MATHEMATICS CLASS XI (INCLUDING VALUE BASED QUESTIONS) (Strictly according to the Latest Syllabus approved by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi) by M.L. Aggarwal Former Head of P.G. Department of Mathematics D.AV. College, Jalandhar ARYA PUBLICATIONS (AVICHAL PUBLISHING COMPANY) 7, INDL. AREA, TRILOKPUR ROAD, KALA AMB 173 030, DISTT. SIRMOUR (HP. Delhi Office : 1002 Faiz Road, (opp. Hanuman Murti), Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110 005All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitled in any form or by any means without the prior written permi Published by : ARYA PUBLICATIONS AVICHAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 7, Industrial Area, Trilokpur Road Kala Amb- 17303), Distt. Sirmour (H.P.) Phone : 01702-238588, 238832 Delhi Office : 1002 Faiz Road (opp. Hanuman Murti) Karol Bagh, New Delhi -110.005 (India) Phone : 011-28752604, 28752745, 28755383 Fax: O11-28756921 Website: www.apebooks.co.in Email : info@apcbooks.co.in ISBN - 978-81 - 7855 -590-4 © Author First Fdition : 2002 Reprint : 2003 Second Edition : 2004 Reprint : 2004, 2005 Third Edition : 2096 Fourth Edition : 2007 Reprint : 2008 Fifth Edition : 2009 Reprint : 2010 Sixth Edition : 2011 Reprint : 2011, 12 Modified Edition : 2013 Seventh Edition : 2014 Price : @ 480,00 Laser Typeset at : Laser ‘Lech Prints Printed at: Deepak Offset Printers Bawana Industrial Arca, Delhi ‘on of the publishers Publication of Key to this book is Strictly prohibitedCONTENTS Chapters 1. Sets 2. Relations and Functions 3. Trigonometric Functions 4, Principle of Mathematical Induction 5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 6. Linear Inequalities 7. Permutations and Combinations 8. Binomial Theorem 9. Sequences and Series 10. Straight Lines 11. Conic Sections 12. Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry 13. Limits and Derivatives 14, Mathematical Reasoning 15. Statistics 16. Probability Pages 49 93 203 228 276 651 671 741SETS INTRODUCTION George Cantor, a mathematician, born in Russia and educated in Germany, was the first to realise the importance of sets. The concept of a set is useful in almost every branch of mathematics. In this chapter, you will learn — * the concept of a set + representations of a set * various types of sets + sot relations * subsets of real numbers — intervals + Venn diagrams + operations on sets + some basic results on cardinality of sets * practical use of sels in solving problems. 1.1 SETS In everyday life, we have to deal with collections or aggregates of objects of one kind or the other. For example, consider the following collections (@) the collection of even natural numbers less than 15 ie. of the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 4 (ii) the collection of vowels in the English alphabet ie. of the letters a, ¢, i, 0,1 Gi) all colours of rainbow. {i2) all states of India () alll rivers of India (v1) all prime factors of 330 ie. 2, 5, 5 and 11 (vit) the roots of the equation x? — 2x —3 = ie. 3 and -1 (ii) all straight lines (drawn in a particular plane) passing through a given point We note that each one of the above collections is a zell-defined collection of objects. By ‘well defined collection of objects! we mean that given a collection and an object, it should be possible to decide (beyond doubt) whether the object belongs to the given collection or not Set. Any well-defined collection of objects is called a set, The objects of the set are called its members or elements Thus, each one of the above collections is a set The terms ‘objects’, ‘members’ or ‘elements’ of a set are synonymous and are undefined.2 MATHEMATICS — XL Now, consider the collection of all good books on mathematics, Itis not a well-defined collection, since a mathematics book considered good by one person may not be considered good by another. So, this collection is not a set Note that the following collections are not well defined (i) all intelligent students of class XI of your school. (ii) all big cities of India (i) all beautiful girls of India 42) five most renowned scientists of the world. So, none of the above collections is a set The sels