Beans Ren Be Race ® The American Society of : f Ue1997 Addenda Date of Issue: December 31, 1997 ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE An Internationally Recognized Code SECTION VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers 1995 Edition ‘Addenda tothe 1995 Edition ofthe Cede are issued inthe form of replacement pages. Revisions, ‘additions, or deletions are incorporated directly into the affected pages. tis advisable, however, that these title sheets and all replaced pages be retained for reference, SUMMARY OF CHANGES ‘This isthe third and last Addenda to be published to the 1995 Edition of Section VI Previous ‘Addenda were published in 1995 and 1996, Replace or insert the pages listed. Changes given below are identified on the pages by a margin note, A97, placed next to the affected area. Previous Addenda changes are indicated by ASS and A96, The pages not listed are the reverse sides ofthe listed pages and contain no changes, Page xb Location Change List of Sections (1) Updated to include new Division 3 under Section I (@) Footnote deleted Personnel Updated to reflect A97 Copyright © 1997 ‘THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS ‘All RightsReserved wmB38 1995 ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTIONS [Rules for Construction of Power Boilers 1 Materials Part A — Ferrous Material Specifications Part B — Nonferrous Material Specifications Part C— Specifications for Welding Rods, Blecuodes, and Filler Metals Part D — Propert UL Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2 MM Division 1 ‘Subsectior VB — Class 1 Components Subsection C— Class 2 Components Subsection ND — Class 3 Components Subsection NE — Class MC Components Subsection NF — Supports Subsection NG — Core Support Structures Subsection NH — Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service Appendices Il Division 2— Code for Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containments IL Division 3 — Containment Systems and Transport Packagings for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Waste 1V Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers V_ Nondestructive Examination Vi_—_Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers Vil Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers Vill__Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 1 Division 2 — Alternative Rules Division 3 — Altemative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications X Fiber Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels X1___Rales for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components ADDENDA CColored-sheet Addends, which include additions and revisions to individual Sections of the Code, are Published annually and will be sent automatically to purchasers of the applicable Sections up to the publication of the 1998 Code. The 1995 Code is available only inthe loose-leaf format; accordingly, the ‘Adidenda will be issued in the loose-leaf,replacement-page format. INTERPRETATIONS ASME issues writen replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of technical aspects of the Code. The Interpretations for each individual Section will be published separately and will be incded as part of the update service to that Seston. They will be issued semiannually (July and December) up to the publication of the 1998 Code. Interpretations of Section IM, Divisions 1 and 2, will be included with the ‘update service to Subsection NCA. Interpretations are not part of the Code or the Addenda. CODE CASES ‘The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Commitee meets regularly to consider proposed additions and revisions to the Code and to formulate Cases to clarity the intent of existing requirements or provide, when the ‘need is urgent, roles for materials or constructions not covered by existing Code rales. Those Cases which hhave been adopted will appear inthe appropriate 1995 Code Cases book: (1) Boilers and Pressure Vessels. ‘and (2) Nuclear Components. Supplements will be sent automatically tothe purchasers of the Code Cases ‘books up to the publiction ofthe 1998 Code,BE FOREWORD ‘The American Society of Mechanical Engineers set up a committee in 1911 for the purpose of formulating standard rules for the construction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels. This committes is now called the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committe. ‘The Committee's function is to establish rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection during construction of boilers and pressure vessels, and to interpret these rules when questions arise regarding their intent, In formulating the rules, the Committee considers the needs of users, manufacturers, and inspec- tors of pressure vessels. The objective of the rules is to afford reasonably certain protection of life and property and to provide a margin for deterioration in service s0 as to give a reasonably long, safe period fof Usefulness, Advancements in design and material and the evidence of experience have been recognized. ‘This Code contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and nonmandatory guidance for construc- tion’ activities. The Code does not address all aspects cf these activities and those aspects which are not specifically addressed should not be considered prohib- ited. The Code is not a handbook and cannot replace education, experience, and the use of engineering judg- ‘ment. The phrase engineering judgment refers to techni- cal judgments made by knowledgeable designers experi- fenced in the application of the Code. Engineering Judgments must be consistent with Code philosophy and such judgments must never be used to overrule mandatory requirements or specific prohibitions of the Code. ‘The Committee recognizes that tools and techniques used for design and analysis change as technology progresses and expects engineers to use good judgment in the application of these tools. The designer is respon- sible for complying with Code rules and demonstrating ‘compliance with Code equations when such equations are mandatory. The Code neither requires nor probibits the use of computers for the design or analysis of Consiraction, a8 wsed in this Foreword, is an allocusive tm comprising merle, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, vesting, cenifeaion, and pres reli. components constructed to the requirements of the ‘Code, However, designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are responsible for the application of these programs to their design. ‘The Code does not fully address tolerances. When dimensions, sizes, or other parameters are not specified with tolerances, the values of these parameters are considered nominal and allowable tolerances or local variances may be considered acceptable when based fon engineering judgment and standard practices as determined by the designer. ‘The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee deals with the care and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels in service only to the extent of providing suggested rules of good practice as an aid to owners and their inspectors. ‘The rules established by the Committee are not to be intempreted as approving, recommending, or endors- ing any proprietary or specific design or as limiting in any way the manufacturer's freedom to choose any method of design or any form of construction that conforms to the Code rules. ‘The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee meets regularly to consider revisions of the rules, new rules as dictated by technological development, Code Cases, and requests for interpretations. Only the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee has the authority to provide official interpretations of this