Rule 52.

Findings by the Court

In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the court shall find the
facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon and judgment shall be entered
pursuant to Rule 58; and in granting or refusing interlocutory injunctions the court shall similarly
set forth the findings of fact and conclusions of law which constitute the grounds of its action.
Neither requests for findings nor objections to findings rendered are necessary for purposes of
review. Findings of fact shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be
given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses. The findings of
a master, to the extent that the court adopts them, shall be considered as the findings of the court.
If an opinion or memorandum of decision is filed, it will be sufficient if the findings of fact and
conclusions of law appear therein. Findings of fact and conclusions of law are unnecessary on
decisions on motions under Rule 12 or 56 or any other motion except as provided in these rules
or other law. Findings of fact and conclusions of law are unnecessary on decisions of motions
under Rule 12 or 56 or any other motion except as provided in Rule 41(b).

COMMENT

2017

The final sentence of the former version of the rule, "Findings of fact and conclusions of law are
unnecessary on decisions of motions under Rule 12 or 56 or any other motion except as provided
in Rule 41(b)," was replaced because of requirements for findings and conclusions in rules other
than Rule 41(b) and in some statutes. Regardless, judges are encouraged to include in decisions
on motions sufficient explanation that would be helpful to the parties and a reviewing court.
Thus, even where findings and conclusions are not required, the better practice is to explain in a
decision on any contested, written motion the court's reasons for granting or denying the motion.
 Rule 52. Findings by the Court

In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the court shall find the
facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon and judgment shall be entered
pursuant to Rule 58; and in granting or refusing interlocutory injunctions the court shall similarly
set forth the findings of fact and conclusions of law which constitute the grounds of its action.
Neither requests for findings nor objections to findings rendered are necessary for purposes of
review. Findings of fact shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be
given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses. The findings of
a master, to the extent that the court adopts them, shall be considered as the findings of the court.
If an opinion or memorandum of decision is filed, it will be sufficient if the findings of fact and
conclusions of law appear therein. Findings of fact and conclusions of law are unnecessary on
decisions on motions under Rule 12 or 56 or any other motion except as provided in these rules
or other law.

COMMENT

2017

The final sentence of the former version of the rule, "Findings of fact and conclusions of law are
unnecessary on decisions of motions under Rule 12 or 56 or any other motion except as provided
in Rule 41(b)," was replaced because of requirements for findings and conclusions in rules other
than Rule 41(b) and in some statutes. Regardless, judges are encouraged to include in decisions
on motions sufficient explanation that would be helpful to the parties and a reviewing court.
Thus, even where findings and conclusions are not required, the better practice is to explain in a
decision on any contested, written motion the court's reasons for granting or denying
 Rule 53. Masters

(a) Appointment.

(1) Scope. A reference to a master shall be the exception and not the rule. Unless a statute
provides otherwise, a court may appoint a master only to:

(A) perform duties consented to by the parties;

(B) hold trial proceedings and make or recommend findings of fact on issues to be
decided without a jury if appointment is warranted by:

(i) some exceptional condition; or

(ii) the need to perform an accounting or resolve a difficult computation of damages;

or

(C) address pretrial and post-trial matters that cannot be effectively and timely addressed
by the appointed district judge.

(2) Disqualification. A master must not have a relationship to the parties, attorneys, action,
or court that would require disqualification of a judge under the Colorado Code of Judicial
Conduct, Rule 2.11, unless the parties, with the court’s approval, consent to the appointment
after the master discloses any potential grounds for disqualification.

(3) Possible Expense or Delay. In appointing a master, the court must consider the
proportionality of the appointment to the issues and needs of the case, consider the fairness of
imposing the likely expenses on the parties, and protect against unreasonable expense or
delay.

(b) Order Appointing a Master.

(1) Notice. Before appointing a master, the court must give the parties notice and an
opportunity to be heard. If requested by the court, any party may suggest candidates for
appointment.

(2) Contents. The appointing order must direct the master to proceed with all reasonable
diligence and must state:

(A) the master’s duties, including any investigation or enforcement duties, and any limits
on the master’s authority under section (c);

(B) the circumstances, if any, in which the master may communicate ex parte with the
court or a party;
 (C) the nature of the materials to be preserved and filed as the record of the master’s
activities;

(D) the time limits, method of filing the record, other procedures, and standards for
reviewing the master’s orders, findings, and recommendations; and

(E) the basis, terms, and procedure for fixing the master’s compensation under section
(g).