are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C ete., and the members of the sel are denoted by lower-case letters 2, b, ¢ ete If x is a member of the set A, we write x A (read as ‘x belongs to A’) and if x is not a member of the set A, we write x ¢ A (read as ‘x does not belong to A’). If-x and y both belong Ww A, we write yc A 1.1.1 Representations of a set There are two ways to represent a given set 1. Roster or tabular form. In this form, we list all the members of the set within braces (curly brackets) and separate these by commas. For example, (i) the set A of all even natural numbers less than 15 in the roster form is written as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}, Note that 2¢ A, 10 A while 5 ¢ A (if) the set S of vowels in the English alphabet in the tabular fornt is written as S = la, 6, i, 0, Gi) the set M of months of a year having less than 31 days in the roster form is written as M = (February, April, June, September, November}. (iv) the set L of letters in the word ‘JODHPUR’ in the tabular form is written as L = (J, O, D, H, P, U, R}. REMARKS, 1. The order of listing the clements in a set can be changed. Thus, the set (3, 7, 8, 12) may also be written as {7, 3, 8, 12} or {12, 7, 3, 8) ete. 2. If one or more elements of a set are repeated, the set remains the same, ‘Thus, the set (a, b, ¢, b, b, aj is the same as {a, b, ¢} 2 While listing the elements of a set, it is sufficient to list its members only once. Thus, the set X of letters in the word ‘MATHEMATICS’ in the tabular form is written as X = {M, A, T, H, E,1, C, Sh. 4, The roster form enables us to see all the members of a set at a glance. However, if the number of elements in a set is very large, then we represent the set by writing a few elements which clearly indicate the structure of the clements of the set followed (or preceded) by three dots and then writing the last clement (if it exists) Thus, the set A of add natural numbers between 50 and 500 in the tabular form can be written as A = {51, 53, 55, ..., 499}. The set P of even integers less than 10 in the roster form can be writlen as P= (.., 4, -2, 0, 2,4, 6, 8h 2. Set builder form or rule method. In this form, we write a variable (say x) representing any member of the set which is followed by a colon ‘:' and thereafter we write the property satisfied by each member of the set and then enclose the whole description within braces. If A is a set property p, we write A = [x : x has property p), which is read as “the set of elements x such that x has the properly p’. consisting of elements x havinSETS 3 The colon ":’ stands for the words ‘such that’, Sometimes, we use the symbol ‘I’ in place of the colon ‘2’ For example, (i) the set A of all even natural numbers less than 15 in the builder form is written as A = fy sx is an even natural number less than 15} (ii) the set $ of vowels in the English alphabet in the builder form is written as § = [x sx is a vowel in the English alphabet! (iit) the set S = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...} in the builder form can be written as S = bv: xis the square of a natural number] 1.1.2 Kinds of sets L. Empty set. A sef which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the null set ov the void set. There is only one such set It is denoted by 6 or ( For example, (i) the collection of natural numbers less than 1 (if) (x: 2v + 11 = 3 and x is @ natural number} Gin) (x 9 and x is an even integer}. iv) (x +x isan even prime number greater than 2} Each one of these is the emply set 2. Singleton set. A set that contains only one element is called « singleton (or unit) set. For example, @ (0) (i) (v: 3x-1 = 8) (ii) {x sx is the capital of India} Each one of these is a singleton set 3. Finite set. A set that conterns a limited (definite) number of different elements is called a finite set. For example, @) S= (we, i, 0, u) (it) A = (2 4,6, ..., 100}. (tit) S = (es x is the capital of India}. (io) M = {x sx isa month of a year} (@) P= (xix Nand x is a prime factor of 210) ix. (2, 3, 5, Each one of these is a finite set NOTE As the empty set has no elements, @ is a finite set. 4. Infinite set. A set that contains an unlimited number of ¢ set. In other words, a set which is not finite is called an infinite set ifferent elements is called an infinite For example, (® the set of even natural numbers te. (2, 4, 6, «4. (it) (xv sx € N and xis prime] ie. (2, 3, 5, 7, 11,13, ..