Code. Requests for revi- sions, new mules, Code Cases, or interpretations shall be addressed to the Secretary in writing and shall give full paniculars in order to receive consideration and action (see Mandatory Appendix covering preparation of technical inquiries). Proposed revisions to the Code resulting from inguiries will be presented to the Main Committee for appropriate action. The action of the Main Committe becomes effective only after confirms- tion by letter ballot of the Committee and approval by ASME. Proposed revisions to the Code approved by the Committe are submitted to the American National Standards Institute and published in Mechanical Engi-neering to invite comments from all interested persons. After the allotted time for public review and final approval by ASME, revisions are published annually jn Addenda to the Code. Code Cases may be used in the construction of ‘components to be stamped with the ASME Code symbol beginning with the date of their approval by ASME. ‘After Code revisions are approved by ASME, they may be used beginning with the date of issuance shown on the Addenda. Revisions, except for revisions to material specifications in Section Il, Parts A and B, ‘become mandatory 6 months after such date of issuance, except for boilers or pressure vessels contracted for prior to the end of the 6 month period. Revisions to ‘material specifications are originated by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM and other fecognized national or intemational organizations), and are usually adopted by ASME, However, those revisions may or may not have any effect on the suitability of material, produced to earlier editions of specifications, for use in ASME construction. ASME material specifi- ‘cations approved for use in each construction Code are listed in the Appendices of Section If, Parts A and B. ‘These Appendices list, for each specification, the latest ‘dition adopted by ASME, and earlier and later editions considered by ASME to be identical for ASME con- striction, Manufacturers and users of components are cautioned against making use of revisions and Cases that are less resiretive than former requirements without having assurance that they have been accepted by the proper authorities in the jurisdiction where the component is to be installed. Each state and municipality in the United States and each province in Canada that adopts or accepts one or ‘more Sections of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is invited 10 appoint a representative to act on the Conference Committee to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee. Since the members of the Conference Com- mittee sre in active contact with the administration and ‘enforcement ofthe rules, the requirements for inspection in this Code correspond with those in effect in their respective jurisdictions. The required qualifications for ‘am Authorized Inspector under these rules may be ‘obtained from the administrative authority of any state, ‘municipality, or province which has adopted these rules. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee in the formulation of its rules and in the establishment of ‘maximum design and operating pressures considers ‘materials, construction, methods of fabrication, inspec- tion, and safety devices. Permission may be granted to regulatory bodies and organizations publishing safety standards 10 use a complete Section of the Code by reference. If usage of a Section, such as Section IX, involves exceptions, omissions, or changes in provisions, the intent of the Code might not be attained. ‘Where a state or other regulatory body. in the printing, ‘of any Section of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ‘makes additions ot omissions, it is recommended that such changes be clearly indicated. ‘The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors is composed of chief inspectors of states and municipalities in the United States and of provinces in Canada that have adopted the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. This Board, since its organization in 1919, ‘has functioned to uniformly administer and enforce the rules of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The cooper con of that organization with the Boiler and Pressu.e Vessel Committee has been extremely helpful. The Code Committee does not rule on whether 2 component shall or shall not be constructed to the provisions of the Code. The Scope of each Section ‘has been established to identify the components. and parameters considered by the Committee in formulating the Code rules. Laws or regulations issued by municipal. ity, state, provincial, federal, or other enforcement or regulatory bodies having jurisdiction at the location of an installation establish the mandatory applicability of the Code rules, in whole or in part, within their jrisdiction, Those laws or regulations may require the use of this Code for vessels or components not consid ‘ered to be within its Scope or may establish additions or deletions in that Scope. Accordingly. inquiries regarding such laws or regulations are to be directed to the wing enforcement or regulatory body. - Questions ar issues regarding compliance of a specific component with the Code niles are to be directed to the ASME Certificate Holder (Manufacturer). Inquities, conceming the interpretstion of the Code are to be directed to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee. ASME is to be notified should questions arise conceming improper use of an ASME Code symbol. ‘The specifications for materials given in Section I are identical with or similar to those of specificetions published by ASTM, AWS, and other recognized na- tional or international organizations. When reference is made in an ASME material specification to a noo- ‘ASME specification for which a companion ASME specification exists, the reference shall be interpreted ‘as applying to the ASME material specification. Not all materials included in the material specifications in Section I have been adopted for Code use. Usage is limited to those materials and grades adopted by at Jeast one of the other Sections of the Code for applica- tion under rules of that Section. All materials allowed 95STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF CODE SYMBOLS AND CODE AUTHORIZATION IN ADVERTISING ‘ASME has established procedures to authorize quali- fied organizations to perform various activities in ac- cordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It is the aim of the Society to provide recognition of organizations s0 authorized. ‘An organization holding authorization to perform vari ‘ous activities in accordance with the requirements of the Code may state this capability in its adverising literature, (Organizations that are suthorized to use Code Symbols ‘for marking items or constructions which have been con- structed and inspected in compliance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code are issued Certificates of ‘Authorization. Iis the aim ofthe Society to maintain the standing of the Code Symbols forthe benefit of the users, the enforcement jurisdictions andthe holders ofthe sym bols who comply with all requirements. ‘Based on these objectives, the following policy has ‘been established onthe usage in advertising of facsimiles of the symbols, Certificates of Authorization, and refer- fence to Code construction. