer nat ygnits ACG Ie prendre int a civ orooenerelt ae ght oe ererng dame ‘eto tn esa uth most oe oer ‘Sina dime bys phcchenal mecarnn, int clo ue high sabe ye ean Eon of oneronttt Intal ype ae inte ng pet eto capstone nto tts etfs: Hue ‘Stent one pst ae vance afl 5 ye Protection Fiters A sn nto iii ote pine teneens ag aanehaden rs nie be el eee ene Fa controls have been provided o is base. ere ad veel etta tachi ao feat eae i re a upead igri el etme eee re ois rete oe] Reattenttaaiatatetitieete ‘ays earn mind ht ard rere mat not econ] don rpc tne of hr reins We peo cae Fire oe oles ete Pee orn cps coitonstnd eens sheer sett Teal maar pea nee fang od oar Tice y Eg tie Se ie fhncrenteiy a con Eetidencenedtes ce ms bs us us| 40 Nonoasmcrive rec ovrnew PART 3 'BASIC VISUAL AIDS BASIC VISUAL AIDS J | Environmental Factors 2 epoca emonmentl tor etn vines [kenge is i re ite osc ewes ge a wee Mtoe © tere mda apo ie nye Ot Sang Se “rbot ae og is we iad ie Pines heat of seeing depends onthe amount oft ach. Jag the ee, nal foe, anaun o ie be Plast ga fH mye tes etree and shape othe ean knit equator fecure ana Retecance io dependent on rected herring tee isos os dae eae ae eae awn, Su saps eld ek fi he Se a poi, ekg dint tig wpa ae ln ene re ‘teapot eg otter [oe ul tbe un eg. apt re Ay rica ne ora mug tte seh a ‘Seda nea ofr cen st ekg mabe delice pesc as Sy rg nth gc ete ete a jr ble at i “area creed Glen be mtn x St I each thee The seis the ang bere te sea “og eran te hcg gt spi Pca dem eli st sl et genet Os. fom auplonenaligherthertieaei eee a oy {et object. Clare from porate ign ire i moe ical coe Gating tures shuld be moured afer shove the ine eisrett il peice vet = than 48 depres othe fell ofa iat eat ct i Fl ont otal Sach sheling mut dow s eee ight each teeta Lighting for Visual Tests ‘The amount of ight rule fr visual tots depen- denton several ators including the pele he oe tance of sped or accuracy, retecson from batgrotes ae iepoctor variables Phyiologal proctuc, peti: ‘il sate experience, health and atigue al contrbon ke ‘sceuraty of sil iaspecton The reletons aml shadows from wall, cling, fai ture and equipment’ mst ako be conidered” Sons ‘eflectance fom the eavitonmest mst ecto the ne willbe too dark tobe practi. Recommunied hese aloes are cling 0 090 percent wale oon amount of For visual and other vondestctive testing raat teen iets Pe i meommended ALS oo reconnened ee hj nde teas ‘an ey oo lt «va ipso perma Wal ear sndpancrs it at ate ine mete Sr tee on ‘oi in a room should be ight tes, Othemaes ee Percent ofthe avalible light ean te absorbed by dak oe, snd ooring strong contrast of ptm orculsceen a reslssness and eventually fate Cool (Ser cans, commended for work ares wity high tise ee any hess physi exertion ght intensities ‘Toperform a visual test, dhere must hea source of rt ‘plot artifiial ght adequte in both tcont aed ey orescope Rigid Borescopes ‘The gd borezape (sce Fig 25) as invented to inspbet the fore tir sacs enc ag lope a stall lamp at the ep. for uniason Met borecpe now se Her ep ght ie ne on “The mage is Brg to the eyepie ty an optic tala conating fan objets kms tens pees tenes und an eyepiece lene. The age sat & rea ‘rl ng Fr a beeen i lenses, This means that ts pose to bos provide geet correction for the cbse and to cane the sees {oes wth asingle adjstmen oe oss ag ate ‘orpiee Focusing a Rigid Borescope The focus contol na rig bores Sy expands the depth of eld ever onfocsg o aed foes Signs At the same time, focusing can help coropenate forthe ‘wide vations in event amonginspctors Figures 25 and 27 emphasize the importance of focus sajstment for expanding the depth of fad. Figure 25 wat FIGURE 26. Borescope images for variety of lstances with fixed focus (ace Fig. 27) fe) at 25 mm (3 i (B) at 200 mam (Bin): fe) at 300mm (12 in} (a) in oytke ta vpey of stuces wth fed fea. Fe #7 eerie ee em Baba ea mason Sse ne Need fr Spetcaons ‘Because rigid borescopes lack Heb sop eens es eee ea eet hue ert Sree one Sey ae he cn ene entra ‘Sn op orecrerghTolrancestheld doo be spe. Sa “one mana