} (iii) the set of all points on a line segment. (io) the set of all straight lines (drawn in a particular plane) passing through a given point. Each one of these is an infinite set NOTE All infinite sets cannot be written in the roster form. For example, the set of real numbers cannot be written in this form because the elements of this set do not follow any pattern.4 MATHEMATICS — XI 1.1.3 Cardinal number (or order) of a finite set The number of different elements in a finite set A is called the cardinal number (or order) of A, and it is denoted by n(A) or O(A). For example, () let A = (a, &, i, 0, ), then mA) = 5. (i Tet A be the set of Tellers in the word SCHOOL ie A= (5, C,H, O, L}, then mA) = 5. (ii) let A = (x: xis a prime factor of 60) ie. A = (2, 3, 5}, then (A) = 3, (i) let D = (vx is a digit in our aumber system} ie, D = (0,1, 2, ..., 9}, then m(D) = 10. NOTE The cardinal number of the empty set is zero and the cardinal number of a singleton set is one. The cardinal number of ext infinite set is never defined. 1.1.4 Some standard sets of numbers (i) Natural numbers. The set of natural (or counting) numbers is denoted by N. Thus N= (1, 2,3, ..1} (i) Whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted by W. Thus W = (0, 1,2, 3, «4. (it) Integers. The sot of all integers is denoted by Lor Z. Thus Lab -2-10 12 oh p (12) Rational numbers. Any number which can be expressed in the form [where p, qe 1 6, 2, =7ete. are rational numbers. and q # 0s called a rational number. Thus 3, The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q. (v) Real numbers. All rational as well as irrational numbers are real numbers. Thus —3, 0, Be 5, v2, -24 V3, 22 ete. are all real numbers. The set of real numbers is denoted by R (oi) Irrational numbers, The set of irrational numbers is denoted by I. Thus, T= (xix K and x ¢ Q) Le. Tis the set of all real numbers that are not rational. $0, 4/2, 3, - 1 are members of T (it) Posi ve rational numbers. The set of positive rational numbers is denoted by Q sii) Positive real numbers. The set of posilive real numbers is denoted by R-. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. St trne or false, Jus te whether the statement ‘collection of competent school teachers in Delhi is a set’ is your ¢ Solution. False, because the collection of competent school teachers in Delhi is not well- defined. A particular teacher considered competent by one person might be considered incompetent by another, Example 2. Write the following sets in the roster form WMA Nand 4 (*-3)@+2)=0 > x-3=0orx+2=0 3x=3,-2 The set S in the roster form is S = (3, ~2h (i) As me Wand n<4, n= 0, 1, 2,3. nt Also x= ——_, putting n = 0. 1, 2, 3, we get * wee’ en © a 4, Tritfore theo An ner frm w= {22,3 a, ‘ 23740] (oii) As x is a two digit number and the sum of whose digits is 9, such numbers are 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90. Therefore, the set A in the roster form is A ~ (18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 0) (iii) 2° — 1 is always an odd positive integer for all positive integral values of x. In particular, 2* — 1 is an odd integer for x = 1, 2, 3,....9, P=11234,5,6, 7,8, 9. Example 3. Write the following sets in the builder form (i) the counting numbers which are multiples of 6 and less than 50. (i) the fractions whose numerator is 1 and whose denominaioy is a counting number less Han 10. (iii) the set of all positive integers whose cube is oid. | fla 9) W@)A=4 a 2°39’ 4 10) apn ss (fu B= {EG Solution. (i) {x :x is a multiple of 6 and 0 < x < 50) (i) {1: xis a counting number and x < 10}. (iii) Here, we are to consider only positive integers, As the cube of an even positive integer is an even positive integer and the cube of an odd positive integer is an odd positive integer, therefore, the members of the required set are all positive odd integers. Hence, in builder form the required set can be written as {x : x