Calculus III

Multiple Integrals/ Lecture 26-30

Wael Al-Sawai

UTPB

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Outline

Wael Al-Sawai Multiple Integrals UTPB

Doupled and Iterated Integrals over Rectangles

Descrization of the domain x ∈ [a, b]

The Riemann sum ∞ ∗
P
i=1 f (xi )∆x.
Rb ∗
a f (x)dx = limn→∞ f (xi )∆x.

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Double Integrals

Rij = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ] = {(x, y )|xi−1 ≤ x ≤ xi , yj−1 ≤

y ≤ yj }
If we choose a sample point (xij∗ , yij∗ ) in each Rij .
The part of S that lies above each Rij cab be approximated by
a thin rectangular box or column withe hight f (xij∗ , yij∗ ).
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Double Integrals

The volume of each box is the height of the box times the
area of the base rectangle: f (xij∗ , yij∗ )∆A.
The approximation to the total volume of S is
V ≈ m
P Pn ∗ ∗
i=1 j=1 f (xij , yij )∆A:

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Double Integrals
Pm Pn ∗ ∗
Then V = limm,n→∞ i=1 j=1 f (xij , yij )∆A

Definition (Double Integral)

The
RR double integral of f over the P
Pm rectangle R is
n ∗ ∗
R f (x, y )dA = limm,n→∞ i=1 j=1 f (xij , yij )∆A if the limit
exists.
If f (x, y ) ≥ 0, then the volume V of the solid that lies above the
rectangle
RR R and below the surface z = f (x, y ) is
V = R f (x, y )dA.
Properties of Doublel Integrals:
RR RR RR
R [f (x, y ) + g (x, y )]dA = R f (x, y )dA + R g (x, y )dA.
RR RR
R cf (x, y )dA = c R f (x, y )dA,
f (x, y ) ≥ f (x, y ) for
If RR RR all (x, y ) in R, then
c R f (x, y )dA ≥ c R g (x, y )dA

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Iterated Integrals

Suppose that f is a function of two variables that is integrable on

the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d].
Rd
c f (x, y )dy means that x is held fixed and f (x, y ) is
1

integrated with repsect to y from y = c to y = d.

Rd
c f (x, y )dy is a function depends on x, so we can define
2
Rd
A(x) = c f (x, y )dy .
Rb Rb Rd

3
a A(x)dx = a c f (x, y )dy dx.
Rd Rb Rd Rb 
4 Similarly
c a f (x, y )dxdy = c a f (x, y )dx dy . We first
integrate with respect to x (holding y fixed) from x = a to
x = b and then we integrate the resulting function of y with
repsect to y from y = c to y = d.
The iterated integrals work from inside out.

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Iterated Integrals

Example : Evaluate the iterated integrals.

R3R2 2
0 1 x ydydx.
R2R2 2
1 0 x ydxdy .

Theorem (Fubini’s Thoerem)

If f is continuous on the rectangle
R = {(x, y )|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}, then
RR RbRd Rd Rb
R f (x, y )dA = a c f (x, y )dydx = c a f (x, y )dxdy .
More genrally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R, f
is discontinous only on a finite number of smooth curves, and the
iterated integrals exist.

Note
RR that: Rd Rb Rd Rb
R f (x, y )dA = c a g (x)h(y )dxdy = c h(y )dy a g (x)dx

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Fubini’s Thoerem

Rd
A(x) = c f (x, y )dy is cross section area of S in the plane
through x perpandecular to the x-axis.
Rb
The volume is V = a A(x)dx.
Rb
Or a f (x, y )dx is cross section area of S in the plane through
y perpandecular to the y-axis.
Rd Rb

Then, V = c a f (x, y )dx dy
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Examples:
Example : Evaluate the double integral R (x − 3y 2 )dA where
RR

R = {(x, y )|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2} RR
Example : Evaluate the double integral R y sin(xy )dA where
R = [1, 2] × [0, π].
Example : Find the volume of the solid S that is bounded by the
elliptic paraboloid x 2 + 2y 2 + z = 16, the planes x = 2 and y = 2,
and the three coordinate planes.

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Double Integral Over General Region

(
f (x, y ) if (x, y ) is in D
F (x, y ) =
0 if (x, y ) is in R but in D
If F is integrable over R, then we define the double integral of f
over D by RR RR
D f (x, y )dA = R F (x, y )dA

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Double Integral Over General Region

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Double Integral Over General Region:Type I

If f is continous on a type I region D suht that

D = {(x, y )|a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}
Then ZZ Z Z b g2 (x)
f (x, y )dA = f (x, y )dydx
D a g1 (x)

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Double Integral over General Region:Type II

If f is continous on a type II region D suth that

D = {(x, y )|c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y )} then
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y )dA = dxdy
D c h1 (y )

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Examples: Double Integral Over General Region
RR
Example : Evaluate D (x + 2y )dA, where D is the region
bounded by the parabolas y = 2x 2 and y = 1 + x 2 .