(3) Issuing. The court may issue the order only after:

(A) the master files an affidavit disclosing whether there is any ground for
disqualification under the Colorado Code of Judicial Conduct, Rule 2.11; and

(B) if a ground is disclosed, the parties, with the court’s approval, waive the
disqualification.

(4) Amending. The order may be amended at any time after notice to the parties and an
opportunity to be heard.

(5) Meetings. When a reference is made, the clerk shall forthwith furnish the master with a
copy of the order of reference. Upon receipt thereof unless the order of reference otherwise
provides, the master shall forthwith set a time and place for the first meeting of the parties or
their attorneys to be held within 14 days after the date of the order of reference and shall
notify the parties or their attorneys.

(c) Master’s Authority.

(1) In General. Unless the appointing order directs otherwise, a master may:

(A) regulate all proceedings within the scope of the appointment;

(B) take all appropriate measures to perform the assigned duties fairly and efficiently;
and

(C) if conducting an evidentiary hearing, exercise the appointing court’s power to

compel, take, and record evidence.

(2) Sanctions. The master may by order impose on a party any noncontempt sanction
provided by Rule 37 or 45, and may recommend a contempt sanction against a party and
sanctions against a nonparty.

(d) Master’s Orders. A master who issues a written order must file it and promptly serve a copy
on each party. The clerk must enter the written order on the docket. A master’s order shall be
effective upon issuance subject to the provisions of section (f).
(e) Master’s Reports. A master must report to the court as required by the appointing order. The
master must file the report and promptly serve a copy on each party, unless the court orders
otherwise. A report is final upon issuance. A master’s report shall be effective upon issuance
subject to the provisions of section (f).

(f) Action on the Master’s Order, Report, or Recommendations.

(1) Opportunity for a Hearing; Action in General. In acting on a master’s order, report, or
recommendations, the court must give the parties notice and an opportunity to be heard; may
receive evidence; and may adopt or affirm, modify, wholly or partly reject or reverse, or
resubmit to the master with instructions.

(2) Time to Object or Move to Modify. A party may file objections to or a motion to
modify the master’s proposed rulings, order, report, or recommendations no later than 7 days
after service of any of those matters, except when the master held a hearing and took sworn
evidence, in which case objections or a motion to modify shall be filed no later than 14 days
after service of any of those matters.

(3) Reviewing Factual Findings. The court must decide de novo all objections to findings of
fact made or recommended by a master, unless the parties, with the court’s approval,
stipulate that:

(A) the findings will be reviewed for clear error; or

(B) the findings of a master appointed under sections (a)(1)(A) or (C) will be final.

(4) Reviewing Legal Conclusions. The court must decide de novo all objections to
conclusions of law made or recommended by a master.

(5) Reviewing Procedural Matters. Unless the appointing order establishes a different
standard of review, the court may set aside a master’s ruling on a procedural matter only for
an abuse of discretion.

(g) Compensation.

(1) Fixing Compensation. Before or after judgment, the court must fix the master’s
compensation on the basis and terms stated in the appointing order, but the court may set a
new basis and terms after giving notice and an opportunity to be heard.

(2) Payment. The compensation must be paid either:

(A) by a party or parties; or

(B) from a fund or subject matter of the action within the court’s control.
 (3) Allocating Payment. The court must allocate payment among the parties after
considering the nature and amount of the controversy, the parties’ means, and the extent to
which any party is more responsible than other parties for the reference to a master. An
interim allocation may be amended to reflect a decision on the merits.

COMMENT
2017

In appointing special masters, judges should be mindful of C.R.C.P. 122 regarding appointed
judges. In this regard, section (a)(1)(C) of this Rule should not be utilized on the basis of lack of
professionalism by one or more counsel.
 Rule 53. Masters

(a) Appointment.

(1) Scope. A reference to a master shall be the exception and not the rule. Unless a statute
provides otherwise, a court may appoint a master only to:

(A) perform duties consented to by the parties;

(B) hold trial proceedings and make or recommend findings of fact on issues to be
decided without a jury if appointment is warranted by:

(i) some exceptional condition; or

(ii) the need to perform an accounting or resolve a difficult computation of damages;

or

(C) address pretrial and post-trial matters that cannot be effectively and timely addressed
by the appointed district judge.