conse he ope to be 0 depend tes re er Tsp SES Sarees we wk eboney Se ea a ak tnd eo ny Eanes xn the siliy to ddrection of view Setup ofa Fig Borescope To he reson ld of oe ing tng wth ge borscope, place» prmacor sale on ¢ ‘id or wortbl,Positon fe boresspe eal soe anette olin wh he len deter he eter Thao the protractor Reenter tha the pea cote of FIGURE 27. Borescope images with variable focus (see Fig. 26): (a) 75 mm (3 In): () 200 ram (8 tr}: fe) 300mm (12 In} (a) o tse wal 5 2} edd a sop teeth pra ce hte nit dg lhe ve Bl [overeat the Section fw ad the ld Howie Fg 3) i Wintborescope "Ge variation ofthe rgd borescope i called the mi bores ece Fig 25) nhs desi the relay lens at ‘pce ith wig sole bor The fiber ifnes nna FIGURE 28. Fleld of view for rigid Borescope FIGURE 29. Miniborescope wide angle lens {a} general shaper (bj lens detail, « ——_<—11]| parabola fom the center tothe pephery of he hou Binea paid nda ccnp gh Se Beran at specimen sn ages ored act eine Ge dane a ing tt psuible to. prac high golly and thn ri borecopes fom 17% 2 mm 0H to Gal me) man tercThelens spre 0 smal athens has ut | epeh ofl ike pits camer] lo foasng me pccesres | Many scores ae alle fr nigh Brecon Instant cuneras 30 mm acre amas soe Sahat eee are a rout ve gle ehh a weg anes gcse Common as well Ao avalible are attachment a he eve jpece periting dal viewing ght angle newing fr Vcrealed sess. ° ‘Special Purpose Borescopes boresope ar valabe with forward oblique, fight ange or retrospecavevasal seems. These inst ‘ments usually const ofan object section with prosion foratacing wn ip ht anges tote ebjotsee Hows acs. This permits nspction of shoulders or recesses In ares not esesible wth standard borseopes, |_Calrated borscopes ate designed to meet specie test fesse, The rl ts hee tens an ated to inate the depth of tserton during ext. Borescopes with carat retele ae used vo determine Jnl oF sz of objets he ld wlan bell ats pred lermined working dance Panoramic borscopes ace bt with special optical 9s “gas to permit rapid paras eanning of ternal cin: surfaces of ube r pipes Wie field horoscopes lave rotating cbjectve prisms to ‘oid elds of view upto 120 degrees, One application of Tide field borescopes the observation of tod ia wind ‘hnaels under dificult operang condtons. Ulrevilet ‘se used during fvorecent mage etic particle “and. Rrescnt.penetrant tests "Thess Jerescopes are equipped with utile lamp. iters sa special transformers to provide the necessary tavelengti, Waterproof and sporproof Borescopes ae we for tema tests of igus, gs or vapor envionment They are sompleclyseled and imperious tovwater or tier pes of liga Water coaled orgs coi are uted for tests £ Samace caves, Jot engine txt cells and for ater high temperature sppetons Typical Industrial Borescope Applications ‘Aviation Industry The of oops tet flings nd axe component ilo densely ees a od Sagrada eee (atin) det nes jee ph tel nd ieee al ‘atngoteagues ing teat ‘mang egies Asean wal, Thad les ce eho at yee eset foarte cites Se cape ncge ce en eee Se Saal re ‘Sea peer bes realy ted ding i iss Bee wel ta SSpeacd ine fees Sa lr decease Propeller hubs. revere pitch gearing mechanisms, hydraulic ender, landing gear mechan an electra ‘omponenis also canbe inspected with borescope.Arralt ‘ing spar apd stats are nope for erento tue fc nd vets and ng scons can betel ey {er crresion Borescopes used er tests of nea wing tank sures and ing cormgvins ject to com hve saved sins lnge sume ef money by educate Une atc cot oferdce 7 ‘Automotive Industry Borescopes are widely wed in the manaacuring end suitenance son ofthe aubrey Ege ‘lind an be exe hous pr pl hls went ‘eronng the einer brad "Fhe cnt el aes ad ston heed cb vista teste) for ences we bon Sst and sce “eam Cala and ‘ranks are examined throug wal plo opens wa, tu removing the ence. Testo ad iene te soar spect Borscoper te ko useful locating dscontinties such as creks or howholes St esting aod orgy Machined components sch a ross bored es can camined for nema dacontnaies,Borseopes ac sel {inspect elinde fr nteral sac