Pamuk Imon Zubaer

Ryev‡qi †nv‡mb
hy‡×i ci e„wói wfZi
GB †jLvwUi ˆKwdqZ :-
A good book is a piece of writing that implies that things don't exist, a kind of
absence, or death...it is futile to look outside the book for a realm that is located
beyond the words.
Orhan Pamuk
PZz_© wLª÷v‡ãi Av‡g©bxq mvay Mashtots wQ‡jb gnvb giwg msMxZwe` I †jLK;
BwbB 36 A¶i wewkó Av‡g©bxq eY©gvjvi D™¢veK| Avi fvlvi Rb¨B †Zv Avgiv ...
Ges c~e©vci we‡kl‡bGu‡KB Av‡g©bxqvi jvjb g‡b nq; cÖgvYmi“c,
GB Av‡gbx©q cÖev`wUÑ Even in a golden cage,/the nightingale
is homesick. Kv‡RB, mvay Mashtots-Gi cweÎ Pi‡Y GB †jLvwU Ac©b Kiv hvq|
cÖ_g ce©: Ávb I fve
e„wói †fv‡i, cyi‡bv kn‡i
'My father used to say,' the son of the mannequin maker explained with pride, 'that
above all, we must pay attention to the gestures that make us who we are.'
Orhan Pamuk
1976 mvj; Ryb gvm, 7 ZvwiL; ‡fvi|
KZw`b g‡b n‡q‡Q Avgvi;cyi‡bv G kniUvi iv¯—vq iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr wK¬Ii m‡½
†`Lv n‡q hv‡e| Avwg Avgvi †Z‡iv eQi eqm †_‡K wK¬I‡K LuyRwQ, GLbI wK¬Ii †`Lv cvBwb|
wK¬IÑ BwZnv‡mi wgDR ... [Muses, in Greek mythology, nine goddesses, daughters of the
god Zeus, king of the gods, and of Mnemosyne, the goddess of memory. The Muses
were believed to inspire all artists, especially poets, philosophers, and musicians. By
late Roman times (3rd century to 5th century), each Muse was believed to preside
over a particular art: Calliope was the muse of epic poetry; Clio of history;]...
wK¬I| mv`v i‡Oi †ccjm civ, ¯^b©‡Kkx wK¬I| gnvb GDwiwc‡`m wK¬I‡K †`‡LwQ‡jb
[wLª÷c~e]© 425 mv‡j AvwËKvi GK wbR©b cÖvš—‡i; mgªvU KbmUvbUvBb, 324 A‡ã; GB
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq; gvIjvbv RvjvjDÏxb i“wg, 1270 mv‡ji MÖx‡®§,†Kvwbqvq; †n‡Mj, Tübingen
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PË‡i, 1788 mv‡j|
KZ KZ w`b g‡b n‡q‡Q AvgviÑ cyi‡bv G kniUvi iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr wK¬Ii m‡½
†`Lv n‡q hv‡e | wK¬I, BwZnv‡mi wgDR ...
A‡Svi e„wói wfZi nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z wf‡R hvw”Qj Iinvb cvgyK| AvKvk †gNjv| Pvicv‡k †Kgb
GK Nwb‡q IVv AÜKvi| ‡mB m‡½ Akvš— evZv‡mi G‡jv‡g‡jv AvPib| Avi e„wói kã ... Avi
e„wói kã| cZbkxj e„wówe›`y¸wj ARmª Zx² Rj-djvi gZb jvwd‡q jvwd‡q Ii Mv‡qi
cvmwU‡Ki el©vwZUvi Ici cowQj| Zvi †fuvZv wQo wQo kã| el©vwZi isUv bxj, [bxj isUv Ii
wcÖq] ... GLb GB †gNjv †fv‡i Aek¨ el©vwZi isUv Kvj‡P †`Lv‡”Q | AvR Avgv‡K ÔR¨vK `¨v
wicv‡iiÕ g‡Zv g‡b n‡jI n‡Z cv‡i| hwÌ GwU jÛb kni bq| gyPwK nv‡m I, Avi m‡½ m‡½
Ic‡ii Kv‡jv AvKvkUvq i“cvwj Av‡jvi SjK Qwo‡q coj| GKUz c‡iB AvKvkRy‡o ‡_‡g
†_‡g ¸i¸i kã; I _g‡K hvq, gyPwK nv‡m, Zvici Avevi nuvU‡Z _v‡K| Pvwiw`‡K ZvKvq|
Pvicv‡k e„wócZ‡bi GKUvbv kã| ‡e‡eK AvevwmK GjvKvi cwiwPZ `„k¨¸wj me †Kgb
