FCE examination e e e aalaale e mmpublications e eReading for the FCE examination ae a e e Mn mm publicationsReading Comprehension for the FCE Examination E. Moutsou - S. Parker Published by: MM Publications www.mmpublications.com info@mmpublications.com Offices Great Britain - Greece - Poland - France - Cyprus -USA - Turkey Associated companies and representatives throughout the world. Copyright © 1999 MM Publications All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publishers have tried to contact all copyright holders, but in cases where they may have failed, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Produced in the EU ISBN: 978- 091000201 1-4224Introduction Rov Comprehension for the FCE Examination is intended for Pre-FCE and FCE level students. Its aim is to help them develop and improve their reading skills, as well as prepare thoroughly for Paper 1 (Reading Comprehension) of the Cambridge FCE Examination. The book provides students with step-by-step guidance and practice in all parts of Paper 1 of the examination. It is divided into ten units, followed by five complete Reading Comprehension Practice Tests. There are two units focusing on each of the four parts of Paper 1, each of which deals with different aspects of the corresponding part as follows. PART1 UNIT 1: Matching headings with the paragraphs of a text UNIT 6: Matching summary sentences with the paragraphs of a text PART 2 UNIT 2: Answering multiple choice questions focusing on specific information or details UNIT 7: Answering multiple choice questions focusing on global understanding, reading between the lines and lexical reference PART 3 UNIT 3: Completing a gapped text with missing sentences UNIT 8: Completing a gapped text with missing paragraphs PART 4 UNIT 4: Matching questions with texts related to a common theme UNIT 9: Matching questions with sections of a single text Each of the above units is divided into three sections: Developing Strategies, Examination Practice and Vocabulary Expansion. In the Developing Strategies section, various skills and techniques are introduced in the form of exam tips, accompanied by exercises in which the strategies presented have to be applied. The section called Examinaton Practice includes a list with the main exam tips and a task which follows the exact FCE Examination format. Finally, in the Vocabulary Expansion section, there is a number of exercises which introduce and practise the use of some vocabulary commonly found in this part of the examination. Units 5 and 10 are Consolidation Units. Each of them consists of some general exam tips, a complete Reading Comprehension Practice Test, which follows the examination format and revises what has been taught in the four units preceding it, and a Vocabulary Revision section The five Practice Tests at the end of the book require students to put into practice everything that has been taught throughout the book and are ideal for the final stage of their preparation for the examination. Each of them consists of all four parts of Paper 1 and follows the exact FCE Examination formatUNIT I UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNITS UNIT 6 Confents MATCHING HEADINGS WITH PARAGRAPHS Developing Strategies....... Examination Practice Vocabulary Expansion .......: ANSWERING MULTIPLE CHOICE a amioadil I Developing Strategies... ss ae Examination Practice... Vocabulary Expansion... COMPLETING A GAPPED TEXT WITH MISSING SENTENCES Developing Strategies Examination Practice Vocabulary Expansion... MULTIPLE MATCHING I Developing Strategies ... Examination Practice... Vocabulary Expansion CONSOLIDATION I Examination Practice Vocabulary Revision. BRB Bex So ges MATCHING SUMMARY SENTENCES WITH PARAGRAPHS Developing Strategies Examination Practice Vocabulary ExpansionUNIT 7 ANSWERING MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS II Developing Strategies ... ; . Examination Practice .. Vocabulary Expansion ... UNIT 8 COMPLETING A GAPPED TEXT WITH MISSING PARAGRAPHS Developing Strategies ....... Examination Practice Vocabulary Expansion. UNIT 9 MULTIPLE MATCHING II Developing Strategies ...... Examination Practice Vocabulary Expansion ..ssssssseseses secichededaia oral eltasetstatahets te HO 10 CONSOLIDATION II Examination Practice Vocabulary Revision. . Practice Test 1......... Practice Test 4 Practice Test 5 Sample Answer SheetUNIT “MATCHING HEADINGS WITH PARAGRAPHS In Part One of the Reading Comprehension Paper you are often asked to match the paragraphs of @ text with given headings. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully do this type of task. Developing Strategies ° What makes you think so? Below are the headlines of three articles. Read the headlines and guess what each of the orticles is about, A DANGER IN THE AIR fm B STREET SAFETY PROTEST Mm C KILLERS OR VICTIMS? bb. Below are the introductory paragraphs of the three articles. Read paragraph 1 and decide which of the headlines A-C above'is the most suitable heading for thisporagraph, What are the reasons for your choice? ee do Pee oo butchered in shark attacks Tabloid newspopers scream eee eo een cud ee Travelling in the skies is becoming rather risky, according to figures released last night, which reveal a dramatic increase in the number of near-misses. The Givi Aviation Authority is urgently trying to find out why pilots have failed more than ever before to follow the as tis was a murder twenty million Baad cu a competition really. NT 2 In order to be able to match headings with paragraphs you do not need to understand everything in the paragraphs. The important thing is to understand the gist or the main point of each paragraph, which is normally reflected in the corresponding heading. There are a number of key words/phrases, in each paragraph, which are related both to the gist of the paragraph and to the words found in the corresponding heading (they can be synonyms or refer to the same topic). So, the task of matching headings with paragraphs is easier if you first identify the key words/phrases in the paragraphs and then match them with the words included in the headings. instructio ions given by air-traffic controllers, = a && €.Now read paragraphs 1-3 in b above, and find the key words/phrases in each of them. Match these words/phrases with the words included in the headlines and write your answers below, The first one has been done for you. Then, decide which of the three headlines A-Cis the most suitable heading for each paragraph ‘and write your answers in the boxes provided ky DANGER AIR STREET PROTEST SAFETY KILLERS VICTIMS, )Unit 1 Reading Gi © @-Read the paragraph below and underline any words that you do not know. ‘The approach to the settlement isacross rough mountainous terrain, on aroad th is dominated by the old court-house building, which is dilapidated and uncared for. With just a few old men sitting outside a run-down looking establishment which appears to be some kind of coffee-house, itis hard to believe that this used to be a bustling mining community back in the time when the region was still rich in iron ore, has seen better days. The main square hi 2 When you read a text in English, you will often find some words which you do not know or cannot remember what they mean, Don't panic! You don't have to know or guess the meaning of all the words in a text in order to understand its gist. It is, therefore, important that you can distinguish between the words that you need to understand for the gist and those that you can ignore, hi J ‘Once you have decided which words are important for understanding the gist of a text, you must try to guess what they mean.You can guess the meaning of an unknown word by looking at it in its context, that is by understanding how the words before and after the unknown one are related to it. In most cases you don't have to guess the exact meaning of a word. It is enough to understand its general meaning or what topic it is related to. . Look at the words that you have underlined in the paragraph above. In the space below, write the ones that you think are necessary for understanding the gist of he text €. Try to. guess what the following words from the paragraph ina mean. Which of the words that appear before and after each unknown word can holp you guess what each of them mecns? What is the general meaning of each unknown word? Complete the table below as in the example. Use the same technique to guess the meaning of any other words you may have written in terrain dilapidated establishment bustling E it has to do with place or eee oTDD Reading unre © a. Below is the introductory paragraph of atext Read it and try to understand its gist What do you think the rest of the paragraphs of the text are about? Uruguay is situated in the heart of South America. It is surrounded by the enormous countries of Brazil in the North and Argentina in the West as well as the deep blue Adantic Ocean in the East. The Oriental Republic of Uruguay, as itis formally known, provides a wealth of sights, sounds and smells one can experience GY 2 You can understand the gist of a paragraph not only by finding the key words/phrases in it but also by identifying b. Underline the topic sentence of the paragraph above and circle the key words/phrases. Then poi orabesiea te oe decide which of the three headings below is the topic sentence. This sent inayi tehon sovenescal ter pongeayhs enmais ncaa the most suitable for the paragraph. point. The rest of the sentences in the paragraph simply expand on or justify what is mentioned in the topic Exo sentence, Therefore, you must Bett identify the tople ela _| sentences, second, find the key words/phrases in each paragraph, and in particular in the topic sentence, and ENVIRONMENT finally match them with the words in the headings which Lt re synonyms or refer to the same topic. rf ee fe a mend ] ths 3 Remember that in the examination all the paragraphs make up a single text, so they are thematically linked. Therefore, some key words/phrases in the paragraphs may be related to more than one heading. In addition, quite often a word in a heading does not appear in the appropriate paragraph but in another one. Don’t et this trick you, be careful and double check your answers, Read the rest of the text cbout Uruguay on page 9. In each paragraph underline the topic sentence and circle the key words/phrases.Uruguay has very mild weather from 12°Celsius Temperatures the winter to about 25° Celsius height of the summer, making it a pleasure to visit regardless of the time of year. Moreover, having an average rainfall of about 1,000 millimetres per year, the countryside is rich and fertile. However, people are more inclined to travel to Uruguay because of its wealth of sandy beaches stretching along, the Atlantic Ocean. It is therefore not surprising that most tourists love to spend time at the beach swimming, sunbathing or indulging in their favourite watersports, Ifoneis to include the delta of the River Plate, there are around 650 stupendous kilometres of seaboard to explore On top of this, Uruguayans are amongst the most charming people in South America, though they are just a fraction of the continent's total number of inhabitants, When the last census was carried out in 1995, they numbered 3.2 million, 1.5 million of whom were in the stunning capital Montevideo. Even though the original residents were the Charroas Indians, ninety percent of the inhabitants of Uruguay are of Spanish or Italian origin, UNIT 1 Reading Qa It is therefore reasonable that, like most of South America, Uruguay’s traditions have a strong Spanish influence. Much of the country’s folklore and music celebrates the Gaucho, the cowboy of the Pampas and hero of the War of Independence against Spain. Some of the most significant works of Latin American Art can be found in the many museums scattered throughout the country and especially the capital The rich culture and the magnificent beaches along the Atlantic coast have contributed to the expansion of the tourist industry in recent years. However, the main source of income for most of the residents of Uruguay comes from the stock-raising industry. This involves meat production and the export of live animals, wool and leather. The port cities of Salto and Paysanti on the River Plate are at the heart of this industry Uruguay's present day prosperity is due to the fact that itis one of the more stable democracies in South America, Presidential elections are held every five years and a twenty-nine-member Administration as well as a Senate are also elected. Uruguay together with Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay have formed MERCOSUR, an association of South American countries whose aim is to promote trade in the region. Montevideo has also been chosen as the future seat of MERCOSUR, which is expected to increase the city’s vitality and strength in the region 2 Try to guess the meoning of any unknown key words/phrases that you have circled. Then, match all the key words/phrases with the headings A - G below by completing the char. Finally match the headings with the paragraphs by writing the correct letterin the boxes 1- 6 above each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you donot need touse. HistoryED Reading ur Examination Practice Ch i <3 To successfully complete Part One of the Reading Comprehension Paper, make sure you do the following: © Read the rubric and the title of the text carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about © Read the headings first. Remember that the last heading is always an example which matches with the first paragraph (0) in the text. There is also one extra heading which does not match with any of the paragraphs. © Read the text quickly for gist. Remember that you should not spend a long time doing so, as you do not need to understand every detail © Idemtify the topic sentence and the key words/phrases in each paragraph and then try to match the paragraph with the appropriate heading © Afier you have matched all the paragraphs with the headings, read the heading that you did not use and make sure that itis not suitable for any of the paragraphs in the text. You are going to read @ magazine article abou! battery farming. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-H for each part (1-6) of the article. There is one exira heading which you do not need to use. There isan example at the beginning (0) No recent development Cleaner egg production Sci nce at the service of mass production Political action Primitive production Improvements in cost and cleanliness Reactions and misconceptions A question answeredUNIT Reading Battery Farming 0 4 “What exactly is battery farming?” one might well ask, Battery farming involves the production of eggs at the least possible cost using the least possible space. A chicken battery usually looks like an enormous garden shed with rows and rows of cages, inside which chickens are kept busy e: g and laying eggs However, this view ofegg produ nt actually sit pretty with most people today, considering all the negative hype attached to it. For some years now, we have been receiving information through the media environmental and animal rights organisations about how inhumane this system of egg production is. This has led many people to wrongly believe that this technique has been developed only recently However, farming, has in fact been around for more than fi The research was originally done in America during the 1930s and has been used in Europe since just after the end of World War II satery farming, which is one aspect of factory 3 Health rather than economy was the prima for the development of battery farming in the first place, The idea was to separate the birds from their waste, as this could contaminate the eggs with parasitic diseases. This was why cages with sloping floors were introduced, enabling the egg to roll clear of the chicken waste as soon as the chicken had laid it, motivation a At first, the cages w quite primitive, made of wood and wire, However, they were soon replaced by metal ‘ones, as it was quickly understood that wood became easily infected and was therefore unhygienic. In fact, it wasn’ tlong before the whole system became automated, which required very little labour expenditure and cut down costs even more, making it very popular with poultry farmers, Geneticists have also been involved in battery farming, doing research and cross-breeding birds in order to improve production. It wasn't until the late sixties that they came up with a bird capable of laying about three hundred eggs a year, each weighing approximately 63 grams, This, in combination with the fact that this bird also required the minimal amount of feeding units, made it the ideal producer, and this type of bird has remained the most popular one up till now. However, battery farming has been outlawed in Switzerland by an act of Parliament. Other European governments have followed suit, but they have been more inclined to introduce strict guidelines, while research is carried out to develop more humane methods of egg production.ED) Reading UNIT 1 Vocabulary Expansion © Match the words 1-10 with their synonyms e+ reveal inhabitant risky quantity ideal perfect resident latest consider spread scatter effect influence disclose amount expenses recent hazardous cost regard © Lock at the words below and write them in the correct place in the table below the box, according to their general meaning ance collection drop fall look into probability puzzle technique analyse cut down (on) elect improvement lower procedure reduce trouble proach decline evolution investigate opt for process select variety assortment difficulty examine__lessen pick progress series way chance diminish explore likelihood practice prospect study worry UO‘UNIT 1 Reading CE 4@. The words in each group in exercise 2 have a similar meaning, but they are not exact synonyms, as they ore used in different contexts. Look at the grid below and tick the appropriate boxes to indicate the contexts) in which each of the verbs on the left can be used b. Read the following sentences and decide which answer A, B, C or D best completes each sentence. 1 My father has a rare__of 19th century colour prints. A.collection B series range D variety 2 The present goverment was three years ago. Aclected Bsselected chosen D picked 3 Many tennis players have tried to copy Pete Sampras’ A practice B method way D technique 4 My dream is to the Australian outback. explore B look into C investigate D research. 5 The workers demanded a(n) in their working conditions. A development Badvance improvement Devolution 6 Ic took the police months to put all the pieces of the together and solve the crime. A problem B puzzle € trouble Dvorry 7 The scientist was eager to the results of her experiment. Aanalyse B research Cexplore D look into 8 A degree in Business Administration will enhance your career Alikelihood B chances € prospects D possibilitiesUNIT ANSWERING MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS I In Part Two of the Reading Comprehension Paper you will be asked to answer a number of multiple choice questions based on a text. Some of them will focus on specific information or details in the text. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully answer such questions. Developing Strategies @© @- Read the following paragraph quickly. What is the main idea? It was past twelve o'clock when I awoke and the sun was streaming in through the curtains of my room in. long slanting beams of dusty gold. I told my servant that I would be at home to no-one. After I had had a cup of hot chocolate and a bread roll, | took down my copy of Shakespeare's sonnets from the book-shelf and began to go carefully through them. Every poem seemed to me to support Cyril Graham's theory. I felt as if Thad my hand upon Shakespeare's heart, and was counting each separate throb and pulse of passion. When answering questions which focus on details or specific information, always read the text once quickly (skim the text) to understand its gist and what each paragraph is about. Then, read the relevant parts of the text more carefully (sean the text) to answer the questions In the examination you haye to answer a number of ‘multiple choice questions, for each of which there are four options. Always read the questions and the options carefully. The wrong options are usually written in such a way that they appear to be correct. ‘Avoid using options which: © sound logical, but are not mentioned anywhere in the text, @ include a word/phrase from the text but do not mean the same thing, © overgeneralise using words like always, never, all, every etc. Remember that such options are wrong. The correct ‘option will always answer the question accurately and the idea it expresses can always be found in the text. Now, read the paragraph more carefully and onswer the following questions, which focus on different details. 1 What time of day is it? 2 Where is the writer’ 3. What does the writer seem to enjoy doing? €. Now answer the following question based on the text above. Under the correct option, write the part of the text which expresses the same idea, Under each of the wrong options, write why itis net correct What did the writer do as soon as he had had breakfast? A. He gave his servant instructions. B_ He read Cyril Graham's theory € He searched through his book-shelves for a book. D He read some poetry© 4. Read the following paragraph and underline any words that you do not know. When I first tried bungee jumping, it was undoubtedly the most exciting experience of my life. The sun was streaming down and the river was flowing far below ina torrent. I was insecurely balanced con the parapet of the bridge in terror. However, when I finally launched myself, | experienced an extraordinary sensation of freedom which I had never felt in my life before. As the river came rushing up to meet me, I had the brief thought that maybe my harness wouldn't work. Unexpectedly, this idea was less disturbing, than one might think, ‘When trying to guess the meaning of an unknown word, always look for clues in the context (the words before and after it), as well as in the word itself. See ifit is similar to any other words that you know and tay to analyse it into its parts - root, ending, prefixes, suffixes. Then, try to determine: © what part of speech itis (e.g. verb, noun, adjective ete.), @ fit has. positive, negative or neutral meaning, what general topic itis related to, undoubtedly insecurely unit 2 Reading CH Try to guess the meaning of the following words from the paragraph ina by completing the table below. The first wo have been done for you. torrent parapet launched extraordinary © what it means approximately. harness unexpectedly SS Sins Soi un - doubt -ed - ty without doubt, certainly rife mame peer © a. On the following page you ore going to read_a magazine aricle about the cartoonist Mike Judge. Before reading it, ook atthe following topics and guess the order in which they may appear in the text [Y cnitahooa years | Introduetion to anima ion and his imation and his advancem: troduction = [Diitany adulthood before taking up animation a= Sal en recent projec (1) Aectifying the cxemor of Bex —— wis and Butthead Ib. Now skim through the article on page 16 (aii ‘and match the topics A - corresponding paragraphs. Write your Remember that skimming the text helps you understand what F above with the each paragraph is about, so that you know where tolook for answers_in the boxes above each the answer to a question. paragraph and check if your predictions in were FightBED) Reading unr 2 You may think to yourself "Who is Mike Judge?”, but if I say ‘Beavis and Butthead’ everyone seems to know who they are; two cartoon characters with large heads, large nostrils and deformed mouths, whose laughter is as distraught as they are, Mike Judge, their creator, goes on to describe them as the most unsightly Americans ever, They are not only uncool and uneducated, but they also live in a vast suburban wasteland, where their presence seldom goes unnoticed. But how much do these social outcasts resemble Mike Judge? Born in Ecuador in 1962 and brought up in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Mike Judge was the son of an ex-marine pilot and a Spanish teacher. Being a skinny, pale faced, blonde nerd in a neighbourhood where racial tensions ran high, he describes his high school years as being far from his best. Ifthis wasn't enough, he was dyslexic and like Butthead he had to wear braces to straighten his teeth. His only defence against being teased was his never-ending attempts to make everyone laugh - and soa comedian was born! Nevertheless, Mike never really made a career out of comedy. After working part-time as a paperboy and at a drugstore, he finally landed a job at a local fast food restaurant, from which he was sacked for eating too many French fries. Eventually, he moved to San Diego, where he studied physics and later received his bachelor's degree. However, things didn’t work out as he had planned. In 1988, after working as an electronics engineer for a company which designed test programs for military aircraft, he moved back to Texas, where he joined a band. There, he soon got married to his college sweetheart, Francesca Morocco. Mike Judge's first contact with animation didn't come until he visited an animation festival at a Dallas theatre. He was so fascinated by itll that he visited the local library and read almost all the books about drawing cartoons. His initial attempts produced cartoons such as Frog Baseball’, ‘Office Spare’ and “Hub?’, but it wasn’t until he sent some of his work to MTV that he gained any acknowledgement, Amazed by ‘Frog Baseball’ and a couple of ‘Beavis and Butthead cartoons, Abby Terkuhle, executive producer at MTV, finally offered Mike his own show in the autumn of 1992, At present, he still does most of the voices for ‘Beavis and Butthead’, but unlike them, he doesn’t have an enormous head or a strange-looking mouth. Recently, Mike Judge has been working on a movie called ‘Beavis and Butthead Do America’. Here the two characters set out to find their stolen television, but along the way they are mistaken for hired killers and evil masterminds and are eventually hunted down by government agents. According to their creator, a sense of pity arises from seeing, them as personae non gratae - that is, liked by no-one. In fact, the viewer may become a little more empathetic with Beavis and Butthead this time round. Despite this, the characters themselves have absolutely no self-awareness and continue with their antics unhindered. Unlike his creations, Mike Judge is a married self-made cartoonist with two daughters, a fast car and whatever else is part ofthe American Dream. His future ambitions include a new series called ‘King of the Hill’ and possibly some short films of his own, Whatever Mike's endeavours might be, however, there is no doubt that his work will have global appeal. Gm © Answer the following comprehension {tisadvisable to ty and answer the questions frst withoutlooking questions bosed on the article above. Serine Mac tai aeieatetee Underline the part of the text where each in the same order as the corresponding information in the text. answer is found. 1 Why did Mike Judge have a difficult time as a teenager? 2 How did Mike Judge deal with his problems in high school? 3 How did Mike Judge learn how to draw cartoons? 4 When was Mike Judge's work first recognized? 5 According to Mike Judge, in what way is the ‘Beavis and Butthead’ film different from the MTV show?UNIT 2 Reading Ga Now answer the questions 1-5 by circling the best option for each question (A, B, C or D} which is most similar fo your answer. Provide evidence showing why each option is correct and why the other three ore wrong, 1 Why diel Mike Judge have a difficult time asa teenager? A. Because his parents were striet B Because he way a racist € Because everyone thought he looked like Butthead. D_ Because of his appearance and learning disorder. 2 In high school, how did Mike Judge deal with his problems ? A by laughing at his classma B by getting various part-time jobs © by enteriaining the people around him D by straightening his teeth 3. How did Mike Judge learn how to draw cartoons? A by reading a lot of books about cartoon drawing B by visiting an animation festival in Dallas © by studying animation at college D by going to the library and reading all the books about animation 4 When was Mike Judge's work first recognized? A. just before Abby Terkuhle saw some of his work B as soon ay he began doing all the voices for the cartoons he produced © when some of his first cartoons were scen by a television producer D after ‘Beavis and Butthead’ was shown on television 5 According to Mike Judge, in what way is the ‘Beavis and Butthead’ film different from the MTV show? A It presents the more sensitive sides of Beavis and Butthead’ B Ic makes the audience sympathise with the characters. € It deals with the problems of being socially unacceptable. D Irisnot ay suecessfl as the television show @. Answer questions 6 and7 below by choosing Sometimes instead of a question you may be presented with an the best option A, B, € or D. Remember to ncomplete sentence, the end of which is missing. Whenever you have to complete such sentences, read them together with each of the options and decide whether the statement formed is True or False according to the text. The correct option is the one which together with the given beginning of the sentence form a true statement. justify your choices. 6 As soon as he finished college, Mike Judge 7 According to the writer, Mike Judge's work A joined x band A reflects the American Dream. B got married B willl make him successful © found a challenging job. € will attract interest worldwide. D flew military witcratt D is too ambitious.BED Reading uurr 2 Examination Practice eXCINTIPS, To successfully complete Part Two of the Reading Comprehension Paper, make sure you do the following ‘© Read the rubric and the title of the text carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about © Skim through the text once to understand its gist and what each parag) © Read the questions and then scan the text to locate specific information or details. ph is about. © When answering the questions, try not tobe influenced by the wrong options, Read the question first nd unclerline the part of the text where the answer can be found. Then, look at the options available andl choose the one which, expresses the same idea as the part of the text you have underlined. To make stire you have chosen the correct option, look at the other options and decide why they are wrong, © When completing incomplete sentences, take the same steps as when answering questions and make sure that the incomplete sentence together with the option you have chosen isa true statement according to the text You are going to read « magazine article about he Nobel Prize for literature. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A, B, C or] which youthink fits best according to the text The Nobel Prize for Literature By the time of his death in 1896, the Swedish inventor and philanthropist Alfred Nobel had accumulated a fortune equivalent to one hundred and fifty million pounds in today’s terms. According to his will, the bulk of his fortune was put into a trust and the interest from this should be used to fund five yearly prizes awarded to individuals or institutions who distinguished themselves in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and international peace. The Nobel Prize for literature, which is awarded by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, his become the most prestigious literary award in the world today. ‘The winner of the Nobel Prize for literature is usually announced on Thursday morning in October, though ithas been known to be as late as November on the occasions when the Nobel committee have hiad trouble reaching consensus. Which Thursday the announcement will be made on is kepta closely guarded secret until forty-eight hours beforehand, and then the information is released to the press. The Nobel committee is made up of eighteen members of the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, who have the daunting task of sifting through the two hundred or so nominations that are received every year. This process isalso carried out behind closed door 1s surrounding, their deliberations. ‘A writer's formal nomination must have been received by the Academy no later than the first of February of the year in question. Then, a sub-committee made up of five members of the Academy considers the nominations nd quite quickly reduces the list to fifteen names. By the end of May this lst has been further reduced to six finalist. This short lists then presented to the whole committee on Sist May, just before the Academy begins its siummer recess. During the summer break the members of the committee have time to read the material of the short-listed writers in depth, On returning to the Academy in mid September, each member presents a paper they have prepared, giving their reasons for the final choice they have made. These choices are then debated in full sessions ofthe Academy on the next few Thursday evenings between 5.00 and 6.30 pm, until a majority decision is reached, When this happens, a morning meeting is announced for the following Thursday, when an official ballot is held. The ballot is held in an elegant eighteenth century room at the Academy. The members of the committee write their choice on a piece of paper. These papers are then placed one by one into an antique silver drinking tankard called a stop’ in Swedish. They are then counted by the secretary, who leaves the room at exactly 1.00 pm and walks through a grand hall to his own office where the press are waiting. He officially discloses the name that appeared most often on the pieces of paper in the ‘stop’. This is how the world learns who the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature Like every other high profile award, there isa certain amount of controversy surrounding it. This has been true since the first award, which went to Sully Proudhomme. Outside France this was not regarded as a popular choice, aas most writers felt that it should have gone to Leo Tolstoy. In fact, several writers of great distinetion, such as Jovce, Gorky and Brecht were never honoured with this prize, while there were winners whose work was popular in theit day but did not stand the passage of time. However, despite this controversy, the world ofliterature waits with bated breath every autumn to learn who the recipient of the ultimate literary honour will be for that yearUNIT 2 Reading CN 1 According to Nobels will, the interest coming from his fortune should A fund prizes awarded to five outstanding scientists B fund prizes granted for excellence in five areas of human endeavour. € be given to five distinguished philanthropists. D be spent by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm. 2 When is the Nobel Prize for literature announced? A on the last Thursday in October B ona Thursday in October or November € after the press have been notified of the winner D when the committee manage to come together 3 The nominations for the Nobel Prize for literature are examined by A all the members of the Swedish Academy B an eighteen-member committee. € a fitte D a five-member commitiee yember committee. 4 What happens in May each year? A The six finalists for the Nobel Prize are chosen B The Nobel committee presents the short list to the public © The Nobel committee begins its summer holiday D A sub-committee is formed. 5 What do the members of the committee do during the summer ? A They have discussions with the writers. B They prepare a short list, € They study the finalists’ books and prepare a presentation of their choice. D They read all the nominees’ books, 6 Who is the first to know the winner's name after the ballot? A the Press B the secretary of the committee € the Academy members D the writer 7 Why did the first award of the Nobel Prize for literature cause controversy? A French people did not agree with the choice made, B Proudhomme was not a very good writer. © Tolstoy felt that he should have got the prize, D Many thought that Tolstoy deserved the prize more than Proudhomme.BED Reading unin 2 Vocabulary Expansion @ Read the short texts a-i below which describe different situations, Then complete the blanks using the adjectives in the box to make a general comment on each situation boring different easy impossible strange pleasant understandable useful wrong He went back to his home town after a five-year He found his town absence to find out that many things had changed. b I nearly fell asleep during the history lecture. I found the lecture o While driving through the countryside last night, 11 saw something saw an unusually bright light in the sky a No matter how hard she tried, she never managed It was for her to do it to run 100 metres in less than 12 seconds. T had no problem in understanding the instructions It was for me. in the manual £ The guide's information helped us get around the — We found the guide's tips beautiful town, g He enjoyed the day trip to Windsor Castle very He found the trip much. h Although I didn’t quite agree with Jack’s decision, | I found Jack’s decision could see the reasons which led him to it iL regret losing my temper and shouting at my friend I realised that what I had done was in front of everyone. Qe Look at the words below and write them in the correct place in the table below the box, according to their general meaning, abnormal conflict fast hasty once in a while rarely scheme argument connect, fight hurried peculiar regularly speedy associate controversy _ frequently frequently programme relate succeed combine curious funny link proje repeatedly swift come first earn gain many times quarrel row triumph commonly extraordinary hardly ever odd rapid schedule unusualunit 2 Reading eo ‘a. Look at the grid below and tick the appropriate boxes to indicate the context(s) in which each of the verbs on the left con be used, Read the following sentences and decide which answer A, B, C or D best completes each sentence. 1 Jeffis known to make decisions only to regret them later. Ahrasty B speedy rapid Dswilt 2 Iwas watching TV but the__ wasn't interesting. So I went out instead. A schedule B programme € scheme D project 3 Ihave told you not to call me at this hour. Aregularly B repeatedly commonly D many times 4 The ___ concerning land ownership was settled in court A quarrel B dispute C fight Dstruggle 5. Tm always so busy I can only go out Aoncein awhile B seldom C infrequently D hardly ever 6 The is on for equal rights in the work place, A dispute B struggle argument Deonflict 7 The change of events in the country’s political situation left everyone in shock. Aspeedy B hurried hasty D rapid 8 The tour guide kept toa tight so that the group could visit all the major sights in two days. Aplan B schedule € scheme D programme 9 You should never medication with alcohol because the result can be dangerous, connect combine Ajoin VO The child had ain) sift for playing the piano. Aextraordinay Boda abnormal D peculiarUNIT COMPLETING A GAPPED TEXT WITH MISSING SENTENCES In Part Three of the Reading Comprehension Paper, you will be asked to complete a gapped text from which parts have been removed and are presented in jumbled order. Quite often the parts which have been removed are sentences. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully do this type of task. Developing Strategies Oo @. Read the following paragraph, from which one. When you are presented with a text from which some parts have been removed, it is advisable to read the ‘whole text first in order to understand its gist. Then, carefully read the sentences before and after each gap and try to guess what each missing part is about. QT | Before deciding which sentence fits a gap in a text. carefully read the sentences before and after the gap and the sentences which have been removed from the text and are presented in jumbled order (options). Look for clues both in the text and in the options. The correct option must logically complete the meaning that the writer is trying to communicate, and some usually includes vocabulary which is relevant to. words/phrases found in the sentences before and afier the gap. The tenses in the correct option must also fit logically with the tenses used in the text. Ava There are usually some important words in a text which need to be mentioned several times. To avoid repeating these important words too many times, writers usually replace them with other words/phrases, which either describe them (e.g. the capital of France instead of Paris), or are similar in meaning (c.g. picture instead of painting), or have a more general meaning than them (e.g. children instead of boy). sentence has been removed. What do you think the missing sentence is about? Why? Iceland is an island country which has been seen by millions ofairline passengers through their cabin windows. However, only a few have actually landed in Reykjavik, and have had the opportunity to explore the island, whi Arctic Circle. geysers, lakes and hot springs can make a visit to this country an unforgettable experience. h lies just outside the Attractions such as volcanoes, Ib. Read the sentences A-C below and choose the one which fits the gap in the text in a. Justify your choice. A Incontrast to what many people believe, there is lots to discover in Iceland apart from ice and snow B The first inhabitants of Icckand were a group of Norwegian families who settled on the island in AD. 874. © Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe with only 260.(K)0 inhabitants, forty percent of whom live in the capital €. Read the paragraph in @ again and write all the words/phrases that are used as a substitute for the word Iceland.© Gam) There area number of wordsin a text called reference items, which usually refer to other words or phrases mentioned earlier in the text. The most common reference items are personal pronouns (e.g. he, she, it, they, them) and demonstratives (e.g. this, that, there). It is important to identify what such words refer to, as this will help you understand the text. them in There They ith 1 ‘When completing a gapped text, pay special attention, to any reference items that appear in the text and especially in the sentences immediately after a gap. Underline these reference items and keep them in mind while choosing your answer. Make sure you choose an option which includes a word or phrase that the reference item logically refers to. . mtr 3 Reading 4. Read the paragraph below and identify what the words in bold refer to. Many different ethnic groups have inhabited North Africa through the ages. Tunisian cuisine has taken the best from each of them. Itis characterised by the spicy tastes found in Spanish and Arabic cooking, as well as the fine flavours of French and Italian cuisine. So, we suggest that those visiting Tunisia should definitely go to some traditional restaurants. There, they can experience a variety of rich culinary delights. Read the following paragraph, from which one sentence has been removed. Underline the reference item in the sentence after the gap. Then, read sentences A-C and choose the one which fits the gap in the paragraph. What does the reference item refer to? Why aren't the other options correct? In Tunisia one can taste a variety of traditional specialities. It usually accompanies a mutton, chicken or fish dish and, of course, a selection of boiled vegetables. A. Eggs are among the most frequently used ingredients in North African cooking B_ Tunisia’ national dish is couscous, which is made of finely ground grains boiled over steam and served with a spicy gravy © We meta famous Tunisian chef, who told us about some delicious dishes. When completing a gapped text, pay special attention to reference items that appear not only in the text but also in the options. If you decide to complete a gap with an option which includes a reference item, make sure that the item logically refers toa word or phrase which appears in the sentences immediately before the gap. €. Read the following paragraph from which one sentence has been removed, Then read sentences A Cand underline the reference item in each of them. Which ofthe three sentences fit the gap in the paragraph? What does the reference item in i refer to? Why aren't the other options correct? ‘Tunisian cuisine also features a selection of soups boiled in stock and accompanied by macaroni and vegetables. ‘Amore spicy alternative to these soups is harira, which contains enormous amounts of pepper and chill. A. These delightful dishes are also flavoured with various herbs, particularly coriander and parsley. B Itis usually followed by shaksh ka, a dish consisting of stewed vegetables, mainly onions and tomatoes. © There, you can enjo vour soup together with some freshly baked bread.HED Reading unr 3 © Gam When completing gapped text, you should also pay attention to sentence linkers which appear in both the text and the options. These sentence linkers link sentences in different ways and are used to: @ add, clarify or emphasise © express contrast © express relations of caus @ express time relations Many people are under the impression des bles the dark. (1), = thisis not shown that bats have very poor eyesight. 2) 4a too small for them to be able to iden eloped sense of sight which to ‘see’ is due to its ears rather than its eyes! ability to produce high objects in its flight path and return to @). these echoes are picked up by the bat’s ears, which work like a highly developed radar system. 1e bat is able not only to avoid obstacles a) but also to locate its prey Gwin ‘When completing a gapped text, pay attention to the sentence linkers that appear in the text (especially after each gap) and the options. When you have completed the gaps, check that each sentence which includes a sentence linker- whether it appears in the text or isan option - makes good sense in relation to the sentence before it. Bats are efficient hunte! species of bat eat larger prey such as frogs, mice or while they are swimming! [7 Trdoes not sink its tet have a well- ‘clearly in the he case, as research has, fy anything while they are flying around, Amazingly enough, the bats ability The bat has the pitched sounds, which deflect from the Many of them hunt insects which are har 4. Read the following paragraph and complete the blanks 1-4 with the sentence linkers in the box. However Therefore Then Besides their bat b. Read the following paragraph from which three sentences have been removed and underline all the sentence linkers. Then read sentences A-D and do the some. Choose from the sentences A-D the one which fits each gap (1-3) in the paragraph. There is one extra sentence which you donot need to use. ful to crops. In addition, some cen small birds. Another species is known to feed on fish Owing to its name, many people imagine a blood-sucking beast. nto people sleeping at home with their winelows open! A. On the contrary, this gentle creature eats only inseets and fruit B_ Therefore, bats are often associated with vampires. c D The Even though they are small creatures, bats can consume up to a thousand insects an hour c is also a species of bat known as “The Great Vampire © 4. Skim through the following text and find out what itis about. Do not worry about the gaps in the text yet Evita One of the greatest blockbusters of | took a long time and 1 Madonna and Antonio Banderas came to be. 16 was the film version of the musical Evita \erous changes in the east and production wer The film version ade until the actual film starringunt 3 Reading CO Both the stage musical and the film version are based on the life of Eva Peron However, many among the vounger generations may well ask, “Who exactly was Eva Peron? Was she « singer. an actress ot a dancer? Is that why Madonna was chosen to portray her life in the fil Eva, or Maria Eva Duarte, as was her full name, was born in Los Toldos, a suburb of Buenos Aires in 1919. That was when she met her future husband Colonel Juan Peron, Despite the upper classes reservations, the couple got married the following year A group of young army officers - including Peron - had taken control of the government in 1943, and Peron rose me Secretary of Labour and Social Welfar under government control and greatly helped the under-priv power to run for president, he changed the face of Argentina’s politics by founding the ‘Peronista’ party and from that position he brought labour unions eged. In 1946, when he had accumulated enough, Eva Peron, who had already given up her acting career, played a major role in her husband’s success. As first lady, she managed labour re decisions, Eva was largely responsible fo1 lations by organising labour unions and had a very strong influence on Juan Peron's political he popular following of Peron’s regime and she was adored by the masses, who affectionately called her Evita, because she incr Tight to vote. sed welfare benefits for the workers and promoted women’s The director wanted to give the film an authentic touch, so some scenes had to be shot at the presidential palace in setbacks, Madonna persisted and even talked to the president personally and Buenos Aires Despite eventually persuaded him, With her performance as Evita, she managed (o win the hearts of many people including the Argentinians. b. Read the sentences A-F below and underline all the reference items. Look back at the text and guess what each item refersto. Then underline all the reference items appeoring in the text in the sentences immediately after a gop. A. In actual fact. she was all of these things early on political figure in Argentina, n her life, and later on she established herself as a prominent B. Therefore. itis not surprising that the people of Argentina were deeply moved by her untimely death from cancer at the age of thirty-three. © This first appeared on stage in both England and America and marked another success for Andrew Lloyd Webber who had already won a number of awards for his musicals, D He won that year's election with a landslide vietory, which was largely due to the support he got from the agricultural and industrial working classes. E Theatmosphere was not always perfect, though, as many Argentinians were horvilied at the idea of Madonna portraying theit idol and the president was ata loss whether to g the palace or not \ge of fifteen and by 1944 she was a popular radio and fi permission for filming. F She started her acting career at the n actress. €. Read the tex! and sentences A-F again. Circle all the vocabulary items in the sentences which are relevant to words/phrases used in the text. 4. Circle all the sentence linkers in the text and sentences A-F. What does each of them express? fe. Choose from the sentences AF the one which fits each gap (1-6) in the text. Before deciding, pay attention to the vocabulary reference items and sentence linkers both inthe text and the sentences Remember that there must always bbe some logical connection between the sentences before and after each gop and the correct option. Write your ‘answers in the box next to each gap in the text.BED feu une 3 Examination Practice COT i 3 To successfully complete Part Three of the Reading Comprehension Paper, make sure you do the following, ‘© Read the rubric and the title of the text carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about © Read through the text once quickly to under its gist and wl teach paragraph is about. © Read through the options quickly. Remember that the last sentence is always an example which completes the first ‘gap (0) in the text. There is also one extra sentence which does not fit any of the gaps. © Read the sentences before and afier each gap and decide what the missing sentence is about, © Read the options again and decide which of them fits the gap. Pay particular attention to the vocabulary, reference items and sentence linkers both in the text and in the options. There must always be some logical connection between the sentences before and after the gap and the correct option. © After you have completed all the gaps, read through the completed text and make sure it makes sense. Read the option that you did not use and make sure that it does not fitany of the gaps in the text. Youare going to read an article about dictionaries. Fight sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A:l the one which fits each gap (1-7]. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There isan example at the beginning (0) A very basic requirement for anybody embarking on the study of the English language is without doubt a copy of a good dictionary. Nowadays, acquiring a dictionary is not a very difficult task. All it involves is a tip to one’s nearest bookshop where a healthy selection is bound to be available. oO I I is less than six hundred years since the first attempt at compiling a dictionary of the English language was made. However, the advent of the first dictionary goes even further back in time than that. o The actual dictionary nga consisted of clay tablets engraved with cuneiform writing, a primitive form of writte Ce: ‘The Greeks and the Romans also produced lexical lists such as Appolonius’ glossary of words und phrases used by Homer. The first alphabetically ordered glossary was put together by Verrius Flaccus in Rome around the time of the birth of Christ. a From the collapse of Imperial Rome until the end of the Midlle Ages very little development was going on in Europe inall areas of human culture including written languay Therefore, iti rising that the first attempt at compiling @ complete single language dictionary was carried out by the Arab Khalil ibn Ahmad. The study of Arabic also encouraged the compilation of a Hebrew dictionary. “The Storehouse for Children or Cleries, which was written by the English monk Galftidus Grammaticusandl was printed in 1449, could be regarded as the first English dictionary FY In actual fact, a dictionary of English like the ones we are familiar with today did not appear until 1604, Tt was the work of Robert Cawdry and consisted of difficult English vocabulary and their definitions in simpler language. However, t was not yet referred to asa dictionary, but ‘A Table Alphabetical’. Henty Cockerai was the first to use the word ‘dictionary’ to describe this type of reference book. a A variety of dictionaries followed Cockeram’s work but without much success. a This work proved to be so popular that it became the cornerstone ofall literary endeavour well into Victorian times. Because of the advancement in the standards of education, by the middle of the nineteenth century there was a much greater need for the use ofreference books like dictionaries, a “The Bil se is made-up of rventy volumes nafalya'requtrementfona, high school student. It is however published in concise form as well, along with other publications of reputable status.However. thisis not entirely true, as that book actually included only a list of 10,000 Latin synonyms of English words, Nevertheless. neither of these glossaries was a complete dictionary of either language, Dr Samuel Johnson changed all that in 1755 with the publication of his two-volume lexicon ‘A Dictionary of the English Language His publication was entitled “The English Dietionarie’ and appeared in 1623. Apart from definitions, some dictionaries included etymology and pronunciation in the seventh This is thought to have taken place during the reign of King Ashurbanipal of Assyri century BC Therefore, many new ones were published and the Oxford English Dictionary became the most comprehensive dictionary ever produced. The Middle East, on the contrary, was going through a period of advancement he case a few hundred years ago. However, this would not have been DICTIONARY Bas 2) Peo en cSt 0: ace: (ek Ce) HSTTONA E i ESBED Reading untr 3 Vocabulary Expansion @ the sentence linkers in the box below are often used in a text to relate an idea to something that has been mentioned in a previous sentence. Group these words/phrases under the correct heading according to their general meaning. also atthe same time because of this before that besides consequently __despite this finally for instance forthis reason furthermore however _—_in addition _in other words justthen meanwhile morcover nevertheless. on another occasion on the contrary onthe other hand sincethen —that’swhy therefore though yet. rts Bos Panel DES Cooly nce aac iis Qe Read sentences 1-10 below and the words/phrases A:E under each of them. Decide which three of them can be used instead of the word(s) in bold in each sentence, because their meaning is similar to or more general than that of the word(s) in bold. 1 With over 120 ethnic groups Australia is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. A minorities Bracial groups € political parties. nationalities E descendants 2 Advanced radar systems are the backbone of every modern military machine. Awrae ng systems Bradio equipment € tracking devices. military symbols _ E warning mechanisms 3 A lot of modern cities are burdened with overpopulation and pollution. Armetropolises —_B capitals C urban areas D rural areas E densely populated areas 4 Airline passengers are protected by international law for any losses suflered during a tip. A passers-by B customers C travellers D onlookers Euusers 5 Norway's coastline is broken by thousands of fiords. Alakes B strips of sea Cexpanses of water _D waterfalls Einlets 6 Wild beasts roamed the earth for thousands of years unhindered by man. A creatures B animals harmful insects living th E primitive tribes 7 The resort offers many styles of eabins to holidaymakers. Ahuts B lodgings Ccompartments lounges E accommodationonrr 3 Reacine CO 8 The city’s main attvaction is the h reds of grill rooms scattered in the central districts. Arestuirints Beateries dining rooms Dsteak-houses. hostels, 9 The village is well-known in the region for its strange inhabitants. Accitizens B villagers C livestock D local people E residents 10 Our hobbies now.iditss diller greatly from those enjoyed by people 100 years ago, A occupations B investments € pastimes Deareers E activities © _ Read sentences 1-10 below and the words AE under each of them. Decide which three of them are related to the some topic as the word/phrase in bold in each sentence and are often foundin the same context 1A good education system is the cornerstone of every advanced society A universities B knowledge community D parliament E tuition 2 The government must urgently take measures to prevent a further rise in inflation A department B policy jury D minister E bishop 3 Lenjoy reading mediaeval tales. Aknight Btemple pyramid Deastle E suit of armour 4 Geologists predicted the eruption of the voleano, therefore, saving thousands of lives Aterrorists Blava Cand Dash Eactive 5 French cuisine is regarded ay being the best in the world. Acutlery B cooking, dish D ingredients E starvation. 6 Ginema is the art form that best represents our times. director B film stars € playwright Dastage E box-office 7 According to the weather forecast. there will he snow in the northern parts of the country tomorrow Ailakes Bice-cube C blizzard Dskiing Eshower 8 Many publications 1 be found on bookstalls are of low intellectual quality A proper Beditor printing D campaign E author 9 Countries as we kin them today are a ninetee Aiindependen Bhorders C cottages D peasants E population h century concept. 10 Landscapes five wlsurs heen a favou Ahiills Bievtile C nature D woods E vision subject for painters.UNIT © MULTIPLE MATCHING I In Part Four of the Reading Comprehension Paper you are often asked to locate specific information in several short texts and match a number of questions with the texts. Usually there are between four and nine short texts related to a common theme. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully do this type of task. Developing Strategies ° ‘When you have to decide whether a statement is true or not according to a given text, always read the statement and the corresponding part of the text carefully. Remember that a statement is true only if the whole idea that it expresses is clearly mentioned in the text - although usually not in the same all the pieces of ic details - which are presented words. Therefore, pay special attention to information - including sp both in the text and the st jement. ‘This three-bedroom semi-detached house is situated on a quiet suburban avenue. It has two large reception rooms and a front-facing dining room with a large bay window. There is also an extension at the back, housing a large kitchen and utility room. The upsta bathrooms and downstairs toilet have recently been modernised. There is a large front and back garden, with ample parking space for two cars in the driveway Wi J Wher statement. en pite being situated on a Seen, Sees peer ner aL spen-plan, incorporating pen pace and kitchen facilities in one itis a two-minute walk to the Penn Renee Pee R at RL eet et oa. Peet preeenan Prensa doorstep. Private 1. The house is protected from noise. 2. The house has got two floors. 3. The house is completely surrounded by a garden, eounon atching statements with short texts, sean each text and look for the specific information mentioned in each of the statements. To make sure that a statement is true according to a text, find clues (words/phrases) in the text which verify the ‘This beautiful detached villa, situated in a large ornamental garden, isa steal at the asking price, asthe owner wantsaquick sale. It (uate gant ea has three reception rooms and four Eg etka sath SR bedrooms, wo ofwhich areen-sute, Ee ent a ae a separate bathroom anda library. timne buyers who depend on public Itis usta five-minute drive from the [ih ee RS local main line station, which is Ce ees ae within the London area, ea 4 4. Read the following text, which comes from a real estate publication, and the statements 1-6, Decide which of the statements are true according to the text cond fick the corresponding boxes. What cre the reasons for your choices? The house is protected from noise, O The house has got two floors J The house is completely surrounded by a garden. ‘The house is being offered at a good price, The house was partly redecorated a short time ago. The house is within walking distance of public transport b. Read the following texts A-C, which come from the same publication as the text in a. Then match each of the statements 1-6 with the appropriate text by ticking the corresponding boxes, Some of the statements may be matched with more than one text. In the spaces provided, write the clues found in the texis which verify your choice. Gites er ean cote eee eee co es cq A B ¢untr 4 Reading 4 The house is being offered at a good price. 5. The house was partly redecorated a short time ago. 6 ‘The house is within walking distance of public transport, @. Read the following short texts A-D, in which four people discuss avisit to the theatre. How does each person feel about it? oad eer cog earn {had some business i Penrod ater associates from Japan Nelemtheere | 5m somngon Prone) here and decided to in London’ deal. In Saturday night. 1 Sa treat them to a West Coa ese mean, I really want to i Cre eel see it as the book is eee End show. It’s not pet nc something I usually my all-time favourite. ue a eeeve However, I haven't Pn know what all the fi PEN a do, as I’m inclined to a ee manner es gta litle bit bored Pee eae Reena been to the dress- G Cae reg circle atthe theatre Lamers Sitting in a theatre for a chow’s popularity, few hours. It wasn't too Pee reread bad, I suppose, but I are oy ‘was more concerned ere ete ‘bout getting the contract I was after oO for years. I really hope that I don't make a fool of myself See Oo eee fae cee Ses ae aco in years. LN LJ hd b. Read the texts A-D again and match each of the When the texts are about different people, the siatements 1-6 below with the appropriote text. In the scene tence ees RP) croc wre wrens och person’s feelings, attitudes or opinions, When matching such statements with the texts, try to find words/phrases in the texts which correspond to the meaning of the verbs/adjectives included in the statements. which helped you choose your answers. This person is indifferent to going to the theatre. This person was disappointed by the performance. This person is glad to have been to the theatre. This person admits having made a mistake. eouron This person is anxious about going to the theatre. This person really enjoved the playED Kevline UNIT 4 ©) a The texts A-F below come from a newspaper aricle which is about the different means of transport some people use to get to London Heathrow Airport. Skim through the texts and complete the chart below. Colin I travel to Heathrow at least once every two or three weeks. My mother and father are old and either of them is in very good health, so egularly travel to Glasgow to see them, T usually catch the first light on Saturday morning and the last one back on Sunday night. As I live in South Kensington, 1 used to catch the Piccadilly Line, but there were so many hold-ups and I even missed my flight once because someone had stupidly Teft_a suitcase on a train, causing a security panic. Luckily, I heard about the At Airbus, which goes along Cromwell Road and has ‘a stop just round the corner from my flat. The journey only takes about forty minutes, as there is, hardly any traffic early on Saturday mornings or Sunday evenings. The one drawback is that it is a little more expensive than the underground, which is annoying, as buses are normally cheaper than trains. Jennifer Heathrow! I sometimes feel like I live there, You see, I work for a courier service and go there every day. I always take a cab from the office. 