(2) Disqualification. A master must not have a relationship to the parties, attorneys, action,
or court that would require disqualification of a judge under the Colorado Code of Judicial
Conduct, Rule 2.11, unless the parties, with the court’s approval, consent to the appointment
after the master discloses any potential grounds for disqualification.

(3) Possible Expense or Delay. In appointing a master, the court must consider the
proportionality of the appointment to the issues and needs of the case, consider the fairness of
imposing the likely expenses on the parties, and protect against unreasonable expense or
delay.

(b) Order Appointing a Master.

(1) Notice. Before appointing a master, the court must give the parties notice and an
opportunity to be heard. If requested by the court, any party may suggest candidates for
appointment.

(2) Contents. The appointing order must direct the master to proceed with all reasonable
diligence and must state:

(A) the master’s duties, including any investigation or enforcement duties, and any limits
on the master’s authority under section (c);

(B) the circumstances, if any, in which the master may communicate ex parte with the
court or a party;
 (C) the nature of the materials to be preserved and filed as the record of the master’s
activities;

(D) the time limits, method of filing the record, other procedures, and standards for
reviewing the master’s orders, findings, and recommendations; and

(E) the basis, terms, and procedure for fixing the master’s compensation under section
(g).

(3) Issuing. The court may issue the order only after:

(A) the master files an affidavit disclosing whether there is any ground for
disqualification under the Colorado Code of Judicial Conduct, Rule 2.11; and

(B) if a ground is disclosed, the parties, with the court’s approval, waive the
disqualification.

(4) Amending. The order may be amended at any time after notice to the parties and an
opportunity to be heard.

(5) Meetings. When a reference is made, the clerk shall forthwith furnish the master with a
copy of the order of reference. Upon receipt thereof unless the order of reference otherwise
provides, the master shall forthwith set a time and place for the first meeting of the parties or
their attorneys to be held within 14 days after the date of the order of reference and shall
notify the parties or their attorneys.

(c) Master’s Authority.

(1) In General. Unless the appointing order directs otherwise, a master may:

(A) regulate all proceedings within the scope of the appointment;

(B) take all appropriate measures to perform the assigned duties fairly and efficiently;
and

(C) if conducting an evidentiary hearing, exercise the appointing court’s power to

compel, take, and record evidence.

(2) Sanctions. The master may by order impose on a party any noncontempt sanction
provided by Rule 37 or 45, and may recommend a contempt sanction against a party and
sanctions against a nonparty.

(d) Master’s Orders. A master who issues a written order must file it and promptly serve a copy
on each party. The clerk must enter the written order on the docket. A master’s order shall be
effective upon issuance subject to the provisions of section (f).
(e) Master’s Reports. A master must report to the court as required by the appointing order. The
master must file the report and promptly serve a copy on each party, unless the court orders
otherwise. A report is final upon issuance. A master’s report shall be effective upon issuance
subject to the provisions of section (f).

(f) Action on the Master’s Order, Report, or Recommendations.

(1) Opportunity for a Hearing; Action in General. In acting on a master’s order, report, or
recommendations, the court must give the parties notice and an opportunity to be heard; may
receive evidence; and may adopt or affirm, modify, wholly or partly reject or reverse, or
resubmit to the master with instructions.

(2) Time to Object or Move to Modify. A party may file objections to or a motion to
modify the master’s proposed rulings, order, report, or recommendations no later than 7 days
after service of any of those matters, except when the master held a hearing and took sworn
evidence, in which case objections or a motion to modify shall be filed no later than 14 days
after service of any of those matters.

(3) Reviewing Factual Findings. The court must decide de novo all objections to findings of
fact made or recommended by a master, unless the parties, with the court’s approval,
stipulate that:

(A) the findings will be reviewed for clear error; or

(B) the findings of a master appointed under sections (a)(1)(A) or (C) will be final.

(4) Reviewing Legal Conclusions. The court must decide de novo all objections to
conclusions of law made or recommended by a master.

(5) Reviewing Procedural Matters. Unless the appointing order establishes a different
standard of review, the court may set aside a master’s ruling on a procedural matter only for
an abuse of discretion.

(g) Compensation.