ish Ser hoy. Tapped les. shoulder or recess can be cere Initessble arest of late atoms, small pomp stots and mechani o eects wsemible an Be a _lvtosed without dsmanding the engin Machine Shops Tox fd aps ppm oie shop tol snd ie etna i Fes nesaad ley founds. In proditon machine operations, Boressope of arousal sad anges of ew awed ‘amin interna les, eros bored holes, threads internal ‘Stace fines and waous acess ses cnoootred inmuchise and mechani sseniy operation Sarees alert mate ere els {Stntetores machine cqupment sd drainer ine tad Se dp ‘se wed 0 mine tena ites ade hs i pe tore ting and etc sala In fundies Porecopes re wel wo rine peo, te lcste dscontmescackporsty and Ubeboles Borscpe are a ed for test tay pes of Slee ater inching th ineoa Sree Rh of het eds cet hea eas and ued le components Power Plants In steam power plats, boreiopes are wed for vis! tet of baer tues or piting. coroson, seg or hee infra pep pry ed ton 7 iste Sent ar ea Sar {holm se tn 3 Magan ge 8 ato te) sel wd Teo nation an we eno ol hat ‘BENG shou ne oe freee nded ae yur "xp sn ter apts bres cee lagi a sl ngs, ie ed tke ote hte stan ol a cl ae a expan 4 Inspecting eam penton in power pias preventive mine taining te itor af ay eguipnet bya ade or ‘pees at pn ey peing the bee of pe gon eo som nono pre bos (hos They we woe nit wat, lok and couterwes abt br ma Sewer st ote wiv mown secon opens, fc, an ter how late i ere et STE Tow cpu wim Sane tory nensen “ming tet in Sg ‘es brie By cage oe out ape re pe “hf cnt ne son tae 1 © 112 pnosecrion monoscores The sua mcoape hs Hen te woes of he medi idry fed Sel chensy inbrtte orany ens Opening ioe Deeps ow fh uber td pu ine Seng ro we ‘ter Aptaone Pjecr sce esa ad ue ir opr tonal pst Ie rele of ol pr ere Taye Setaed ico mace pojeton erp: (ue. oe map Acer of eo eS prog ta a eds. vera spo th we ic ei SFr mice re vn a et p Se sesnymen yr re Tle 01 9 lg ne eS iss mas es NO {es angi ae sre cto ene son ean ond evel ps ete pes wh TELCC cette (IS 28 rete est a away oon Coney Detemie mechan deformations in suc! mate etme heey Dd sed manos compost mt secgece, ism Hh tener seit pen tracer arate seta ance eines ‘iat Sey Repa pce Jo Serena seg nection fe Sheets ering ae Siprgtanu oeigtecnp ccm uate Aspects Si ot cnete ta etal etn are hag eee pM ‘Reakie holy ote Wogan vexed (Des permeate ag nh sper oh a arene SE Ee, ste ay ‘Espen cn ay be sree. Theale ad ea de ‘hicicnon, cine Sacmoed tom Se Based 003) ee Z = peblogea rat angie nice ‘n> fot Bsr aoc a oa ‘sera weg oot ere ea auton (12) ean be tee Z= 1905 0a)VISION AND OPTICSSea es ae setccnemslt soon : secron 10 VISION AND. OPTICS ad Luminoe nergy Teste 2 | Seca ea Y SCOPE. Vina! inspection was pbely te iat mod of seadsvive i : See: Sarasa ees | i ms: Sia Sais OE | [NATURE OF TESTS. Some optical testa are based wpso spin Inwy of i he ee eee ; iors: | Set eas | fircanons urease mice aiae ettae | | SS ein eet een i tae eon | i \ 7 ‘wa) and (2) for iaapecting the Interior of tranaparent test objects (ach Breer ease fe eat cren cemmeee ae eae Vision Ihc ate pr nh hme fronds of eat ‘Md dogg toe taper ae froin peo Reloe ang soso a eet TOS Boy ‘exh of te eps the ration power ef fhe crm en em ar ack ‘ethno otra duces 301 or ore Sy edo ‘sewers si of stdin nine ate ae (SSEIRine von Sy enn ied ea ee (Bite an le ete Gm mae deve enn Tug : {ten dat So =o it snag coeds ts= § woe ato ae oprios (Seen wry Seg eM rat at ‘fem fe so Sete Stan a eee Le ee erie der he Sea oe Disa Juienet node vn ian init i su ue ‘tks dle" Dome agate lt Se sane reheat foe eo rT se me em he tr th Wf ei ae ot oR ei neviac eat ne reag aes my ead ye a of the thees fundamental colon, tues ei crv or nora {eae Sven apn the aay of the cnet Tigh of ees Regneen coerce ears Soy Seana rae ecm Paice ‘exe. In dnylight vison, yellow le te brighieat slo vn Ss ara he rt a neg: ‘ire or ab uly gata ot, He anes Sp iran Sh oe Re or pte tay coe oid ee ea ee Donne yiieyereay ceeine Sonia GEESE RPIORS ie me ecm | eee SSS some een samt ero med scores NT ten ce mtn She es Shes amc rape ety fan MELA re ages ee