1 usually have sacks of documents with me and there is no way I could manage on the underground. The company 1 work for uses a firm of radio taxis, so T never actually pay the fare, but I do know that it’s between forty and fifty pounds, depending on the time of day and the traffic. OF course, supposing T wanted to get to Heathrow for a pleasure trip, I would definitely use a cheaper type of transport Annette I work as a flight attendant for a Middle-Eastern airline and I live just by the tube station in Bayswater. The Heathrow Express train from Paddington is a blessing. It’s only one stop from Bayswater to Paddington on the tube and then I hop on the Express, which leaves every fifteen minutes. It never takes me longer than half an hour. Omitting the fact that it costs double the underground fare, it is more efficient, since it BROCE a takes less than half the time. I always get a seat, which is rarely the case on the tube, As I don't really get the chance to sit much on any of my flights, I really need that comfort on my way to work. Philip I have a house in Switzerland, so | travel to Heathrow about four or five times a year to catch a plane to Geneva. I live in Hampstead and always take the tube. In fact, this is really the only way for me to get relatively hassle-free, from where I live to Heathrow using public transport. People are always complaining about hold-ups on. the line, but I always give myself plenty of time to get there. I suppose if were on a tight business schedule, I'd be fuming like everyone else. _— Maude I'm very busy running a business, so I don't have much time for holidays. My father retired and moved to the South of France four years ago, so, when I find myself with a few days free, T just jump in my car and drive to Heathrow. It ustially takes me about an hour. Then, I just get on the next available flight out. I leave my car in the long term car park. It costs me ten pounds a day, but I don't mind paying, as I'm never gone for more than three or four days. I don't want to mess around with public transport anyway, as my mother always gives me a long list of stuff to bring over: / Graham T think they could jazz Heathrow up a litle, I's so dead, especially in the departure area. im a Drum ‘n’ Base DJ and fly out of there fairly often to do gigs at different European venues. I live in central London and I'm always very busy, so 1 find the limo bike service the best way of getting to Heathrow. It picks me up at my flat and takes, me to the appropriate terminal in about forty minutes. They also provide all the nec protective clothing, for the ride, For thirty-five quid, it's not a bad service at all To oe (businest or persona rowIn Part Four of the Reading Comprehension Paper you have to answer a number of questions by picking out the appropriate information from a number of texts (options). Skimming through the texts allows you to understand the gist of each text. This enables you to eliminate some of the options for each question, before scanning the texts for specific information. Which person or people is on higher feet a lot at work? travels only at weekends? has the shortest journey time? doesn't pay his/her own fari is relieved to have found a new means of transport? visits his/her parents? complains about the fare? travels to many destinations? we ervoursona hasa lot to carry? 10 11 uses the most expensive means of transport? 12 isin the music business? goes to higher holiday home? Gwomh i2 After you have skimmed through the texts and the questions, read the first text carefully. Deal with the questions as if they ‘were statements and decide if they are true according to this text. Do the same with the rest of the texts. You will discover that, as you go along, you will have fewer questions to answer, so your task will become easier. Answer each question by writing, the letter corresponding to the appropriate text in the box next, to the question. Ifa question can be matched with two texts, two boxes will be provided for your answers, which you may give in any order, Which person or people ison hivher feet a lot at work? travels only at weekends? has the shortest journey time? doesn’t pay his/her own fare? is relieved to have found a new means of transport? visits hivher parents? complains about the fare? travels to many destinations? hasa lot to carry? isin the music business? goes to hishher holiday home? Unrt 4 Reading 3 b. Read the following questions. Using the chart that you completed in a, eliminate one or more fromthe options A-F foros many ofthe questions as you can. Write the options that you eliminated in the spaces provided. Give reasons for your choices. €. Read the texts on page 32 again. For questions 1-15 choose from the people A-F. Look for clues in the texts, keeping in mind the options that you eliminated in b above. Write the appropriate letter(s) in the box(es) next to each question and the clues found in the texts in the spaces provided.ED Reading unit 4 Examination Practice th i) 2-3 ‘To successfully complete Part Four of the Reading Comprehension Paper, make sure you do the following: © Read the rubric and the general title of the texts (if there is one) carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the texts are about © Skim through all the texts to understand the gist of each of them. © Skim through all the questions once. © Scan the first text and find if there is any specific information which corresponds to any of the questions. Keep in mind that you are lool ions. Do the same for the rest of the texts. © Answer each question, by writing the letter of the appropriate text in the corresponding box. If there are two boxes, next to.a question, this means that two texts can be matched with that question. ig for words/phrases in the text which mean the same as the qu You are going to read a magazine article about the different actors who have played the role of James Bond in various film productions. For questions 1-13, choose from the actors A-E. The actors may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required these may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (0). Which actor or actors was the book writer's choice? Os appeared in the least popular Bond film? > has been honoured with an award for his performance?) A has also appeared on stage’ was expected to star in an earlier Bond film? Ge contributed most to the success of the Bond films? oa appeared in the role only once? Ge got married in the role? 7 | B had never acted before? 8B ‘was actually the correct nationality for the role? Gc \s appeared as Bond the most often? D4 Os: starred in a successful television programme? Gc BtUNIT 4 Reading CE For almost forty years now the cinema-going public have flocked to theatres worldwide to see the latest Bond film. Here we take a look at some of the actors who have portrayed the debonair secret agent 007 in the various film productions. Sean Connery He was the first of the Bonds, and probably the one most responsible for the success of the series. Connery had already appeared in a number of films, but it was his debut as Bond in 1962 in “Dr No’ that shot him to International stardom, He made six Bond films in the \ early seventies and appeared as Bond for the last time in the film “Never Say Never Again’ in 1983, His career also includes several other films, one of which “The Untouchables’, earned him an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in 1987, George Lazenby ‘On Her Majesty's Secret Service’is regarded as one of the best Bond films. It is also the only one featuring the Australian born George Lazenby in the title role. Until he played 007, he had never displayed his acting abilities, but he was familiar to most audiences as the model who advertised a well-known chocolate bar on British Lazenby had gin another Bond film because of all the problems he had television, Before the film's completio already announced that he wouldn't be star had with the producers and director of the film, Lazenby made a unique Bond in the sense that he was the only one to take a wife on screen, After his role as Bond, Lazenby more or less faded into obscurity Roger Moore Moore's first appearance as Bond was in the 1973 film Live and Let Die’. He was, however, no stranger to the British public because of his vole in the television series int’. In 1962, when auditions were being held for Dr No’, lan Fleming, the author of the Bond stories, had said that he would like Moore to play his hero. All together, Moore played the role of 007 seven times, Moore was the only actor that was properly qualified to play Bond, as he - unlike all the others who portrayed 007 - was born in England. Moore gave up playing Bond in 1985 after completing ’A View to a Kill. oi Timothy Dalton Dalton was first considered for the part of Bond in 1971, is Daylights’, the first of the two Bond films he played 007 burt it was not until 1987 that he appeared in “The Liv in, Welsh by birth, Dalton played Bond the closest to how he was portrayed in Jan Fleming's novels, Dalton’s career faces in many different films and serials includesappe and - unlike the other Bonds - he has had roles in theatre productions too, Dalton’s second Bond film, “Licence to Kill, contained the most violence to date and was the — Teast successful at the box office | Gi Pierce Brosnan Irishman Pierce Brosnan was hailed the ‘Bond of the 903°, He was originally supposed to star in “The Living he was unable to do so, as he was still gton Steele in Daylights,” bi under contract to play the role of Remi the hit television series of the same name, Brosnan joldenEye appeared as 007 in “Tomorrow Never Die and “The World is Not Enough.’ It’s worth mentioning a Hla that Pierce's wife, Cassai ris, used to bea Bond- gitlin the 1970s,FED Reading uit 4 Vocabulary Expansion Read the statements a-] below and complete the blanks on the right using the adjectives in the box to describe each speaker's attitude, opinion or feelings relieved worried frightened impressed annoyed embarrassed confident critical bored surprised It was the best performance I had ever seen! v I felt terrible when I spilt the coffee all over the manager's suit. 1 was so glad when it was over. I found the exam easy and I was sure I had done very well. I was against many parts of the plan and expressed my objections in detail, I froze in my seat, unable to move, and I could hear my heart beating. ‘The way he was constantly staring at me was so irritating rato I couldn't get to sleep because I kept thinking about the court case. I think it was the dullest lecture I had ever been to. When I saw the examination results, I couldn't believe my eyes. © L00k at the words below and write them in the correct place in the table below the box, according to their general meaning. accuse chief criticise generate _lead to primary role activity comprise current handicap leading principal shift alter condemn disadvantage _hold responsible minus produce transform basic convert, duty include mission provoke up-to-date bring about contemporary find fault incorporate modify reform weakness charge create flaw involve present day reproach weak point UU :umm 4 Reading 2 © a: Lock ot the eid below and tick he appropriate boxes 1 incicate he conten) in which each ofthe verbs ‘on the left can be used. Read the following sentences and decide which answer A, B, Cor D best completes each of them. 1 The economic climate is not helping the unemployment situation. A modern B contemporary Ccurrent D up-to-date by arresting the man who committed the crime. 2 The police officer did his Arole Bduty C mission D function 3 The point of the president's speech was the need for economic reform. Achiet B primary € principal D main 4 Julie was born deaf, but she has learnt to live with the A flaw B disadvantage Chandicap D drawback 5 The exhibition the artist's most famous paintings. Acomprised B contained incorporated D involved & The government the terrorists’ actions. A charged Bblamed condemned D accused 7 The hotel was slightly to accommodate people with special needs, Amodified B converted € transformed D reformed 8 The was considered successful by everyone who took part in it. A function B duty € mission D activity 9 The company’s files were all Acurrent B up-to-date modern D contemporary 10 The failure to follow proper business practices to the company's bankruptcy. Acreated Bled € produced D provokedUNIT CONSOLIDATION I In each of the units 1-4 we dealt with one of the four parts which make up the Reading Comprehension Paper. In this unit we will tackle the paper as a whole, consolidating what has been taught so far. The Examination Practice Section consists of some exam tips which are relevant to all parts of the Reading Comprehension Paper and a complete Practice Test which follows the exact examination format. Finally, there are two exercises where the vocabulary taught in the previous units is revised. Examination Practice — The FCE Reading Comprehension Paper contains 35 questions altogether. The number of questions in each part and the marks they carry are presented in the following table. preranias STMT wa en uss Multiple matching, 6-7 (two marks per question) Multiple choice 7-8 (two marks per question) 5 Gapped text 6-7 (two marks per question) Multiple matching 13-15 (one mark per question) EXAM TIPS, © In the Cambridge First Certificate Examination you have one hour and fifteen minutes to complete the Reading Comprehension Paper. Its advisable to spend between 15 and 20 minutes on each of the four parts. Do not spend too much time on any one of the parts, because you will not have enough time to answer the rest of the questions. Always read the rubric and the title of the text carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about, Read also the example given in Parts 1, $ and 4. © Before answering the questions, skim through the text and make sure you understand its gist. © When dealing with Parts 1 and 2, start with the questions whose answers seem more obvious or easier to find. Then, try to answer the rest of the questions by reading the corresponding part(s) of the text more carefully. © If you have difficulty in answering a question in Parts | and 3, perhaps it’s because you have already used the correct option in a previous question. Therefore, go back to the previous questions, check your answers and revise your choices if necessary © Remember that you must always find some evidence in the text to justify your answer. © Do not spend too much time on one particular question. If, despite your efforts, you cannot find the answer, leave itand move on to the next question. When you have answered the rest of the questions, go back to the one you haven't answered, think about it again and, if you still haven't found the answer to it, make an ‘educated guess’, that isa guess based on what you have read. Do not leave any questions unanswered. A guess is better than no answer atall © In the Cambridge FCE Examination you must mark your answers on a separate answer sheet, which is similar to the one provided at the end of this book (page 127). Write your answers on the question booklet first and then transfer them to the answer sheet. Make sure you have pleniy of time both for transferring your answers onto the answer sheet and for checking them again. Be sure to mark the appropriate box (only one) for each question.unit 5 Reading oy Yovare going to read an information sheet about c hotelin Sweden. Choose the most suitable heading fromthe lst Ac for each part (1-7) of he text. There is one extraheading which you do not need touse. There isan example at the beginning (0) Appropriate wardrobe supplied at check-in Recreation and services available 4 seasonal building Cosy conditions on ice A rendezvous point to remember GORGE In harmony with its surroundings Artifical Arctic pleasures Different enquiries in familiar circumstances Avery original idea The ice Hotel ge Ifyou are looking for an experience in accommodation, look no further than Swedish Lapland, 125 miles inside the Arctic Circle, The hotel is situated on the banks of the Torne River in the polar village of Jukkasjarvi and is known, of course, as the Ice Hotel. Like any other hotel, it is frequented by visitors from all over the world. The major difference from all other hotels, however, is that it is constructed solely of ice and snow and has an average indoor temperature of 5° Celsius. ‘The hotel functions from the time itis rebuilt in December and remains open until it starts to melt away after the firs rains in April or May. The following winter, the giant igloo is rebuilt all over again from scratch. This involves new designs, new rooms for the guests, new décor and a brand new reception every year. The hotel itself is a dazzling spectacle - an icy white structure silhouetted majestically against an enamel blue sky. As it is built purely of mother nature's elements, it almost seems like a natural part of the landscape and creates a perfect union of architecture and environment. When guests arrive at the local airport, they are transported to the hotel over the arctic snow in a sledge drawn by ateam of Alaskan husky dogs. On arrival at the hotel, guests’ clothes are replaced by one-piece snowsuits, made of beaver and nylon and fitted with air-lock cuffs. ‘This apparel guarantees protection in temperatures as low as -22" Celsius. ‘The hotel reception area has the usual sounds associated with any hotel foyer: people checking in and guests chattering about what they've seen. The questions you hear being asked, however, are a little more unusual than you would in another hotel. “Will those lights melt the snow?”, “Where can we put our luggage so that it doesn't freeze?” or the ultimate one, “Has anyone ever died of hypothermia while staying here?” Each guest suite has been designed to be unique. The beds and furniture are carved from satin smooth blocks of ice and elaborate carvings have been sculpted into the walls. The use of hair dryers is, of course, prohibited. Layers of reindeer skins constitute the mattress on the bed and a reinforced nylon sleeping bag is provided together with a linen body-style nightgown. Atypical day at the Ice Hotel would include being woken in the morning with a hot drink spiked with a small amount of alcohol. After that, a visit to the sauna is a must. ‘The rest of the day can be spent participating in any one of the activities available, such as @ snow scooter excursion to lake Vakkarajarvi, ice-fishing, dog-sledging or an excursion deep into the forest. In the evening, the guests round the day off by having a drink at the Ice Bar, where no ice-cubes are necessary as the glasses themselves are made of ice. Jukkasjarvi means ‘meeting place’ and the Ice Hotel in this village, gives wilderness tourists the opportunity to gather and enjoy the exotic Lapland culture. However, for the more fainthearted who want to experience the Ice Hotel without experiencing too much discomfort, there is an annexe of heated cabins. Whichever one chooses, the Ice Hotel will offer an unforgettable experience.ED Reading vets PART 2 You are going to read an extract from a magazine article about Bessie Smith, For questions 8-1 5 choose the answer (A.B, C,or D] which you think fits best according to the text. Bessie Smith and the Birth of the Blues It is a sad fact that the blues are more often associated with male singers than with their female counterparts. Men like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington were wonderful performers but are wrongly credited with being blues pioneers. It was actually the women who established the genre. In fact, the blues started out not only asa black women's movement, but as one that gave voice to black women’s issue One of the greatest and most influential female blues singers was Bessie Smith. She was born into a very poor family in Chatanooga, Tennessee, at the very end of the nineteenth century. Bessie was greatly influenced by Gertrude Ma Rainey, who is often called “the Mother of the Blues’, as she was the source of inspiration for many of the female blues artists who followed her. She is thought to be the first woman to include blues in stage shows and she played a major role in Bessie Smith's becoming an established singer Bessie, like many other blues singers, developed her talent haphazardly. She learnt from her peers in show business, from the saloons and small theatres she played in on her travels and local musicians. Some great blues singers even learnt their craft at Sunday school or church, and from members of their families. ‘The main themes in Bessie Smith's songs were those of poverty, oppression, being defeated in a cruel world and being a loser in love. Bessie and other black women expressed their personal feelings of loss through song. In fact, the blues sung by women represented the personal experiences of many of their peers, Along with Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith, Memphis Minnie and Big Mama Thornton were able to skilfully combine the elements of heartbreak and joy to develop their own personal style. This is what accounts for the great variation in expression between individual singers, ‘The musical style was usually a throaty moaning groaning tone that highlights its mournful content. Gradually it evolved from a rural style and became more urban in character, as it included issues such as city violence. This development showed the staying power of the blues, which had begun to appeal to the nightlife crowds in large cities. ‘A new breed of blues singers thus emerged, one that was less emotional and more cosmopolitan, and performances were held in glamorous cabaret settings such as the ‘Cotton Chub’ in New York. Bessie Smith’s adaptable technique now took on an ironic sadness, as her music expressed the difficulties of city life. She herself was by now having increasing problems because of her alcoholism and sang about violence and the threat of prison. ‘On September 26, 1987, Bessie Smith was involved in a road accident and suffered severe injuries. It is said that ifshe had been white, she would have received the appropriate medical treatment sooner than she did, which could have saved her life. This situation was ‘exactly the sort of thing she may well have sung about in one of her songs.10 12 13 4 15 What is unfair about the history of the blues? A Benny Goodman and Louis Armstrong are not mentioned, B Not enough credit is given to those who started it all, © Itdoes not mention the feminist movement. D It concentrates only on the music and not on the performers. Why was Ma Rainey an important figure in Bessie Smith’s life? A. She came from a similar background. B She sang with her on stage. © She helped her with her career. D She supported women’s issues. A lot of blues singers developed their style A. while learning how to play an instrument. B_ by means of careful planning. € whenever they could, D. through formal training. What do Bessie Smith's songs focus on? A joy B failure © anxiety D passion A variety in the type of blues songs came about because A each singer was capable of mixing different emotions in their music. B singers only expressed their personal experiences. © the tone of the music was sometimes heavy. D there were many different singers recording music. Which of the following factors was important in making the blues popular in nightclubs? the new kind of singers the opening of sophisticated cabarets the songs about urban problems the increasing demand for alcohol onep ‘The way Bessie Smith sang eventually changed because she changed her lifestyle. she was sent to prison. she became more violent. she wanted to become fashionable. vomD> Why did Bessie Smith die? A. Her injuries were too severe for treatment. B She was driving while drunk. © She refused to get any medical treatment. D She was not immediately treated.ED) Reading unre 5 PART 3 You are going to read a magazine article cbout o famous rock concer. Eight sentences have been removed from the atticle. Choose from the sentences Arl the one which fits each gop (16-22). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). In the early 1980s, Ethiopia was plagued by civil war and famine. This, however, was not very well covered by the ‘media until a BBC film crew submitted some harrowing footage of scenes they had filmed, which showed the people's, misery and deprivation, oO 1. Viewers were absolutely horrified. Bob Geldof, an Irish musician and lead singer with the band The Boomtown Rats, was one of the people that was tuned into the news that night. He was deeply moved by what he saw and felt that the international community had Using his influence, he put together a project to raise money for famine reliefin the region, With the help of Midge an obligation to do something to alleviate the Ure, a close friend and fellow musician, Geldof wrote a song titled ‘Do they know it’s Christmas?. On Sunday 1984 a star-studded line-up of British recording artists recorded the song. That is how Band Aid came about, November It was not at all surprising that the record shot to the top of the British charts within a few days of being released (1) Geldof spenta lot of his time organising the distribution of the money from the sales of the record. However, afier a visit to Ethiopia, where he got an even clearer picture of the situation, he realised that the money raised was, usta drop in the ocean. It would take an awsful lot more to save the twenty-two mill 1n people in Ethiopia and the Sudan from starving to death ‘The idea was to stage two concerts simultaneously, one in Britain and one in the United States. The concerts would be broadcast worldwide and the television networks would pay for this privilege. | 20 The day Geldof chose to stage the concerts was Saturday, July 13, 1985. The British concert was to be staged at Wembley Stadium, while the artists in the United States would perform at the JFK Stadium in Philadelphia. 421} ‘The concerts were a rip-roaring success and were watched by one and a half billion people worldwide. Atthe end of the concert, some of the greatest rock stars in the world lifted an exhausted Geldof onto their shoulders. (©) Tewasa moment which became etched in music history All in all, the Band Aid project netted a staggering one hundred and forty million dollars. Geldof also received an honourary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth Il.It eventually sold more than eight million copies all over the world, Despite the difficulties he was confronted with, Geldof managed to get the whole thing to work. The people of Ethiopia were very grateful to Bob Geldof for all his help and named a hospital after him. So, he decided to take action, E Like a telethon broadcast, there would be breaks between the performances in order to make appeals for money to help the famine victims. F Everyone involved in it gave their services free of charge, including the British Government, who agreed not to collect the tax on the record. G Ac that moment, the whole stadium started singing ‘Do they know it’s Christmas? H_ That is when he came up with the idea of taking his project worldwide. 1 This report appeared on the evening news in October 1984.BZ) Re ling veer PART 4 You are going to read exiracts from @ newspaper article about mobile phones. For questions 23-35 choose from the extracts AF. Which of the people A-F: uses it for placing bets? A believes the service needs improvement? received it as a gift? thinks itis useful for working mothers? feels heishe doesn't really need it? found it useful in an emergency? feels he/she was forced into having one? EQ uses it from high above the cit [32] feels itis used for checking up on hirer? 33] believes it has improved hivher working opportunities? 134] Mary Ellen Mc Gregor asked a number of people about their experiences with mobile phones. "Tim (Window cleaner) It’s been a godsend for me. You see, I don't do neighbourhood rounds; I've got contracts on multi- storey office blocks and sometimes I can feel pretty isolated dangling in a cradle sixteen floors up. People seem to think that we spend our time having conversations with the women in the offices, but that’s not the case. So when I get a bit fed up, I give my wife ‘or one of my mates a buzz. Italso comes in handy for giving my bookmaker a call, as Ilike to havea flutter on the horses now and again. _ Mike (Company director) The reason I have it is mostly because of peer pressure. I mean, just about everyone in my social sphere goes around clutching one. Before they became a must, I used to be on a beeper system - and it worked very well, as, apart from the time when I am on holiday, 1 am never far from a phone anyway. I've also had a car phone for years now. The only person who seems to find my having a mobile useful is my wife and she is, usually just keeping tabs on me! _- Jane (Beautician) Well, at first thought they were silly and just for show. ‘Then a friend of mine convinced me to get one and she was right. I work freelance, travelling around from, customer to customer and you won't believe how much, my business has increased since I got it. I mean, people couldn't get in touch with me during the day, as Pd be moving around alot. It’s great for checking up on, the kids, too. I really used to worry about them especially in the time between their finishing schoo] and my getting home, but that’ all in the past. | Madeleine (French teacher) My boyfriend gave it to me last Christmas. I thought itwasa litde bit extravagant, but I must say ithas come in useful, like the time some friends and I were at a ski resort last winter. On our way back the car broke down on a quiet mountain road. Having the mobile was a blessing, as we were able to call the breakdown, service. Otherwise, who knows, we could have been, there all night. It also comes in handy with regard to my private lessons. People who are interested in learning French can easily track me down, so the number of my students has considerably increased. | Joseph (Actor) Well, there was so much hype surrounding them that I was determined not to get one. Then one of my flatmates who owed me money moved out, leaving me his instead of the cash. It’s been a bit of a white elephant, as I thought it would. I mean, when I'm working, I don’t need a phone and when I'm not working, I'm sitting at home by the phone waiting for calls about work. So, the only time it might be of any use is when I am off somewhere taking a break, but then I don’t usually want to be found. | Jill Gournatist) I don't know how we managed without them, I mean, 1 was always running around looking for phones to. callin my copy, and in places like war zones that could prove very difficult. I sometimes still have trouble because the facilities are not fully developed yet, but hopefully they'll improve as time goes by. It's also a godsend as far as family is concerned. My children ca me every couple of days when I'm away, and no matter where I am, they can get through. This was not the case a few years ago. I used to get all worked up when, Twas on an assignment and couldn't talk to them,Vocabulary Revision @ Read the following text and decide which answer A, B, C or D best completes each blank. Food for Thought Libraries have becomea (I). need of most societies around the world. The first libraries appeared in the Middle East between 3000 and 2000 BC and contained a variety of materials. (2) «the Sumerians built libraries housing a large (3), of business and legal records. Then came the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans who all (4), important libraries. Even during the troubled Middle Ages, libraries continued to play an important (§)______ in European culture. (6)__~ 3 it wasn’t until the invention of printing in the 15th century that books became readily available. This important @. caused a rapid increase in the number of libraries in Europe. Today, libraries (8) thousands of books and various other publications such as magazines and newspapers. A main B chief C principal D basic A For instance B Besides C Furthermore Moreover (A set B collection C series D variety A caused B created C generated D produced A role B function € activity D mission A Inaddition B Therefore C However D Just then “> Aadvancement —-B improvement development —_‘D evolution | A enclose B contain C incorporate D involve © Read the following text and complete the blanks using the words/phrases in the box. There are three extra words/phrases which you do not need to use. extraordinary leading in other words decrease drawback that’s why opportun ics many onthe otherhand —sincethen range changes A Testing Game Cricket is a bat-and-ball field game played in most of the countries in the Commonwealth. The aim of the ‘game is to score more runs than one’s opponent. A major (1). ofthe game isits complicated rules, which make it difficult for the uninitiated to enjoy. (2) , this complexity offers the players endiess (3). to improve their skills. Cricket requires a remarkable (4), of techniques and skills and is characterised by its unpredictability. (5), ithas been labelled the most difficult game in the world. Yet, for the average fan, cricket is a passion, making it the (6)______sport in more than twelve countries around the world. cricket game, or test match as it is known, may go on for anything from one to four or more days. The longest test match on record was played between England and South Africa in 1938 and lasted for an @. twelve days without a result. (8), . cricket has gone through many 9). which have made the game quicker, more competitive and easier to enjoy.MATCHING SUMMARY UNIT O SENTENCES WITH PARAGRAPHS In Unit 1 we dealt with Part One of the Reading Comprehension Paper and in particular with the task requiring you to match the paragraphs of a text with given headings. Sometimes in this part of the examination you are asked to match the paragraphs of a text with given summary sentences rather than with headings. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully do this type of task. Developing Strategies @ a Read the following paragraph carefully. Whats its main point? In ancient times, people used a variety of objects for trading. Things such as grains, shells, beans or even cows were used as a form of money in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. However, some of these items were difficult to carry, while others were not of permanent value. The introduction of coins made of metal in the 6th century BC solved both these problems. Asentence that summarises a paragraph, reflects its gist or main point - just like a heading does but in more words. Remember that a good summary sentence summarises the whole paragraph and not only part of it, expresses the main point of the paragraph clearly and accurately and does not over- generalise. 6 Gum? Indentifying the key words and topic sentence in a paragraph can help you understand its main point. However, in a summary sentence, the main point of the paragraph is not usually expressed in the same words as those used in the paragraph. Paraphrase is used instead, that is, the use of words and phrases which are different from those used in the paragraph but express the same meaning. 1 An escaped lion mauls a two-year-old child. 2 The player of the year is going to marry his beauty queen on Saturday. 3 The wildlife reserve is to be completed on schedule. 4 Celebrity athlete is involved in a multi-million-pound transfer deal, 5 Ayoung child with a very unusual pet. EO b. Look a! the three summary sentences below Which of them best summarises the above paragraph? Why are the othersnot appropriate? A This is how ancient economies were organized B Food stuffs were often used as money in the past. € Anew method of trading was developed to replace primitive forms of money. @. Read the two groups of sentences below. Then match each of the sentences 1-5 with a sentence from the group A-G which expresses the same meaning but in different words, There are two extra sentences in the second group which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the boxes provided. A An enormous amount of money is to be paid for a superstar player B Large groups of schoolchildren visit the new theme park daily. © Atoddler is attacked by a wild animal on the loose. D A tennis champion has announced his engagement to his childhood sweetheart E This season's star footballer’s wedding to Miss Universe will take place at the weekend. F The new safari park will be ready on time. G A four-year-old keeps a tiger cub in his garden.UNIT 6 Reading CZ ith b. Read the paragraphs 1-3 and the summary Sometimes the summary sentence includes a general sentences A-C below. Match each of the word (e.g. reasons) which refers to and describes a number of words o1 ra the text. It is importa (o identify these general words ia the summary Paragraph and complete the lank in each semvences and derloce yar they-refer m sentence with a general word which refers to the content ofthe corresponding paragraph. summary sentences with the appropriate The drive had started to After, in become very tedious. The Se Ls ‘Aer completing the school AC) i ead nd achieving high grades, surrounding countrys Pe ta itwas time we treated . f gain. First of all, the camp ground alas ‘ourselves eee nnd eens ne mnie rei eee ees UR ee rn takes ois choughews gosta I es forgotten our camping grill, so we ‘had to eat the bland stuff they called Pa ie oe nai ‘enough, our tent got ripped by some kids horsing around, This allowed all the blood-sucking insects to invade. for the mountains, whereas Michael preferred a holiday by the sea. Julic of course fancied a trip toa large exciting city. An exhausting argument was to ensue and I definitely wasn't looking forward to it Pee ee ok re ous Sn cc Ree ta ee ee rd eee a kd eres eas which ruined a holiday about where to go were expected to cause conflict. The were several why he felt bored. €. Read the text below. Choose from the list AE the sentence which best summarises each paragraph of the text. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the box above each paragraph In recent years it has become fashionable to havea dark Unfortunately, many of us fail to use any protective tan. Hordes of people flock to the beaches every lotion, making it alarmingly commonplace to see people summer and lie in the sun for hours on end in order to leaving the beach looking like lobsters. If this ever get the perfect tan. What they don’t realise, however, _happensto you, the following can be done to relieve the is that nothing ages skin faster than the sun, pain. Splash cold water on the affected area or apply yoghurt to reduce the pain and relieve the burning heat, When cool, an antiseptic cream is a good thing to use. Remember, if the problem is severe, it's better to seek medical attention. What in actual fact is going on behind the healthy appearance of a tanned body is disturbing. The sun's rays penetrate the surface of the skin and damage the collagen and the elastin. Collagen and elastin are the In case of sunburn, there are steps that can be taken. [Aways ty to protect yourself from the |= Arend that many don't see is harmful. ">There are ways of preventing sunburn, nts that give our skin its soft and supple texture. This is why it is important to use protective suntan lotions as often as possible, Apply plenty of cream to avoid sunburn.ED Reading ur 6 ©GmanD Even though in the examination you are not asked to write your own summary sentences, itis easier to match the correct summary sentence with each paragraph if you have understood the main point of each paragraph well enough to write your own summary sentence. Always keep in mind the features of a good summary @. Read the following piece about journalism. In the spaces provided above each paragraph, write a summary sentence for that paragraph. Remember to focus on the main point of the paragraph. sentence. Journalism Whenever we need to be informed on current affairs, most of us turn to the news broadcast on television. Itis brief, live and most of all presented by qualified journalists who have become true celebrities. Behind all this glamour and publicity, though, journalists have a very difficult and demanding job. Most journalists begin working for newspapers, by writing, cither special feature stories or articles of general interest. However, in order to get a story ready, they have to follow acertain procedure. Firstly, research on the story has to be carried out and the information checked. This may involve interviewing people and recording their comments. When all the facts are finally gathered, journalists write the article, which usually needs to be completed by a specific time known as a deadline. After going through the difficult process of getting the story down on paper, some journalists have to present it to an audience, either on the radio or on television. Those who present the news on television do not only have to worry about their appearance, but they also have to deal with the dilemma of what news items to present, as air-time is costly and therefore limited. Presenting both sides ofthe story is very important because, as we all know, in how we perceive the world Over the years, journalists have served as watchdogs, uncovering scandals as well as exposing irresponsible and immoral public figures. In the 1960s, for instance, journalists covering the Vietnam War presented the actual facts not revealed by the US Government and so turned public opinion against the war. Today, shedding light on the trivial details of famous people’s lives sells and therefore dominates the media. ‘This kind of journalism, however, draws people's attention away from the real issues at hand. For this reason, agencies such as the Press Complaints Commission in the United Kingdom, have been set up to check what is presented in the media.‘The press, who are also known as the fourth estate because they are believed to hold the same amount of power that isattributed to the government, judicial system and church, need to respect everyone's personal rights and report accurately and objectively. This allows the public to form their own opinion without bias and therefore leads to a healthy society. . Read the summary sentences A-G below and see if any of them are similar o the ones that you wrote. Then, match the sentences A-G with the paragraphs 1-6. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. Write your answers in he boxes provided A high pressure process to be followed within a limited amount of time. When those in power are silent, they speak out. vidual Monitoring has been introduced to protect t Looking attractive on the box doesn’t mean there isn’t any hard work to be done, As well as preparation and presentation, decisions must be made and fair play observed. The responsibility of the press is equal to that of other major institutions. Governments come and go because of the power of the written word.ED Reading unit 6 ATA it 3 ‘To successfully complete Part One of the Reading Comprehension Paper, make sure you do the following = © Read the rubric and the title ofthe text carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about. © Read the summary sentences first. Remember that the last summary sentence is always an example which ‘matches with the first paragraph (0) in the text, and that there is one extra summary sentence which does not ‘match with any of the paragraphs. @ Read the text quickly for gist. © Read each paragraph carefully and try to find the main point. © Look at the summary sentences and choose the one which expresses the main point of each paragraph accurately enough. © After you have matched all the paragraphs with the summary sentences, read the sentence that you did not use and make sure that it is not suitable for any of the paragraphs in the text. You are going to read a magazine article about Albert Einstein. Choose from the list A-I the sentence which best summarises each part (1-7) of the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0) Despite having a good head for figures, he made no impression on his teachers. Einst n had to accept other people's superior judgements on a number of occasions. The money obtained from the sale of some of his personal notes was used for a cause he once opposed. Einstein’s courage and bravery were not appreciated by everyone. Einstein showed that being practical is not essential in education, Einstein narrowly graduated despite a poor attendance record. Einstein's greatest honour was not for his major achievement. Einstein admitted that his private affairs tended to be chaotic. There are some false beliefs about a man who was a legend in his lifetime.unit 6 Reading Binstein : Myths and N\sconceptions ‘The popular myth that geniuses are never fully appreciated in their own lifetime is not applicable in the case of super scientist Albert Einstein. His death at Princeton on April 18, 1955 shook the world to a degree similar to that caused by Princess Diana's untimely end or the assassination of President John F Kennedy. There are, however, many myths and misconceptions attributed to the great man, most of which are fake, but a few of which have a basis in fact. In 1921 Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. Most people automatically assume that this award, was in recognition of his formulation of the Theory of Relativity, which was published in full in 1916. In actual fact, this theory was considered much too revolutionary by the Swedish committee for many years after its publication. They chose to honour Einstein in 1921 for his work on clarifying theories fundamental to theoretical physics. Something else that many people scem to believe is that Einstein was a dunce when it came to mathematics. This is probably due to the fact that he found the school he attended in Munich in his early years dull and boring. He made no impact whatsoever on his tutors there, and he was glad to escape at the age of 15, when his family’s business failed and they moved to Milan. However, itis a known fact that at the age of twelve he was teaching himself Euclidean geometry and had the ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts. It is also thought that he failed his college exams. It is true that when he was attending the Swiss National Polytechnic in Zurich, he disapproved of the system of earning and so refused to attend many of the classes. When, however, he took his finals in 1900, he actually ‘managed to pass them, but only came fourth out of the five students who had sat the exams. The person who, came fifth, though, did fail, so it was a close call. The person who failed was no other than Mileva Maric, Albert's first wife to be. Another popular misconception about Einstein is that he never made any mistakes. In fact, he made some very serious ones. For example, when in 1929 the American astronomer Edwin Hubble announced that he had proved that the universe was expanding, Einstein was very angry with himself for his own miscalculations in this field. He is also known to have stated publicly in 19834 that obtaining power by splitting the atom was a ridiculous concept. He was to be proved wrong just four years later by the German scientist Otto Hahn. Einstein also lacked common sense. A good example of this is the fact that he never wore socks, or rather he stopped wearing them somewhere along the line because they were always full of holes. The reason for this was that it never occurred to him to cut his toe nails. However, he was not lacking in imagination and believed that to be a successfull teacher, one had to know that “imagination is more important than knowledge”. Since Einstein is regarded as the most brilliant scientist of the 20th century, people are inclined to believe that his personal life was very orderly and controlled, while the truth is very different. Einstein married his fellow student Mileva Maric and is reputed to have fathered a child with her two years before they wed. Until today, there is no record of what became of that child. In 1919 he divorced Mileva to marry his cousin. This second marriage was also doomed to failure. Later in life, he became resigned. to the fact that he had been a lamentable failure in his attempts at marriage. Although Einstein was known to be an anti-war activist, in 1944,he had a hand-written copy of his Theory of Relativity auctioned off, the proceeds of which were donated to the war effort. Itwas bought for the amazing amount of six million dollars, which just goes to show the high esteem he was held in.ED Reading uwrr 6 Vocabulary Expansion © Complete the sentences 1-8 below with the words in the box. 1 Use your imagination. The___are endless. 2 There aretwo__ of dealing with this problem. 3 Several_________were taken by the authorities to prevent the further spread of the virus. 4 There are several good. why you should brush your teeth regularly. 5 The___of the game must be dear toall the players. 6 Some very good ___ for solving the problem came up during the meeting. 7 The____of your check-up show that you need to take more care of your health. 8 The____of the last few days have shattered all confidence in the government's economic policy. Q 100k atthe words inthe box and write them inthe correct place inthe table below the box, according to their general meaning. attempt complete devastate essential, «hard necessary ruin tough beover critical end expand idea occurrence serious troublesome belief demanding endeavour extend impression painful significant view breakdown demolish enlarge grow incident _point of view strive vital build up destroy episode happening multiply problematic terminate wreck Prete Pe Ec Prana Ce) CelUmit 6 Reading GI | © |. Look atthe grid below and tick the appropriate boxes to indicate the context(s)in which each of the verbs on the left can be used. aad) ) b.. Read the following sentences and decide which answer A, B, Cor D best completes each sentence. 1 The patient was ina_______condition and had to be transferred to Intensive Care immediately. A significant B critical € vital D important 2. Training for international sporting events is physically onathletes. A demanding B problematic C difficult D troublesome 3. The Olympic Games were the main sporting of the year. Aincident B happening Cevent D occurrence 4 Iwas under the ___ that we should go ahead with the project. A impression Bhelief Cidea Dview 5 The germs that cause the common cold___very quickly. Abuild up Bexpand multiply D grow 6 Itis very to obey school rules. A significant Baritical C serious D important 7 The referee has a reputation for being Atough B difficult € problematic D painful 8 The village was completely __by the hurricane. Adestroyed B demolished broken down D damagedUNIT ANSWERING MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS I In Unit 2 we dealt with Part Two of the Reading Comprehension Paper and in particular with multiple choice questions focusing on specific information or details. Quite often in this part of the examination there are also some questions focusing on global understanding, reading between the lines and lexical reference. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully answer such questions. Developing Strategies @ a. Read the text below. What is its main point? Although Canberra isthe offical capital of Australia, Sydney has effectively been the capital since 1996, when the Prime Minister moved from his Lodge in Canberra to Kirribilli House in Sydney. It is also the largest city in the country, with a population of approximately four million inhabitants. Sydney, which was the site of the first settlement in Australia in 1788, has developed into a bustling metropolis, especially in the last forty years. It boasts an efficie harbour and the well-known Sydney Opera House, a marvel in architectural design. However, the narrow and crooked central streets, the inadequate airport or its characterless glass skyscrapers cannot be ignored. TTI A When answering questions which focus on global questions. understanding, you need to concentrate on thetextasa 1 Why was this text written? whole. In most cases a question focusing on global understanding will be included at the end of the set of questions. Itis a good idea to get a general understanding of the text as you read it, so as to be able to answer the SSS question correctly. 3 What might be a suitable title for this text? Ib, Read the text in @ again and answer the following 2 Who was this text written for? axe €. Now look at the multiple choice options for ‘When answering multiple choice questions which focus questions 1-3 above and choose the ones which on global understanding, read the options carefully to see which one best suits the text as a whole. Be careful with options which refer only to a part of the text or the other options wrong? include some words/phrases from the text but do not describe it globally. Ifnecessary, read the text again quickly 1 Why was this text written? to confirm your answer after you have finished with the are the most similar to your answers in b. Why ore tof the questions A towarn ae i B toamuse € toinform D toadviseunr 7 Reading Cll 2. Who was this text written for? 3 What might be a suitable title for this text? A people interested in Australian architecture A Anew Australia is born B people interested in Australian politics B Ahistoric city of contrasts © people interested in Australian cities © Prime Minister moves house D people interested in Australian history D Acapital in need of development 2 exam @. Answer the question below which is based on the text q ‘When answering questions which focus on reading that follows. Justify your answer. between the lines, you have to interpret what the = What did Melanie think had happened to John? writer means rather than take literally what is written. For this reason, you must consider the A His promotion hadn't been approved. context and/or situation in which a phrase is used B He had been fired. in order to understand what it actually means, © He had to tidy up his desk. D He hadn't called her because he was very busy. When John arrived home from work Melanie couldn't believe her eyes. Compared to the miserable and depressed looking man who had left only that morning, he looked like the cat that had got the cream. "Guess what?" he said. Melanie looked at him and answered with a forced smile, "I suppose if I wait long enough, you'll let me know what's happening. Why didn’t you call?" "Oh, I'm so sorry darling," answered John, "but I’ve been really busy." "Really?" said Melanie. "What have you been doing... clearing out your desk?" “No, no," answered John, "that’s what I’m trying to tell you... I've been promoted! Isn't it wonderfull” TTA s x Ib. Now answer the following questions 1-3 based on the ‘When answering questions which focus 02 text above. Look athe clues provided. of any idiomatic expressions used, you need to use your imagination. Try to put yourself in the writer's (or character's) position. This can help you toimagine what they might think or how they might feel in the specific situation. Sometimes irony is used, which means that what is written may be the exact, opposite of what the writer is trying to communicate. 11 What does the writer mean when he says “he looked like the cat that had got the cream’ in line 2? A He looked disappointed. B He looked pleased. © He looked surprised. D He looked uninterested. CLUE: How would a cat look if it were given some cream to eat? 2 What does the writer mean by the phrase “Melanie... answered with a forced smile’ in line 3 ? A She was pleasantly surprised. B She found what John had said funny. © She was upset but she tried not to show it. D She was more polite than necessary. CLUE: In what situation would you force yourself to smile? 3 What does Melanie really mean when she says ‘if I wait long enough you'll let me know’ in line 3? A She would prefer John not to tell her what happened B She doesn't mind waiting for John’s explanation. € She thinks she will have to wait for a long time to hear what happened. D She expects John to tell her what happened immediately. CLUE: If you were in Melanie's position, when would you like to know what happened?ED Reading unre 7 © Gama @. Read the two paragraphs below. What do uestions which focus on lexical reference require you to SUTWial | sifirensiiiecalileke cece tear mipal we, P2'OVowingwordsrafarto? explained in Unit 3, reference items can be personal pronouns (e.g. it, he, them) or demonstratives (e.g this, that). it (para.1) ‘When answering questions of this type, you need to carefully They (para. 2 as a few sentences before, to see what it refers to. Remember that most times you will be looking for a noun or noun phrase. [0 As 1 was walking to work, I suddenly tripped tis perhaps because of over what I thought was a the climate, the people, or stone, but was in actual the traditions inherited from fact a wallet. I looked the Beduins that the Arab down Athen eee markets in the town centres are places full of life and a quickly around before e id picking it up. T then SUT UI. french wee discreetly continued on the term to describe chaos. my way. GT b. Read the paragraph below. What do the In some cases, a word like the ones discussed above may refer words in bold refer 10? to a whole clause rather than a noun or noun phrase. In such ‘cases, try replacing the word with the clause you think it refers to, to test it. However, you must make sure that the option you choose is in line with the general meaning of the text. nh Geoffrey Lapelle, author of the best seller “The HS _ End of the Road’, arrived in Chittagong wearing only the clothes on his back. This was ¥ due to the fact that all his luggage had been av7TA7”_ lot Itmust have happened when he changed planes in Calcutta. oO {@. Skim through the following text and look at the Being able to identify what a question focuses on (global (Westions 1-6 below it. Decide whether each tnderstanding, reading between the lines or lexical qUestion focuses on global understanding reference) will enable you to apply the appropriate strategies. (GU), reading between the lines (RBL) or pees lexical reference (LR) and mark it in the boxes provided. As a boy, I spent most of my school holidays at my grandmother's cottage in Ostend, Belgium. Needless to say, I loved the idea of travelling from England to Continental Europe ‘every summer, especially since back in the 1960s people didn't travel abroad to the extent they do nowadays. It was easier for 5 me, however, as my father wasa ferry-boat captain. ‘When I was fourteen, Rebecca, a cousin of mine who had just finished school, accompanied us across the channel. She was going to spend a few days with us before going to France to study languages at a French university. Asmir 7 Reading usual, afier the novelty of being at sea had worn off, there wasn't much to do on the trip, so I sat down to read story. It was about a man who had been rescued off desert island after some swimmers had found his message in a bottle. The story impressed me so much that I suggested that we sent our own messages in bottles. Rebecca, who was rather romantic in nature, thought that it was a wonderful idea. ‘We immediately went to the bar and asked the barman for some empty bottles. He kindly gave us eight empty whiskey and vodka bottles, which were the best ones to put messages in as they had screw-on-tops. { pages out of her writing pad, gave four to me and kept the other four for herself. We then ‘wrote our names, addresses and a brief description of ourselves on our pieces of paper, rolled them up and put them into the bottles. When we had finished, we went up on deck and took turns throwing our bottles as far out to sea as possible. I was quite excited about whether I would hear from anyone or not for a few days, but then I completely forgot about the whole thing. Itwas some years before I saw Rebecca again. I had just finished school and was preparing for university when I received an invitation to her wedding. I had heard that she was engaged to a Norwegian, but what I found cout at the wedding dumbfounded me. Tt turned out that when Rebecca had returned from France at the end of that summer, there was a letter waiting for her. It was from Bjorn, her husband-to-be. He had found one of the bottles and liked the sound of her description. They exchanged letters for a year, then arranged to meet the following summer and finally walked down the aisle together. ‘Nowadays, I am captaining one of the Super Ferries on the Newcastle to Bergen route. As am writing this, Lam expecting Rebecca and Bjorn’s two teenage sons who will be crossing to England to visit some relatives. ‘Who knows. we may have some fun together with some empty bottles. i 1 What does the writer mean by the phrase ‘after the novelty of being at sea had worn off in line 10? 2 What does ‘it’in line 13 refer to ? 3 Which summer is meant by ‘that summer’ in line 24? ‘4 What is meant by ‘walked down the aisle’ in line 27? 5 What do we learn about the writer from the text ? OWU0 6 What might a suitable title for this text be? bb. Read the text again and answer the questions by choosing the correct option A, B,C or D. 1 What does the writer mean by the phrase ‘after the novelty of being at sea had worn off in line 10? eee ee ae ‘A met for the first time B began a relationship € got engaged D got married A. He was used to being at sea. B He had become bored, © He began reading novels. D He was very tired. 2 What does ‘it in line 13 refer to? 5 What do we learn about the writer from the text ? A finding a message in a bottle A He studied ata French university. | 10° 15 Py 4 What is meant by ‘walked down the aisle’ in line 27? B reading a story € throwing bottles with messages into the sea D sending a message to the shipwrecked man 3. Which summer is meant by ‘that summer’ in line 24? A the summer Rebecca sent the messages in bottles B the summer Rebecca met Bjorn € the summer Rebecca got engaged D the summer Rebecca got married B He didn’t like travelling by ferry-boat. © He followed in his father’s footsteps. D He was very close to his cousin Rebecca. 6 What might a suitable title for this text be? A A Strange Encounter B Message in a Bottle © ACaptain’s Tale D Romance at SeaED Reading user 7 Examin: OHTA To successfully complete Part Two of the Reading Comprehension Paper, make sure you do the following: @ Read the rubric and the title of the text (if there is one) carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about. ‘© Skim through the text once to understand its gist and what each paragraph is about. @ Read the questions and identify what each of them focuses on (understanding specific details, global understanding, reading between the lines or lexical reference). This will enable you to decide on the appropriate strategy for answering each question. ‘© Read the text again carefully and focus on the parts which are relevant to the questions. @ Try to answer the questions, first without looking at the options, so as not to be influenced by the wrong ones. Answer each question this way, compare your answer to the options available and choose the one which is most similar in meaning to your answer. © Afier you have chosen the option you think is correct, decide why the other options are wrong to confirm your choice. You are going toread an extract from a novel. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A, B,C or D) which you think best fits according to the text. ‘The train pulled in to a small wayside station and we all descended. Outside, beyond the low white fence, a wagonette drawn by a pair of horses was waiting. Our coming was evidently a great event, as the station-master and porters gathered round us to carry our luggage out. [t was a sweet, simple country spot, but I was surprised to observe that by the gate there stood two men in dark uniforms, who leaned upon their short rifles and glanced keenly at us as we passed. The coachman, a hard-faced litte fellow saluted Sir Henry Baskerville, and in a few minutes we were 5 flying swiftly down a broad white road. Rolling pasture lands curved upwards on either side of us, and old gabled houses could be seen among the thick green foliage, but behind the peaceful and sunlit countryside there rose ever, dark against the evening sky, the curve of the moors broken by the jagged and sinister hills. The wagonette swung round intoa side road, and we curved upwards through deep lanes worn by centuries of wheels, high banks on either side, heavy with thick growth. Various bushes gleamed in the light of the sinking sun. 10 Still steadily rising, we passed over a narrow granite bridge, and alongside a noisy stream which gushed swifily down, foaming and roaring. Both road and stream wound up through a valley dense with scrub oak and fir trees. At every turning Baskerville gave an exclamation of delight, looking eagerly about and asking countless questions. To his eyes all seemed beautiful, but to me an air of melancholy lay upon the countryside, which clearly revealed the mark of the dying year. Yellow leaves carpeted the lanes and fluttered down upon us as we passed. The rattle of our wheels died 15 away as we drove through drifis of rotting vegetation - sad gifts, as it seemed to me, for Nature to throw before the carriage of the returning heir of the Baskervilles. “Halloa!” cried Dr Mortimer. On the summit, hard and clear like a statue was an officer sitting tall on his horse, dark and stern, his rifle poised ready over his forearm. He was watching the road along which we travelled. 20 “What is this, Perkins?” exclaimed Dr Mortimer. Our driver half turned in his seat. “There's a convict escaped from Prince Town, sir,” said the driver. “He's been out three days now, and the warders watch every road and every station, but they've had no sight of him yet. You can imagine how excited the farmers around here are, sit!” 25 “Well, I understand that they get five pounds if they can give information,” said Dr Mortimer. “Yes, sir, but the chance of five pounds is but a poor thing compared to the chance of having their throat cut. You see, he isn’t like any ordinary convict. This isa man that would stick at nothing.” “Who is he, then?” demanded Dr Mortimer. “Itis Selden, the Notting Hill murderer.” 