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers does not “approve.” “certify,” “rate.” or “endorse” any item, construction, or activity and there shall be no statements or implications which might so indicate. An organization holding a Code Symbol and/or a Certificate of Authorization may state in advertising literature that items, constructions, oF Activities “are built (produced or performed) or activities conducted in accordance with the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,” or “meet the requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure’ ‘Vessel Code.” ‘The ASME Symbol shall be used only for stamping and nameplates as specifically provided in the Code. However, facsimiles may be used for the purpose of fostering the use of such construction. Such usage may be by an association or a society, or by a holder of a Code ‘Symbol who may also use the facsimile in advertising to show that clearly specified items will cary the symbol. (General usage is permitted only when all of a manufactur v's items are constructed under the rules. ‘The ASME logo, which is the cloverleaf with the letters ASME within, shall not be used by any organiza- tion other than ASME. STATEMENT OF POLICY ON THE USE OF ASME MARKING TO IDENTIFY MANUFACTURED ITEMS ‘The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code provides rales for the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear components. This includes requirements for mate- Fials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, and stamping. Items constructed in accordance with all of the applicable rules ofthe Code are identified with the official (Code Symbol Stamp described in the governing Section of the Code, ‘Markings such as “ASME,” “ASME Standard,” or any other marking including “ASME” or the various Code Symbols shall not be used on any item which is not constructed in accordance with all of the applicable requirements of the Code. Items shall not be described on ASME Data Report Forms nor on similar forms referring to ASME which tend to imply that all Code requirements have been ‘met when, in fact, they have not been. Data Report Forms covering items not fully complying with ASME. requirements should not refer to ASME or they should clearly identify all exceptions to the ASME require- ‘ments,PERSONNEL ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee Subcommittees, Subgroups, and Working Groups As of July 1, 1997 (MAIN COMMITTEE D.A Canonico, Chair Al hast CG. Karcher, Vice Chai. , Landers 1.5. Brawskiewicz, Secretary W. M. Lundy RW. Bames J. Mackay FP. Baron LG 0. Berger EC Milman MO. Bertin RA Moen MN. Bresler CC. Neely WJ. Caner RF Reedy TM, Cullen B. W, Roberts JR Fart Schaal Je RE, Feige! A Sele Feldstein KK Tam Gold DE. Tamer J. Mackay, Chae 1M. Gold AL. Spencer, Vice Chair FE, Gregor FR Lyons, Secretary EC. Kistner, J FP. Barton TP. Pasor WJ. Caner RE Reedy 1. G Feld [EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (MAIN COMMITTEE) GC. Karcher, Chair ©. F. Heden D.A.Canonico, Vice Chair A.J Justin 1S, Brusiewicr, Seertay J. MacKay FP. Baron TG, McCarty JR Farr TE Quaka JG. Feldstein RF. Reedy M, Gold AL Spencer HONORARY MEMBERS (MAIN COMMITTEE) RD. Bonner EJ. Hemey RJ. Bosnak EC. Rete, J HLM. Canavan JE Laan J. Choekie I Lecott 1S. Care FN. Moschint W. E. Cooper CE. Rawins W. D. Dot WE. Somers RC. Gifs LP. Zick [MARINE CONFERENCE GROUP J. Tea, Chair Jeb Jones CF. Banks GF. Weight CW. Douthwaite ‘CONFERENCE COMMITTEE DLE. Tanner — state of .T. Jagger — Ohio Tennessee Department of. J Jenkins — Kansas Labor (Chai IM. Kotb — Quebec, Canada RD. Reetz — State of North J.P. Larson — Minnesota Dakota Chief Boiler Inspector KT. Lau — Alberta, Canada (ce Chair) J, Lemire — California ‘A.J Justin — National Board. A, Lundberg — Florida of Boiler and Pressure Vessel WC. Lundine — Oregon Inspectors eeretary) C.F. Mankel — Alaska RJ. Aben, Je — Michigan 1. W. Mault — Manitoba, 1.5. Aclao — Los Angeles, Canada Calfoenia HT. McEwen — Misisppt |. Anderson — South Dakota A. W. Meiring — Indiana RR Barkdoll — Washington. J. Monvow — Oklahoma FP Barton — Virginia Y. Nagpaul — Hawall C.Castle— Nova Scotia, J.C. Parsell — Utah ‘Canada 1D. Payton — Pennsyvania RR Cate — Louisiana DK. Petr — Mistour Chase — Northwest Terrto- 0. C. rice — Yukon Territory, ries, Canada Canada RA. Coomes — Kentucky RS. Pucek — Milwaukee, 1. Corcoran — Connecticut Wisconsin MH. Diehl, Je — Maryland T. E. Rennie — Arizona D-A.Douin — iinois LL Roussinos — British Colum= 1D. Eastman — Newfoundland - bia, Canada ‘and Labrador, Canada A, Sedor — Nebraska New Orleans, M. Shuff — West virginia Snyder — New Jesey Elis — New Hampshire _N. Sunees — Saskatchewan, E Everett — Georgia Canada F. Gardner — Delaware IM. J. Verhagen — Madison, Wis HD. Harwath — Ontario, consin ‘canada RB. West— lowe W. . Holmes — Chicago, it J. M. Whee — Vermont finos KOA. White — Nevada K. Hynes — Prince Edward T.F. Wickham — Rhode bland ‘sland, Canada’ CS. Withers — Colorado Ra‘SUBCOMMITTEE ON POWER BOILERS (SC 1) J. R. MacKay, Chair 1. MeGough M.D. Bernstein, Vice Char PA. Mole .D. Stump, Secretary LK Pah iL. Berger 1.7. Plow E vere, RG Presnak DLN. French B.W. Roberts FR Gerery R.D. Schueler, J. TLE Hansen, RV. Wilgoszinsk 41.5. Hunter RL Wiliams WL Lowry LW. Yoder Subgroup on Piping (SC TE. Hanson, Cha 1. McGough DLL. Berger RG, Presnak M.D. Bertein While PP. Edwards LW. Yoder WL Lowy PL Ziegler Subgroup on Design (SC M.D. Bornstein, Chair KC. Motrion R.D, Schuler, Jr, Vice Chair A. Nass PA. Mole, Secretary DR Palmer MLA Famugia| N Surtees 4.0. Fishburn RV, Wielgosnsk C.F Jesrngs| ‘Sulogroup on Materials 5) 8B. W. Roberts, Chair J. F. Henry CE. Spader, Chair J.P. Libbrech 1S. Hunter, Secretary F, Masuyams TM. Cullen 1.7. Parsons DLN. French JM, Tanzosh ‘Subgroup on General Requirements (SC T.€. McGough, Chair J.M. Lyons M.D. Bernstein, Vice Chair RE. McLaughiln W.L Lowey, Secretary DK Parish D.L. Berger 1.7. Plow E Bverett W. E Somers FR Covey RL Wiliams CF erings LW. Yoder ‘Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination (SC ) DLL. Berge, Chair RE. MeLaughlin RW. Boyce 1.7. Plow DLN feck ME. Reese 1. Hainsworth R.D. Schueler, J. TE Hansen R Slack, Sr. MHL then FY. Wielgossingk JM. tyons SUBCOMMITTEE ON MATERIALS (SC th M. Gold, Chaie E, Michalopoulos TM, Callen, Vice Chir RA Moen E.R Lyons, Secretary RKC Nanstad AP. Alrende E.G. Nisbett MN. Bresler JT. Parsons R.Dirscher DW. Raho W.D. Doty 8B. W. Robers W. D. Edsall E Shapiro MH. Gilkey CE. Spaeder, je. DLA. Hansen | RW. Swindeman 1, Heger JM. Tanzosh IF Henny BE Thurgood CCH EO. Wootidge F Masuyama A.W. Zeuthen 1.7 Parsons, Chair Hi, Masahisa D.C. Agarwal TF Mikel |. Cameron F. Onweiler R Dirchet ‘AP. Powlonis W. D. Doty RD. Schueler, I. LM. Fryer RR Seeley M. Gold EA Steen MH ken E Upits W.M. Lundy | E-O, Woolridge ‘Subgroup on Ferrous Specifications (SC H) ‘A.W. Zeuthen, Chae WC. Mack BM. Dingman AS. Mell W. D. Edel EG. Nisbet T. Graham 1-7. Parsons W.N. Holliday EJ Rote, EA Jonas E Upits D.C. Krouse EO. Woakidge 1. F Longenecker RH Zong Subgroup on Nonferrous Alloys (SC I) 1D. W. Rahoi, Chair 8. B. Hood ©. C. Agarwal, Secretary C.C He ‘W. R Apblet M. Katcher LC. Coliee E Shapico R.Dischet LE Shoemaker MH. Gilkey RC. Suthedin‘Subgroup on Strength, Ferrous Alloys (SC M) 8. W. Robens, Char C.L Hoffmann 1M, Tanzosh, Secretary Timoto AP. Abend F Masuyama W. R Apblet RA. Moen T.M, Cillen D.W. Raho! RJ. Dileto CE. Spaeder, fe. Mold RW. Swindeman J. Heger BE Thurgood Subgroup on Strength of Weldments (SC II & SC 1X) CE. Spaeder, Jr, Chair C. Robin W.D. Doy W. I. Spetko Wi. Raho! JM. Tanzosh BW. Rober 5. E Thurgood. Subgroup on Toughness ($C 1D RK. Nansad, Char RS. Vecchio JM. Basom 5. Yolawa DLA. Hansen R. Zawierucha A Sele Subgroup on External Pressure (SC It) RW. Mikika, Chair . Nadel D. |. Green CE. Spaeder, J. 0S. Grifin CH, Sturgeon E.Michalopoulos ‘SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR POWER (SC I} C1. Peper, Char B.A. Exer RM, Jesse, Vice Chae HD. Haneath CA Sanna, Secretary KH. Haw LP. Aller it RL Jeter YAsada D.F. Landers RW. Barnes W.C. LaRochelle J.N. Baysden T. J. Mawson WH. Borer W.N. Metean EB