is an odd positive integer} te. (xix = 2k+1 and ke Wh.6 MATHEMATICS — XI (iv) Here, we observe that each member in the given set has numerator one less than the denominator. Also the numerator begins with | and ends with 9, Hence, the set A in the builder form can be written as pmeNand 1sx (= 1) eH .2)=0 x= 1, ~2, 50 (wo) matehes (2). Example 5, State which of the following siatemenis are true and which are false, Justify your answer (31 € fe: x has exactly two positive factors} (it) 77 © Ww: x has exactly four positive factors) (it) 28 & fxs the sum of all positive frctors of x is 2x} (NCERT Pxanipter Problems) Solution. () False; since 31 has exactly two positive factors, | and 31, 31 belongs to the set. (i) True; sinee 77 has exactly four positive factors, 1, 7, 11 and 77, 77 belongs to the set (ii) Truc; since the sum of positive factors of 28= 14+ 244474 144 28=56=2 x28. Example 6. Stite which of the following sets are finite or infinite. In case of finite sets, mention the cardinal number @ A-(eree Nand x? - 9 (i) B= (es xe Wand 2x-1= 0) Git) C = {xx e Nand x? - 3x +2=0} (io) D = Wei x © Nand x is prime) (@) E =e: xe Nand x is odd} (oi) F = (es x isa month of a year having less than 31 days} Qi) G =v: x © Land x >-3). Solution. (i) Given x? = 9 = x= 3, -3 but xe N, A = 3}, which is a finite set. (A) = 1 Gi) Given 2x -1=0 x= 5 butxe W, B = 6, which isa finite set. 2@) = 0. (iii) Given x? - 3x + 2=0 > (x= 1) @=2)=0 4 x=1,2bulxe N, C = {1 2, which is a finite set. n(C) = 2. (iv) D = [xix © Nand vis prime} = (2, 3,5, 7, 11, 13, .} Since prime numbers are infinile in number, D is an infinile set @) EB = (vr xe Nand xis odd) = {1, 3,5, 7, 9, 11, ..4} Since odd numbers are infinite in number, E is an infinite set.sers (vs is month of a year having less than 31 days) (February, April, June, September, November], which is a finite set. mF) = 5, (il) G = (x:xe€ Tand x >~-3}=(-2,-1, 0,1, 2,3, ...J, which is an infinite set. EXERCISE 1.1 Very short answer type questions (1 to 8) +1. Stale which of the given collection of objects is a set (i) A collection of popular cinema actors of India (id) The collection of even natural numbers less than 51 (iti) The collection of counting numbers less than 1 (i) Collection of interesting books written by Shakespeare. (2) The collection of novels written by Munshi Prem Chand. (NCERT) (oi) The collection of 10 most talented students of your school (oti) Collection of all rivers flowing in India. Gili) Collection of 5 rivers flowing in India. (ix) Cellection of all rational numbers which lie between -1 and 1 (x) A team of eleven best cricketers of the world. (NCERT) (xi) A collection of most dangerous animals of the world (CERT) 2. If A=[3,5, 7,9, 11}, thea write which of the following statements are true. If a statement is not true, mention why. @3eAa (i) 5,96 A (ii) Be A (iv) 9¢ A (@) Bhe A 3. Use the roster method to represent the following sets (® The counting numbers which are multiples of 6 and less than 50. (ii) The fractions whose numerator is 1, and whose denominator is a counting number less than 10. (ili) (wrx © N and x isa prime factor of 81} (in) The sot of odd integers lying between —4 and 8. (@) The set of all natural numbers x for which x + 6 is less than 10. (vi) The set of all integers x for which x ~ 6 is greater than 10. (oti) The set of all integers x for which x ~ 6 is less than 10. 60 (iti) The set of all integers x for which > is a natural number. Gd (Pah te R) (NCERT Fxamplar Problems) w xe RI (NCERT Examplar Problems) Gi) fvix!=5y246=0,x6 R} (NCERT Examplar Problems) ( 9) ICER (xii) ola xel, 2<**<2} (NCERT) (iii) {vx © N and 4x 3 < 15) xe N,x?< 40) xe Zand x < 16} (evi) The set of all digits in our decim: (xoii) The set of all letters in the word TRIGONOMETRY. (xviii) The set of all vowels in the English alphabet which precede 4 (six) fe: xis a consonant in the English alphabet which precedes k). (NCERD) IF 3 question coniains more [han one parts, then for ane mark question only ene part may be asked in the examMATHEMATICS ~ XI 4. Write the following sets in the builder form @ {1,3,5, 7,9, 11, 13} (i) (2, 4,6, 8 wah (iti) {3, 6, 9, 12, 15} Ge) 12, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64} (@) {5, 25, 125, 625} (wi) (1, 4, 9, 16, ..., 100} ‘ai 16 Bd gag (Bok Be ot (oti) {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, «..