30 I remembered the case well, for it was one in which Holmes had taken an interest on account of the peculiar ferocity of the crime and the brutality which had marked all the actions of the assassin. The changing of his death sentence to one of life imprisonment had been due to some doubts as to his complete sanity, so atrocious was his, conduct. Our waggonette had topped a rise and in front of us rose the huge expanse of the moor. Acold wind swept down 35 from it and set us shivering. Somewhere there, on that cold plain, was this dangerous man hiding ina burrow like a wild beast, his heart full of hatred against a society which had cast him out. It needed but this to complete the grim appearance of the barren waste, the chilling wind and the darkening sky. Even Baskerville fell silent and pulled his ‘overcoat more closely around him. ee Seesunr 7 Reading CIE What gave the writer the idea that they were welcome? A Awagon and horses had been sent for them, B Armed guards were on duty to care for their safety. € The station staff were extremely helpful. D The coachman was thrilled by their presence. Which one of the following features was not to be seen on the drive? A asmall river B people's houses € alotoftrees D bright sunlight What is meant by ‘clearly revealed the mark of the dying year’ in lines 14-15? A The scene was depressing. B The surrounding countryside was ugly. © [twas late in the autumn, D The sun had already set. What does ‘this’ in line 21 refer to? A the policeman on guard B the road on which they were travelling © the sight of a criminal D the statue on the summit What does the driver really mean when he says “you can imagine how excited the farmers around here are, si lines 24-25: A They are interested in the convict’s escape. B They are afraid of the convict. © They are pleased as they may get a reward. D They are thrilled with the whole situation. How does Dr Mortimer feel about the criminal having escaped? A curious B angry € frightened D depressed ‘What does ‘this’ in line $7 refer to? A the cold wind blowing from the moor B the thought of the desperate killer hiding in the area © the motion of the wagonette over the road D the fact that the society had cast the criminal out ‘What do we learn about the narrator? A He had known Selden personally. B He had visited Baskerville before. © He was a guest of Sir Henry Baskerville. D He disapproved of Dr Mortimer.Read the sentences a-k below and decide what the writer does in each. Inthe boxnext to each sentence write ‘one of the verbs below. ‘The man was tall with short brown hair and blue eyes, and was dressed in the latest fashion. I'm not sure whether I did the right thing by not reporting the incident to the police. Thad to turn down Molly's invitation to this year's school dance. told Joe that he would really enjoy dining at the ‘Oyster’ restaurant as they serve fresh seafood with local specialities. | gave out safety precautions before they set off'on their journey to the peak of the mountain. like windsurfing better than paragliding. told my son that he should think very carefully before applying for such a large bank loan. Thad to tell the student that his project was untidy, badly researched and late. Asa painter I spoke about the problems the art world faces, giving my reasons and using many examples. Afier weeks of agony I eventually confessed to the police that I was involved in the bank robbery. Before the big game I told them how good they really were and that they were capable of winning. admit advise criticise describe doubt encourage explain instruct prefer recommend reject © Look at the words below and write them in the correct place in the table below the box, according fo their general meaning. approach common enjoyment __joy normal region satisfaction theme area commute feedback location — ordinary —regular_—site tour attitude condition _getabout_—smanner_—pleasure—_reply spot typical case conduct. gladness. matter question response state venue Gircumstance contentment issue mood reaction routine subject. © wanderwrt 7 Reading GI © a. Look at the grid below and tick the appropriate boxes to indicate the contexts) in which each of the adjectives on the left can be used. b.. Read the following sentences and decide which answer A, B,C or D best completes each sentence. 1 The manager believed that the staff should receive _on their work so as to improve their performance. Aanswer B reaction feedback D response 2. The Adventurers have chosen the Concert Hall as the__ for the final concert of their tour. Avenue Blocation C site D place 3 The patient’s___ was considered serious but stable. Assituation B condition state Dease 4 The police called last night's arrest of illegal gamblers a__ operation. Aroutine B common C typical usual 5 As I live 25 km away from the town where I work, I have to___ daily. Aget about Btour wander D commute 6 The film's central__was the eternal battle between good and evil. Atheme B topic Cissue D matter 7 The Olympic Games committee expressed their with the progress of the preparations. Apleasure B satisfaction C gladness D enjoyment & “That's the exact___ where I found the gold ring,” said the girl pointing to the ground. Aarea Bspot region Dsite 9 How would you describe a__ teenager's attitude towards authority? Aroutine B common C typical D regular 10 The rules were clear. Bad _would not be tolerated under any circumstances. A manner Battitude ‘© mood D behaviourUNIT COMPLETING A GAPPED TEXT WITH MISSING PARAGRAPHS In Unit 3 we dealt with Part Three of the Reading Comprehension Paper and in particular with the task requiring you to complete a gapped text with a number of sentences which have been removed from it and are presented in jumbled order. Sometimes in this part of the examination you are asked to complete a gapped text with paragraphs — rather than sentences — that have been removed from it. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully do this type of task. Developing Strategies oO When you are presented with a text from which a paragraph hasbeen removed, its important to remember that the missing paragraph must express an idea which is logically related to the paragraphs before and after it. Therefore, always carefully read the parts of the text before and after the gap and try to guess what the missing paragraph is about. Read the following text from which one paragraph has been removed. What do you think the missing paragraph is about? Whye L was recently doing a project which involved visiting a number of small maritime museums. I travelled to a small coastal town where I had never been before, but I knew there was a museum with exhibits not to be found anywhere else in the country. The one I stayed in was quite good for what it cost me, but what pleased me most was the location of the hotel, which made it very convenient for my work on the project. I had spoken to the curator of the museum on the phone and I knew that I ‘would need to spend lot of time in the museum doing research. TTA ‘The paragraph that fits a gap in a text does not only express an idea which is relevant to the paragraphs before and after the gap, but it also usually has some features which are used to connect the ideas in the text. In Unit 3 we mentioned some reference items (e.g. it, them, there) and sentence linkers (eg. however, in addition). Other features that are used to connect the ideas in a text are the definite article the, which is often used before a noun that has already been mentioned in the text, and words such as the pronouns one and ones, which are used as a substitute for something that has been mentioned earlier in the text. tis, therefore, important to pay special attention to these words and try to identify what they refer to or substitute for in the text. b. Read the paragraphs A-C below, paying attention to the definite article the and the pronoun one, used either in these paragraphs or in the text in a. Then, choose which of the paragraphs A-C fits the gap in the text. Justify your choice and give two reasons why each of the other two paragraphs doesnot fit, € Jarrived at a town late in the evening and after locating the museum I had a quick look round the area. I was A On arriving I discovered that the town was situated at the end of a peninsula and the museum was right on the waterfront. It stood next to a modest hotel, where I managed to find a room. B Apart from its museum, the town was well known for lobster fishing. The hotel restaurant boasted that they served the most deliciously cooked lobster you could ever hope to find. lucky enough to find a hotel and get a room overlooking the harbour. I had a shower and then went to the museurn to meet the curator.untt 8 Reading 0 Gul A @. The paragraphs A-D below form a text, but they are in Understanding the main point ofa paragraph_—_iymbled order. Read them and find the main point of can help you greatly in determining its position. in the text. each of them. Which one could be the first paragraph of the text® Why? A There, we had a wonderful time. For most of us it was the first time we had ever been to the capital, as it was very far from our province. We visited all the sights in the city and we were particularly impressed by a 19th century theatre, which was to be the venue of the final. B This attracted a lot of € [twas therefore, necessary people, so the theatre was that we begin intensive packed to capacity. I felt as rehearsing immediately. though I was giving the This continued over the performance of a lifetime. next couple of months. I The senior judge went on really enjoyed the stage to announce the experience, and as an winner, and he did it in added bonus I was let off reverse order. You can't doing some homework in imagine how devastated 1 order to study my part felt when heannounced that The day of the Regional we were second. I really Finals was one of the best thought we were going to of my life, because we were win, Nevertheless, I didn't selected to represent our give up and went on tostudy province in the National drama. It seems that I did Final. So, we took a plane the right thing, considering to the capital city my current success. D Thave loved acting since I was a young girl. My parents used to take me to pantomimes and children’s plays, especially during the Christmas holidays. So, you can imagine how thrilled I was when, at secondary school, I was chosen as a member of the cast for a National School Drama Competition, together with nine of my schoolmates. I clearly remember the day when the Drama teacher allocated roles and stressed that we had to work hard and prepare for the Regional Finals. (Cah b. Read the paragraphs A:D again and underline all the Apart from understanding the main point ofeach toms inthe first sentence of each paragraph which are paragraph, items which are used to connect Me dees in a text. (personal pronouns, used to.connect the ideas inthe tex. Then, relate each demonstratives, definite articles, sentence linkers of these items to a word/phrase in the last sentence of and the pronouns one/ones) can help you decide on another paragraph. Make notes in the spaces the order of the paragraphs that have been provided. What do you notice about one of the jumbled. Pay special attention to such items, poragraphs? ‘especially those included in the first sentence of every paragraph and try to relate each of them to a word/phrase in the last sentence of another paragraph. I OLS aR: ——— | t i ‘©. Now put the paragraphs AD in the correct order so as fo form a complete text. Write the numbers 1-4 in the boxes providedD) Reading wer © @ann ‘When doing Part Three of the Reading Comprehension Paper, first read the gapped text quickly. Identify the main point of each paragraph and the way in which the whole text is organised, that is the order in which the ideas are presented. The most common ways in which a text is organised are: «* presenting events or ideas in chronological order, @.Read the text below, from which seven paragraphs have been removed. Write the main point of each paragraph in the spaces provided. In what way isthe text organised? « listing points in order ofimportance, ¢ presenting problem and then a solution and evaluation, ‘© acombination of these. ‘Quite ofien there is an introduction at the beginning and conclusion at the end of the text. “There is no doubt that many scientists have left their mark through the ages. If there was a competition to choose the greatest scientific mind of modern times, one of the front runners would definitely be Louis Pasteur. Pasteur, however, showed little interest in anythi the sort. In his youth, his main interest was drawing, ‘especially portraits of his family and friends. In actual fact, he was considered a mediocre student in his early years at school He went on to study at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, where he was awarded a doctorate in 1847. He then became an assistant to one of his professors, carrying out research which led to his first important discoveries in the field of organic molecules. The main one of these was in the French wine and beer industry, which had been experiencing economic problems for years, because their products would go sour during the fermentation process. Pasteur proved that bacteria were the cause rather than the result of souring, and came up with a solution to the problem. This processing of milk is called pasteurisation, immortalising the name of its discoverer and is still used today. Pasteur, however did not believe in resting on his laurels. In 1865 he was called to the south of France to help save the silk industry from economic ruin due to a plague of diseased silk worms. Afier successful research and experimentation, he provided the industry with the means to recover and expand. 5 Pasteur proved this theory to be true and in the process he came up with explanations for the causes of a lot of different diseases such as cholera, diphtheria and tuberculosis. ce The success of the rabies vaccine led to the founding of an institute which would carry out further research into disease. This was established in Paris in 1888 and was headed by Pasteur himself. Ea On his death in 1895, Pasteur was treated as a national hero. He was dignified with a state funeral at the Notre Dame Cathedral and his remains were interred in a special crypt in the Pasteur Institute building in Paris.After you have read the gapped text and have seen in which way itis organised, quickly read the paragraphs which have been removed from the text and are presented in.jumbled order (options). Try to find the main point of each option and decide in which order they might appear in the text. ‘With the knowledge gained while working in the alcohol production industry, he tackled among other things the problem of milk souring too quickly because of bacteria. He introduced a method of eliminating bacteria by heating milk to a certain temperature for a short time, so that the nutritious content of the milk was not destroyed. Pasteur’s inexhaustible appetite for finding answers brought him quickly back from the south to continue his research into his germ theory of disease. According to this theory, tiny organisms called bacteria could kill much bigger ones by causing infections. This theory, however, had been strongly argued against until then, as the majority of people in the medical world dismissed it as ridiculous. These findings were probably the main reason for his appointment as Professor of Chemistry at the University of Lille in 1854, where he was also named Dean of the Faculty of Sciences. This branch of the university had been established for the practical purpose of carrying out research into problems that the industries in the region faced. Amn Afier you have read the gapped text and the options once, read the text again and stop at each gap. Carefully read the arts of the text surrounding each gap and all the options. Pay attention to the ideas expressed and the vocabulary used in each paragraph, as well as to all the items that are used to connect the ideas in a text. Considering all the above, decide which of the options fits the gap. unr 8 Reading b. The paragraphs A-G below have been removed from the text. Read them and find the main point of each of them. Withoutlooking back at the text, try to put the paragraphs in the order in which they might appear. ued researching disease until late into his life, and in 1885 he saved a young boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog and was suffering from hydrophobia, which is the human equivalent of rabies. Pasteur did this with a vaccine which he had developed himself. That all changed when he took some chemistry lessons and his interest was aroused. It is said that this might not have happened if he hadn't been lucky enough to have had a very good teacher. ‘Today the institute is regarded as one of the most prestigious and foremost research centres in the world. It has branches in many countries and carries_out research into numerous infectious diseases including AIDS. Pasteur was born in Dole, a small town situated in the south-east of France, between Dijon and the Swiss border. He came from a family who had been tanners for generations. €. Now, read the text and paragraphs A-G again. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (1-7). Write your answers in the boxes provided.D Reading unr 8 ‘To successfully complete Part Three of the Reading Comprehension Paper make sure you do the following: © Read the rubric and the title of the text carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about. © Skim through the text once to understand its gist, what each paragraph is about and the way in which the text is organised. © Skim through the options and try to find the main point of each of them, Remember that the last paragraph is always an example which completes the first gap (0) in the text. There is also one extra paragraph which does not fit any of the gaps. © Read the parts of the text before and after each gap and decide what the missing paragraph is about. @ Read the options again, paying particular attention to the ideas expressed and the vocabulary used in each paragraph, as well as to all the items that are used to connect the ideas in a text. Then decide which option fits the gap. © After you have completed all the gaps, read the completed text and make sure it makes sense and ‘hangs toghether’. Read the option that you did not use and make sure that it is not suitable for any of the gaps in the text. You are going to read a magazine article about tornadoes. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fis each gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). ‘Tornadoes are the most powerful and destructive types ofstorms. They are often called ‘twisters’ as they are made up of twisting columns of air. They achieve incredible wind speeds, in fact the highest on earth. The extreme wind force is believed to be the main reason for the enormous damage that is associated with tornadoes. ‘One of the things that makes tornadoes so dangerous is, their unpredictability under certain circumstances. An updraft of warm wind creates a tornado, but this happens ‘only on some occasions and on others it simply doesn't. ‘The time from the moment a tornado forms until it reaches the ground is usually not much more than a few minutes. At first, the funnel of the tornado is mainly a white-like colour, because it is made up of thousands of tiny drops of water. Seen from the ground, it looks like an enormous cloud moving from the sky towards the earth. An average tornado usually moves in an easterly direction ata speed of 40-65 kilometres per hour. However, speeds of more than 400 kilometres have been recorded. As a tornado tears along, it cuts narrow path like a knife and completely destroys everything in its way. Certain regions are far more vulnerable to tornadoes than others. The strongest tornadoes are formed in temperate latitudes. Each year the USA is hit by abouta thousand tornadoes, mainly in the early spring. People who witnessed the tornado said it looked like a giant cone with lightning flying through it. It touched down with a thunderous roaring noise, just like an ‘enormous freight train speeding through. During another deadly tornado, a power line was blown down onto a fence, electrocuting fifteen cows. According toa witness the fence “became illuminated like a heating element in a toaster”. Further along its path, it popped open the doors of'a car, pulled the driver and the three passengers out and then tore the vehicle into little pieces, which were scattered several miles along the road. It is almost impossible to eliminate the damage that tornadoes cause. However, new technology and scientific research might help to reduce their intensity.Therefore, it is often difficult for scientists to predict precisely when and where a tornado is likely to appear. Dueto this uncertainty, itis difficult to provide sufficient warning in time to save lives. ‘The most devastating one took place on 18 March, 1925. ‘Travelling at 100 km per hour, it lasted for three and a half hours and left an enormous path of destruction across Missouri, Ilinois and Indiana. When the tornado finally dissipated, it had covered a distance of 219 miles, across the three states, so it became notoriously known as the Tri-State Tornado. Tornadoes also appear to be irresistible. Many ‘storm chasers’ race to put themselves right in the path of danger, both for the thrill ofit and to gather information inorder to explain how tornadoes form, gain strength and spread. ‘Once a tornado has touched down, it becomes darker because of all the material it sucks up. This can include rocks, branches of trees, cars, and even parts of buildings, or houses. The low-pressure centre of a tornado is such a powerful vacuum that it can tear the roofs from houses and suck the corks from bottles. utr 8 Reading GJ less disastrous incident involved a little girl who was sucked up by a tornado while she was riding her pony. ‘The mother chased after them and found the girl still on the pony half a mile away. Miraculously, the gir! suffered only minor bruises while the pony was left unharmed. The fact that tornadoes are usually not very wide is rather fortunate for the areas they hit. They may totally destroy all of the houses on one side of a road while leaving those on the other side intact. Four towns were completely destroyed and six more were damaged. 695 people were killed, 2,000 were injured, 11,000 were made homeless and the damage was over 50 million dollars, in today's terms. Proof of this exists in the manner in which buil collapse when they are struck by a tornado. The walls, on the south-west, which are normally exposed to the strongest winds, fall inwards from the pressure of continued winds. ngsED Reading unit 8 Vocabulary Expansion The sentence linkers in the box below are often used in a text to relate an idea to something that has been mentioned in a previous sentence. Group these sentence linkers under the correct heading according to their general meaning. aweekbefore afterthat again allthesame an hourlater_ apart from this. asa result bythe way due tothat either evenso inconsequence instead next. nonetheless. ofcourse onaccount of this other than this so thatis__ the following day —_until then heaps BS BS jfitncrnen Cen Ra ard Q Read the sentences 1-10 below and the words/phrases A-E under each of them. Decide which three words/ phrases can be used instead of the word in bold in each sentence, because their meaning is similar to or more general than that of the word in bold. 1 The Johnsons were very proud of their daughter's achievements. A feats B shortcomings € accomplishments. D deeds E advantages 2 The harbour is considered the town’s best natural asset. A puddle B bay © pond D port E cove 3 The country’s southernmost province has become a popular holiday destination. A region B territory © sphere D area E continent 4 All governments should take measures to prevent the destruction of the ozone layer. A wreckage B devastation © breakdown D elimination annihilation 5 All the produets should be thoroughly checked before leaving the factory. ‘A commodities B shares © trade D goods £ merchandise 6 The average car has undergone major changes since the petrol crisis in the early 1970s. ‘A motorcar B automobile vessel D carriage E vehicleUNIT 8 Reading Cy 7 The local authorities went to great lengths to explain the purpose of the project. A aim B end € goal D objective E conclusion 8 The standard house has undergone significant improvements in the 20th century. A abode B dwelling € residence D facility E habitat 9 The nature of work has changed over the years but the role of the labourer has remained untouched. A white-collar worker B blue-collar worker © manual worker D clerk E workman 10 Thousands of Native Americans died from diseases brought to the New World by the Spanish invaders. A illnesses B ailments © injuries D aches E afflictions © Read sentences 1-10 below and the words A-E under each of them. Decide which three of them are related to the same topic as the word in bold in each sentence and are often found in the same context. 1 Storms are natural phenomena that can usually be predicted. A violent B damage © humid D breeze E thunder 2 The new building attracted everyone's attention due to its strange design, A outer space B architecture € roof D construction —_E_ household 3 ‘The aeroplane revolutionised mass travel in the 1960s. A cockpit B crew © mast D voyage E runway 4 The theatre has been a place of entertainment for centuries. A stage B spotlights © screen D playwright E sculptor 5 The judge plays a key role in every country’s justice system. A guard B court € law D minister E sentence 6 To me, the train is the most enjoyable means of transport available today. A compartment —_B platform © track D tyre E tolls 7 Environmental organisations urge us to reduce the amount of rubbish we throw away. A emit B recycle © dustman D duster E dump 8 Museums undoubtedly help preserve a country’s history and culture. A cosmetics B exhibits © curator D artefacts E excavation 9 Computer technology is changing rapidly nowadays. A addition B advances © skillful D applicable E science 10 The passing animals had worn a path on the rock, A way B lane © follow D journey E woodsUNIT © MULTIPLE MATCHING II In Unit 4 we dealt with Part Four of the Reading Comprehension Paper and in particular with the task requiring you to locate specific information in several short texts and match a number of questions with the texts. Sometimes in this part of the examination you will be asked to locate specific information in a single text rather than in several. In this unit we will explain, develop and practise the strategies and techniques which you will need to successfully do this type of task. Developing Strategies Oc ‘When you have to locate specific information in a single text, ‘a. Skim through the text below and find out which paragraph deals with each of the this text usually includes different people's experiences, views, , ; preferences etc. Sometimes the text is not clearly divided into following people: sections corresponding to each person. In this case, the first hn Singleton: fg thing youshotldl dh takied diniigh the weela taxi; locatew)) 2°" Sinelet ert the names and pronouns referring to people and then dividethe Charles Newport: para. text into sections corresponding to each of them. eed on Ido not often visit art exhibitions, but this time it was something special. Munch in Colour’ an exhibition of colour prints by the renowned Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (1863-1944), was on show at Harvard's Fogg Art Muscum. Being of Norwegian descent, I had always been fascinated by Munch, and this was my chance to take a closer look at many of his works, some of which I had never seen before. ‘While there, I met John Singleton, a forty-year-old executive, who agreed that Munch's work was very interesting. He found that the feelings expressed were so crystal clear that he could share them. “The Scream’, in particular, which is among Munch's most famous works, upset him very much emotionally. However, Charles Newport, a twenty-three-year-old University student, admitted that Munch’s paintings didn’t interest him much. He walked around for a while and then visited another exhibition called ‘Modern American Sculptures’, which was set up alongside ‘Munch in Colour’. According to Charles, that exhibition was much more impressive than the collection of Munch's artworks. (Nh b. Read the text in a again. Answer questions ‘Once you have skimmed through the text, read the questions quickly. Then, sean each section of the text and try to locate the specific information mentioned in each of the questions. Remember that you are looking for words/phrases in the text which answer each question accurately. According to the text, who Thad a low opinion of the artist's work? 2has a common origin with the artist? 3 experienced emotions similar to the artist's? 1-3 by choosing one of the following people: John Singleton, Charles Newport or the writer. Write your ‘answers in the spaces provided and underline the words/phrases in the text which helped you choose each person.war 9 Rein © @.Read the following extract from a magazine arficle about shopping at the airport. Whats the main point of each paragraph? Write your answers in the spaces provided. Extract A: Extract B: Extract C: Extract D: (David McGregor “L'm a frequent business traveller and I like going to the airport earlier than necessary, just to have a browse around the shops,” said David McGregor. “There really is a considerable difference in prices between the shops there and those in the High Street,” he continued, “so I always buy some electrical equipment at the airport.” | Shirley McGregor His wife, Shirley, on the other hand, loves the cosmetics counters. “I always buy as much as 1 am allowed to, never a drop less. You can say it’s somewhat of an addiction,” she said. “However,” she continued, “I believe that some airports abroad should upgrade their facilities. I can remember at least three airports where I couldn’t find my favourite designer perfume.” (©) Brendan Warren Brendan Warren, another frequent flyer, told us: “The wines and spirits section is magnificent. 1 have to admit I used to be a bit naughty and always bought more than I was officially allowed. However, after an unfortunate encounter with eXQM TWP In this part of the examination there are sometimes questions requiring you to find out what some of the people mention. These questions usually include some general words such as plan, problem etc. As such words are not likely to be included in the text, you must carefully read what each person says and find phrases that describe the general words mentioned in the questions. Which person men ns 1 anasty experience he/she had? 2. a change in hisher circumstances? 3 an advantage of shopping at the airport? 4 anced for improvement in customer services? se Tere some customs officials at Heathrow, I had to cough up a substantial amount of duty. You can bet I'll never risk putting myself in that position again.” | Natalie Goldberg Natalie Goldberg had this to say: “I used to have a job which involved travelling abroad six or seven times a year and, of course, I used to do a lot of shopping at airports. Nowadays, however, I hardly ever go abroad and have discovered the pleasures of my homeland. The bargain buys at the airport are no longer of any consequence to me.” Read the extract in @ again and answer the questions 1-4 below by matching eoch of them with the appropriate person A, B, C or D. Which phrases in the text helped you make your choices? Write your answers in the spaces provided. A DAVID Mc GREGOR B SHIRLEY McGREGOR © BRENDAN WARREN D NATALIE GOLDBERGED Reading vert 9 © G@aiD ‘When you divide a text into sections corresponding to different people, pay attention to the section which refers to the writer of the text. This is usually the first paragraph(s) of the text and. is characterised by the use of the first person (1). Quite often, however, the writer uses inverted commas to quote what another person said. In these cases the word [ refers to the other person, 4. Skim through the following text. Identify the people whose experiences are described and divide the tex! into four sections corresponding to each of the people. Then, find the main point of each section. Write your answers in the table on page 73. not to the writer. While dividing the text into sections, you should also try to find the main point of each section. Trying to Go Beyond I have never really had any interest in the realm of parapsychology or the occult, but I was recently asked to interview some people for a feature article I was doing. My editor gave me the names of some people who were involved in different aspects of this topic. ‘One of them regularly held sessions using a Ouija board. 