eset net ¢ nae of dads fps ees ean Sesriem Fee a a eee ee ican onerenc i e Bie ech kc a hr So ei. ISR, Ppt ae eee eas Cee ee ee te ee ste | + Tet 2g Ta echomagme som 18 4 Oe ifloont warp ress tel ng 1 pak ele mee Sata eae na et ‘Seve enc tot ec ge ec Seneige by clo meat wi Ronin ae ‘Septem famony age (20 Oo ‘olor Canes Ts eid erunton of clr ed er age rp104 sn ano ns ig iene oa ee ye eo an bec. enaraeeal es Thane eat, =o tet a SA ecto ll st Po rae fs ‘teres thee permanent vial take ter many colts oh mentored Geometrical Opti and Applications, ut rotons nt en ilo tre ey neg eb Sicieeensantan meme greg gees erento gy ate aes cr SSS coaloenean Sukie ieeocrmare ours ys pe sey EE ede en ein ym mise ie eee A trae ‘Brome oon al a sas alba et eet eed ‘uty te cmimeed ir ay or pea Pe a 8 ‘ete nner sys oro ne Wu ee seu tue ca gy SRE TR cers beeen bem ee iets deem dhanan ee, ene Sereree 2 om clo ava on ina elie sed ecm tanned ati cota cs er tin oma inlet age pgs od Ey ne og wee te (ah he Dena beads moe De ade a Sprcronari coupayror tae a FepTehnae” fences oath cat eee eee a. plelorwpig ‘er piadatoe mescrment or samparern ast ‘Sra opi sccm spcweenty © ere siclnt aruda Be ny’ ig amt al ee ‘aed wwe elf etal Shag ee ocd ee rion ceo ‘efor nv ans a tn excl png ae Po ‘Frm aus gta wimg tree Sr ct The me ot Sey tmnt by ace 4 a ee eh by chat ie nt tect Dense Sy Stn ane btn en et OPTICAL LRWS SYSTENG. The sna opt deve mb vl {ecto ag pri by ness Crear aa tee i— 77% =) 2 mao. gm. 1. FF O_o — Moysateen md ira ‘enh Pigs Reconstr, Pa wig ic et eg cope oe ter aS icles Whee i i om eh eeereget eit The et ander oe og En Alor metho Rpt tert ie fi he cai 1 minting et rly pen ew ee Se a pent pe inten lea tnd een eet ‘int ering Mee, ey sad ag ‘it chew de san, pny wae race yb eid em hee on ‘nial ty Wine aie ake oe ea SP SESE soe wad am one) Ts Se thes Bee ‘hs mn Yi of he erly fg il ep ye ‘ie eeten SU omni eon he ce et St Wave Nature of Light and Optical Interierence SEPIDRY Shame ger ium deel rats Sa Soracicbacuere ian scans, Sess Sha Coren Seca Roasters ee SSN! emma ir ema 'a Ssh Serre es “HoEHPER tnENh. twrtrn n REESE reruns ens et ne we Soar semen ete Saat Tasso eigen ane Soe Ceres instars ‘an pure Three sage ogee NE a ee 2a Saito eee ieee Hos ks we ee ee toe ttn tnt tapped Sra Aree dae orm fied dea Gena a anaige ae SERS teiare cia oe ee epee ae erate ey ecb ne Sele tees ae apa ee Sa Saisie a= INTRNPEROMETERS FoR rhaisannve str. 4 ena fants OTT on Hanae SMPE RS, et eect eh gion tee ecumtart ans maa Eieat cantor cee tamer Sra ecco eee hel ieee Seana ages Sse aot peers Sietacs Ges ae ran inc Cm era ‘posta march Teh ‘tome Rae irc ney heh aie be ee ety ‘SiSreat lec ce ery gh he te at crea oe! ings 8 ‘Sees thn ete erpcon U « eees See Double Rettig, Dowie Foss Sytem. The donde, ene: ‘uci ee Pty Sth el ae de es seence bande raced The deviton of ea ast of tnd ‘Ege! hither he ep of ogee It elise Rite ales oh ma sare me ‘ete rope eee st ean pate ie ‘ht amen re elite si oat ops eon ‘oy he mat Ste oy Sma roe oe SNTLCTSE ene Decl tte ae Sorel py saad cra Ges {ong tures ender x pepo to rae ie enter a {elated the etc tn Tefen ian snr apn! he ae "ee op Twas Seeceae ret proces mee Rae Reha inl mechs iy een Se Trl ued bt tae ek Sao Senta elie Sood pe on ce ‘Siecle er, tm a SSE SLATE Sirah co wc b ae SSS smug th hens snd acre ft i aye cogs 2 Hemel ce Opi ay tna a icra lne’ oneal wich tamed rowek ead tu este esos col 8. mm nd, 20 fo 30 en, gh and 2 rape cate en ea nth tna the nope ted otha nea fai ree api ig tear ia et PUNT ope tata he Rae eo Re eae sane SRCAPRENS Slur tea Sh teal nae ace ec {tn rorapy ving devin me th ht pn trough the eee Sierwekouon iterate ome SRS Gy ceaperaan ‘lfmcice fea, te ithe of amu and njstar and the poneekrount ite ele ove s(t rt Wag oda cigs rem wm uf asiny {ino min Sie) ia tain nd (5 ema of tse Ol pret eres nea spre betina eka fa iTable ee ‘ren he paneenen a aie eiogel see se EE Sie in om Sten te eS i ee baste it ne Segment ee eas Shh cee em Pea 2 ree seo es, (Rt. tes ey tena tr ay ‘len ih yl te Btngee Send gt hte oe Seo mens wi rts mee SURG bout te fee ate Scere cataract de prints ete peta et aes SARE aaa om a nee a Light Section and Sehieren Methods ‘Arpeiont Me rap maa yn the sbvaon sd veg ot setae oan este enna ig HEASUEIREEST, TECHNIQUES. 