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Viruses have existed as long as lifeMedical Devices

has been (/Clinical-and-Diagnostics)
on earth.
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Early references to viruses
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Early references to viral infections include Homer’s mention of “rabid dogs”. Rabies is caused by a virus
a ecting dogs. This was also known in Mesopotamia. MediKnowledge (/mediknowledge)
Polio is also caused by a virus. It leadsNewsletters

to paralysis(/medical/newsletters)
of the lower limbs. Polio may also be witnessed in drawings
from ancient Egypt.
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In addition, small pox caused by a virus that is now eradicated from the world also has a signi cant role in
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history of S. and Central America.
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Virology – the study of viruses
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The study of viruses is called virology. Experiments on virology began with the experiments of Jenner in 1798.
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Jenner did not know the cause but found that that(/medical/search)
individuals exposed to cow pox did not su er from small
pox.
He began the rst known form of vaccination with cow pox infection that prevented small pox infection in
individuals. He had not yet found the causative organism or the cause of the immunity as yet for either cow
pox or small pox.
Koch and Henle

Koch and Henle founded their postulates on microbiology of disease. This included that:
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it must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture

inoculation of such a pure organism into a host should initiate the disease and should be recovered from 
the secondarily infected organism as well
Viruses do not confer to all of these postulates.
Louis Pasteur
In 1881-1885 Louis Pasteur rst used animals as model(/)for growing and studying viruses. He found that the
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rabies (/azopro
virus could le/login/) in 
be cultured Search...
rabbit 
brains and discovered the rabies vaccine. However, Pasteur did not try
to identify the infectious agent. 
Medical Home (/medical)
The discovery of virusesLife Sciences Home (/life-sciences)

1886-1903 – This period was the discovery period where the viruses were actually found. Ivanowski
About (/medical/about)
observed/looked for bacteria like substance and in 1898, Beijerink demonstrated lterable characteristic of
the virus and found that the virus is an obligate
Newsparasite. This means that the virus is unable to live on its own.
(/medical/news)

Charles Chamberland and lterable agents
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In 1884, the French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invented a lter with pores smaller than bacteria.
Chamberland lter-candles of unglazed porcelain or made of diatomaceous earth (clay)-kieselguhr had been
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invented for water puri cation. These lters retained bacterium, and had a pore size of 0.1-0.5 micron. Viruses
were ltered through these and called “Interviews
lterable”(/medical/interviews)
organisms. Loe er and Frosch (1898) reported that the
infectious agent of foot and mouth diseases virus was a lterable agent.
In 1900 rst human disease shown to be caused by a lterable agent
was Yellow Fever by Walter Reed. He found the yellow fever virus Related Stories (/mediknowledge)
MediKnowledge
present in blood of patients during the fever phase. He also found Mysterious virus found in Brazil
that the virus spread via mosquitoes. Newsletters (/medical/newsletters)
In 1853 there was an epidemic puzzles scientists with its
in New Orleans and the rate of mortality from this infection was as
Health & Personal Care (/Consumer-Products) unique genetic makeup
high as 28%. Infectivity was controlled by destroying mosquito (/news/20200212/Mysterious-
populations virus-found-in-Brazil-puzzles-
scientists-with-its-unique-
Trapping viruses Meet the Team (/medical/team) genetic-makeup.aspx)
Zika virus can a ect infants
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developed collodion membranes that could trap
despite ‘normal’ testing at birth
the viruses and found that viruses had a size of 1 nano meter. In
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1908, Ellerman and Bang demonstrated that certain types of tumors
ravages-infants-despite-
(leukemia of chicken) were caused by viruses. In 1911 Peyton Rous
e28098normale28099-testing-
discovered that non-cellular agents like viruses could spread solid
at-birth.aspx)
tumors. This was termed Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV).
Experts say source of newly
identi ed virus in China must be
Bacteriophages found
(/news/20200109/Experts-say-
The most important discovery was that of the Bacteriophage era. In
source-of-newly-identi ed-
1915 Twort was working with vaccinia virus and found that the
virus-in-China-must-be-
viruses grew in cultures of bacteria. He called then bacteriophage.
found.aspx)
Twort abandoned this work after World War I. In 1917, D'Herelle, a
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Canadian, also found similar bacteriophages.