Branch RA Moen MN, Bressler DB. Nickerson F.C. Chery RLF. Perin G.D. Cooper RF Reedy PR. Deubler MW, Sth W. D. Doty ID. Stevenson FR. Drahoe RE Tome K Emis KR. Wiehman Special Working Group on Editing and Review (SC I) RF. Reedy, Chair BLA Eller WH. Borer MW. Smith MON. Bressler Subgroup on General Requirements (SC Il & SC 30) JN. Baysden, Chair ML Meyer ‘A. Aopleton MR Minick |. Barbee LC. Oakes LM. Beason RE Pern 8H Berg U, Potapos K Emis J.C. Regado RE Keley BB. com GS. Korin DLE amner W. C. LaRochelle C.M. Tokson AS. laurenson | D.V. Walsh C Lote Subgroup on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination (SC It) RM Jestee, Char ©. Kim GP. Miley, Secretary RA Moen Cw. Alison C. Peper D. Doyle RR Seeley FR. Drahos NM, Simpson GM Foster RC Soin 8. Coorg W. |. Spetko JE Harts KB Stuckey CL. Hoffmann S. Yukawa RW. Jackson ‘Subgroup on Design (SC I) Bames, Chair Tide ‘Branch, Vice Chair B. Jarman Secretary 1 band W. N-McLean D8, Nickerson ‘Working Group on Dynamic and Extreme Load Conditions (G-D) SC Wray, Chair ‘A. Haaijian PLL Anderson ‘M, Haraman MK AvYang, WS. LaPay RD. Blevins H. Lodkeet J. Bohm P.R Olson DLL. Caldwell RF Perry Chen! |. Wallach Special Working Group on Seismic Piping Rules ($C-0) (SC EB. Branch, Chair J.C. Minicielo TM Adams Ma 5. ile GA Atak RA Was R.D. HookwaySpecial Working Group on Environmental Effects (SGD) (sc my RS. il, Chair RA. Moen Y. Asada W. Z. Novak WJ: Heller S. Yukawa CL Hofman ‘Working Group on Vessels (SG-D) (SC I) C.W. Bruny, Chair TM, Khan TK. Bur, Se ©. Maekawa G.D. Cooper KA Manoly GA Dever A Merend, NW, Edwards GK. Mille HD. Hanrath W.Z. Novak W. J. Heller E. Peling B Jarman H.S. Thorton Working Group on Piping (SC-D) ($C HI) G.€. Shai, Chair 1. Michell P. Hirschberg Secretary S.E Moore TM, Adame AN. Neuyen CA. Antal D.BNeckerion AB. Glcksein ©. 0. Oyamada RW. Haupt RD. Patel J.C Heanae EC, Rodabaugh RS. Hil 1. Santangelo RD. Hookway M.S. ile RB. Jenkins EA Wals KA. Manoly Working Group on Pumps (SG-D) ($C Itt) DB. Nickerson, Chair LP Kua HL Grammer 1. Leavi P. Burchett RA, Schuler RE. Corman, J. .B. Spencer, 1.6. Dudiak Hi Tafarod AA. Fraser GK Veghasia M. Higuchi ‘Working Group an Valves (SG-D) ($C I) W.N. Mctean, Chair 1. MeGavin EA Bake S.N. Shields LL Bele HR. Sonderegger RR. Brodin J.C. Tsacoyeanes J. Kissel RG. Vial W. G. Knecht 1-R Zahorsky R Koos, ‘Working Group on Supports (SG-D) (SC I P.R Deubler, Chair J.C, Henan RC. Anhur TG. LaCroix U.S. Bandyopadhyay AS. Laurenson Fo) Bich A Lee MN, Bresler RI. Masterson 1-R Cole AE Mig RM, Dulin, J ALN. Nguyen J.C. Finneran, HL Noreen, I RW. Haupt J.R Stinson ‘Working Group on Core Support Structures (SC-D) (SC th J.T Land, Chaie 1. F, Mulloly ROH. Hansen B.L, Siverblatt KB. Lamen Working Group on Administration (SG-D) (SC 1) EB. Branch, Chair JT. Land RW. Bames, Vice Chair W.N. Mclean RS. Hill, Secretary DB. Nickerson CW. Bruny J. 8 Santangelo .D. Cooper G.C. Sais, P:R Deubler R Way Subgroup on Pressure Relle (SC It) F.C. Chemy, Chair MW. Sent RJ. Doeling AL Sega SF Harrison, Je B.S. York EM, Petrosky 1. R Zahorsy D. J Sallan ‘Subgroup on Containment Systems for Spent Fuel and High: Level Waste Transport Packagings (SC Ill) J.D. Stevenson, Char DI. Nolan HLH. Chung DT. Rake K Goldmann 1. Saogusa RH Jones RH. Smith WH. Lake KB. Sorenson RW. Lambert, P.Turala H.W. Lee N. Urabe RD, McGuire CR Wit RENidel Yukawa Working Group on General Requirements (SC-NUPACIO (SC I) . Goldmann, Chair ‘Working Group on Material (SG-NUPACK) (SC 1) S. Yukawa, Chair Working Group on Design (SG-NUPACK) (SC I) J.D. Stevenson, Chair JOINT ACLASME COMMITTEE ON CONCRETE COMPONENTS FOR NUCLEAR SERVICE (SC 30) BLA Fier, Chair T.E:Johnson CA Sanna, Secretary GR Murphy 1. Alen S.F. Putman RM Ata 8.8. Seon A.C. Eberhardt RE. Shewmaker J. Guaierez 1. D. Stevenson |. Haavk ALY, Wong, IM. F. Hesshelmer Subgroup on Materials, Construction, and Examination 16C30) Dl. Haak, Chir B.A. Ever JF Artso J. Guserez RM. Attar‘Subgroup on Design (SC 30) 2.6. Adams RE, Shevimaker A.C Eberhardt J.D. Stevenson T.E Johnson ALY. Wong SF Putman SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEATING BOILERS (SC 1M) FP. Barton, Chair EA. Nordstrom PA Mobie, Vice Chair KL Seigle 8. P. Feder, Secretary D.E. Tanner RB. Duggan S.V. Voorhees W. L Haag Je RH. Weigel WM. Middleton 1.0. Hoh KOM, MeTague J. 1. Woodworth, Chair PLA. Mobic BP. Feder, Secretary RL Malian KJ. Hoey RH, Weigel 1.0. Hoh TF. Wickham FM. Lucas T.L Bedeaux, Atemate KM. MeTague ‘Subgroup on Water Heaters (SC 1 WL. Haag, ra Chair KM. MeTague 1.D.Gana RI. Mullican D.M. Hanning D. Sich W.M, Hiddleson DE Tanner FM. Lucas MA Taylor ‘Subgroup on Cast iron Boilers (SCV) KM, MeTague, Chair 1. Wekham RB, Duggan J. Woodworth RH. Wesel TL. Bedeaun, Alerate ‘Subgroup on Welded Bolles 61M PA. Mohie, Chie RF. Slack, Sr ToL Bede RP, sullvan D.H. Mapes 0.€ Tanner EA Nordstom RV. Wilpon 1 Seige UBC. .vITTEE ON NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION sev) T.G. MeCany, Chair NY. Fararaso H.C. Graber, Vice Char (0. Hedden FS, Fiageal, Seoetay FB, Kovacs 1.6 Bay LF Manning AS. Birks W..C. MeGaughey B.H, Gatk, J RD. MeCuire W. T. Glayton| BLA White RA. Coomes Subgroup on General Requirements/Personnel Qualifications ecyy RD. McGuire, Chie H.C. Graber LE Batey| CW. Hembree W.T. Clayton 1. Mackey NY. Fara DA White H.C Graber, hae BH. Clark 5.) Abin R.A. Comes T Alexander CW. Hombres AS. Bite Subgroup on Volumetric Methods (SCV) LE Baey, Chae 8. Keller S.J. Aen FB. Kovacs W.T. Clayton JF Manning N.Y. Fara WC. McGaughey H.C. Graber DA White CW. Hembree ‘Working Group on Radiography (SCV) G.W. Hembree, Chair NY. Frans So). Akin H.C. Graber Alexander EK. Keiteman VE atey FB. Kovacs ‘Working. Group on Ultrasonics (SCV) WT. Clayton, Chair W.C. McGaughey (0. Heder Pailaman RA kellechall |. Sater JF. Maneing MLL, Shakinowy RW MeChing ‘Working Group on Acoustic Emissions (SCV) .A White, Chir JF. Manning BH. ak, Je IR Michal P.M. Hoeigan‘SUBCOMMITTEE ON PRESSURE VESSELS (SC Vill) 1. Fare, Chair CG. Karcher TP, Pair, Vice Chair C8. Komora AL Roby, Secretary KT AP. Abe RW. Miki V. Bogosian UR Mile 5.M Caldwell K Metharian Wa) Caner CC Neely S.COr KC). Schneider R Disched A Sele RM. ott IR Sims Ie RE. Feige AL). Spencer 1G. Felden EA Steen Mj. Houle KK Tam WS. Jacobs EL Thomas, Special Working Group on Heat Transfer Equipment (SC Vill) U.R Miller, Chair G.8. Komora RP. Zoldak, Secretary R Mahadees CF Andreone F. Ovweiler DLE. Bol LE Sons S.M. Caldwell ALL Solet T.K Halles W.A Taft W. G.Jandrass 5. Yokel! G.G. Karcher Special Working Group on High-Pressure Vessels (SC Vit) JR. Sims, J, Chaie MM. ames A. Reddington, Secretay —_P. jansson LP. Antaly 1A Kapp, KE. Baxer D.P. Kendall RC Biel AK hare T.B. Boyd S.C Mordre DL) Burns C.J Maz PLN. Chako EH. Perez EL Danke LM, Piequeur RE Feigel ED. Rall DM. Fryer W.L Stewart J. Heck, J. Salivan AH. Honza FW. Tatar VT. Hoang ‘Special Working Group on Toughness (SC Vl W. 5. aebs, Ca . okharian 1. Cameron J. Mooney W.B. Doty ©. Nely OA Yhren M0. Fann GG archer IW. Stokes 8. Komora Subgroup on General Requirements SC Vth 8M lion, Chir Wo avec AP Abend AS Mann V. Bogen CC Nee Wor Caner A'S Oinates W.P. Cow TCI Scheer CR Good 1 Spencer 0. Kadakis PA Thomas 1-6 Keensn Subgroup on Materials (SC Vil) R. Discher, Chair EE, Morgenegg, D.C. Agarwal E.G. Nisber AP. Abrendt 1-7. Parsons J. Cameron D.W. Rahoi W.D.Doy KK Tam WD. Eda 8. K Thakur IM. Katcher Wo, Van et W. Mt. Lundy K Mothttian, Chair ©.B. Komora RE. Knoblock, Secretary RW. Mika MR Bauman UR Miler MR Breach TP. Pasor S.M, Caldwell MO, Rona NW. Edwards A sez J-R Fare S.C. Shah JA Hayward JL. W. Stokes CL Hollinger KK Tam W. S Jacobs EL. Thomas, G.G. Karcher 5 K L W. J. Bees Ro). Johnson RW. Boyce AS. Lester I SCO F.C. Ouyang, RE Feige M1 Rice HE. Gordon W. P. Webb ‘SUBCOMMITTEE ON WELDING (SC 10) 1.G. Feldstein, Chair JJ Meyer W.].Spetto, Vice Char AH. Miller |. Labrador, Secretary BR. Newmark R. Barkdall PP. Noms DLA. Bowers 5.D. Reynold, ML. Carpenter W. K Seatergood WD. Doy G.W. Spohn P.D. Flemer IM. Stanko MJ Howie KC. Taber R.A Johnson EM. Tanzosh W.M, Lundy RR. Young, RD. McGuire Subgroup on Materials (SC De) ML. Carpentec, Chair CE. Spaeder, LP Connor Wa J. Spero PD. Flenner M1 Stanko RM. Jesee KC. Taber AH Miler RR Young CE. Saine Sebgroup on General Requirements (SC 1X) 8. R. Newmark, Chait D.W. Mann RBarkdoll AS. Olivares PR Evans CE Wainwright PC. Flea RA Weis 1. Ghergurevich KR Willens RM, JeseeSubgroup on Procedure Qualification (SC D0) J.J. Meyer, Chair S.D. Reynolds RK, Brown, I MJ, Roe R.A, Johnson | W. K.Seatergnod AH Mller LL Sete, J PP. Noms WI. Spetko AS. Olnaves 1. Wiesner F.C. Ouyang, ‘Subgroup on Performance Qualification ($C 1X) 1.1. Meyer, Chair MI. Houle V.A Bell W. M. Lundy DLA. Bowers RO. McGuie LP. Connor SR Nordman RA. Coomes PP. Noes PD. Flenner W. .Scattergood G. Herrmann GW. Spohn ll ‘Sulbgroup on Brazing (SC 00 AH. Miller Robina KC Taber B.F. Shelley PR Wik ‘SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR INSERVICE INSPECTION «sc xD 0. F. Heddon, Chair CA treand T. J. Mawson, Vice Cha RD. Kerr GL Fechter, Secretary D.F. Landers CW. Alison TF Lentz WH. Bamford, 1.7. Lindberg RL Bevetly GC Millman 1. M. Bloom CR Osman RW. Boyce PC. Ricardella . 0. Cowler L Sage D.D. Davis FL Schaal, RL Dyle ILE. Safer T.NG Epps R.. Sullvan RE Gimple RW. Swayne FE Gregor RJ. Tamminga LB. Gros 1.6. Tobin K ida RA, Yonekawa Honorary Members (SC x0) 5H. Bush LR Kaw LJ. Chockie RR, MacCary 1 P. Housvup aii Special Working Group on Plant Life Extension (SC XI ‘Special Working Group on Ealing and Review (SC Xt) RW. Swayne, Chair MP. Lie RL Beverly 1 Stairs LB Gross C.J. Wine ‘Working Group on General Requirements (SC XI) ALT. Robens il, Chair D.A.Jadson RG eal ROK Mata .A Graham 1 Sage LB Gros RJ. Soott CA Ireland RJ. Tamminga ‘Suipgroup on Water-Cooled Systems (SC XI) 1. F. Lent, Chair 5. D. Kulat K Chvisian, Secretary MP inte CW. Alison 1. €, Stafiera W. J. Briggs CW Taha 7. Bugelholt R). Tammings 0.0. Dave D. Teno ‘AF. Deardorf SM, Walker RL Dyle G. Wasenko LB Gros RA West TC. Hinkle (SG-WCS) (SCX) C.D. Cowier, Chair T.K, Mctellan| RL. Dye, Char GC. Park SD. Kat, Secretary C Pendleton G.L Belew CM Ros. TW. Brombach CW. Tahnk .Fouperousse (C8, Thomas TC. Hinkle €. Throckmorton MR Hum RA West 1.7. Lindberg J Whitman Ps Lite Special Working. Group on Low-Temperature Heavy Water Reactors (SC-WCS) (SC XD) €. 0. Cowier, Chair KF, Schmid JM, Morrison, Secretary PR. Vormelker W. Awadalla 5H. Zaid) CA IrelandninconstnnindAitedtinin — eigcanecmngnacmnccnicn @ Se 1. Giesbach, Chi Manbeck 4 Chie . ‘A MeN, Secretary J.T. Lindberg RM, Gamble, Secretary 4. 5, Panesar | Mach W.-H. Bamford, W.£. Penell H. Berke 1-H, Philips B.A. Bbhop 5. Ranganath WF. Brady 5. T. Rose E Friedman WoL Sener 5.8. Gowen EA Sigel EM. Hackett FA Simonen Po jee 1.0. Spy M. Rapid KK Yoon 5.0. Lesinot Yukawa Wd. Bigs, Chir RD. Hough 8. Talmadge, Secretary E.N. Krishnaswamy HG. Adhar D. Naue Working Group on Flaw Evaluation (56-£5) SC xD KN. Chao 5. Petigout i ed ©.G.Ranganath RC. Chola, Chie 1.5, Panesar HT. Hi W. H. Bam RK Quhu M. Bash 5. Ranganath JM. Bloom D.A'Searth Working Group on Metal Contain SWS) (SC XD E Friedman 1.5, Schurman = Aree Seats COWES CH T.) Giiesbach| WoL Server J.E Sater, Chair RW. Hammelmann FD. Heyes FLA Stmonen WE. Noms, Saray 5. C.Petigout . N. Hoping KR Wichman Wigs CG Ranganath ida CM. Wiowst KN. Chao &. W. Robin ¥. mama KK. Yoon Mo) Fett RT Zak M. Rapin Yukawa ne i e 1.6. Merkle VA Zilbesein ‘Subgroup om Gas-Cooled Systems (SC XD, RH. Hanven, Chair Working Group on Pipe Faw Evaluation (SG-E) (SC Xt) Subgroup on Liquid-Metal-Cooled Systems (SC Xt Shieh oe a ©. G. MeCarge, Char Hund GM. Wikowsi, Secretary HS. Mehta WoL Chase Wi. vant W. H. Bamford 1:6. Mere 5. Hator 1-6. Tobin 1.4 Bloom 1.5. Panesar RC. Cala Quinones N.G.Caie KK Yoon ‘Working Group on Liqud-Metal Reactor Covers 5.K Datuar S.Yukawa (SCLMES) GC Xb GH. Ds B00 A Zahoor E Fiedman V.A Zibentein W.L Chase, har Hund DN Hooks 5. Hanon We Kane Subgroup on Evaluation Standards ($C Xt) on examination 6 x W. H. Bamford, iy Chal’. Ranganath : M. Kopi, Secretary PC Recardlla RL. Beet, Chai 1. Epps 1. Bloom OLA Seah NR. Bentley, Secretary 3.0. Henry RC. Gpolla WoL Sener D.C. Adamonis MR Hum RM. Gamble CA Tomes EL Becker SNL TJ Giesbach W.A.Van Der Sigs FT. Cor RD, Mecaie ec KR Wehman 8, Cheeze MC Medes lida CM. Wikowsk W. T. Clayton CR Oman Y. mama KK Yoon .F. Cook FJ. Schaal J-Jouret Yukawa C0, Cour 1. Spannee, fe 1. Merde F | Dodd Cs. Wie xvii‘Working Group on Procedure Qualification and Volumetric ‘Examination (SG-NDB ($C X) ©. D. Gower, Chair 5.R Doce CE. Lanen, Secretary FJ. Dodd D.C. Adamonis TN. Epps FL Becker RA Kellerhall NR Bently JK McClanahan 8. Bevis MC, Medes FT. Car M. Seporita C8. Cheezem 1.1. Taylor W.T. Clayton S.M. Walker RA. Couriney Working Group on Personnel Qualification and Surface Visual ‘and Eddy Current Examination (SC-NDE) (SCX) J.F. Cook, Chair RD. McGuire . 1, Wir, Secretary S.A, Redner 8. Cunie MCF. Sherwin IN. Eoonomos AL Smith HB. Garland D. Spake D.0. Hemy 1. Spanner, Se. HE. Houserman J.C. Spanner, J: Jude Mele i ‘Working Group on Pressure Testing (SG-NDE) (SC XD) G.P. Alexander CE. Jenson TM. Anselm W. N. Keiser 7.8. Basso . Lamond |. Boughman Fo. Schaet T.R.Bugethall D-Tenao RJ. Cimoch | (SC-RREM) (SC x1) ‘Working Group on Design Reconciliation ($C-8R&M) (SCX) WC. Holston, Chair Vv. tmbro RE. Tome, Secretary DLN. vine, Jr Rw. DF. Landers 5.8. Brown RW. Swayne J E Charley F. Tehranchi 1. Conner Hi), Thaler Te His ‘Working Group on Responsibilities and Program Requirements (SC-RREM) (SC XD) R.A. Yonekawa, Chair RS. Lewis RR Stevenson, Secretary M.S. McDonald SK Faher U. Potapove GM. Foster 5.M. Smiley CE Hana ‘AJ Waleutt A. Sele, Chair 1. P, Pastor P.D. Stump, Secretary M.D. Rana ALN. Antoniou CoM. Seratala K Enis GR Stoeckinger M, Hennemand IN Sumees CH, Hochman J.P. Swezy G.G. Karcher AP. Varghese Potalue WL White MR Minick Subgroup on Design and Materials 87 M.D. Rana, Chair GR Stockinger Subgroup on Fabrication and Inepection (SC XI) scsvm EC. Kiser, Chair H.. Michae! M.D. Beenstein, Vice Chir CA. Neumann, U. DUss, Secretary CW. Reynolds 1 Ball M. Robinson 1A. Cox .. Scallan RD. Danzy CM Schroepfer RJ. Doeling 1A | Spencer D.A. Dauin J.C. Standfast R.G. Friend EA, Steen HLL Cregg LL Thompson '.F, Hartson 1A West CF. Laitner 1.) Ferigan, Atemate (M.D. Bernstein, Chae |. W. Reynolds LE Bal JW. Richardson V.M, Deluca M. Robinson D.A.Douin J.C. Sunda HD. Michael LL Thompson CA. Neumann‘Subgroup on Testing (SC-SVR) S.F. Hartson, Jr Char D.M. Papa S. Cammeres! .. Sallan LA Cox CM Schroepfer WF. Hart ‘Suogroup on Design (SC-5VR) RG. Friend, Chair C.F. Later J. Cahoon, I PR Sievert RD. Danzy A.J. Spencer DB. DeWichael EA. Sten RJ. Doeling TR Tarbay HLL Geog WA West SR iin ‘SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN (SC-D) W. J. Cater, Chair RW. Mika &S Fagerld, Secretary K Mokhtarian RW. Gomes, W. J. O'Donnell . Becht R.D. Schueer, J 1.1 Hechmer MP. Schwatz 0. F. Hedden A Sete ‘Special Working Group on Bolted Flanged Joints (SC-D) RW. Mika, Chair 1.8 Payne C.D Bibel RW. Schneider CC Kharshaejian RD. Schuler, Je DLL Kure A Sele E.Michalopoulos Subgroup on Openings (SC-D) 1M. P Schwartz, Chair RB. Luney RW. Mika, Secretary KC Memon MR. Breach D.R Palmer V.T. Hwang MO. Rena S.Clow EC. Rodabaugh Subgroup on Design Analysis (SC-D) JL, Hechmer, Chale W. J. Koves 1. B, Pastor, Secretary THe PJ. Conli 0. Mackawa: AG. fegere A Merend C.L Hollinger TV. Narayanan DP. Jones EL Thomas, Je ‘A. Kalnins ‘Subgroup on Elevated Temperature Design (SC-D) C. Becht 1V, Chair RK Mat J.