AcwiwPZ n‡q Av‡Q AveQv Av‡jvq| eRªcvZ‡K Avgvi KLbI g‡b nq `~‡M©i g‡Zv | Avi
Av‡jv‡K? bvixi g‡Zv? ‡Mq‡Uï k¦vkZ bvix? n‡Z cv‡i| K‡e †hb AvZ©bv` K‡i D‡VwQ‡jb
‡Mq‡U¨Ñ Eternal Woman draws us upward. Kx Gi gv‡b? †K kvk¦Z bvix? †K Uv‡b mvZ-
Avmgv‡b? ‡KvbI †cÖwiZ bvix? wK¬I? hv‡K Avwg GLbI †`wLwb? iv¯—vi cv‡k wf‡R wf‡R MvQ,
‡mB me wf‡R wf‡R Mv‡Q wf‡R wf‡R cvZv, †mBme evZv‡m mimi wf‡R wf‡R cvZvi MÜ |
†mB m‡½ †cUª‡ji ¶xb| MÜ| RvqMvUv iv¯—vi wKbv‡i e‡j| †fvi e‡jB nq‡Zv iv¯—vq †jvK
PjvPj Kg; wKsev Ab¨ †KvbI KviYI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Wvb cv‡k cv‡kB eo nvBI‡q ÑIUvi
Icv‡iB em‡cvivm| iv¯—vq `y-GKUv evm wK Mvwo †nW jvBU R¡vwj‡q ûk K‡i P‡j hv‡”Q | ZLb
†PvL auvwa‡q hvq, ZLb e„wói GKUvbv mimi kãUv †f‡½ hvq ...hLb em‡cviv‡mi w`K †_‡K
D‡o Av‡m Aw¯’i evZvm, D‡o G‡m I‡K av°v gv‡i, †V‡j †d‡j w`‡Z Pvq| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m|
e„wói wfZi nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z g„`y wkniY †Ui cvq I | e„wó| AvR ‡kl ivZ †_‡KB S‡i hv‡”Q |
e„wó S‡i hv‡”Q em‡dvivm cv‡oi ¸jnv‡b cv‡K©i Ici, †mB cv‡K©i wfZi A‡Uvgvb
myjZvb‡ì cÖvmv` †ZvcKvwc mivB-Gi Ici, Zvi M¤^y‡Ri Ici, cÖv½‡bi Ici, cÖKv‡ii Ici|
KZ KZ eQi Av‡M myjZvbv w_I‡Wviv wK Ggb e„wói k‡ã Av”Qbœ n‡q co‡Zb? [ZLbI Aek¨
B¯—vbeyj wVK A‡Uvgvb‡ì ivRavbx n‡q I‡Vwb; A‡Uvgvb‡ì ivRavbx ZLb wQj eyimvq|] wKš‘,
myjZvbv w_I‡Wviv wK e„wó fv‡jvevm‡Zb? wZwb wK eyimvi cÖvmv‡ì Rvbvjvi cv‡k ùvwo‡q
ZvwK‡q _vK‡Zb Zzgyj e„wói w`‡K? cvgy‡Ki Aek¨ †ZgbB fve‡Z B‡”Q nq|
cÖvPxb GB kniUv `~M-© cÖvmv‡ì| em‡dviv‡mi w`K w`‡q eo iv¯—vUv cÖvPxb i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~‡M©i
w`‡K P‡j †M‡Q †eu‡K| nVvrB GB e„wói †fv‡i i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~‡M©i mvg‡b wM‡q GKevi
ùvov‡bvi B‡”Q n‡jv Ii| GBme †SuvK ... i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~MU© v †e‡eK AvevwmK GjvKvi cy‡e|
cvgyK Kx g‡b K‡i nVvr cÖvq †ùŠo‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i w`j| GBme †SuvK| cÖvqB gv e‡j, ZzB wVK
†Zvi evevi gZb †dwiZ| ‡Zvi evev ... A‡bK w`b †Zv GK m‡½ Ni Kijvg ...†`‡LwQ ...fvwi
ûBgwRKvj Av‡Q ... †Zvi evev| Avwg wK Avgvi evevi gZb? evevi Lye kL †jLvi| Z‡e
evevi Kjg †_‡K †jLv †e‡ivq bv| GB wb‡q evevi Kx `ytL| ¯^vwcœK GKUv gvbylÑ B¯—vbey‡ji
iv¯—vq Ruv cj mv‡Î©‡K `¨v‡Lb| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| em‡cviv‡mi cv‡o R‡ov-n‡q-IVv `gKv
evZvm I‡K †V‡j †d‡j w`‡Z Pvq GB †gNjv †fv‡i| I †`Šo‡”Q, evZvm †V‡j| Zzgyj e„wói
wfZi ‡`Šo‡bvi kxl©myL †Ui cvIqv hvq | gv hw` GLb Avgvq †`L‡Z †cZ! gv‡qi K_vq AveQv
K‡i n‡jI i“Bqvi gyLwU g‡b c‡o †h‡Z _v‡K GKevi| Z‡e kxZj e„wóR‡j weinx cvgy‡Ki
hZme GKvKxZ¡,k~b¨Zvi ‡eva ÑmeB †hb µ‡gB ay‡q gy‡Q hvw”Qj| Kweiv G Kvi‡YB e„wó‡Z
†f‡Rb? cvgyK Kwe| †n, i“Bqv, GB e„wó‡Z wfwRqv ...