1 gave him a call and he invited me along to one of his soirées. When the evening in question arrived, I found myself sitting around a table with five other people including our host. On the table was an oblong piece of wood with the letters of the alphabet inscribed in a semi- circle on it. A much smaller heart-shaped board on small wheels was placed on top of this. Our host told us to place our index fingers on the small board and then proceeded to ask for information from it. ‘The small board started moving round the big board, spelling out answers to his questions by moving from letter to letter. He told us that the information was coming, from the spirit world, which I found rather amusing. However, I have heard that people can become very disturbed by participating in these kinds of activities. ‘That, at least, is what Miranda Philips told me when 1 interviewed her about her experience with a medium. “I had lost my bracelet,” she said, “and it wasn’t an ordinary one. It had been in my family for three generations. My great-grandfather had given it to my great-grandmother as a wedding present. I was extremely upset when I lost, it. Then a colleague suggested that I try a medium, Despite believing that it wasn'ta good idea to mess around with people like that, I was so desperate that I was willing to give anything a try.” ” she continued, “my colleague and I went along to the address she had found. We were asked for what I considered quite a lot of cash, and then shown into a small, dimly lit room, draped in heavy dark blue velvet hangings. Sitting at the end of a long mahogany table ‘was a plump woman wearing an enormous pair of hoop ‘earrings and a babushka. She told us to sit down and then asked me for something personal. I gave her my car keys, which I happened to be holding. She then appeared to go into a trance and started speaking in what sounded like a bad impersonation of Peter Sellers’ accent in the Pink Panther films.” According to Miranda, she and her friend collapsed into an uncontrollable fit of the giggles and were more or less forcefully removed from the premises by Madame Zina’s burly assistant. Needless to say, she is quite sceptical with regards to seances, and later found her valuable heirloom while cleaning out her car. ‘This, however, is not how Mike Hayley felt about his experience. Here is what he had to say: “I was sitting in a restaurant with a friend when a man approached us and asked if we were interested in having our palms read. 1 immediately became defensive and said that I wasn’t interested in such hocus-pocus. My friend, on the other hand, enthusiastically accepted the invitation. As [ listened to what he was saying, however, I became increasingly fascinated, and, considering that it was cheap, I finally decided to have mine read too. I found it very accurate and afterwards, while thinking about it, decided that it made as much sense as anything else on this planet.” Looking into these phenomena, I discovered that they were much more widespread than I had ever thought. My neighbour, Lizzy Black, for example, told me, “I don’t feel right if I haven't consulted the tea leaves for a while. ‘An old schoo! friend of mine who has the gift, drops by at Teast once a week for a cup of tea and afterwards reads my. cup. It has got to a point where I won't make any decisions without knowing what the tea leaves predict. For example, when I was moving house last year, I didn't order the removal van until I got the go-ahead from my friend. Then, everything went according to plan. My husband thinks I'm mad, but he humours me. I guess he sees that most of the time it works out well enough.’UNIT 9 Reading SECTION | NAMEOF PERSON | PARAGRAPHS After you have skimmed through the text and divided itinto sections, skim through the questions. Then, read the first section carefully. Deal with the questions as if they were statements and decide if they are true according to this section. Do the same for the rest of the sections. Answer each question by writing the letter corresponding to the appropriate person in the box next to the question. When you finish, read the whole text again to complete any questions which you have not answered. Which person or people was very sceptical at first? participated in a group? laughed during the experience? consults a childhood friend? found the experience good value for money? thinks the practice makes sense? acted against his/her beliefs? was doing research into the occult? was looking for a personal item? was accompanied by a workmate? is involved in a practice on a regular basis? b, Read the tex! again. For questions 1-13 choose from the people A:D. Write the appropriate letter's) in the box(es) next to each question and give reasons for your answers. HII A THE WRITER B MIRANDA PHILIPS © MIKE HAYLEY D LIZZY BLACKED Reading uwrr 9 Examination Practice exam ti To successfully complete Part Four of the Reading Comprehension Paper, make sure you do the following: © Read the rubric and the title of the text (if there is one) carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about. @ Skim through the whole text and divide it into sections corresponding to the different people whose experiences, views, preferences etc. are discussed. Remember that one of the people is usually the writer. While dividing the text into sections, try to find the main point of each section. © Skim through the questions. ‘@ Scan the first section of the text and find if there is any specific information which corresponds to any of the questions. Keep in mind that you are looking for wordyphrases in the section which mean the same as or describe the situation mentioned in the questions. Do the same for the rest of the sections. © In the box next to each question, write the letter corresponding to the appropriate section. If there are two boxes next toa question, this means that two sections can be matched with that question. You are going toread a magazine article recommending books for holiday reading, For questions 1-15, choose from the people A-D. The people may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (0). Which of the following people: A MAGDA HENSON B BEN BLAIR © JULIE SCOWAN D PHILIP McCRACKEN ° feels that a more efficient memory would help him/her read the book? will read a book written by a single parent? makes a suggestion about how the book should be read? is also an author? recommends a book as an introduction to the writer? is looking forward to reliving a memory? is going to read a book for at least a second time? doesn’t know what the book he/she has chosen is about? manages to finish a book only when on holiday is going to read a book based on the author's life? shares the author's interest? has chosen a book only because of the author's reputation? mentions a drawback of the book? likes to read more than one book when on holiday?UNIT 9 Reading % A Good Solid Read Magda Henson, our resident book reviewer recommends some books which would be suitable for holiday reading. It's that time of year again. Everybody is getting their travel bags out of the loft, buying flimsy clothing and suntan lotion and generally getting into a state of high excitement at the thought of the work-free days ahead. of course, always get excited about all the time I'll have ‘on the beach or elsewhere to catch up on my reading for pleasure. This year, among others, I'm going to reread one of myall time favourites, Henry Miller's ‘Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymous Bosch’. For anyone not yet familiar with Miller’s writing, this is probably the best of his work to start with, It describes the years he spent in an isolated and very unconventional rural community. It was the place where he brought up his two children more or less single-handedly. Miller writes about his interesting, encounters with some of the inhabitants, who shared his non-conformist approach to life. His carefree spirit and his love for his children emerge in this part- autobiographical, part-philosophical book. Of course, this type of reading is not necessarily everyone's cup of tea, so I asked a couple of my colleagues here to tell me about their summer reading preferences. Ben Blair, one of our sports correspondents, had this to say, “When I read a book, | like to have enough time to really get into it, and the only opportunity I have to do thisis when I go on holiday. This year I'm not really sure what I'll take with me, but more than likely it will be “Fever Pitch’ by Nick Hornby. I've already managed to read a couple of excerpts,” he said. “It’s principally about Hornby’s own deep passion for football, and especially Arsenal. Being from North London myself, Lam an avid fan of the Gunners, too. Apparently, his description of ‘Arsenal's last-minute league win is so vivid that itis like experiencing the moment all over again. So, even though Thave already got an idea of what I'm going to read, 1 ‘can't wait to get my nose into it!” finished Ben with a smile. The choice of our resident problem page Agony Aunt Julie Scowan was something completely different. Her favourite book is ‘One Hundred Years of Solitude’ by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and she’s chosen it for her holiday reading this year. “It's a book that really needs to be read a number of times in order to fully absorb it,” she said. “It’s not that it's a difficult read, but there are so ‘many characters involved in lots of different relationships that sometimes it's hard to keep track. I had to keep flicking back pages to remind myself of this person or that situation, However, Marquez has a way of involving you. The images he presents are so colourful and livel and his portrayal of Latin American culture with all its superstitions is so vivid that you become immersed in it. I could really identify with the main character of the story, which really helps.” Julie finished by saying “I'm really looking forward to lazing around the pool at my brother's villa, where there isn't a word processor to be seen for miles.” Last but not least, I bumped into best selling thriller writer Philip McCracken, whose most recent book I reviewed last month. I asked him what his choice for the summer break was going to be. He said, “I usually take a variety of books with me when I go on holiday, and I often pick up a couple more at the airport. Funnily enough, though, this year I already know what my main choice is, and that's John Irving's ‘Widow For One Ye: I know it’s been available for a while, but I've been saving it so that I really have time to savour it. I have no idea what it’s about, but it’s enough for me to know that it’s by Irving. I've read everything he’s ever written a number of times. make no apology for saying that I think he's the greatest.” T have to say I'm inclined to agree with Phil and I was able to endorse his choice having already read it. So, whatever your choice literature lovers I wish you all a good solid read this summer! Mega -tknsonD Reading unr 9 Vocabulary Expansion Read the statements aj below which describe different situations. Then complete the blanks on the right using the adjectives in the box to make a general comment on each situation incredible difficult necessary sensible _ exciting 1 had to buy a map of the area, as I would undoubtedly have got lost without one. 1 now realise that investing all my savings in the stock market was not a reasonable thing to do. “The new ride at the theme park was unbelievably exciting, 1 was given one as a present a few months ago and its still in its box somewhere at the back of my wardrobe. He eventually acknowledged that 1 was right to have had an alarm system installed, Although I keep talking about leaving my job. I won't probably do so in the near future. Driving tests are not as easy as I thought; it took me five attempts to pass. In my opinion, there wasn't much difference between the stage musical and the film version 1 was filled with enthusiasm when they offered to take me along on their trip to Rome. T don’t want to rent that flat because it’s far from public wansport and there is hardly any parking space nearby. unlikely similar unwise useless inconvenient It was for me to have a map. What I did was 1 found the experienc 1 found it What I had done was Ie is to happen. 1 found it to pass the test. I found them Their offer was very I find the location @ Lookat the words below and write them in the table below the box, according to their general meaning. activate asset confident admit assured. consent aftermath begin consequence agree benefit convinced aim blessing commence approve certain decline definite influence purpose deny objective reject effect ‘outcome set off getunder way plus set out goal positive target initiate profit turn down rg START itt)unr 9 Reading @Zj © @-L00k at the grid below and tck the appropriate box(es) o indicate the contexts) in which each ofthe verbs onthe leftcan be used. b. Read the following sentences and decide which answer A, B, C or D best completes each sentence. 1 The negative__ of the environmental disaster were apparent for many years afterwards. A results B influences € consequences D outcomes 2 Ismy___to buy a new car next year. A purpose B intention € target D goal 3 After listening to Amy's arguments, Iam now that she was right. A definite B assured € convinced D confident 4 The new school year. in the middle of September as usual. A commenced B set out € set off D initiated 5 All the newspaper reports praised the university's over its more prestigious rivals. A benefit B asset € profit D advantage 6 Charles was very____ that he had done very well in his final year exams. A sure B confident € definite D positive 7 The teacher agreed that Joe is a very bad___on his schoolmates. A effect B influence € consequence D outcome 8 The UN ambassador arrived in the war-torn country to. peace talks between the rebel groups. A initiate B set off € commence D set out Y The school council could not ‘on the issue of introducing school uniforms the following ‘academic year. A accept B approve © agree D consent 10 The Minister___to see the leader of the striking workers. A rejected B turned down € declined D deniedUNIT.) CONSOLIDATION II In each of the units 6-9 we dealt with one of the four parts which make up the Reading Comprehension Paper. In this unit we will tackle the paper as a whole, consolidating what has been taught so far. The Examination Practice section consists of some exam tips which are relevant to all parts of the Reading Comprehension Paper, and a complete Practice Test which follows the exact examination format. Finally, there are two exercises where the vocabulary taught in the four previous units is revised. ‘The FCE Reading Comprehension Paper contains 35 questions altogether. The number of questions in each part and the marks they carry are presented in the following table ER ee Multiple matching 6-7 (two marks per question) Multiple choice 7-8 (two marks per question) HEGRE Gapped text 67 (two marks per question) Multiple matching 13-15 (one mark per question) EXCL © In the Cambridge First Certificate Examination you have one hour and fifteen minutes to complete the Reading Comprehension Paper. Its advisable to spend between 15 and 20 minutes on each of the four parts. Do not spend too much time on any one of the parts, because you will not have enough time to answer the rest of the questions. © Always read the rubric and the title of the text carefully, as they give you a general idea of what the text is about. Read also the example given in Parts 1, 3 and 4, © Before answering the questions, skim through the text and make sure you understand its gist. © When dealing with Parts | and 2, start with the questions whose answers seem more obvious or easier to find. Then, try to answer the rest of the questions by reading the corresponding part(s) of the text more carefully. © Ifyou have difficulty in answering a question in Parts 1 and 3, perhaps it's because you have already used the correct option in a previous question. Therefore, go back to the previous questions, check your answers and revise your choices if necessary. © Remember that you must always find some evidence in the text to justify your answer. © Do not spend too much time on one particular question. If, despite your efforts, you cannot find the answer, leave itand move on to the next question. When you have answered the rest of the questions, go back to the one you haven’t answered, think about it again and, if you still haven't found the answer to it, make an ‘educated guess’, that is a guess based on what you have read. Do not leave any questions unanswered. A guess is better than no answer atall. © In the Cambridge FCE Examination you must mark your answers on a separate answer sheet, which is similar to the one provided at the end of this book (page 127). Write your answers on the question booklet first and then transfer them to the answer sheet, Make sure you have plenty of time both for transferring your answers ‘onto the answer sheet and for checking them again. Be sure to mark the appropriate box (only one) for each question.UnrT 10 Reading PART 1 You are going to read « magazine article about an ancient Chinese philosophy. Choose the most suitable summary sentence from thelist A-I for each part (1-7) of the article. There is an extra summary sentence which you do not need touse. There is an example at the beginning (0). {1 An example of how disharmony can cause disaster. "Feng Shui principles have practical applications. _ The primary elements can be used together in different ways. _- Thereare three important ingredients for a peaceful existence. ‘The philosophy was developed for living in peace with nature. “Respecting and idolising nature is necessary. | Understanding the energy requires expertise Feng Shui experts are challenged by modern dilemmas. There is a growing interest in achieving the a right balance. ‘A Question of Warmony Bob MacIntyre looks into the practice of the ancient Chinese philosophy of Feng Shui. Kz I In the constantly changing times we live in, people are becoming increasingly concerned with establishing a harmonious relationship between themselves and their environment. Therefore, it is not so surprising that the practice of Feng Shui has gained in popularity recently. Feng Shui is a philosophy that seeks to create an ‘equilibrium between individuals and their environment by ensuring that the landscape and the places they inhabit are shaped in accordance with the Earth's energy. Feng Shui literally means ‘wind and water’ and originated in ancient China, where the people who lived along the Yellow River attempted to protect themselves against the ill winds and rough waters. By not acting against the heavenly powers, they attempted to develop harmony in their universe. Only when people live and work in a balanced environment will the Earth's powers be at peace, and this balance is achieved when positive and negative energies are not at odds with one another. ‘The Ancient Chinese dlassified everything in nature into five categories: metal, water, wood, fire and earth. They believed that everything that existed was a different combination of these materials. Some of these combinations produce positive effects, while others cause evil. Water, for example, is believed to bring good fortune, whereas metal is thought to absorb the evil energy which causes sickness, ‘The practice of Feng Shui actually focuses on a particular type of energy and studies the distribution of this energy in a specific location. This energy is not visible and its distribution may vary with time. However, a successful Feng Shui practitioner must be able to identify and measure this energy flow. Feng Shui is often used when changes are made to the environment. Man-made buildings must complement their surroundings. If there are mountains, for instance, the building should face away from them, whereas if there isariver ora lake nearby, the front of the building should face it. Feng Shui practitioners use a special compass to determine whether there is complete harmony between, man-made structures and the natural forces which surround them. Hong Kong isa throbbing, modern metropolis like New York, but is in fact constructed according to the traditional principles of Feng Shui. Due to the fact that the city isso overcrowded, its often very difficult to position, a building correctly. Therefore, Feng Shui consultants have the difficult task of creating or restoring balance by knocking down walls, blocking windows or moving doors, ‘They may recommend the use of certain colours or symbols to encourage the flow of positive energy. In this respect, Feng Shui functions as a combination of town planning, environmental improvement, architecture and interior design. ‘The Chinese believe that an imbalance between nature and man-made buildings can be catastrophic. For instance, the death of the former kung fu master and film star, Bruce Lee, was attributed to the fact that his home had lost a vital balance with its surroundings. As it as situated ina valley, Lee had been advised to install an eight-sided mirror in a tree outside in order to diffuse any negative energy. When a typhoon blew the tree down and broke the mirror, Lee was left with no protection against negative energy. Feng Shui holds that the path of our life is influenced by heaven, earth and man himself. Another way of describing these is time, space and action. Good fortune originates in doing the right thing at the right time and in the right place. One must, therefore, establish one’s place in harmony with nature.D Reading UNIT 10 PART 2 You are going to read a magazine article about a famous actor and film director. For questions 8-14, choose the answer A, B, Cor D which you think fits best according to the text. Woody Allen Woody Allen, the American director, bitter-sweet screenwriter, actor and author is best known for his bittersweet comedies. His pale, thin, bespectacled appearance, together with his clever observations of humanity leads people to regard him as an intellectual. § However, Woody Allen confesses that he'd rather go to a bar or a baseball game, than read philosophy. Many people think these comments are insincere, but Woody insists that he has never been a high culture person. In addition, genuine intellectuals consider that he is not in their class. 10 Woody Allen hated school and has claimed that people should be taught reading, writing and arithmetic and then left alone. Woody had a natural talent for writing, which he made no effort to cultivate. Until the age of eighteen he only read comic books. While still at school, he began 15 writing stand-up comedy monologues, drawing his material from his urban Jewish middle-class background. He created these monologues by exaggerating his own life circumstances. Soon he was selling his jokes to ‘gossip columnists and by the age of fifteen he had already been hired to write jokes for a public relations firm. ‘After that, he was hired to write material for some well-known TV comedians and within two years he was contributing material that was used in many of the top comedy shows broadcast on television. 20 Woody Allen soon started writing and directing films. By the time he made his first award-winning film ‘Annie Hall, he had already made several others, gradually polishing his technique so that the seriousness beneath the ‘comic surface became more evident. Whereas previous films had contained elements of nonsense and a more ridiculous type of situation, ‘Annie Hall’ was his most personal and for that reason his most recognised film. The hero, played by Woody Allen himself, is as close to him as any fictional character could be. When ‘Annie Hall’ 25 vwas released, Woody did his best to explain to people that, unlike the screen version, he didn'tlive under a roller- coaster when he was a boy and that he had not met or broken up with Annie Hall as is shown in the film. However, the public prefer to believe that his films are an accurate reflection of his life. Woody explains that his own life is for the most part orderly and boring, and as a writer, his job is to make things up. Woody believes that his films are less pessimistic than they are romantic and reflect his idealistic view of the way life should be. 30 ‘Woody Allen has an obsessive and rather monotonous lifestyle. He admits that he is afraid of change and for this reason he sticks to his routines like playing the clarinet, writing, taking walks, visiting his psychoanalyst and going to the same restaurants. Apart from that, he isa solitary person who is very ‘anti-Hollywood’ and hardly ever leaves Manhattan. He considers Hollywood to be a culturally deprived city. In ‘Annie Hall’ he said, "I don’t want to live in a city where the only cultural advantage is that you can make a right turn on ared traffic 35 light” He made his point lear by not being present to collect the three Oscars which his film received. Instead, he chose to keep to his regular Monday night appointment with his jazz band at Michael's Pub, where he plays the dlarinet. Woody Allen’s love of jazz is evident in the music that is featured in many of his films. When asked about retirement during an interview, Woody Allen was clear in his response. "I expect to goon 40 working until one day when I am looking through a camera lens, I'l suddenly grab my heart, contort in pain, drop to the pavement and die a very tragic death." According to Woody, that would be the ideal way to leave this world. In reply to whether making films is his bid for immortality, Woody asserted, "It isn't something I hope to achieve through my work, but would rather accomplish it through not dying.”12 13 14 What is meant by ‘genuine intellectuals consider that he is not in their clas A B c D They believe his appearance is ridiculous. They believe he is modest. They believe he doesn't deserve the title ‘intellectual’. They believe he is not well-educated, Woody Allen got the ideas for his early writing from A B c D the comic books he read. the gossip columns in newspapers. the comic shows broadcast on TV. the environment he grew up in. ‘The writer thinks that, compared to ‘Annie Hall’, Woody Allen’s earlier films were more A B c D unrealistic. serious. imaginative. autobiographical ‘What does the public believe about Woody Allen's life? A B c D Itis orderly and boring. Its full of romance. Its like a roller-coaster. Its like his films. Why didn’t Woody Allen collect his Oscars? A B c D He was afraid of changing his routine. He had an important meeting in a New York bar. He felt he didn’t deserve them. He didn’t want to go against his principles. What does ‘It in line 43 refer to? A B c D his bid immortality death making films Why was this article written? A B c > to give a short description of Woody Allen's life and personality. to justify Woody Allen's achievements in Hollywood. to clarify any misunderstandings about Woody Allen's life. to review some of Woody Allen's films in detail. UNIT 10 Reading QJDD Reading UNIT 10 PART 3 You are going to read a magazine article about a painter's experiences. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article, Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (15-20). There is one extra paragraph which you donot need to use. Ther Thave been a professional artist now for nearly forty years. I can’t remember a time when I wasn’t scribbling something or other. However, I don’t do this job because of some kind of transcendental beliefin visual expression, but because I have learnt the technical skills involved. For me, itis wrong to believe that a painter has the power to express his emotions or character through his At first, [had a lot of trouble accepting the theories put forward by my lecturers, but their arguments were too strong. I started to realise that university can broaden your horizons only if you're prepared to rock the foundations of your childhood ideals. It is not easy to turn your back on the ideology that was gu life until then. Luckily, I had people around to help me. Thad met the girl who was to become my wife and who helped me put some things into perspective. However, the most helpful of all was my tutor, who told me that ifT wanted to return to being the narrow-minded brat I was when I first entered the university, I was welcome to do so. Having run a local art group for the last few years, I have come to realise how other people's views on a work of art can change one's attitude. In actual fact, my most objective critic is my three-year-old granddaughter. Although her vocabulary is limited to a few words, she knows what she likes and if she thinks something is rubbish, she has no hesitation in telling me so. always try to explain to her that an image doesn’t have any meaning within it, the meaning is given by whoever. ‘an example at the beginning (0) observes it. “But it’s a dog!” she exclaims, and I say, “To you it’s a dog. Someone else may see itas their own dog, someone else may even see it as acat. It depends on your point of reference.” You could say that, because I'm the artist, the meaning 1 give itis the true and authentic one. But I believe that the interpretation of the viewer is as authentic as mine, This may sound abit abstract, but it’s the only way it can be. Eusw s This is why I never name any of my paintings. A title only restricts subjectivity. People at exhibitions usually stop in front of a painting, look at its title and exclaim “Ah! That's what it is,” and quickly move on to the next one. Cee age In my opinion, there is no comparison between a painting and a film. A really good film can take you ona roller-coaster ride of emotions. It can influence your life and teach you about the human condition, whereas a painting is just another solemn image in a gallery. Sometimes i myself wish I had studied film theory.We kept in touch for years after I had graduated. He was also active as an artist and would always invite me to the openings of any exhibitions he gave. I never really liked his work, which I found too depressing, but I could tell he valued my opinion. For this reason, I always try to keep my work flexible and open so that viewers are free to give their ‘own interpretations. Any description they give will only add to the variety of meanings available. Thad a real struggle with this. I began to question everybody and everything until I thought I was going crazy. I was kept awake at night, worrying about the lack of meaning in everything. However, the problem these days is that not many people go to art exhibitions in the first place. They prefer going to the cinema or somewhere else. Quite rright too! 1 also believe that the cinema provides lot more entertainment and enjoyment than an art gallery does. UNIT 10 Reading CEI ‘This has been my philosophy for most of my career. Ever since university I've tried to keep to the forefront of my mind that everyone has their ‘own individual way of looking at things. Therefore, whoever looks at one of my paintings will interpret, it differently. From my point of view, a work of art should be produced by a number of people. You never have only one viewer of your work, so why should you have one artist? But history has developed the idea of a solitary artist. My daughter is the complete opposite. She always praises everything I do. She'll say, “That's got a lovely air of joy, Dad,” talking about the cover I've just done for a horror story. She finds it hard to understand that it’s only her interpretation that is positive. Oddly enough, | first discovered this weakness in the position of the artist when I went to university. entered this esteemed institution of learning as an innocent, enthusiastic young painter looking forward to studying the rich history and many wonders of art. But within weeks I had to rethink of all my naive views.CD Reading unre 10 PART 4 You ate going to read a magazine article abou! theories regarding the end of the world, For questions 21-35, choose from the people (A:D). The people may be chosen more than once, There is an example at the beginning (0) A THE WRITER B SYBIL SCALES © SOPHIEGOWER —_D JULES RYES Which person or people knows the Earth will exist for a long time to come? mo aL believes our planet will be covered in water? FEY | believes that the destruction of our planet has been accurately forecast? believes that man will eventually destroy himself EL] feels that some people have crazy ideas? Ea) bases his/her beliefs on real events? le remembers a specific incident which was/were terrified? believes we have ignored warnings for years? EL som knows the climate is getting hotter and hotter? EX] | has heard that an enormous disaster has struck is shocked that there is so much interest in the topi the Earth before? feels that we need to take steps to prevent a disaster? believes in an ancient myth? believes our main source of energy A BB F will disappear? TEOTWAWKI GH Lee has been out and about picking up what people's ideas are on how our planet will finally bite the dust. I was at a function recently, you