-M. Corum, Secretary W. J. O'Donnell CR Brinkman CC Sehula, RD. Campbell UK Severud DS. Gain DF. Shaw Rl defer AL Snow Lawton, B. E Thurgood. ‘Subgroup on Fatigue Strength (SC-D) CR Brinkman . Kharshajian PLR. Donavin € Lawton JA Hayward A. Merend J. Hechmer HLH, Ziad D.P. Jones SUBCOMMITTEE ON BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL ‘ACCREDITATION (SC-BPVA) Spencer, Chair RL, Willams Vice Chair V.A. Bell. sherate Baron, Secretary V. Bogosian,» semate S.C. Gy, alternate M.A. DeViies, Alternate 1. R. Far, Aterate RG. Friend, Atemate W.C. Lakochelle, Alternate AS, Lester Il, Alternate Howard KM. MeTague, Akernate Macdonald CP. Milley, Alternate ‘Sik RE Muise,Aemate “Turcynskt P.G, Scheckermann, Alternate IN. Surtees, Alternate TE. Quake, Chair LM Beason, Alternate RR. Stevenson, Vice Chaic RL W. Boyce, Atemate S. Gein, Secretary 5, Dasgupta, Aerate CW. Alison PD. Edwards, Akemate MN. Brsler J.P. Elenberger, Akernate G.Dely, RE. Feige, Aterate FR. Drahos HO. Hanath, Aerate JE. Hans L J. Spencer RE Tton, Saf RepresentativePERSONNEL 96 Officers of ASTM Committee (Cooperating in the Development of the Specifications Herein) As of December 31, 1996 D.20 ON PLASTICS . Grabol, Chair 5. B, Driscoll, Vee-ChalrCONTENTS ‘A Detailed Contents Precedes Each Subsection and the Appendices Foreword Statements of Policy. Personnel Preamble Subsection Cl Fundamentals. Subsection C2 __Biler Operation Subsection C3. Boiler Auxiliaries Subsection C4 __Appurtenances are Sa Subsection C5 Instrumentation, Controls, and Interlock. Subsection C6 Inspection mee Subsection C7 Repairs, Alterations, and Maintenance Subsection C8 Control of Intemal Chemical Conditions. Subsection C9 Preventing Boiler Fai ‘Appendices and Glossary SI Units B 31 o n 8s 9s 3 13 155PREAMBLE ‘The purpose ofthese recommended guidelines is to promote safety in the use of power boilers, These guidelines ae intended {for use by those directly responsible for operating, maintaining, and inspecting power boilers. ‘With respect tothe application of these guidelines, a power boiler isa pressure vessel constructed in compliance with Sec- tion Tin which steam is generated for use external to the boiler ata pressure exceeding 15 psig due to the application of heat, ‘This heat may be derived from the combustion of fuel (solids, liquids, or gases) from the hot waste gases of other chemical eactions, or from the application of electrical energy. The term Power boiler in this Section includes stationary, portable, and traction types, bu doesnot include locomotive and high temper- ‘ture water boilers (Section 1, nuclear power plant boilers (Section IND, heating boilers (Section IV), miniature boilers (Section pressure vessels (Section VIM), or marine boilers. ‘These guidelines apply tothe boiler proper and to pipe con- ‘etions up to and including the valve of valves as required by the Code. Superheaters, reheaters, economize, or other Pressure parts connected directly tothe boiler without interven ing valves should be considered as par ofthe boiler. Guidelines ate also provided for operation of auxiliary equipment and appliances that affect the safe and reliable operation of power boilers. Previous editions of these guidelines covered the full range ‘of power boilers from small capacity, low pressure, and low temperature to once-through units. Specific references to the ‘once-through units have been deleted. Emphasis hasbeen placed ‘on industrial-type boilers because oftheir extensive use ‘The difficulty in formulating a set of guidelines that may be ‘pplied to all sites and types of plans is recognized; therefore, it may be advisable 10 depart from them in specific cases, Manufacturer's operating instructions should alweys be adhered {Other recommended procedures such as National Fire Protec- ‘ion Association's Codes covering prevention of fumace explo sions are suggested for additional guidence. DESCRIPTION OF GUIDELINES Cl Fundamentals —a genera description of boiler fundamen tals including steam generation, combustion, and types of boilers 3 cs 7 cs Boiler Operation — guidelines fr outine boiler operation ‘including strnup, normal operation, and shutdown as well 8 operator training for safe and reliable operation Boiler Auxiliaries — guidelines for normal and emergency operation of fuel handling equipment, boiler feedpumps, fans, and other auxiliaries commonly used inthe operation ‘of oilers. Emphasis is placed on operating the auxiliaries ‘© avoid an unsafe condition in the boilers. Appurtenances — operating. guidelines and descriptions for frequently used boiler appurtenances such as safely valves, safety relict valves, pressure gages, feedwater regu. lator valves, Blowdown systems, and soot blowers ‘Instrumentation, Controls, and Interlocks — brief descrip- jon of recommended instrumentation for monitoring boiler status, controls for boiler operation, and interlocks to prevent unsafe conditions ‘Inspection — guidelines for inspection of boilers to ensure that the boiler is capable of safe and reliable operation. ‘These guidelines apply only to those who are responsible forthe inspection and operation of bolle plents and must not be considered as applying tothe state, municipal, or insurance companies’ inspectors. Consideration should be Biven to the importance of continual inspection as cor pared with periodic inspection. These guidelines are not intended to define or limit the extent of inspection by the ‘Authorized Inspector. Repairs, Alterations, and Maintenance — guidelines for ‘making boiler repairs and alterations; recommended rou: tine maintenance programs to improve boiler availability and keep power boilers in a safe operating condition Conirot of Internal Chemical Conditions — guidelines address intemal cleaning, laying up, deposits, corrosion, steam contamination, water chemistry, and fie side condi Preventing Boiler Failures — guidelines for operation of protective equipment and precautions to prevent causes of boiler failures, such as overpressure, weakening of struc- ture, explosions, and implosions1.100 C1200 ci2zi0 i220 61.230 1.300 1.400 1.800 1.600 Figures e121 122 C1238 C123 SUBSECTION C1 FUNDAMENTALS ‘Steam Generation Boller Types Firetube Boilers, Watertube Boilers Electric Boilers Package Boilers. Fleld-Assembled Boilers Combustion Boiler Efficiency Simple Steam Drum, ‘Steam Drum With Tubes ‘Steam Drum Internals — Baffle Type. Steam Drom Internals — Double-Row Arrangement, Cyclone Separator TypeSUBSECTION C1 FUNDAMENTALS 1.100 STEAM GENERATION ‘The primary function of a boiler is to generate steam. This is done by applying heat to the water in the boiler. This can be done electrically or by burning fuel in a furnace, allowing the heat of combustion to be ‘conducted through the metal 10 the water. In the electric boiler, steam is generated by resistance hheaters immersed in the boiler water or by passing current between electrodes immersed in the boiler water. ‘The resistance heater method is typically used by small capacity heating boilers operating at low pressures, The electrode method is used with capacities exceeding 100,000 Ib/hr and pressures up 10 125 psig. In the fuel burning method, the heat generated by the burning of fuel is conducted through the metal of the boiler or boiler tubes to the water on the other side. €1.200 BOILER TYPES There are three basic types of boilers: firetube, Watertube, and electric, c1210 In the firetube boiler. gases of combustion pass through the inside of the tubes with water surrounding the outside of the tubes. The advantages of a firetube boiler are its simple construction and less rigid water treatment requirements. The disadvantages are the exces- sive weight per pound of steam generated, excessive