Answer is 32/15.

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Examples: Double Integral Over General Region

Example : Find the volume of the solid that lies under the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and above the region D in the xy-plane
bounded by the line y = 2x and the parabola y = x 2 .

D is a type I D is a type II
Answer is 216/35.

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Examples: Double Integral Over General Region
RR
Example : Evaluate D xydA, where D is the region bounded by
the line y = x − 1 and the parabola y 2 = 2x + 6

Answer is 36

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Examples: Double Integral Over General Region

Example : Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the

planes x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y , x = 0, andz = 0.

Answer is 1/3.

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Examples: Double Integral Over General Region
R1R1
Example : Evaluate thee iterated integral 0 x sin(y 2 )dydx

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General Properties of Double Integrals

RR RR RR
1 [f (x, y ) + g (x, y )]dA = f (x, y )dA + g (x, y )dA =.
RRD RR D D
2
D cf (x, y )dA = c D f (x, y )dA.
RRf (x, y ) ≥ g (x, yRR) in D, then
If
3

f (x, y )dA ≥ D g (x, y )dA.

RRD RR RR
D f (x, y )dA = D1 f (x, y )dA + D2 f (x, y )dA,
4

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General Properties of Double Integrals
RR
1
D 1dA = A(D)

2 If m ≤ f (x,RRy ) ≤ M for all (x, y ) ∈ D, then

mA(D) ≤ D f (x, y )dA ≤ MA(D).
Exmaple : Use the last property to estimate the integral
RR sin x cos
e y dA, where D is the disk with center the origins and
D
radius 2.

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Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

r2 = x2 + y2
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ

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Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

RR
To evaluate the double integral R f (x, y )dA
1 Discretize [a, b] into m subintervals [ri−1 , ri ] of equal width
∆r = (b − a)/m of equal width.
2 Divide [α, β] into n subintervals [θi−1 , θi ] of equal width
∆θ = (β − α)/n.
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Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
1 Then we have the polar subrectangle
Rij = {(r , θ)|ri−1 ≤ r ≤ ri , θj−1 ≤ θ ≤ θj }
RR Pm Pn ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
R f (x, y )dA ≈ j f (ri cos θj , ri sin θj )A(Rij ).
2
i
3 ri∗ = 12 (ri−1 + ri ), θj∗ = 12 (θj−1 + θj ) is the center of Rij
4 The area of a sector of a circle with radius r and central angle
θ is 12 r 2 θ.
5 The difference between the areas of such sectors, each of
which has central angle ∆θ = θj − θj−1 is the area of A(Rij )
which is ∆Ai = 21 ri2 ∆θ − 12 ri−1 2 ∆θ

6 Then,
∆Ai = 21 (ri2 − ri−1 2 )∆θ = 1 (r − r ∗
2 i i−1 )(ri + ri−1 ) = ri ∆r ∆θ
Pm Pn ∗ ∗ ∗
7
Pm Pn i ∗ j f (ri∗ cos∗ θj , ri∗ sin
Then θj∗ )A(Rij ) =
∗
j f (ri cos θj , ri sin θj )ri ∆r ∆θ.
RR i Pm Pn ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
R f (x, y )dA = limn,m→∞ j f (ri cos θj , ri sin θj )Ai =
8
i
RβRb
α a f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
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Change to Polar Coordinates in Double Integral

If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R given by

0RR≤ a ≤ r , α ≤ θ R≤ β, where 0 ≤ β − α ≤ 2π, then
βRb
R f (x, y )dA = α a f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ.
1 Convert from rectangle to polar coordinates by
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
2 Use the appropriate limits of integration for r and θ.
3 Replace dA by rdrdθ

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Examples: Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Example : Evaluate R (3x + 4y 2 )dA, where R is the region in

RR

the upper half-plane bounded by the circles x 2 + y 2 = 1 and

x 2 + y 2 = 4. Answer ( 15π
2 )
Example :Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane
z = 0 and the paraboloid z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 . Answer ( π2 )

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Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates: General Region

If f is continuous on a polar region of the form

D = {(r , θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)} then
RR R β R h2 (θ)
D f (x, y )dA = α h1 (θ) f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ))rdrdθ.

In particular, taking f (x, y ) = 1 and h1 (θ) = 0, h2 (θ) = h(θ), we

R β R h(θ) Rβ 2
obtain A(D) = D 1dA = α 0 rdrdθ = α (h(θ))
RR
2 dθ

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Examples :Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Examples : Use a double integral to find the area enclosed by one

loop of the fourleaved rose r = cos 2θ

1 The loop is given by the region

D = {(r , θ)| − π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/4, 0 ≤ r ≤ cos 2θ}.
RR R π/4 R cos θ π
2 So the area A(D) = D (1)dA = −π/4 0 rdrdθ = 8

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Examples :Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Example : Find the volume of the solid that lies under the
paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 , above the xy-plane, and inside the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 2x

2 + y 2 )dA into
RR
We need to transform the double integral D (x
polar coordinates.