know, one of those affairs that we journalists periodically have to attend. A couple of times over the course of the evening, T heard the term TEOTWAWKI used. At the risk of seeming ignorant, I asked one of my colleagues what it, meant. He explained that it was an abbreviation for “The End Of The World As We Know It. He also went ‘on to explain that quite a lot of people are actually, preoccupied by this topic. I must say I was really surprised. There is not much room in the life of a career journalist for fatalism, as we're looking for hard facts most of the time. I suppose that if I really think about TEOTWAWKI, my mind goes to the fact that there are enough nuclear weapons on this planet to detonate 600,000 Hiroshima type bombs. This, of course, would cause a nuclear winter that would totally, destroy life. I always remember with nervousness the time when the harmless Norwegian rocket strayed off its flight path in the direction of Russia. It is said that after spotting it on radar, the Russians became so nervous that the president was actually given his nuclear briefcase to counter-attack if necessary, Having had my attention drawn to this topic, I've spent the last couple of weeks asking people here and there how they felt about it. Sybil Scales, a hotel receptionist from Linlithgow, said: “Well, I'm a firm believer in what fellow Scot Graham Hancock has to say. His theory is that the year 2012 will herald death and destruction for the human race.” Sybil continued that Hancock stated that a similar event took place about 12,000 years ago. “I really agree with the claim that there was a continent in the Atlantic inhabited by an advanced race. After a series of earthquakes, it was Pushed far south to become Antarctica. The survivors, of the disaster are believed to have found refuge South America, and their descendants, the Mayans, have left a calendar which predicts that the next series of major earthquakes will take place on 23rd December, 2012. It really makes sense, doesn't it?” said Sybil. When I volunteered this marvellous theory to scientist Sophie Gower, she reacted strongly. “Oh, God! Another looney toon! The fact of the matter is that an apocalypse is definitely guaranteed only after the death of our sun. However, this occurrence is not due for another five billion years.” She went on to say: “When the time comes, the sun will swell up to many times its present size, consuming its closest neighbours, perhaps even Earth. Then it will quickly contract back to being the size of small rock. There's no way the Earth can survive without the energy produced by the sun.” Having got a scientist's view, I decided to get a meteorologist friend of mine to give me his views on TEOTWAWKI. Jules Ryes, who works for Channel 5, told me: “Back in 1938, the English meteorologist GS Callendow pointed out that the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was increasing. Of course, nobody wanted to listen to him at the time. Today, however, scientists agree that the greenhouse effect should be a global concern. Nobody seems to be doing ‘much about it, though.” He went on to explain what the facts really are: “If current emission rates continue, the average global temperature will increase by 2.5" centigrade in the 21st century. This will cause ocean levels to rise by 1.2 metres, therefore flooding large chunks of the planet. I really don't think we can live on boats and eat fish for the rest of our lives!” he finished with a chuckle,Vocabulary Revision © Read the following text and decide which answer A,B, C or D best completes each blank Lost in Space ‘Man has endeavoured to explore space for centuries but was able to start realising this dream only a few decades ago. Over the centuries great minds have contributed to this ultimate (1) but space travel did not become possible until the great technological achievements of the 20th century. The space age 2) in October 1957 with the launching of the Russian spacecraft Sputnik 1. (8) the United States followed with their own spacecraft launch in January 1958. Both the Russian and the American spacecraft were totally (4) when reentering the Earth's atmosphere. ‘The first living creature to (5) into space was a dog called Laika. Throughout the journey, tests were conducted on the dog and these results provided scientists with important medical data which 6) their knowledge with regard to the effects of space on living beings. However, the spacecraft again failed to enter the Earth's atmosphere intact and Laika tragically died in space. Oo) » Laika’s journey was undoubtedly an important (8) the history of space exploration. BE A goa B intention C purpose Dtarget E> Asset out B initiated C set off D commenced 1) Atnitil then BOther than this € Even so DAfier that 7) Abroken down B destroyed C demolished D damaged 7) Acommute Btour C travel D wander > Aexpanded Benlarged C multiplied D built up ED ANext B Due to that C Nonetheless D By the way TD) Acpisode Bevent C happening D occurrence Read the following text and complete the blanks using the words/phrases in the box. There are three extra words/phrases which you do not need to use. so necessary began even so influenced demanding of course completed grow significant approve Rock Stories Rock music has dominated popular culture in most countries around the world ever since the late 1950s. Rock music (1) in the USA and has (2) many other styles of music. @) , rock has in turn been shaped by other types of music. Today, rock music has become a (4)________industry, generating considerable profits for the record companies and for the artists themselves. Bands like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Who helped the music industry (5) during the 1960s and 1970s. These bands largely created the (6) _____ conditions for rock music to ‘expand to the four corners of the globe. : ‘Rock music has now grown into hundreds of musical styles catering to all types of people. The listening public are now more (7), in their musical tastes and expect their favourite bands to constantly produce new material. (8) many bands are pressurised to release records that probably don't represent their true ability.PRACTICE TEST () You are going to read a newspaper article about Mount Everest. Choose the most suitable summary sentence from the list A-I for each part (1-7) of the article. There is one extra summary sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). What is required nowadays is money rather than knowledge. Overcrowding and careless escorts put mountaineers at risk Many hours of exposure caused multiple fatalities. The overpopulation of the summit is making things risky. Masses of people and electrical appliances cause chaos. ‘The proportion of deaths is increasing all the time. Amidst the many abusers, there are still a faithful few. A disagreement caused a very difficult situation, Wealthy would-be climbers are attempting a difficult task.Practice Tet 1 CZ How Fatal 1s MY Everest? It was believed that once Mt Everest had been conquered, people would find something new to challenge them. Unfortunately, the world’s most famous peak is now attracting a new breed of climbers, who have more money than mountaineering sense. ‘This new breed of climbers are arriving in droves. For a number of years now, Mt Everest has become increasingly popular and as a result overcrowded. During the main season, which is spring, there are around six hundred people camping at the bottom of the mountain every day; only two hundred of them will actually attempt the climb. To top this off, the place is also buzzing with fax machines, laptops, mobile phones and cappuccino machines. ‘The problem with there being so many people ‘attempting the climb is that the slopes can become congested. In addition, if plans are unexpectedly set back or guides aren't competent enough to keep to their schedules, the lives of many climbers can be endangered. Acombination of these factors led to disaster in 1996. ‘Two organisers and their teams ran into trouble. Some of the sherpa guides got into an argument and consequently were too busy to fix the ropes leading to a step. This delayed the first group, so the second ‘group got stuck behind them. In the meantime a storm. blew up unexpectedly, leaving both parties stranded on the mountain. After having spent the night on the mountain, both parties attempted to make their way back down, many of them suffering from extreme frostbite and altitude sickness. The end story was that five people perished. and the survivors had to use all their reserves to recover from the punishment dished out by the mountain. ‘This is just one example of what can go wrong. AS Everest becomes more and more crowded, the ratio between successful summit climbs and fatalities on the ‘mountain is becoming more and more alarming. For example, in 1987 more people died on the mountain than actually managed to reach the summit. Basically, the reason for thisis that experience doesn't count for much anymore. What seems to be important these days is the wad of cash one can offer and about three months of nothing better to do. This is not mountaineering in the true sense of the word. What itis, isa bunch of bored, wealthy people that are out to get their kicks. ‘The story of present day Mt Everest is a shocking but sad one. The bottom is like the scene of a rave party, its slopes are littered with discarded rubbish and most of the people who reach the top are only there so they can notch it up as yet another achievement. However, to finish on a note of optimism there still are the dedicated ones who echo the sentiments of George Mallory. When he was asked why he wanted to climb Everest, his reply was, "Because it's there.”D Practice Test ¥ You are going to read a magazine article about Hellen Keller. For questions 8-14, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think its best according to the text. When she was nineteen months old, Helen Keller suffered from a severe illness that left her without the sense of sight or hearing. It also left her mute. This, however, did not rob her of the ability to love or be loved. When she was six years old, Helen Keller's parents sought Alexander Graham Bell's advice regarding their daughter's education. Asa result, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, a twenty-year-old, arrived at the Kellers’ home in Alabama. Sullivan herself had been both treated and educated at the Perkins Institute in Boston, where she had partially recovered her sight. Helen Keller herself said that the most important day of her entire life was the one on which her teacher arrived. On their first morning together, her teacher gave her a doll and slowly finger-spelled the word ‘doll’ into the palm of her hand using the manual alphabet. Helen found this finger play very interesting and immediately tried to imitate it. It did not take her long to make the letters correctly. However, she had no idea that she was spelling words or that these words existed as representations of the objects that surrounded her. Ittook her several weeks, often filled with frustration, to understand that everything has a name. One day, her teacher persisted in trying to teach her the difference between ‘mug’ and ‘water’. Helen, unable to tell them apart, threw her doll in a rage and broke it into many pieces. Her teacher then took her to the well-house in the garden and placed her hand into a cool stream. At the same time she finger-spelled the word ‘water’ in Helen’s other hand. At this moment, the mystery of language was revealed to her and it was the beginning of her familiarisation with the objects around her. Another difficulty Helen had to overcome was the meaning of abstract words such as ‘love’. Her teacher finger-spelled the word into her hand and Helen reacted by asking, “What is love?” Anne replied by placing her hand over Helen's heart and said, “Itis here.” Helen became confused and started asking lots of questions in order to discover what ‘love’ actually was. Unfortunately, despite her teacher's responses, she could not understand and became very impatient. A day or so later, when Helen was trying to string some beads of various sizes together, her teacher touched her forehead and finger-spelled the word ‘think’. Helen instantly realised that this was the name of the abstract process that was going on in her head. In the same way, she tried to find the meaning of the word ‘love’. When the sun came out from behind a cloud, Helen insisted, “Is this not love?” Anne turned to her and replied that love is something like the clouds that were in the sky before the sun came out. “You cannot touch the clouds, but you can feel the rain,” she told her. “In the same way, you cannot touch love, but you can feel the sweetness that it pours into everything.” Helen immediately understood this beautiful truth and felt that her spirit was somehow connected to the spirit of her teacher and everyone around hei Miss Sullivan continued to love and instruct Helen for several years. She not only taught her English but French, German and Latin as well. Helen Keller graduated from Radcliff College, the most prestigious women’s University in the USA, where Sullivan had finger-spelled the lectures into her hand. Keller dedicated the rest of her life to writing and lecturing on behalf of those who had been afflicted the way she had.n 12 13 4 Why did Anne Mansfield Sullivan join the Keller household? She was half-blind and could help Helen. She was recommended by Alexander Graham Bell. She was a graduate of the Perkins Institute. She was to be employed as Helen's companion. ooep What was it that impressed Helen most on the day her teacher arrived? the doll she received the manual alphabet the finger play the words she spelled voup When did Helen realise that everything around her had names? when her teacher took her to the well-house when she broke her doll into many pieces when her teacher taught her the meaning of ‘mug’ when she learned to finger-spell goo> Why was the word ‘love’ difficult for Helen to understand? A. She had never experienced it before. B She didn’t know what a heart was. € She couldn't touch ‘love’ D_ She couldn't finger-spell the word. What does ‘this’ in line 23 refer to? the string of beads Helen was holding the word Helen’s teacher finger-spelled Helen's forehead the word ‘love’ ooop Helen's teacher finally made Helen understand the meaning of the word ‘love’ when she made Helen feel the warmth of the sun. she expressed her love to Helen. she compared love to the clouds. she explained the connection between her and Helen. ooap> Helen's teacher can be best described as being determined. strict. demanding. insensitive ooeD> Practice Test 1 CXED Practice Test 1 You are going to read a magazine article about a man who had his dog stolen. Eight sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-I the one which fits each gap (15-21). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). My Dog is Mussing Investigative journalist James Scott tells his own story about how he suffered at the hands of canine kidnappers. ‘Having reached a certain age, I thought I could safely believe that I had had most of the negative experiences that life can dish up. oO 1 However, just recently I had a traumatic experience which I had never taken into consideration as an option. arrived home from work one evening and found thata trip to the suy et was in order. So,as usual, I whistled to my little four-legged companion, put her lead on and set out. On entering the supermarket, 1 popped the few things I needed into a basket and went quickly to the checkout which was quiet for a change. When I looked for my faithful friend, I was confused. I blamed the twilight and my failing eyesight at first, but, as I got doser, I saw that she was well and truly gone. I flew into a total panic and started running down the road. Thad this crazy idea that one of my neighbours, who all knew the dog well, had passed by and for some reason decided to take her home with them. fir] Slowly the neighbours emerged and let me know in no uncertain terms that they wouldn't even consider doing such a stupid thing. 1 just stood there, unable to believe what had happened. I knew I had tied her securely using a double knot. ‘There was no doubt about it, someone had stolen my dog. It was unbelicvable. She wasn't some kind of fancy pedigree but was a wonderful little mixture of breeds. A real Heinz 57 varieties. I just couldn't think of what to do. I was in total shock. ‘Over the next few days they made and pasted posters all over the neighbourhood, contacted radio stations to make announcements and placed advertisements in various newspapers. ‘A few days later I had to go away on a five-day business trip. Nevertheless, on my return, when I opened my apartment door the first thing I saw was one of the posters lying on the hall table. I felt as if someone had just thrown a bucket of cold water over me. That's when I decided that I would just have to try and forget what had’ and get on with my life. Itdidn’t make me feel too optimistic, as there had been many such calls. Early the next morning, I called the woman and she gave me her address, which was on the other side of the city. On the way there I refused to let myself become excited. You can imagine my joy when I arrived and saw that it was in fact my faithful little friend that had been found. ‘My dog had some health problems from her days on the streets, which a few visits to the vet put right. All in al, it took her about two months to become her old rascally self again. You can also bet your life that these days she doesn't spend any time tied up outside retail outlets.Practice Test 1 When I arrived at my apartment block, I frantically rang all the bells. I was grateful for this as I would have a lot to do, and this would take my mind off what had happened. 1 got really angry and thought how irresponsible it was to do a thing like that. When we arrived, I tied her to the railings outside, something I had done on countless occasions before. ‘A few days later, having been out to dinner with some friends, I arrived home late to find a message on my answering machine from someone who thought she may have found my dog. Later that evening, a couple of my friends came over, who were very sympathetic and put together a plan of action. Altogether it took me only three to four minutes until I was back in the street again. ‘The young lady had seen her wandering in the street near her home six days after she had disappeared. I mean things, like the breakup of a relationship, the death of a loved one and other similar events that can ‘cause stress and emotional disturbance.D) Practice Test You are going to read some information about famous football players. For questions 22-35, choose from the list of players AE. Some of the players may be chosen more than once. When more than one answeris required, these may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (0) Which of the football players > played a role in a film? was disqualified for using banned substances? suffered disappointment in a World Cup Final? ‘came from poverty to become a star? stopped an armed conflict? died before his time? received praise from another player? is well-known for his scoring ability? plays an active role in the game's public relations? caused public disorder when he changed clubs? was the youngest player to play for his country? popularised football in the USA? HBEBBAHBAABBARA began his career far from home?g abby Moore Bobby Moore began his career with West Ham United in 1958 and led them to victory in the 1964 FA Cup and the 1965 European Cup Winners Cup. His greatest achievement, however, was as captain of the English team that won the 1966 World Cup. He captained England in 90 games and was one of the best known players in the world throughout the 60s and 70s. After he retired from playing, he became involved in management and he also appeared in the big screen. production ‘Escape to Victory’ with film stars Michael Caine and Sylvester Stallone. Pelé said of him that he was the greatest defender he had ever played against. Sadly, he passed away prematurely in 1993 shortly after being awarded one of his country's highest honours. Go Pelé Pelé, whose real name is Edsone Arantes do Noscimento, was discovered at the age of fifteen by a former Brazilian World Cup player named Waldemar de Brito and started his career with the Brazilian team ‘Santos. He is thought of as the greatest player ever. Such was his influence that in the late 1960s, when he and his team, Santos, went to Nigeria to play a few friendly matches, the ongoing civil war ceased for the duration of his visit. He also led the Brazilian team to three of its World Cup triumphs. When he retired from Brazilian football in 1974, he had played 1,253 ‘games scoring 1,200 goals making him the highest scorer in the history of the game. In 1975 he came out of retirement to play for the New York Cosmos, and his contract with them made him the highest paid athlete in the world. He is also credited with introducing a large number of Americans to the game. He is now an international ambassador for the sport, encouraging friendship between nations through sporting events. Gg Diego Maradona Diego Maradona, the son of a factory worker, began. his career at the age of nine with Las Gebollitos, a youth. team and at sixteen he was the youngest player in Argentina's national team. He captained Argentina in Practice Test 1 their victory in the 1986 World Cup and through to the final in 1990. As well as playing for Argentina, he has played very successfully for Spanish team Barcelona and Italian team Napoli, who paid a record- breaking transfer fee of ten million dollars. In the 80s and 90s, he acquired superstar status and was the world’s most famous player. However, he was dismissed from the 1994 World Cup for testing positive in a drugs test. He has now retired from football and is becoming better known for his scandalous behaviour. oi Roberto Baggio Roberto Baggio did not captain a World Cup winning team, but he was without a doubt the most charismatic player in the 1990 and 1994 tournaments. He was born in Italy in 1967 and started his career with Fiorentina, In 1990 he became the world’s most expensive player, when he was transferred to Juventus fora fee of twelve million dollars. The fans in Florence were so upset by this move that there was rioting in the streets, which lasted for three days. In 1998 he led Juventus to victory in the UEFA Cup. In the same year he was also chosen asboth European and World Footballer ofthe Year. At USA 94 he scored five goals in the tournament advancing Italy to the final, which they lost on penalties. G Ronaldo Ronaldo, having been voted the world’s best player in 1996 and 1997, has to be recognised as one of the all time greats. He was the son of a drug addict and was brought up in the slums of Rio de Janeiro. He could hhave been taken on by the city’s main club, but didn’t have the bus fare to attend the trials. He began his career with the Dutch club P.S.V. Eindhoven where he scored 55 goals in 56 matches. He shot to fame when Barcelona paid a record fifty million dollar transfer fee plus eighteen million to buy out his contract. Technically remarkable, Ronaldo isa fine opportunist who specialises in extraordinary solo goals. Expectations were high for him in the 1998 World Cup Final against France, but he was unable to live up to them.PRACTICE TEST ©) You are going to read a newspaper article about one of the world’s natural wonders. Choose the most suitable heading from the list AI for each part (1-7) of the article. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0), a ‘Aslow process Construction begins Victory for a stone giant Fooled by some quit thinking Misinterpreting nature Postponement allows'a surprise attack An object of admiration The result of an ancient eruption Headland of enormous proportionsPractice Test 2 CE The Giant's Gauseway kz 1 Stretching five hundred fect into the sea from Ireland in the direction of Scotland and composed of 40,000 individual basalt columns, The Giant's Causeway certainly seems to be part of some kind of primitive road. Could it perhaps have been an ancient pathway for a mythical colossus or is it just what it seems, a strange geological phenomenon? According to the myth, once there were two giants, ‘one of whom lived in Ireland and the other in Scotland. The people of each country boasted that they had the mightier giant. One day, the Irish giant, who was known as Finn MacCool, decided to cross the North Channel to Scotland to confront the Scottish titan Finn, Gall. He gathered long stakes of stone and hammered them into the sea bed building himself a road to Scotland. Finn MacCool worked all day to complete the task and as night fell, he had managed to reach the coast of Scotland. However, he decided to wait until morning before attacking, so he returned home to have a good. night's sleep. In the meantime, the cunning Scottish sgiant noticed the newly built causeway and seized the ‘opportunity to strike at the Irish giant while he was resting. Finn Gall arrived in Ireland and began searching, immediately for Finn MacCool. When he found his rival's house, Finn MacCool’s wife told the unwelcome guest that her husband wasn't home, and that he was to keep the noise down lest he wake her sleeping child. ‘On seeing the child, who was in fact the slumbering Irish giant, Finn Gall became so frightened at the thought of how big the father must be, that he turned tail and fled back to Scotland, ripping up the road as he went so it couldn't be used again. In recent times, though, people want to be given a more scientific explanation for the existence of the ‘causeway. In fact, many theories have been suggested regarding its origin - that it was a petrified bamboo forest or that it was an accumulation of minerals from the sea, to name just two of them. However, these theories have remained inconclusive. Today, most geologists agree that the causeway is volcanic in origin. Its formation occurred when layers of molten lava cooled over a flat bed of basalt and contracted. This, of course, took place around fifty million years ago, when much of Northern Ireland and Western Scotland were volcanically active. ‘The topmost layer of lava cooled first and the rocks shrank and cracked into regular patterns like mud on a dry river bed. The cracks on the surface moved downwards through the rock, splitting it and creating columns. Over thousands of years the sea has eroded the columns, so that today they are of different heights. Surprisingly enough, this immense stone structure went almost unnoticed until the end of the eighteenth century. Ever since, it has inspired generations of scientists and artists. The explorer and naturalist Sir Joseph Banks once said of it: “Compared to this, what are the cathedrals or palaces built by men?... Mere models or playthings.”D Practice Test 2 Youare goingto readan extract from a novel. For questions 8-14 choose the answer (A, B, Cor D) which you think fits, best according to the text. ‘There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house. The March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it. A Dormouse was sitting between them fast asleep and the other two were talking over its head. “Very uncomfortable for the Dormouse,” thought Alice, “only as it’s asleep, I suppose it doesn’t mind.” ‘The table was large, but the three of them were all crowded together at one corner of it. “No room! No room!” they cried out when they saw Alice coming. “There's plenty of room!” said Alice angrily and sat down in a large armchair at one end of the table. “Have some wine,” the March Hare said in an encouraging tone. Alice looked all round the table, but there was nothing on it but tea. “I don't see any wine,” she remarked. “There isn’t any,” said the March Hare “Then it wasn’t very civil of you to offer it,” said Alice crossly. “It wasn't very civil of you to sit down without being invited,” said the March Hare. “Your hair needs cutting,” said the Hatter. He had been looking at Alice for some time with great curiosity, but this was the first time he had spoken. “You shouldn't make personal remarks,” Alice said severely, “i's very rude.” ‘The Hatter opened his eyes very wide on hearing this, but all he said was, “Why is a raven like a writing-desk?” “Oh! We shall have some fun now!” thought Alice. She enjoyed answering riddles. “I believe I can guess that,” she said. “Do you mean that you think you can find out the answer toi “Exactly $0,” said Alice. ” asked the March Hare. “Then you should say what you mean,” the March Hare said. “Ido,” Alice quickly replied, “at least...at least I mean what I say, that’s the same thing, you know.” “It’s not the same thing at alll” said the Hatter. “You might just as well say that ‘I see what I eat’is the same thing as ‘I eat what I see'!” “You might just as well say,” added the March Hare, “that ‘I like what I get’is the same thing as ‘I get what I like.” “You might just as well say,” said the Dormouse, who seemed to be talking in his sleep, ‘I breathe when I sleep’ is the same thing as T sleep when I breathe!” “Itis the same thing with you.” said the Hatter and here the conversation came to a halt and the party sat silent for a minute, while Alice thought over all she could remember about ravens and writing desks, which wasn't much. ‘The Hatter was the first to break the silence. “What day of the month is it?" he said turning to Alice. He had. taken his watch out of his pocket and was looking at it uneasily shaking it every now and then, and holding it to his car. Alice considered a little, and then said “It's the fourth.” “Two days wrong,” sighed the Hatter. “I told you that butter wouldn't fix it,” he added looking angrily at the March Hare. “Tt was best butter,” the March Hare meekly replied. “Yes, but some crumbs must have got in as well,” the Hatter grumbled. “You shouldn't have put it in with the bread knife.” ‘The March Hare took it and looked at it gloomily, then he dipped it into his cup of tea, and looked atit again, but he could think of nothing better to say than his first remark, “It was the best butter, you know.”10 n 13 4 ‘What did the March Hare and the Hatter really mean by saying “No room! No room!” in line 4? ‘The place was very crowded. They didn’t want Alice to sit with them, ‘There wasn't a free room in the house. They were uncomfortable. oneD What was the Hatter’s first reaction towards Alice? A. He offered to cut her hair. B He stared at her with great interest. © He made a rude comment. D_ He asked her lots of questions. According to Alice, who was impolite? the Hatter the March Hare both the Hatter and the March Hare neither the Hatter nor the March Hare onop> Why did Alice not answer the Hatter's riddle? A. She wasn't given an opportunity to. B She didn't understand it. € She didn’t think it was worth answering. D_ She changed the subject. Practice Test 2 CZ What did the March Hare, the Hatter and the Dormouse do when Alice claimed that she meant what she said? They gave her some good examples of it. ‘They agreed with her completely. They ignored her and continued eating. ‘They were very critical of her claim. goop Who is ‘you’ in line 27? Alice the March Hare the Dormouse the March Hare and the Dormouse onop According to the Hatter, why was his watch not working? A He took the March Hare's advice. B He dipped it into his cup of tea. © He used a bread knife on it. D_ He didn’t oil it with butter.D Practice Test 2 You are going to read a newspaper article about a sumo wrestler called Konishiki, Seven paragraphs have been removed from the ar le. Choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (15-20). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). Sumo Wrestling: the Konishiki Way Cameron Russell, a journalist, travels to Japan to find out about a legend in sumo wrestling. As L was waiting at Tokyo's International Airport for my flight back to London, an announcement over the PA informed passengers of a delay due to bad weather conditions. Having nothing better to do, I decided to start my article for the Daily Chronicle on a sumo wrestler, whose ring name is Konishiki. qt H Konishiki, however, is his professional name. His real name is Salevaa Atisanoe. He was born in a poor village in Hawaii and comes from a typical Samoan family. By the time he was sixteen, Konishiki already had all the attributes necessary for a sumo wrestler. 