Images of viruses
In 1931 the German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll found electron microscopy that enabled the rst
images of viruses. In 1935, American biochemist and virologist Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic
virus and found it to be mostly made from protein. A short time later, this virus was separated into protein
and RNA parts. Tobacco mosaic virus was the rst one to be crystallised and whose structure could therefore
be elucidated in detail. (/)
Molecular biology

Between 1938 and 1970 virology developed by leaps and bounds into Molecular biology. The 1940's and
1950's was the era of the Bacteriophage and the animal virus.
Delbruck considered father of modern molecular biology. He developed the concepts of virology in the
science. In 1952 Hershey and Chase showedNews
that (/medical/news)
it was the nucleic acid portion that was responsible for the
infectivity and carried the genetic material.
In 1954 Watson and Crick found the exact structure of DNA. Lwo in 1949 found that virus could behave like a
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found the operon model for gene induction and repression.
Lwo in 1957 de ned viruses as potentially pathogenic entities with an infectious phase and having only one
type of nucleic acid, multiplying with their genetic material and unable to undergo binary ssion.
In 1931, American pathologist Ernest William Goodpasture grew in uenza and several other viruses in
fertilised chickens' eggs. In 1949, John F. Enders,
White PapersThomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins grew polio virus in
(/medical/whitepapers)
cultured human embryo cells, the rst virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. This
enabled Jonas Salk to make an e ective polio vaccine. MediKnowledge (/mediknowledge)
Newsletters
Era of polio research was next and was (/medical/newsletters)
very important as in 1953 the Salk vaccine was introduced and by 1955
poliovirus had been crystallized. Later Sabin introduced attenuated polio vaccine.
In the 1980’s cloning of viral genes developed, sequencing of the viral genomes was successful and production
of hybridomas was a reality. The AIDS virus HIV came next in the 1980’s. Further uses of viruses in gene
therapy developed over the next two decades.
Sources
Search (/medical/search)
1. http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/M430-Taylor/history.html (http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/M430-
Taylor/history.html)
2. http://www.ibms.org/go/nm:history-virology (http://www.ibms.org/go/nm:history-virology)
3. http://virologyhistory.wustl.edu/timeline.htm (http://virologyhistory.wustl.edu/timeline.htm)
4. http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199206735.pdf
(http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199206735.pdf)
Further Reading
All Virus Content (/condition/Virus)
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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2019
Currently rated 3.6 by 26 people
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Written by
Dr. Ananya Mandal (https://www.news-medical.net/medical/authors/ananya-
mandal)
Dr. Ananya Mandal is a doctor by profession, lecturer by vocation and a medical writer by passion. She specialized in
Clinical Pharmacology after her bachelor's (MBBS). For her, health communication is not just writing complicated
reviews for professionals but making medical knowledge understandable and available to the general public as well.
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Citations 
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(/news/20200115/Woman-from-Chinese-
mysterious-Corona-virus-infection.aspx)
city-Wuhan-lands-in-Bangkok-with- (/news/20200212/2019-coronavirus-
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Woman from Chinese city Wuhan lands 2019 coronavirus virus o cially named Scientists unveil how Zika virus replicates
in Bangkok with mysterious Corona virus COVID-19 (/news/20200212/2019- (/news/20191223/Scientists-unveil-how-
infection (/news/20200115/Woman-from- coronavirus-virus-o cially-named- Zika-virus-replicates.aspx)
Chinese-city-Wuhan-lands-in-Bangkok- COVID-19.aspx)
with-mysterious-Corona-virus-…
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grow-live-coronavirus-virus.aspx)
(/news/20200211/Australian-scientists- prompts-fears-of-new-epidemic.aspx)
infecting-dozens-in-central-China-
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mechanism-by-which-Zika-virus-enters-
(/news/20200116/Discovery-of-
Australian scientists grow live Mystery virus infecting dozens in central Discovery of mechanism by which Zika
coronavirus virus China prompts fears of new epidemic virus enters brain cells
(/news/20200211/Australian-scientists- (/news/20200106/Mystery-virus- (/news/20200116/Discovery-of-
grow-live-coronavirus-virus.aspx) infecting-dozens-in-central-China- mechanism-by-which-Zika-virus-enters-
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of-brain-cell.aspx)
damaging-e
(/news/20200127/Scientists-reveal-the-
ect-of-Zika-virus-on-a-type- (/news/20200204/Unveiling-the-
structure-of-the-in uenza-virus.aspx)
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Zika virus on a type of brain cell virus (/news/20200204/Unveiling-the-
(/news/20200127/Scientists-reveal-the- structure-of-the-in uenza-virus.aspx)
damaging-e ect-of-Zika-virus-on-a-type- About (/medical/about)
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