} (oil) Joe Ze gee 5. Which of the following are examples of the null set? (i) Set of even prime numbers. (ii) Sel of odd natural numbers divisible by 2. (iii) Set of all Indian kids 5 metres tall. (iv) (vixe N,v < Sand x> 8). (2) {xix is a point common to any two parallel straight lines) (oi) {x sx is a student of your school presently studying in both classes XI and XII}. 6. Which of the following sets are finite or infinite? (]@ The set of days of a week. Gi) The set of numbers which are multiples of 7. (ii) ‘The set of animals living on Earth. (iv) The set of consonants in the English alphabet. (®) The set of circles drawn in a plane (vi) The set of prime numbers which are less than one crore. 7. Find the cardinal number of the following sets ®t} (i) (0) (iti) A = (1, 2,2, 1, 3) (in) The set of all Indians having 8 legs (2) The set of all letters in the word PRINCIPAL (vi) The set of all vowels in the word PRINCIPAL. 8. (i) Write the cardinal number of the set A, where A = (x: x isa two digit number, sum of whose digits is 8). (if) Write the cardinal number of the sel of all integers x for which is a natural number. ‘ (iii) What is the cardinal number of the set X, where X = [x :x is a letter in the word “CHANDIGARH'}? (iv) If $= {x : x is a positive multiple of 3 less than 100} and P x is a prime number less than 20}, then write 7 n(P), (NCERT Examplar Problems) 9. Match each of the sets on the left described in roster form with the same set on the right described in set builder form : @ 23) (a) (vx © Nand isa divisor of 6} Gi) {5,-5) (®) (x sx © Nand isa prime divisor of 6) (iii) (1, 3, 3} (0) (v sx is a letter in the word LITTLE} (iv) (1, 2, 3, 6} (a) (x :x is an odd natural number less than 6} @@TELY (@) (x +x is a root of the equation x? ~ 25 = 0). 10. State which of the following statements are true and which are false. Justify your answer. (@) 37 Wx has exactly two positive factors} (NCERT Examplar Problems) (ii) 35 € fe sx has exactly four positive factors) (iii) 128 € {ys the sum of all positive factors of y is 2y} (iv) 7747 © (fF: fis a multiple of 37} (NCFRE Pxamplar Problems)sers 9 11. Classify the following sets into finite set and infinite set. In case of finite sets, mention the cardinal number. @) As{eixe Lx 5h (i) A= (vx © W, xis divisible by 4 and 9) (iii) P= {xz xis an even prime number > 2) (iv) F = [vi xe Nand visa factor of 84). (2) B= [xz xis.a two digit number, sum of whose digits (i) C= (vx W,3x-7< 8) (oii) {xx = 52, ne N and x < 20} (atti) {xx = 5a, ne Land x < 20) (ay {xr x= © Wandn< 10! (x) fx x= oa ne Wand 10} 2u ix= Nand 5B (read as A is equivalent to B), if mA) = (B), For example, () Let A= la bed eband B= (2.3.5.7 Gi Let A = (x: xis a colour of rainbow} and B= (x | x W, x <7], then (A) = SoA OB. (ii) Let P = (x: xis a letter in the word ‘FLOWER’} and Q = {x : v isa letter in the word ‘FOLLOWER’, then m(P) = 6 = m(Q) because each set = {F, L, O, W, E, Ri. SoP OQ 9}, then n(A) = 5 = n(B).So A © B. 1.2.2 Equal sets ets Aand Bare said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements. We write it as A = B. Tu Thus A =B if every member of A isa member of B and every member of B is a member of A. If A and B are not equal, we write it as A 4B For example, (®) A=, and B= (2, 1, 1, 2, 1), then A =B. (if) Let P = (x; x is a vowel in the word “EQUALITY’} and Q= [rs xis a vowel in the word ‘QUATITATIVE’), then P = Q because each set = {E, U, A, Ih (if) Let A = {-3, -2,-1,0, 1, 2 3} and B= (x: x © Land x? < 10}, then A =B. D} and Q = [x : x is a triangle having 5 sides}, then (i) Let P= (rsx © Nand x P = Q because each set = 6. REMARK If A, Bare finite sets and A = B, then n(A) = n(B) so A © B ie. two fini equivalent but the converse may not be true. For example, let A = then m(A) = 3 = n(B), so A cs B but A # B. Thus, too (finite) equal sets are always equivalent but two equivalent sets may not be equal equal sets are always 5) and B= (2, 3, 4}aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.