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Examples: Cont’d

1 Transform the domain from Cartesian to polar. r = 2 cos θ.

2 D{(r , θ)| − π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/20 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ}.
R π R 2 cos θ 2
V = D (x 2 + y 2 )dA = −2 π 0
RR
3 r rdrdθ
2

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Triple Integrals

Motivation:

RRR RRR
M= Ω dM = Ω µ(x, y , z)dV

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Triple Integrals

1 B = {(x, y , z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d, r ≤ z ≤ s}.

2 Bijk = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ] × [zk−1 , z − k]
3 ∆V = ∆x∆y ∆z
4 The
Pl triple
Pm Riemmann
Pn sum is
f (x ∗ , y ∗ , z ∗ )∆V
i=1 j=1 k=1 ijk ijk ijk

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Triple Integrals
Definition (Triple Integral)
RRR
The triple integral of f over the box B is B f (x, y , z)dV =
liml,m,n→∞ li=1 m
P P Pn ∗ , y ∗ , z ∗ )∆V if this limit exists.
j=1 k=1 f (xijk ijk ijk

Theorem (Fubini’s Thoerem For Triple Integrals)

If f is continuous on the rectangle box B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r , s],
then
RRR Rs Rd Rb
B f (x, y , z)dV = r c a f (x, y , z)dxdydz.

The iterated Fubini’s theorem means that

First we integrate with respect to x (keeping y and z fixed).
Then we integrate with respect to y (keeping z fixed).
Finally we integrated with respect to z.
There are five other possible orders in which we can integrate.

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Example: Triple Integrals over Rectangular Domain

2
RRR
Example : Evaluate the triple integral B xyz dV , where B is
the rectangle box given by
B = {(x, y , z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3}. Answer( 27
4 ).

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Triple Integrals over General Bounded Region
We define the Triple integral over a general bounded Region E in
three dimensional space (a solid) by much the same procedure that
we used for double integrals. We enclose E in a box B. Then we
define a function F so that it agrees with f on E but is 0 for
points in B that are outside E . By definition
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dV = F (x, y , z)dV
E B
.
If this integral exists and
f is continuous.
E is reasonably smooth.
Then the triple integral has essentially the same properties as the
double integral. We are going to consider continuous functions f
and certain types or regions.

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Type I

E = {(x, y , z)|(x, y ) ∈ D, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}

ZZZ ZZ h Z u2 (x,y ) i
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dz dA
E D u1 (x,y )

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E is Type I & D is Type I

E = {(x, y , z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x), u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤

u2 (x, y )}
ZZZ Z b Z g2 (x) Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dzdydx
E a g1 (x) u1 (x,y )

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E is Type I & D is Type II

E = {(x, y , z)|c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y ) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y ), u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤

u2 (x, y )}
ZZZ Z c Z h2 (y ) Z u2 (x,y )
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dzdxdy
E c h1 (y ) u1 (x,y )

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Examples: Triple Integrals
RRR
Example : Evaluate E zdV , where E is the solid tetrahedron
bounded by the four planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and
x + y + z = 1. Answer (1/24)

R 1 R 1−x R 1−x−y
1 If D is Type I we get 0 0 0 zdzdydx
R 1 R 1−y R 1−x−y
2 If D is Type II we get 0 0 0 zdzdxdy

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Triple Integrals: Type II

E = {(x, y , z)|(y , z) ∈ D, u1 (y , z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y , z)}

ZZZ Z Z h Z u2 (y ,z) i
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dx dA
E D u1 (y ,z)
There are two possible expressions for the integral depending D,
type I and type II plane region.
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Triple Integrals: Type III

E = {(x, y , z)|(x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)}

ZZZ Z Z h Z u2 (x,z) i
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dy dA
E D u1 (x,z)
There are two possible expressions for the integral depending D,
type I and type II plane region.

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Examples: Triple Integrals

Example : Find the volume of the solid bounded below by

z = x 2 + y 2 and above by z = 2 − x 2 − y 2 .

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Examples: Triple Integrals
RRR p
Example : Evaluate E x 2 + y 2 dV , where E is the region
bounded by the paraboloid y = x 2 + z 2 and the plane y = 4.

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Examples: Triple Integrals
RRR
Example : Evaluate the integral V xydv , where V is the
tetrahedron bounded by the planes x + 2y + z = 2,
x = 2y , x = 0, andz = 0.

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