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iªßMã Û)Ù1Ú Û’Ý|Ú/Ü \ÛHÞ-S ß Kæ-Ù1áIÛFæ ãÏâaÜ1æ KâaçaçVßeß Kæ-Ù ÛFâV܎Ž
á ! ~ = 1('ÛHÞ9٠ےè-ß4ã/à4Ú/âaåUß4ã@ÛFÞ-ßMè-ßá-ãHâOÛBî
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ρ(t)

ρ̇(t) = −i[H, ρ(t)]

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= −iLρ(t), 

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Ïâa܎‘æ âVçaçVßeß Ÿæ9Ù;ÛFâaÜ1áâVã

sρ̃(s) = ρ(0) − iLρ̃(s),

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âaá{ÛFÞ —ß ÏJÙ1ä çòÙ1àß>ã/ä9Ù1àß1õ ρ̃(s) = ρ(0)  y’Ü1ÛFßÛFÞ-Ù Û
1 1 âaã’Ùhã/æ-äUß4ÚHÜ1äxßÚFÙ ÛH܎ÚeÙ á-è ã/Þ-܎æ-çVè
åUß>âVáIÛFß4Ú/ä-ÚHßÛFßèÙ1ãqÛHÞ-ßMâa>á ŽßÚHãHß>Ü1Ý (s + iL) 
s+iL s+iL

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á ¥ÜŽã Ûqä-ÞIîKãHâVà6Ù1çÙ ä-ä-çaâVà6Ù ÛHâa܎á ã4õŸéEßMÙ1Ú/ߑ܎á-çOîâVáIÛFß4Ú/ß4ã ÛFß4è{âVáä-ÚH܎äUß4Ú ÛFâVß4ãEÛHÞ9Ù Û@Ù1Ú/ßè-ßÛHß4"Ú !
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õP ŽéEß@è-8â âVè-ß'ÛHÞ-ßqè-ßá-ãHâOÛBTî Ù;ÛFÚHâ ˜Ü1Ý9ÛFÞ-ßpÛHÜ1Û)Ù ç ã/îKã ÛFß ¨âVáIÛFÜّÚ/ß4çaß  Ù1áIÛ*ä9Ù1Ú/Û ρ (t) = Pρ(t) õ
Ù1á-èÙ1áâaÚ/ÚHßçaß  Ù1áIÛrä9Ù1Ú Û ρ (t) = (1 − P)ρ(t) ≡ Qρ(t) õ ãHܔÛHÞ9Ù Û ρ(t) = ρ (t) + ρ (t)  yÜ1ÛHß
1

2 1 2

ô Q1ð
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Ù1á-è PQ = QP = 0  ]ä-ä-çOî âVá-ê P Ù1á-è Q ÛFÜåUÜ1ÛFހã/âaè-ßãÜ1ÝJ#'  !$Q  øLð>(õxéE߈܎å Û)Ù1âVá ÛBé'Ü
à4Ü1æ-ä-çaßè çVâaá-ß4Ù1Úpß Kæ-Ù ÛFâV܎á-ã4ë

sρ˜1 (s) − ρ1 (0) = −iPL[ρ˜1 (s) + ρ˜2 (s)],

sρ˜2 (s) − ρ2 (0) = −iQL[ρ˜1 (s) + ρ˜2 (s)].

&qÞ-ßãH߈ߟæ9Ù;ÛFâaÜ1á-ãeà4Ù1á€åUß¡ãH܎ç8 ŽßèÛFÜÜ1å Û)Ù1âVá ÛHÞ-ߘÝ|܎Ú6Ù çã/܎çaæ ÛFâaÜ1á Ý|܎Ú@ÛFÞ-ߔÚHß4çVß  Ù1áIۑä-Ù1Ú/۝Ü1Ý

ÛFÞ ß>è ß4á-ã/âVÛBî3¥ Ù ÛFÚ/â8 âaáÛFÞ ß—JÏ Ù1ä çòÙ1àßãHä9Ù1àß1õ

sρ˜s (s) − ρs (0) = −iPLρ˜s (s) − iPL

1
ρb (0) − PL
1
QLρ˜s (s)].
!ËQ

øLö(
s + iQL s + iQL
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ߟæ9Ù;ÛFâaÜ1á{ÛHÞ9٠ےè-ßãHà4Ú/âaåUß4ãqÛFÞ ßMÛHâhߑß 1܎çaæ ÛFâaÜ1áÜ Ý ρ (t) ë 1

ρ˙1 (t) = −iPLe −iQLt

ρ2 (0) − iPLρ1 (t) −
Z t
dτ K(τ )ρ1 (t − τ ),
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K(τ ) = PLe−iQLτ QL.

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ρ2 (0) 
aâ á âVÛFâaÙ1çIà4Ü1á-è-âVÛHâa܎á”ãHÜÛFÞ9Ù;Û Pρ(0) = ρ(0) õŽé'ßqà6Ù1á"¥ÙD1ß ρ (0) = 0 õIÙ1á è¡ÛFÞ-ß ρ (0) ÛFßÚFÓé@âaçaç
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åUß>ã/â hä-ça8â b9ß4è¥ÛFÜ
ô Q1ö
 ρ˙1 (t) = −iPLρ1 (t) −
Z t
dτ K(τ )ρ1 (t − τ ).
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H
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S B

λH  H
ÛFÞ-Ù ÛpÛFÞ ß4âaÚ'à4Ü ¡æ ÛFÙ ÛFÜ1JÚ  Ù1á-âVãHÞ-ßã4õ [H , H ] = 0  &qÞ ß‘à4܎Ú/ÚHßãHäU܎á-è-âVá-"ê Ïâa܎æ KâVçaçaß@܎äUß4ÚHÙ ÛFÜ1Ú
SB S B

à6Ù á åUßMè-ß4àÜ ¥äU܎ã/ß4è Ù1à4à܎ÚHè-âVá-êŽçOîxë

S B

L = LS + LB + λLSB .
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P Q=1−P

!ËQ 5ô L>(
Pρ = ρeq
b TrB ρ. 

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L P = PL = 0 PL Q = QL P = 0
õ õÙ á-è PL P = 0  &qÞ ßˆçòÙ1ã ۑß Ÿæ9Ù çaâVÛBîâVãeÛFÚ/æ-ß
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B B S S SB

SB SB eq

ô1ðŽñ
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eq
h...ieq
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B b SB eq

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S
0
H = H − hH i
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SB SB SB eq

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SB SB eq

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è-ßêŽÚHßß4ã’Ü1݆Ý|Ú/ß4ßè-Ü ë

σ̇(t) = TrB ρ̇1 (t)

Z !ËQ ô .(
t  
= −iLs σ(t) − λ 2
dτ TrB LSB e −iQLτ
QLSB ρeq
b σ(t − τ ).
0

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eq

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