time required 10 raise steam pressure because of the relatively large volume of water, and the inability of the firetube boiler to respond quickly to load changes, again due to the large water volume. These boilers are commonly used for small capacity. low pressure applications in industrial process plants. Steam capacity ranges up t0 200,000 lb/hr and design pressures usually fall below 1000 psig. Firetube Boilers Circulation in a firetube boiler is established when steam bubbles are formed on the outside of the tubes and break away from the hot metal 10 rise to the surface. Water replaces these bubbles and circulation begins. C1220 Watertube Boilers In the watertube boiler, the water is inside the tubes ‘and gases of combustion pass around the outside of the tubes. The advantages of a watertube boiler are a lower unit weight per pound of steam generated, less time required to raise steam pressure, a greater fexibility for responding to load changes. and a greater ability to operate at high rates of steam generation. (This is due to the beter circulation of water that carries heat away from the heating surfaces.) Steam bubbles that are lighter than the water are formed inside the tubes. Breaking away from the hot ‘metal, they rise tothe surface. This is the same principle as in the firetube boiler, except that the tubes in a watertube boiler provide a path that accommodates this natural tendency. ‘The natural circulation of water through a watertube boiler depends solely on the difference in weight of the steam and water mixture in the generating or heated tubes, compared to the weight of water in the downcomers. As the water is heated in the generating tubes, steam bubbles are formed and the heated mixture Of steam and water rises as the weight of the denser water in the downcomers forces the heated mixture up the tubes, establishing circulation. To ensure that this Circulation continues unimpaired, itis essential that the required level of water be maintained in the steam drum at all times. In operation, the function of the steam drum is to separate the steam from the mixture of water and steam centering the drum (see Figs, C1.2-1 and C122). A considerable variety of drum internals (baffles, moisture separators, screens. dryers) may be used to aid this separation. In a baffle-type drum (Fig. Cl.2-3a) the1.220 steam Woter FIG. €1.2-1 SIMPLE STEAM DRUM (Courtesy of Combustion Engineering, Inc.) sem soo nd oe i mem i j' later A ves FIG. C1.2-2 STEAM DRUM WITH TUBES (Courtesy of Combustion Engineering, Inc.) deflection baffle directs the water to the downcomers as free from steam bubbles as possible. Screens separate the moisture from the steam before the steam leaves the drum. Incoming feedwater, which is usually below boiling. temperature, is directed to the downcomers to prevent carrying any steam bubbles into the dewncomers, which would reduce the head available to maintain natural circulation, ‘The steam drum also contains a continuous blowdown pipe which can reduce the total of dissolved and suspended solids in the water by replacing the water blown down (removed) with feedwater containing fewer impurities. The term total solids is used to describe the sum of dissolved and suspended solids. High coneen- trations of dissolved solids are objectionable because they are a cause of foaming, Suspended solids can ‘create deposits on the boiler tube surfaces which insulate the tube metal from the cooling effect of the circulating water and cause overheating. Deposits can also build up to the exient that they impede circulation. 1995 SECTION VII 1300 Steam drums may contain mechanical separators, such as cyclone separators shown in Fig. C).2-36. In this design the cyclone separators provide the ist stage fof steam-water separation with additional separation achieved by scrubbers (screens) before the steam leaves the drum, C1230 Electric Bollers Electric boilers have 2 lot in common with fired boilers. Both require close attention to water treatment for successful operation. They need deaerated soft water. Boiler water blowdown is necessary to keep the solids ‘concentration within the Manufacturer's recommended limits for good performance. Safety valves protect against overpressure. Steam generation and, therefore indirectly, pressure are controlled by varying power input Electric boilers that use electric resistance heating coils immersed in water are very low capacity boilers and will not be addressed further. Electrode-type boilers generate saturated steam by conducting current through the water itself. Boiler water conductivity must be monitored and controlled, If the conductivity is too low, the boiler will not reach full operating capacity. When the conductivity is too high, overcurrent protection will shut off the power. High boiler water solids may cause foaming and shorts to ground. It may be necessary (0 increase blowdown or add antifoam agents to control foaming. Very pure water will limit steam output and will require addition of additives to increase the boiler water conductivity. The operator is advised to consult the boiler manufacturer and a water treatment consultant for specific advice Solids from the saturated steam tend to accumulate slowly on the insulators supporting the electrodes from the grounded shell. The unit must be shut down period cally so the insulators can be washed off to prevent arcing, High voltages up to 16,000 V may be used. Protection is needed for ground faults, overcurrent, and, for three phase systems, loss of phase. The main electrical discon- rect switch must be locked out before performing maintenance on the boiler 1.300 PACKAGE BOILERS ‘Small sized power boilers can be completely assem: bled in the boiler manufacturer's shop, including burn- ers, fans, controls, sootblowers, etc, These boilers are shipped to the operating site by barge, rail, or overC1300 SUBSECTION Cl — FUNDAMENTALS C1500 Final Stage Sereens, Primary Screens ‘Continuous Blowdown Piging FIG. C1.2-3a STEAM DRUM INTERNALS — BAFFLE TYPE (Courtesy of Combustion Engineering, Inc) FIG. C1.2-3b STEAM DRUM INTERNALS — DOUBLE- ROW ARRANGEMENT, CYCLONE SEPARATOR TYPE (Courtesy of Babcock & Wilcox) the road vehicles. They are called package boilers and ‘can be designed to operate at high pressures and capacities. Operating pressures of 1000 psig and capaci tics of 300,000 lb/hr and steam temperatures of 950°F ccan be achieved. C1400 FIELD-ASSEMBLED BOILERS Boilers that are too large to ship completely assembled ‘must be field erected. They are capable of producing up to several million pounds per hour of steam at pressures up to 2600 psig, with steam superhested 10 1100°F. These parameters apply to natural circulation power boilers. C1500 COMBUSTION ‘The three requirements for combustion are fuel, oxygen, and heat. The most common fuels used in boilers are coal, oil, and gas. The basic combustible clements in these fuels are hydrogen and carbon. Onygen is needed 10 support combustion. In the combustion process, a chemical reaction takes place between the oxygen in the air and the fucl. Nitrogen and other gases in air do not enter into the reaction, but do carry away the heat of combustion.1.500 Heat is required to bring the fuel up to its kindling for ignition temperature. There is @ specific kindling temperature for every combustible substance. A fuel will not start or continue to burn unless this temperature is reached; once ignited, the fuel will continue to burn as it supplies its own heat, provided enough oxygen is available to continue the reaction The ignition temperature of coal is affected by the ‘gaseous constituents being distilled off and the fixed carbon in the coal. The temperature produced during the normal combustion process ranges from 2500°F 