1 ce mah fo maing nla, te mtn of nang ang oh Se et ‘Scr epee op fen Gy een ohn, SERS Riera ae Seip ce eo Sersat ct fac appeanaice We Ss dear SESS sty merge ie cat See ec oe ‘it mere na ma oS ta HORT-SRETION METHODS. Lhttn mts nay nor ‘OPTICAL, Tears kuDLoving rotations tiehe yes ne heey shns anny ey ny pace eae yin i i eet ae oe ae ae Se Se Se hy Perce te in Soura rm Se dat Fy. 8 swe smite pss gt Ser the eon of ened sree bm germ mn ome sed ea Seta Sion ot gs pa, ‘Frmtorsa ee wey Emaar ca new my reed ts ‘im ning tte rage EE ere cane tm deine pri af hee tt, ie se fs ere ied a gti a oe “eit nano. Shae in shed ee ose a fern vatcy of nnderive ess wl be owe eae Reson ae Sk cae "om ein he eee ng nn [Bemoles are lst ming wth bot si Bot ea ng SA dear Sansa ae oes pies oe ear plicinemes stan nt cated ele dein he ei AS iS is in cy ‘ig ‘le. Aare ny otis ox me tr de The | SaaS See Soret ce eben ees ‘emcee naa ata Sat SOHN SUM sees mt pny ‘peri asd eg tilted ot Se ee ES Seon Freestate Sete A eter et Sreeans ae hime Soni feat wee pe he Race le dos, a ee Ech SS Mite caren ety ‘edie! inupe whch ean’ rad eis, tal be ase Sera asia oe Sip raeneearant, Seb Me 2 ela aes ca Raa oon ‘saa pse the se pata fr eigen tdi tates sre sera nig, Se foun simerbarcae ae edie a ra cnn ore a ra Than 8 it ‘hou the pees perinpens 9 eS pen pra as ey, aeen ce AAO SEES etic ticreaeern rat amc ee ed in mie i, ortates en be dent ‘Bete ty pa te te ae) be cert ae le a ll en oy mae ‘Bh Siei nara be te ap, er oe pe cde a le heey oe eine a a SERIES a remane ee wae Bet) ® re ny te i in fh rig mater nd li Hany pearly alt ne ge an, Te ony i Ra Lote nll ln fs ne nd tevin poe See SG i ete Yarns ft te i Mert fens cena Cn cana sinc ese reece eit i Seperate ieee. SEUSS epic eeu aod openly tid Inpear SCE Settee camer big oS oath el hr inbomee Ser Sores enemas ieee ie a ie ee TES, a eae ie Soo ee Svea anes smeat ty ‘Biomol Pre on nay er ea Bee sire ae ree pte ond se slong TH hos ee IN Aas eee Fomcgs a shee ov de Me Ore ttn arom wear So SSG eee eeteremy sie hc th ep eae ADVANTAOHS OF SCHLTESEN TECHNIQUES. Anu a ere cra ie megan segs le es ‘Shee otf eet es ar ack dee we ee SSS sore tne Seater nes {£ FiAepodemer tse tr elit id Bam ofthe errDifracton Mesos ian acta tae get ee ORM Pantene rahe Biieymiacaairniame omen fa Ce ane Secere ire Sena ceometaemes =o ree fngeny? ow ‘ern lt wih he st nding pe Ai ie IPA" even of a tt SE a a es at melita Stata tanpennee es Siete meets i, e's bom rantg one ay mee ie joteewaa erates mewn see ae ang cet ‘ilo opi the my Sie iecan at erence ae ‘ih le lect plan, toto, Wih the pgs he ke ‘momcet induced by am tres i af gh nent. “amie MECHANISMS OF LIGHT SCATTERING. Uiheatuirg ee tee teen ten edd etn enh ea ite tominaat y's tam of ate Det fate th he ee of th unig eb Te Sard hs Foc a sim ange of 6 ap 8 cig Hote a ae Sine fh tng oe dt tid ee xan oar prc ee eon es Soi onan ob say at Aa ei roe Shri ed rae ak Sisto martin upareeseae ae Carga Sr ec oO ay einen target eae Se We ory oS SOL NT ATTESTED ete dete SV oe ee tere Sig ac etna see hom EST ee ee ae Serge srg me ton rig na teagth by nea, ae eee Gta miacousenye ruven, ard ets et acy rt ne Sih rope les ig eee Mine serene seems fete coca cah Snnies ee | |Vente an ity. Tinie he pi ti ets re TNE HREAD THST, era" in eit 1 Eten Given tied Se Wee ey eae sree nn cee ret scum. Aa tpt fale ee ue ae. Each are yd ates mee ih spree copear ase tee te Ese ae ca sree weeny sec nahi aa ‘ig ue ges ‘fan be wed forthe aserocope objective. Tf the obectve it Fe enros Sesh ermbes aceonf £ E icon a "gah aaa Weve nondee dat mss ing = Safin Ssieaee seine ar ge or ERE mercenariesogee once pla al Et Hts ‘ese Change Tae Conte «eter of Aen’ Depend Sto fechige tee Baer eae" on tie oe Fn Sve foe erie Ee gsr Dany a 2 on GR Tres f Bhat, rant Lat espns, Law “ot ‘Tr tans am Oa ers oe 0 Ste an at te tO