15 | Konishiki moved to Japan in the early 1980s and within two years he had already fought and beaten many of the great champions of sumo. His success, however, had not come easy. ‘Avypical day includes getting up at 4:30 in the morning and working out for over four hours. The young wrestlers sleep twenty to a room and do their own deaning and cooking. This is no mean feat, as they consume enormous amounts of food to keep their weight up. However, weight is not the key to winning a fight. A successful sumo wrestler depends on speed and skill to outsmart his opponent. That is why there are no ‘weight categoriesin competitions. A light wrestler may have to fight an opponent twice his weight. i This and many other rituals are the essence of sumo. The sport prides itself on upholding traditional ‘Japanese values and morals. This could prove difficult fora person not brought up in Japan. Many in the association refused to give him the title on the grounds that he had not mastered the many intricate movements in sumo. Although there are forty-eight movements in sumo wrestling, Konishiki mastered just two, which were enough for him to reach the top in eight tournaments. EJ Even though Konishiki may have had problems with the association, sumo fans kept supporting him. Many of them accused the association of being out of touch with modern expectations. Young fans across Japan loved his style and the excitement he brought to the sport.On arriving in Japan, Konishiki joined the ‘Takarago stable. Stables are where wrestlers live, train and work together as a team. Their main goal is to uphold the sumo traditions of order, hierarchy and mannered behaviour. Needless to say that the facilities are spartan, Practice Tet 2 Konishiki was more or less responsible for brutalising the sport by using those two simple movements. ‘This infuriated many in the association, who believed sumo’s traditional techniques were an art form and not simply a brutish game played by big guys. Heaviness is the most prominent feature of a sumo wrestler, as they usually weigh between 130 and 200 kilograms. The heavier they are, the more stable they are, because the weight gives them a low centre of gravity, making it harder to tip them over. ‘The wrestlers enter a circular ring covered with smooth earth, barefoot and naked to the waist. ‘The fight is supervised by a referee called a gyoji, who bears a dagger said to have been used by referees in the past to disembowel themselves in case of a miscall, Konishiki was criticised for not respecting these age-old traditions, which often created friction between him and the Sumo Association. This would cost Konishiki dearly. When he was in the superior position, through his wins, to be declared the first non-Japanese grand champion, this just did not happen, Konishiki, as well as being a master of his game is also a very spiritual man. He spends a lot of his free time, which he has more of nowadays, in his favourite ashram. He was over two metres tall and weighed 180 kilos. So, when he was discovered by a retired professional wrestler who was scouting for the Japanese, nobody was too surprised. But who is Konishiki? Outside Japan, he is not very well-known, Only a few foreigners like me, who follow sumo wrestling religiously, know this grand master of sumo.D Practice Test 2 Ye rm You ore goingto read a magazine article about different university students’ choice of courses. For questions 21-35, choose from the people AD. The people may be chosen more than once. There isan example at the beginning (0). Which student suggests the following? A THE WRITER B CLARE WILSON © ANDY GRIMES D CELESTINO DELEYTO o Thad the opportunity to live in a foreign country. Tenjoy the variety offered by my course. Thad some difficulty overcoming an objection from my family. Thave always had a curious nature. Thave become quite antisocial recently. Thave always known what I wanted to do. Lam still not sure if I'm doing the right thing. My exam results assured me of my choice of course. Thave changed my attitude while at university I was influenced by one of my parents. I wanted to take the same course as my friends. A serious illness influenced my choice of course. I was offered places at various colleges. I selected a course because of its broad nature. Thad no prior knowledge of what university would be like believe in taking full advantage of what's on offer.Practice Test 2. Some university students look back at the combination of circumstances that found them on their present course. During a lecture last week I asked myself the question, “Why Biology?” What influenced me to devote three years to studying this subject? After all, it's the kind of decision which really affects your life. My decision could best be described as accidental. When I was fifteen, I developed a condition which almost killed me. It took the doctors ages to find the cause of my symptoms. During this time, my family and I realised how precious life is and how little we still know about how our bodies function. From then on, anything I found in newspapers or magazines concerning biological experimentation fascinated me. Consequently, science exams at school became a breeze and my teachers had a problem keeping me quiet when we discussed certain topics. Then, from achieving high grades at school, I decided on the course that appealed tome most and entered university My choice of subject came about because of a near tragic situation but there are those who believe in destiny. Clare Wilson says she was born to be a journalist. “My mother told me that from a very early age I was constantly asking questions. I always had to know what was going on.” However, her innate search for facts didn’t lead her directly to her choice of course. “Out of the three courses available to me, I chose Media and Communication because I thought it covered a wider area than just straightforward journalism.” It's true that some students follow in their parents’ footsteps. Clare's father is a photo-journalist. “As a child, I seemed to spend a lot of time going to work with my dad and I certainly do remember enjoying the atmosphere there. However, as I've already said, ever since I can remember I've wanted to do this. Maybe I inherited a gene or something from my dad which has affected me, I don't know.” For many undergraduates it's more of a trial and error situation. A subject is chosen almost randomly and success depends on the student adapting to the needs of the course. This was the case for Andy Grimes, who saw university as simply an opportunity to enjoy himself for three years. “It's true that I chose linguistics because a few of my mates were doing it, but I believe that most people go into university blind. You don’t know what the facilities, the tutors or the other students are really like until you get there!” he said, However, Andy's decision turned out to be a fruitful one. “In my first year I was going out every night and missing classes all the time. Now, I find myself turning down offers to parties because I have an early lecture 1 want to attend. I'm really getting into the subjectand I love the way it involves other disciplines such as film, media and sociology,” he said. Even if your motivation is weak in the beginning, you can still benefit from the course. It seems that sometimes a course can find the right student and not the other way round. Even if you are confident you have made the right decision, for some students there is still an element of risk. Gelestino Deleyto is a Spanish student of economics who found it difficult to leave his homeland. “My mum was furious when I told her. She wouldn't speak to me for weeks. I wanted to study economics from my last couple of years at school but the question was where? I had been accepted at Madrid and Zaragoza universities, but the ‘courses didn’t focus on what I'm interested in. I didn’t even consider going abroad at first, but after a while I quite liked the idea. It was.a chance to improve my English and get to know a different way of life,” he says. “Whether or not I made the right decision, I still don’t know. I'm doing OK here, my grades are good and my English is almost fluent. However, even if !changed my mind, there's not much I could do about it. I made my decision and Thave to stick to it. For me this is the best philosophy: whichever course you choose, make the most of i.”PRACTICE TEST ©) mW You are going to read a magazine article about The Sydney Opera House. Choose the most suitable heading from the list Acl for each part ofthe article (1-7). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0) A grand beginning Excellent sound system Difficulties overcome A building of contrasts Expensive cultural complex required First-class arts venue A place with many facilities Unconventional plan wins contest An Australian landmarkSydney Opera House | 0 | 1 ‘The Sydney Opera House is one of the world’s most recognisable sights and is photographed almost as often as the Eiffel Tower and the Empire State Building. Although only completed in 1973, itis as representative of Australia as the Taj Mahal is of India and the Pyramids are of Egypt. But, how did this masterpiece of modern architecture come into being? Back in the 1950s, a group of philanthropic citizens decided that Sydney needed a centre for the promotion of the performing arts. The then premier Joseph Cahill became very enthusiastic about the idea, so he set up a committee and established an appeal fund in order to finance the construction of an opera house. However, it was soon clear that the project would require a great deal of money, so a lottery was introduced ‘An international competition was held to find a design, for the building. The ultimate winner was Danish architect Jorn Utzon, The distinguishing feature of Utzon’s design was a roof that resembled a ship in full sail. This design was so daring and progressive that it went beyond the engineering capabilities of the time. twas therefore necessary for Utzon to spend a couple of years researching and reworking the original design in order to come up with an idea which would make it, structurally possible. ‘The project itself got under way in 1954, but Utzon resigned in 1966 because of controversy regarding cost, and disagreements over interior design. A team of ‘Australian architects took over and began to extensively review what function the building would serve. They managed to deal with all the obstacles in their way and successfully completed the building, which has become a symbol of art worldwide. Practice Test 3 The name ‘Opera House’ is a little bit of an understatement for this massive complex. There are almosta thousand rooms in the Sydney Opera House, including the four main auditoriums. They consist of a reception hall, ive rehearsal studios, four restaurants, six theatre bars, sixty dressing rooms and suites, a library, a lounge for artists and a miscellaneous collection of other utility areas. 5 | ‘The main concert hall seats 2,690 people. The acoustics are regarded as being among the best in the world, giving the symphonic music played there an optimum tone. Acrylic acoustic rings are hung above the platform, which add to the performance level. This helps make it suitable not only for performances of lassical music but also for a large variety of different, musical presentations. ‘The first performance at the Sydney Opera House was, Prokofiev's ‘War and Peace’ by the Australian Opera Company. This was followed less than a month later by a gala official opening by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth I on the twentieth of October 1973. Since its opening, the Sydney Opera House has established itself as a leading force in cultural development. The management aims to ensure that visitors and patrons have a memorable experience by promoting and presenting a broad mix of high quality arts entertainment. Added to this, is its geographic location dominating the skyline of Sydney Harbour. Itis no doubt one of the most culturally rich institutions in the world.LD Practice Test 3 You are going to read a magazine article about the cinema. For questions 8-15, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think best fits according to the text. Before the First World War, the dominant force in cinema was European. The European film-makers ‘were the ones really experimenting with visual imagery and taking it to its limits. The Americans, admittedly, had DW Griffith, an extraordinary film-maker, but he was the exception rather than the rule in Hollywood. Filmmakers like the Lumiére Brothers from France filmed some of the most beautiful images of Parisian life using a light-weight camera they had invented themselves. This camera allowed the user to be more mobile, therefore enabling them to film anywhere they pleased. Many film historians also claim that the Lumiere brothers were the first to use slapstick comedy as a film style. However, the first World War put an end to Europe's short-lived domination in cinema. The scale of the war, never before seen in the history of humankind, left behind a continent in ruins. The film-making facilities that had survived were minimal. This was when Hollywood stepped in and took over. Between the wars, Hollywood films undoubtedly became very popular in Europe. Large studio companies such as MGM and Warner Brothers became very influential. However, the serious theoretical and artistic work was being done in countries like Germany and Russia. The films made in these countries were very important, as they tended to look at cinema more as an art form than as a commercial venture. There were Hollywood directors who respected the revolutionary discoveries being made by the Germans and the Russians and did use some of these ideas in their films. ‘The Second World War, however, was another terrible blow to Europe's small but important cinema industry. In 1945, Europe was completely bankrupt and so looked to America for help and guidance. This came in the form of the ‘Marshall plan’, which provided the necessary finance to help kickstart the Western European economies. It also allowed American culture and Hollywood in particular to become the dominating cultural force in Western Europe. Europe was not in a position to offer anything of substance to the cinema world until the late 1950s and early 1960s. French and Italian directors led the way with the new wave and neo-realist movements respectively. They were opposed to Hollywood's ‘blockbuster’ mentality. The Europeans brought back experimentation and developed themes related to post-war Europe. Many European film-makers openly accused Hollywood of being too concerned with producing money-making films, but at the same time they were unable to attract many people to their own more ‘philosophical’ type productions. Up until the present time, Hollywood still continues to produce ‘blockbusters’ in order to attract very large audience. Nevertheless, things have been changing over the last few years and an alternative film scene has come into being. This is based in the New York area and is composed of film-makers who have been deeply 3 influenced by European directors. ‘On the other side of the Atlantic, Europeans and particularly the French are creating films that are more “‘audience-friendly’ and less experimental, in order to attract crowds. These changes on both sides of the Adantic have brought about a ‘mini-renaissance’ in the film industry as a whole. As a result, the number of ‘cinemas as well as that of cinema-goers in both Europe and the USA have steadily increased. If this trend continues, the future will see less conflict between these two traditional rivals. This can only be seen as a good thing for cinema.13 4 Practice Test 3 DW Griffith was the exception in Hollywood because he was an American. he experimented, he established new rules. he was a European. gnep Why were most European cinemas showing films made in Hollywood after the end of World War I? ‘These films were superior. ‘These films were more artistic in nature. ‘The Europeans were not making many films. ‘The Americans took over the European studios. onep Who was mainly responsible for attempting new approaches to film-making between the wars? MGM and Warner Brothers European cinema audiences a number of Hollywood directors German and Russian film-makers yop What does It in line 20 refer to? the Western European economy the Marshall plan World War IT the cinema industry onwp Why were Hollywood films more popular in Europe just after World War 11? ‘They were similar to French and Italian films. ‘They provided financial help to Europe. ‘They had no competition. ‘They used German and Russian ideas. vaop What is meant by ‘audience friendly’ in line 33 ? popular with intellectuals appealing to cinema goers easy to make suitable for large cinemas A B c > During the past few years A. Hollywood has not been producing many successful films. B European film-makers have become more experimental. € more people have been secing films. D cinemas have become more ‘audience-friendly’. This piece is aimed at people interested in Hollywood studios. European history the history of cinema. blockbuster productions. onepPractice Test 3 Youare going to read « magazine article about Jane Goodall. Seven sentences have been removed from the article, Choose from the sentences AH the one which fits each gap (16-21). There is one exira sentence which you do not need tose. There is an example al the beginning (0). Jane of the Jungle Will Lawlor takes a look at the life and achievements of eminent zoologist Jane Goodall. Jane Goodall is a modern zoologist, whose field research with chimpanzees has made unparalleled iscoveries about their behaviour. But how did Jane become so involved in the first place? Jane's interest in animals was evident from a very early age. H_ She was also an avid reader of animal stories as soon as she could read. Her favourite books included ‘Tarzan’ and The Jungle Books’ and she was already convinced by the time she was nine years old that she would travel to Africa to live with the animals and write books about them. On finishing school, Jane got a job as a waitress. As soon as she had saved enough money, she gave up her job and flew to Kenya to stay with a friend. There, she was very fortunate to meet Dr Leakey, the outstanding anthropologist who took her on as his assistant. She frequently accompanied him on expeditions. Jane found being in the heart of Africa, where there were no tracks, no roads, nothing but untouched natural beauty, a magical experience. After about a year Dr Leakey asked her if she was interested in doing a field study. He told her about a group of chimpanzees which inhabited a lake shore in a very isolated area. Jane was thrilled at the prospect of being able to study the animals in their own environment. The primary aim of the study was to shed as much light as possible on their behaviour before the advance of civilisation made it impossible. ‘The reason for this is that the chimpanzee along with the great ape are the closest biological relatives to the human species on our planet. Before setting off, Jane had been warned that she would never be able to get close to the chimps unless she camouflaged herself extremely well. During the first few weeks of the study she was often filled with frustration and despair, as she couldn't get anywhere near the chimps. Q ‘The chimps eventually came to accept her presence, enabling her to move closer and closer to them without scaring them away. In fact, after a while the chimpanzees became so accustomed to having her around that they treated her with almost casual indifference. ‘As the animals became more accepting, she was able to sit among them as if she was just another chimp. She monitored their behavioural patterns and after a few months could even identify individual chimps based on their idiosyncratic gestures or mannerisms. She named many of them afier friends or acquaintances that they reminded her of. The striking resemblances between humans and chimpanzees, especially in the way they express their emotions, is described by Jane asa humbling experience. ___She believes that these findings will lead to our being more respectful not only of the chimpanzees and their way of life, but also of all other life forms ‘on this planet who suffer as a result of so-called human superiority.Practice Tot 3 It taught her as much about the human beings’ place in nature as it did about that of chimpanzees. It was then that she realised that this was her dream and she was living in it. Unfortunately, her study of chimpanzees did not begin until much later. However, she didn’t give up and after weeks of constant observation, her patience was rewarded. Her mother also encouraged her by telling her that ifshe was really determined to do something and tried hard enough, she could do it. At this intimate range, she was able to observe details about their lives which had never before been recorded. It was also hoped that the results of the investigation would help man in his quest towards understanding himself. When she was two, her father bought her a toy chimpanzee, which she immediately fell in love with.TD Practice Test 3 You are going to read some information about alternative forms of medicine. For questions 22-35, choose from the methods A+E. Some of the methods may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example at the beginning (0). Which of the methods is used to relieve pain during an operation? involves a cleansing process of the body? was discovered by chance? can help someone who wants to lose weight? can be helpful in the treatment of psychological problems? is viewed with suspicion by most doctors? Hw involves the use of breathing techniques? mainly involves the sense of touch? gives small quantities of medication? focuses on why an illness occurs? can be practised by the patients themselves? guuH g may require the patient to exercise? was used in ancient times? ggB HOMEOPATHY This method is based on the widely accepted principle that the body has the ability to heal itself. By producing variety of reactions, the body tries to fight off an illness the best way it can. These reactions can be seen as symptoms of the illness, so, by producing such symptoms, homeopaths try to fight the disease. They bring about such reactions by administering diluted doses of substances, which have been found to produce the desired reactions. However, too much of a substance may prove dangerous and so great care is, taken in the preparation of this kind of remedy. Since homeopathy focuses only on the symptoms of an illness and notits cause, it has come under criticism by various practitioners. Go NATUROPATHY ‘The aim of this method is to help the body reach its original state of wholeness. Its believed that disease is caused by the presence of certain toxins in the body, which disrupt its efficiency. This is why naturopaths try to help the body eliminate any waste products, thus purifying itself. However, instead of using drugs or surgery, naturopathy uses methods such as fasting, hydrotherapy, physical activity and vegetarian diets. Unlike homeopathy, this method focuses on the origins of disease and aims to eliminate them. g HYPNOSIS “This method works by creating a change in the patient's state of consciousness. Itis brought about by a hypnotist ‘who either repeats certain verbal commands or gives the patient certain tasks to perform. Hypnosis can also be self-induced, by trained relaxation, concentration ‘on one’s own breathing, or by a variety of other Practice Test 3 CON exercises. Hypnosis can be used to treat various physiological disturbances such as back pain and the pain resulting from acute burns and cancer. It is also helpful inthe treatment of behavioural difficulties such as cigarette smoking, overeating and insomnia. However, recent research has stressed the uncertain reliability of this method. oO CHIROPRACTIC MEDICINE ‘This method has been practised through the ages, ever since the time of Hippocrates. It is also the most popular healing method that does not make use of drugs or surgical techniques. It is based on a holistic approach that takes all aspects of the human condition into account. It treats diseases through counselling, hygiene, nutrition and manipulation of the spine and other joints. Physical contact is a major element in this type of therapy and is used to improve the patient's physical co-ordination and to encourage greater relaxation. G ACUPUNCTURE This well-known form of oriental medicine was first practised in China thousands of years ago. The Chinese came across it accidentally, when they noticed that soldiers who were wounded by arrows managed to miraculously recover from diseases they had been suffering from for years. Acupuncture involves the injection of needles into the body at various points where ‘dynamic energy’ is believed to flow. The obstruction of this energy is believed to result in disease. By locating the obstruction point and painlessly aneedle there, the balance in the flow of ‘energy is restored. Recently, there has been widespread use of this method in the treatment of pain and as an anaesthetic for certain forms of surgery.PRACTICE TEST () part 1 You are going to read a newspaper article about two holiday resorts in Japan. Choose from the list Al the sentence, which best summarises each part (1-7] of the article. There is one exira sentence, which you do not need to use. There is anexample at the beginning (0) ‘The general preference is for the man-made option. ‘The man-made resort offers a variety of activities. ‘The Japanese do not have the time to go to appropriate holiday places. People suffering from tension visit the centre. Conditions on the coast are not acceptable. ‘The resort is easily accessible and quite impressive. ‘The climate doesn't allow people to enjoy the natural slopes. ‘An effort has been made to make the resort as close to the real thing as possible. ‘The Japanese have come up with another innovative idea.Practice Test Pleasure Domes ca 1 From the land that brought us the virtual pet and the virtual pop star comes the latest refinement in leisure - the virtual seaside and ski slope. These completely artificial indoor recreational centres are to be found right in the heart of Japan, far from the coast or from any mountains. Lying southwest of Tokyo, the capital city of Japan, the world’s largest hi-tech ocean dome attracts about 10,000 sun-seekers from all over the country every day. Many of these pleasure-seekers are overstressed office workers ‘who find solace in the artificial seaside resort. Even if this beach holiday is anything but real, it does its best to try and recreate the beauty of the seaside. ‘The water is chlorinated and electrically heated so that it remains at a steady 30° centigrade in an area as big, as ten Olympic-size swimming pools. In addition, pumps have been installed which create waves of up to three metres in height. As for the sand, it's made entirely of crushed marble extending over an area just under three kilometres long. However, an imitation beach holiday wouldn't be complete without the optional recreational pastimes. ‘The Ocean Dome offers choices ranging froma simple high slide sloping down into the water to an intricate rollercoaster on a raft accross an underground lake. Yet, ifholiday-seekers want to bypass the beach scene, they can visit the Ski Dome. Justa halfhour-drive from the centre of Tokyo, the complex offers slopes with enough snow to cover five football pitches. The temperature is maintained at a steady 2° centigrade, so skiers can enjoy the main piste, which drops 80 metres, the equivalent to a 20 storey office block. But why spend good money on an artificial beach or ski slope when you can enjoy the real thing for only a fraction of the cost? Unfortunately, this is not practical as far as the Japanese are concerned for a number of reasons. First of all, bathing off the Japanese coast isn’t very enjoyable, even during the summer months when the weather is hot and humid. During the months of June and July, it rains continuously for about six weeks. Furthermore, the sea is cold, polluted and crawling with sharks. As for skiing, the winters in Japan aren't cold enough to enjoy the pistes. This is due to the fact that a warm current flows north past the coast of Japan, not allowing the temperature to drop low enough for it to snow. Besides, why travel hours away to find ski slopes when you have perfect man-made ones just around the corner?DD Practice Test @ You are going to read a short story. For questions 8-15, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best caccordingto the next. Living in South Africa, I had always taken the wildlife pretty much for granted. Not to say that we were surrounded by it, but the accessibility of game parks and wildlife sanctuaries always made it seem like a natural part of the environment. For this reason, I suppose that the way my European friends used to talk to me, wasn't so strange after all. They would ask me what I thought at the time were really silly questions which got on my nerves. They'd say things like ‘Do you have a pet baboon?’ or ‘Do you travel to school by elephant?’. ‘When Amanda, a friend of mine who was visiting from England, invited me to join her and a group of friends on a wildlife expedition, 1 was not brimming with enthusiasm. However, from the moment we entered the gates of the Zaluzi game reserve, I knew that this was not going to be anything like I had expected. We had been travelling along the National Road when, suddenly, we swerved onto a dirt track which seemed to be hidden in the middle of nowhere. Miraculously, the scenery changed dramatically. The civilized environment took on a wild, chaotic aspect and continued to do so as we penetrated deeper into the bush. After having a good night's sleep at one of the reserve’s bungalows, we were woken at the crack of dawn. After a quick breakfast we piled into a jeep and set off. Our guide assured us that the early start was necessary in order to have the best chance of seeing what was really worthwhile. Armed with just a thermos of coffee, we set out towards the shore of a small lake where it was expected that we could see the animals that used it as their morning watering hole. ‘On the way to our destination, we topped a hill and there, sithouetted against the emerging morning ‘ht, were a group of animals. It was a stunning sight. As we moved closer, the animals did not appear tobe alarmed by our presence. Pet baboons aside, I had never before come within such close range of a pride of lions. It did cross my mind, however, that we might be in a certain amount of danger. When I asked Timothy, our game ranger, if we were actually in any danger, he bluntly replied that one is never entirely safe in the bush, but his knowledge and experience allowed him to anticipate any danger with reasonable accuracy. However, the following day there was some cause for alarm. Not having started out so early, we missed the sightings of the day before. We decided to drive around for a while, hoping to come across something of interest. Suddenly our tracker perched up on the back of our vehicle, signalled to the driver tohalt and at the same moment I realised that this time we had stumbled right into a pride of ions. The driver promptly turned off the engine and in a low voice warned us to remain seated and not to make any abrupt movements. The lions were picking at what looked like the carcass of a zebra. Timothy, later told us how much to our advantage this was. Had their bellies not been full, their reaction to us would surely have been otherwise. As the nearest lion was less than three metres away from the jeep, I considered that we had been very lucky indeed. Allin all, itwas a wonderful trip. Our near miss with the lions was without a doubt the highlight, but what it taught me yet again was how easy it is to be indifferent to our surroundings and not have a full appreciation of the beauty around us.n 12 13 4 5 How did the writer feel about the questions her European friends asked? ridiculous irritated strange embarrassed oae> When did the writer's attitude change about the expedition? A when she was travelling along the dirt track B when she received her invitation © when she arrived at the game reserve D when her friend arrived from England ‘The guide woke everyone up very early, so they could have breakfast. wouldn't miss an opportunity. had plenty of time to visit different places. wouldn't miss the sunrise. oaaD> What does ‘It’ in line 20 refer to? A the pride of lions B the destination © the top of the hill D the morning light ‘Timothy's experience as a game ranger was valuable because he A could supply a blunt answer to any question. B knew how to frighten the animals. © knew the game reserve well. D could identify trouble in advance. Why did the tracker signal to the driver of the jeep to stop? A to avoid disturbing the lions B to geta better look at the lions © to study the lions’ movements D to see what the lions were eating What does the writer mean by ‘we had been very lucky indeed’ in line $4? A They had seen the lions up close. B They hadn't been attacked. © They had a good guide with them. D They had gone ona trip. What conclusion does the writer of the text come to? A We ofien do not realise how attractive our environment really is. B It is not clever to unnecessarily put ourselves in dangerous situations. © We don't respect wild animals enough. D We should protect our surroundings. Practice Test 4 CEN