(1) Fixing Compensation. Before or after judgment, the court must fix the master’s
compensation on the basis and terms stated in the appointing order, but the court may set a
new basis and terms after giving notice and an opportunity to be heard.

(2) Payment. The compensation must be paid either:

(A) by a party or parties; or

(B) from a fund or subject matter of the action within the court’s control.
 (3) Allocating Payment. The court must allocate payment among the parties after
considering the nature and amount of the controversy, the parties’ means, and the extent to
which any party is more responsible than other parties for the reference to a master. An
interim allocation may be amended to reflect a decision on the merits.

COMMENT
2017

In appointing special masters, judges should be mindful of C.R.C.P. 122 regarding appointed
judges. In this regard, section (a)(1)(C) of this Rule should not be utilized on the basis of lack of
professionalism by one or more counsel.
 Colorado Rules for Magistrates

Rule 5. General Provisions

(a) – (f) [NO CHANGE]

(g) For any proceeding in which a district court magistrate may perform a function only with
consent under C.R.M. 6, the notice — which must be written except to the extent given orally to
parties who are present in court — shall state that all parties must consent to the function being
performed by the magistrate.

(1) If the notice is given in open court, then all parties who are present and do not then
object shall be deemed to have consented to the function being performed by the magistrate.

(2) Any party who is not present when the notice is given and who fails to file a written
objection within 7 days of the date of written notice shall be deemed to have consented.

(hg) All magistrates in the performance of their duties shall conduct themselves in accord with
the provisions of the Colorado Code of Judicial Conduct. Any complaint alleging that a
magistrate, who is an attorney, has violated the provisions of the Colorado Code of Judicial
Conduct may be filed with the Office of Attorney Regulation Counsel for proceedings pursuant
to C.R.C.P. 251.1, et. seq. Such proceedings shall be conducted to determine whether any
violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct has occurred and what discipline, if any, is appropriate.
These proceedings shall in no way affect the supervision of the Chief Judge over magistrates as
provided in C.R.M. 1.

Rule 6. Functions of District Court Magistrates

(a) (1) (A) – (H) [NO CHANGE]

(I) Conduct probable cause hearings pursuant to rules promulgated under the Interstate
Compact for Adult Offender Supervision, C.R.S. sections 24-60-2801301 to 2803-309,
the Uniform Act for Out-of-State Parolee Supervision.

(J) [NO CHANGE]

(2) [NO CHANGE]

(b) – (e) [NO CHANGE]

(f) A district court magistrate shall not perform any function for which consent is required under
any provision of this Rule unless the oral or written notice complied with Rule 5(g).
 Colorado Rules for Magistrates

Rule 5. General Provisions

(a) – (f) [NO CHANGE]

(g) For any proceeding in which a district court magistrate may perform a function only with
consent under C.R.M. 6, the notice — which must be written except to the extent given orally to
parties who are present in court — shall state that all parties must consent to the function being
performed by the magistrate.

(1) If the notice is given in open court, then all parties who are present and do not then
object shall be deemed to have consented to the function being performed by the magistrate.

(2) Any party who is not present when the notice is given and who fails to file a written
objection within 7 days of the date of written notice shall be deemed to have consented.

(h) All magistrates in the performance of their duties shall conduct themselves in accord with the
provisions of the Colorado Code of Judicial Conduct. Any complaint alleging that a magistrate,
who is an attorney, has violated the provisions of the Colorado Code of Judicial Conduct may be
filed with the Office of Attorney Regulation Counsel for proceedings pursuant to C.R.C.P. 251.1,
et. seq. Such proceedings shall be conducted to determine whether any violation of the Code of
Judicial Conduct has occurred and what discipline, if any, is appropriate. These proceedings shall
in no way affect the supervision of the Chief Judge over magistrates as provided in C.R.M. 1.

Rule 6. Functions of District Court Magistrates

(a) (1) (A) – (H) [NO CHANGE]

(I) Conduct probable cause hearings pursuant to rules promulgated under the Interstate
Compact for Adult Offender Supervision, C.R.S. sections 24-60-2801 to 2803.

(J) [NO CHANGE]

(2) [NO CHANGE]

(b) – (e) [NO CHANGE]

(f) A district court magistrate shall not perform any function for which consent is required under
any provision of this Rule unless the oral or written notice complied with Rule 5(g).