Su abalone arbre * “oe, Seti we “opin Th My Puceay of Ons "tne as Yas br Donen iceSedpae hes ot debutant’ ruc re Deecron T] VISUAL INSPECTION EQUIPMENT seevenens‘CONTENTS (tint) secnon 1] VISUAL INSPECTION EQUIPMENT Miroscopic Aids Vision ip ats magne. inp form nse aes plo eee the, RNS Stn’ mien cea he sae SESS Mente at ders. Th mer onsen icone Thos pi eric re mea ton wig tate Ls oe teas ee aro ree $e ie Sees te ss a porn me Gumtecnin ceienng onvonre ma Siete ree Saas a ent Pe SE ent SY ee BS eee ee ee estatoo oreo sy dani erie mt wt, | ec ie tei. ex co 20%), Wren meee segment aemmvmaniies | Ttierree armen 2) a aac eatin tia api nearer? | Met ans ete mee EN tiers | Swe Sirmione a fetmeumaary ae | tea caper fel ae . cba ena at ate rg | Seeba" pee ome taie nant eae rt | Sete ede oD fe ore | ERR Sa meg try ee is Pak cota ence pere | Eiieemsmeiehomaeet mea nie uncom Ree aes el a cise is dea seen et in a ior aa treo a | ve qeptum POWER SYSTEMS Lanx 300) ade \ cad cope Microscopes. Me inane nF, 4. he sie a ee a aS oe | Seaa a me ote cena aes oe San a crate Bw i 13 thn ss ye nang in ! nl tea si Menge Mog: Whe pig ee aaa ee orm oper im ci ew re i hen nan marrts yes nics matin nd dil gn id tee Te oa ie he paint se saps ey re cr nd ‘mpg a ve ie somr of mony by mica te te e e oe was cpg ey, ort if a yk cia Bae nie ed Sh a ‘lo ae th 2a Stl te ae pt eg Sis ‘ys aha ed tate nb aa ee Pee sat reve the certs eee oft ie Riera mat ts ‘rotten machin oprationsberanop of rare Sams sng on err Pan ta foe sant, rap ae nd atl in ‘pine hater png cdo ae are Cinder an eum yronn an Boag 1% Dos Kn le den aordecpren mt hae Cat med oa mite ceo Ware cy, ven one "Tt ety emeorapes gered oe he, he we an ped sen ban ao fea ‘a Won tea fs ere ae Sy Sr a Felon tcp Tae ne SoS ee eas bie dra fr ta spa Gases nd Pte Boop. 4 vie pty, ay op Snr oad py Son Wai rma ‘Still eee pat wit nts nasa sa Fn ee ‘erie of een tae isecnoeot ae ae ies mer th ss york Somes ose cei he el eee ny ig etre eo iecrear, ea a oe ‘ec i sities ret i eit ct sient na qc pom mn Recto ‘Thermo sn ecient an of ae eaten a agi eat CLL 3 inary i 7 -~ —-—C—UrLr Buse tty (Geert Carstriter Dele rin of Wee tne ee 1 Assi timo UPS Sa aa ame eee Seed ih nro eile el at [roe mast fis Th eto prodoce bilon,S dte| Si Coo tid es ‘peng nc on ey 9 be a ‘iy ef igs ips muted cyt, Te em he Sy eecddcemaaery sence {Untihee te oi oe wi main ain tenn Doe of Sexe l eae aspeeee ye ease Se SESS ng Seca vero pa lage howeg rom pr oie 4 Foc Fel of Vera Mayenne pth of ft eh Sean Ti tea ariel aperte ‘lees the elit a th sie oS hrm nero Se aeaas ees om iatngrnuw es weit rR Sony ote el snd dense tran 4 were ed ee craton tat hit Sear iinet Rec vine ciceees set im [ihr nd Tmt the ops erly oa em shot 2 ata Un dire eter een ee ‘Git dacee” Hance a Gere thw x mueienton 9. WANE See counen cere nies {ein ig ir A ore tas te abjtie ed of ee T ‘Scena errhp ed testa a Eimtocess aan scenes SeeFen ee Lm ir ati en ren heen atai te "ta, hin aoe Dove with Ligh Carre. Tega toxorpe abemeh = RSSENGANGE Sec atin ose se Hato g Ee ine aes g I ae silstati oe ac emt pre ha a ven heal a wih Saat teres este! The’ mpttien appeinoepout PHOTORLECTIIG DEVICES. B sie Se, ‘sialon. Toe rane Siete meh oral stoma Tne etcetera ba id a “dna! sreoP fd |sandenmege | 22:| TaaTIIIITIEe ee } ponangaegtgeget i vi Cacia me seme VC teeSees ee are j J | : | zl| 1 ring aig eB me a + ep ara mt ra ce a alin ee Seems ieee ee ee eevee eS sia Ants Se ali ese puoacoxDUCTIVE cHiL8 OR THOTODIODES, ee do eee ee ni cons eat nh ni zoe cn be ee nts conto a Sere he arene et cat tm na a ‘er prion of ants i ee oy cts wef he sie cacy ered ante ran he fn oon ter, he ot eed eae rtf t,No Seo hmee so ee STE SET STs gone epee pois he tna tn gly moe promi evi m8 ‘visva 1sarReron squint etal ean th gh ped apna ch td ride {eons ast apn ee eerste a ‘Se yee PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE. tot ds st i me ‘idtoraa ana ve energy conver ther War tial oer Li 1 acaau sso tenashae Fes heey fe ih ‘couveret ily nto crc energy. The prt fin igh Ine Sg ope pee ee ee onan