10 3000°F, far in excess of the ignition temperature. Air ‘must come in contact with the combustibles in the coal for combustion to continue. The more surface area exposed to the air, the faster the burning. The combus- tion process can be improved by crushing or grinding the coal into small particles, and by creating turbulence ‘with the air supplied for combustion, ‘As with coal, the more surface of oil exposed to air, the faster the burning. The combustion pracess can bbe improved by atomizing the oil into a very fine mist and by creating turbulence with the air supplied for combustion. Heavy fuel oil must be heated to bring it down to the proper viscosity for efficient atomization. Fuel can be atomized either mechanically with the high pressure drop across the oil gun tip or by using steam (or air 10 create a shearing action Each component in natural gas has its own ignition temperature but that of the mixture is about 1200°F, ‘The temperature produced during normal combustion of natural gas is between 2500°F and 3000°F, the same as that of coal. Air must come in contact with the gas for combustion to proceed, Certain mixtures of gas and air become very explosive. Mixtures of natural gas and air containing less than 4.0% or more than 15.0% of gas by volume will not explode or burn 1995 SECTION VII 1.600 1.600 BOILER EFFICIENCY The efficiency of a boiler is dependent on how much Of the heating value of the fuel is lost, as either sensible heat or by incomplete combustion. Sensible heat loss in the dry stack gases is by far the largest loss. An oversupply of excess air (over and above that required for complete combustion of the fuel) will increase this heat loss and also tends to cool the boiler. The amount fof excess air can be determined by measuring the amount of oxygen in the stack gases. This loss should be minimized by not supplying more excess air than required. ‘Moisture is the next largest cause of heat loss. Moisture in the fuel becomes superheated steam when the fuel burns, and this steam is lost up the stack. The hydrogen content of the fuel combines with oxygen, forming additional water as superheated steam. The humidity of the air is another addition of moisture to the furnace and also causes a loss in efficiency. Incomplete combustion can be caused by poor mixing of fuel and air o lack of sufficient air supply to the fuel as it is being burned. When carbon is only partially oxidized, carbon monoxide gas is formed. Incomplete combustion therefore can be detected by the measure- ‘ment of carbon monoxide in the stack gas. Incomplete combustion of fuel represents a serious loss and can be minimized by using sufficient air and a suitable means of mixing the fuel and air. It is impossible 10 burn all the carbon out of coal, but the amount remaining in the ash can be held to @ minimum by controlling the factors that contribute to good combustion.2.10 20 2.120 C2130 C2140 2150 2.160 ©2400 c2ai0 2.420 242i C2422 ©2423 C2424 249s 2.426 2427 2428 2.430 SUBSECTION C2 BOILER OPERATION General Guidelines Operator Training Preventing Explosions Maintaining Proper Water Level Maintaining Proper Fumace Pressure. Maintaining Clearance for Expansion Reference Sources, Preparing for Operation, Inspection (Chemical Cleaning Safety Checklist for Inspection Water Side Checklist Fire Side Checklist, External Checklist, Hydrostatic Testing. General Prevest . Testing coe Starting Up. General Establish Water Level Ligh-oft Going on Line. ‘On Line Operation, Operating Data . Water Side Operations. Feedwater Treatment Gil in Boiter .. Water Level Low Water Level High Water Level Boiler Water Blowdown Biowoff Valve Sequencing Water Carryover Safety Valves. un n n n u u 12 2 2 n 3B B B i Is Is 5 15 Is 1s 15 16 6 6 7 7 72440 2450 2.480 C2461 casa cass cast ©2500 casio ©2520 2.530 2.540 C2550 2.560 2.561 2.562 Leaks Soot Blowing, ‘Ash Removal General Botwom Ash Wet Removal Botom Ash Dry Removal Fly Ash Removal Out of Service Operation. Shutdown Draining Isolation ‘water Side Cleening ie Side Cleaning Storage Wet Storage Dry Storage v 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 2 21 21 2 2SUBSECTION C2 BOILER OPERATION 2.100 2110 GENERAL GUIDELINES Operator Training ‘Safe and reliable operation is dependent to a large ‘extent upon the skill and attentiveness of the operator fand the maintenance personnel. Operating skill implies the following: (a) knowledge of fundamentals; (b) familiarity with equipment; (c) suitable background of training and experience. Full and effective use should be made of manufactur: €er's instruction books on operation and maintenance. Of special importance are written procedures prepared expressly for each installation by the manufacturers’ service engineers and qualified personnel from the operating organization before and during the commis- sioning period. These procedures are based on actual experience and often include invaluable information on what the equipment is expected to do. Limitations critical (0 safe and reliable operation are also given. Control systems vary in complexity from computer contral to manual operation. Regardless of the type of system used, the operators should be thoroughly trained so that they can maintain safe and continuous operation during changeover from automatic to manual control ‘as well as t0 continue operation by manual control if, the automatic systems are out of service. The operator should have instrumentation at the point of manual operation to permit him to be aware of operating conditions at all times. Regularly scheduled auto-manual changeover, manual operation, and emergency drills to prevent loss of these skills are recommended, €2.120 Preventing Explosions Interlocks should be established that ensure operation is within safe limits as described in the National Fire Protection Association documents listed under Refer- cence Sources in this Subsection, Startup and shutdown events should be performed to satisfy the interlock system. This will prevent potentially dangerous moves during, mental lapses or moments of crisis. ‘One ofthe most common causes of furnace explosions is failure to purge the boiler furnace prior to startup. The boiler furnace, generating bank, economizer. heater, and ducts should be adequately purged before any source of ignition (igniter, pilot lame) is introduced into the furnace to ensure that no fuel gas has accumu- lated in the unit. The purge, usually air, should be at 4 sufficient rate to provide adequate velocity to clear dead spots in the entre unit. This precaution should always be observed after an accidental loss of ignition. Purge interlock systems equipped with timers, when properly installed and adjusted, ensure that purging wil be adequate and effective. Such interlocks should not be bypassed or defeated. Purge times and flows should be observed by the operator to verify the purge sequence is complete. Air flow rates may be checked on the ait flow recorder or by relation 0 draft loss differential across part or all of the boiler system. 2.130 Maintaining Proper Water Level Boiler water level control and furnace pressure con- trol, where required, are subsystems of combustion control. Every effort should be made to place these ‘on automatic operation as soon as possible during startup because they require constant operator attention otherwise, Operating without sufficient water to cool pressure paris is the most common way to destroy a boiler, ‘The best, safest, and only advice is: IF IN DOUBT — SHUT IT DOWN 2.140 Maintaining Proper Furnace Pressure Boilers are designed so that furnace pressure is negative or positive with respect to atmospheric pres- sure, Negative pressure furnaces are commonly called balanced draft because the induced draft (ID) fan is