Th ad nnn om i cna ‘ins eh sce mod repens ti | tm Tester re sa of igh ae. conta ei en. Heo werk wid lm er matinee Se Secrets ence SESE ‘eens, Whi ine raga afte tra bare ‘so ha ih pated oes ge RES oF THOTORLECTIG DETECTION AND wnaaUTING DEVICES "Te pnt ah lpn pase many Ye is tal were tng Geo he sa ad rine eet ore OE: omy rere ae ‘Gert cas ale soturaiy male aunts eh wos mare 18 ‘Shanes veel na oul ptm br see [Maem haning ens ei rol ans alr Tata ig i i ee nt een afr ai oe SRILA tid ie wom et nar enc Sea etre hp pe age ‘Sins de ays als Pet tone Se SS eta tect a im ee ec nll rena dt ce een Herne ts nga ae fie Tet ae Ny eect A eect ne peti tbialrs ponent Seeetatrse was St Serres cap =? Pic rh Ta lane ep ew eS te oo Se "Fema a se agg ee isa ear Wy aera Sct to Be cme hat ‘he tage Conver Tube fae cnvrt ie oye oa ‘eter flee home eS ped ight nage Sy Oe (ee eho oa nen nat Sele ace See resort Sees eee ie 2. Arg lomo n P25 nae mae cnn be Insel gate tab, he PH donner te pp of Bone SSRs iB can Se tae {Se ean tet fle =f eee a i od ‘Sitar be sur as E rl Hc cope wake et hate Sarat nf eee ee hopin ces i te ‘Syne of fe mpataton In si aproninaaly Baty th {Stag Ret bes of hehe ee mc i a ago Io ner mye cp in ‘nue Bova. - gc eee ies iy se pee “eye and an elect ofuminescent ayer. The delramaomcent ger companof mail ch eit ih a rece an ein yg Te pot ‘Sutin oleate mache Sn se ston 9 See ee CS isgecsceah ans eitan of ek apr th aig Reco. in Seppo heat ser cater meme Feenstra em stone et Sr enon pa get ctmancmee henner ‘Shenatea (vo satin iseaors and tea) comer te edo eS el ao See Seo Seater eeg Dn opealirecat gj eecemer teen oan Sinaloa ee eee ioe er ed ieeceat te tlea ihc baat SE hentai men. ein se Seemeot ters at SE Toiey ie ocneesonmee Eee agin a toca bree com SSes aera eee waco ‘eae tn, bower no as or ete wh Seer eee aioe Fi iieemara acrranceas oe Sears ee Bes eee ee eee hee ence Shy og diel fhe sce coat be of ero a Eijpaviomn amateeerauaneone Se pee ai in eso Tire ot om ue Dimas Bees eeeera ste SESo ie peas onemr ogre Satie cet toon lpn rnd Siam epee of eka ave bl ron dion goed ey aoe ome Gy Sey me sa arp p t ‘Spl io glean tr ei dei or mith «an sovterng ects, used whee the SE eon or canting, epi and cmt sy. Forel sek caressa se Same Sarva nornapn rego Grae oan Jeter vow r \ PS a wore nat une of gtecne? Sore ae hm 8 ono ta eo icopei chadsSpecimen, Te specie be monies umaly med hn le seatasieon pera by =f et fhe pane mass Oley iin pent byte deren bean At Keenan io rence te Th scl ikea ihe doy ot coal cat ‘orn re, we owe les eat een Secon age {etm wa pte fron oi Sess ye ie, Repl. Por ope cine chs metal ape ese to ana mrt fs nat ing tx rep ecu. Ti tive foranr hn fm ofa st at yet frm agers {Be ue tbe zal Wher lara ein aay be ete ood ‘sume by eroprcing «thn mel in ape te piesa Se ade Tis pode tore a saiow ctl sd Sew ny tt ‘Aaplaans Te ston nope os be ed oer wee be sui tetra be nape a 0's SRN w myers NES el ae icon tne fe te ere ie a's he) eae of bt Terie setae ty ing fe lef, Ti pine et SLGRSS Eee Roc inrcned es aon, Tea "fe esos eieape wily dn reac ed nd brn. ‘Noms cme Mss ao aa 3) Referencée 1. Yous A Bene atopy Yo: Hate & tinh orrcom mes som, PEEPLES Veer VST ea hintaan oF ie Seaton w re 5 A cea un re se Ha irs Gamer Tube irom 2, No © a1; Ta, ss Ene eee Sh ine i ial Brat Poe Ta Wier So | |a)(CONTENTS (Cntinel) 1 oy aie ty H i Si cE eae a ¥ ¥ bo | i i wereueenrereneen rues secnon 12 OPTICAL PROJECTORS AND COMPARATORS Indust Inspection Requirements PRECISION MAGNIFICATION. ow indus sig ind vil ‘ainini tonto prai olntes aesni, od Sine aor ‘ema ‘tamad’ the gree ew ‘penance poe eel poe. A al Pv, soe. ‘Swotage ag opin roa th ato en oa oan at {iawn gtr Trois eng so? aan ‘Serrunet te need woke DIMENSIONAL TESTING. Into aape uae: ux cman st "Toes ctl pions sat So il per, gmp wt eee 2 ot Riot ti lena, Uessh Stenorlnwurenet te tine ‘Etna dc by ast roamed by 8 hod sen Th ow ‘opps the Ep by he wap ei INSPECTION OF SURFACES. Wi 4 skaow i the mo commen ‘auc rer i any apne wee ined race ‘cea sly Gatien oe sa ae ‘Screw these gt abo nd fer alan ang fr dena ‘Rey st ai we cine cn ie Si male ie Teall cand mig td tee ot ‘ac ean vane Permanent Records of Sure. Sateen iret eli of iat sate pata mu or pr st pees Oy ng med ot Seeley aren, Reman pcre ‘Neiaun ants Sclsoraa vows ste pcr roe ‘BASIC MEASURING METHODS, Both sndoy wo fae alas we ste nen Oy Ue ooo our drat bse meteie rng Wo Wer ac es mes ee a ede poate so f SSS SSSERE se thew eh inertees pono sree polity he mis in ay nel nies scm eat Tops Wit peer event meals tected ef eo ISdipuied wir ne tae pounce meted. ma pn an ape manrrrent he Wogas ent of Angle. Fw ey of ee pene nb alin Ss she’ Ge sage ay a eh as eet vewe ns ter sep ma toa “pest 7 i ton mie om fe sates Toe Sar nal meen epic ie a ef ry satyp en ein Reta Hews male trom te sd Yoo rnicay PRosEcTION HAUTE as pian mea ‘enmoni Sr an Se — Fig 3 Catan hoe Me pi comganets of er ie aaah ur ele te Sel awe oa “ule mutton ae a COFLIMATOR LENS. Lange of ein, amino Sat pet on of ot in ne sty Suet or ol‘se mwonting Slain and ty then one Ue serie eee icin opie deme cera MAGNIFICATION. apiean ie stunty sol ont tae Se a2 an 2 Grea poor. ef eagh she pois ee Standard Meniclos, Vato magnons ae aise tnd ciel projet Ths fe carga the rir ttn ly sampursons a ms Se did ad ort or ming stacey es ee z aoe eee “he mm den sete pin ei 020% rb ae th cial tf S138y, btm seu ce teckecin wiurinate fees Sd ek {see strep te oe DE i agsieton o& projec eee (he te rag) eae Se Te cd ees enw ster mt ‘Sarma rei maging tage by tung» or pie ing an sil ov) Wise al ont agnor ate a site nar te oat of th vei ene wal efor Weegee mh ow in ving, i selene ire eat rg eS Pa lb se nye mi ae SOE ea gene Sa eae Tall pera a opal “RELAY LENS. Ax improvement over the use af «single :magsiteaton om rad ta age at lato Sst acetone SSodecte Seleege he oe. Wk Se weet fhe ze mae sce gt tn me nat et crn et ee te Sd SERRE NE Gian pee a Ane Sees Sate Staite hint inert ugtat's oy See a ete iy pecan (nate tao) Teatro 0 net THIRRORS comp lars ih, a MiRRORE ae eee a ates fy Sl pe pear a ean heey seen Tato iam pees aoe oot oh ae snparaiyteate We Seng soca sb pete sataneniy ad race ne tsa ac cireepan epee ste be lied tet ar soreness High omiay ered Sire ya SG Aa Al nf ema te ene Susae eRe tag ae ier eo 1g 4 Leopenck etal per em.stop oat eel te Symone ener et ‘oteeron chan hn tte oT ST Trgn a, ts te ‘een ich ean be eed one oppte i ropetan ns Sat Sh mace mart ove thru he sem, mt te tempo he Sear cae Saeem tenes Spa ane tgs ae aa CaS ee ne ete ws ge ge ries Eres SRiTeen ew AS WORK POSITIONERS. Bln ny neki or ce be views by portion be pia and alin» poet ae. SSCS unt ry! oy Prue te mat vr nase Fhe Sa a Ei Areata see et woe gehtepectn ‘Ober andl ble eng gig es a ‘he Beet cera pat he oe at's uh id oy supreme be ean) Siete stead o's py Tail, Fe predating unin 0 pedal tars ay stig tb me sonal olny ewes To Sarre nd ‘Sing tf lading fete mpi ren orl ola ‘Petr. ach tae fmt te wep ot ogee gh an enya e se gen reoaprel wih sat xine. Ai feria of topo pact ig then tres hve = a an 9 ‘Fh sn a Arena With rere git bum ojos tae moves a ely (Soon and and eta the move os tor! PROJECTOR CAPACITIES. Pete pai re nal eel tye ere een on, evn dd dd mss Scqen Sue and Viewing Fa Ste. The pen es via ze eres wi ler tly pended Upon san Eat at rte emie eojecor seen pete le ays amar ase spss aso he nena now sae e840 7% ‘Eoin and in dow crmioat mrosseies BaUIMENT ne eng he mdi le lear Gn, a ee 61 serra ser en aur en re ty el thn ae Ih ed ens of ote vr Mia te Riera yeojecars wey all lave 900 dam. wns, Si eho wt Reelin aa ag ben ost ete ete dancer ei el pet ie apna Pot han na tame oad be wpe ht ld ie ei ont it te inf sete capi ef sin ol te dae Sse Tay ese ely see mack ove as ac Sten fee Menerng rave! Capac lel te hd inpant eraaon ot “a Sooe Sears er mn nt ct cos greene cts" Sete ie ore icant ee tame ‘ie ete cn, ar a Irn peieitemecs en ovens oa Gaertn ee I Shp apc eto onde cal CREST ear hht of apne ste oe7 oo Po oo 12:10 OFVOAL Pnavsorons ax coxranazons Projection and tamination Systems PROJBCTION. 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