iv¯—vi `yÕcv‡ki ÷ªxU-jvBU¸‡jv R¡‡j wQj| †cŠi Kg©KZ©viv GLbI wbwf‡q †`bwb | nq‡Zv †fuvm
†fuvm K‡i Nygv‡”Q me| QywUi w`‡b wKsev GBiKg e„wói w`‡b GBme ÔAvaywbK A‡UvgvbivÕ `ycyi
Awã Nygvq| cvgyK I‡ì g‡Zv bq, cvgyK QywUi w`‡b wKsev GBiKg e„wói w`‡b weQvbvq ï‡q
eB c‡o ...wKsev e„wói g‡a¨ knigq nuv‡U ... wKsev K¨vbfv‡mi mvg‡b ùvwo‡q myjZvbv
w_I‡Wvivi e„wógMœ bMœ kixiwU AuvKvi †Póv K‡i †h gyLwU AwPivr n‡q I‡V i“Bqvi gyL! Avi
Gfv‡eB AvaywbK A‡Uvgvb‡ì m‡½ ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB Ii GK wekvj GK AbwZµgbxq `~iZ¡
ˆZwi n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| cvwb Rg‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q iv¯—vq | Gw`KKvi ‡Wªb¸‡jv
ZZ Kvh©Kix bq; LyeB cÖvPxb kni e‡jB? wVK †mB gyn~‡Z© Ii ‡Pv‡Lgy‡L †nW jvB‡Ui Av‡jv
G‡m coj| GKUv Kv‡jv i‡Oi gvwm©wWR | I GK jv‡d dzUcv‡Zi Ici D‡V Av‡m| bv, AvR
Avwg gie bv| AvR Avwg e„wó‡Z wfRe| GB gyn~‡Z© iv¯—vUv cÖvq duvKv| I cÖvq †`Š‡o iv¯—v
‡ci‡jv| dzUcvZ| MvQ| †eÂ| †iwjs| ZviciB em‡cvivm| `~iš— evZvm †V‡j †V‡j dzUcv‡Zi
Ici w`‡q G‡Mvq| dzUcv‡Zi cv‡k GKUv cy‡iv‡bv IK MvQ| MvQwUi cvZvq cvZvq G‡jv‡g‡jv
evZv‡mi kbkb kã | wf‡R Qv‡ji Wv‡ji ¸uwoi MÜ cvq †m| ZLbB `~i †_‡K i“‡gwj wnmvwi
`~M©wU †`Lv hvq| `~i †_‡K meB my›ì jv‡M| wKš‘ ...wKš‘, Avi KZKvj Zzwg AUj ùvwo‡q
_vK‡e †n `~M©? G MÖn †_‡K gvby‡li cvU DV‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q, Avi Zzwg †Zv Zzwg | ZzwgI Gevi
a‡m †h‡Z ïi“ Ki bv-nq| Rumeli Hisari `~M©wU G‡Kev‡i em‡cviv‡mi wKbvi †Nu‡l|
A‡Uvgvb myjZvb 2q gynv¤§v‡ì kvmbvg‡j ˆZwi n‡qwQj GB Rumeli Hisari `~M©wU| 1452
mvj| †m eQiB `~M©wU wbg©v‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ‡jb myjZvb | wLª÷vb‡ì Øviv B¯—vbeyj Ae‡iva
n‡Z cv‡i-Ggb GK ¸Re ZLb evZv‡m fvmwQj| †mB Avµg‡bi cÖwZ‡iva-eë¯’v wn‡m‡eB
Rumeli Hisari `~M©wU wbg©v‡bi cwiKíbv| `~‡M©i mvg‡b ùvwo‡q gyPwK nvmj cvgyK| nVvrB Kx
Kvi‡Y g‡b c‡o †MjÑ gvby‡li AvZ¥‡PZbvi weKv‡ki BwZnvm cÖm‡½ †n‡Mj wj‡L‡Qb, gvbe
weKv‡ki Avw` c‡e© mË¡v e¯‘ m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb wQj; Gi KviY AvKv•Lv| mË¡v Zvi m‡š—vl weav‡bi
Rb¨ kvixwiK cÖ‡qvR‡b e¯‘i Rb¨ n‡q DVj Z…òvZ©| †m e¯‘i Ici cÖf~Z¡ K‡i mš‘ó n‡jv|
e¯‘i cÖf~ n‡Z PvBj mË¡v | Zv‡K webvk Ki‡Z PvBj| Zv‡K AwaKvi Ki‡Z PvBj| gvby‡li wPš—
vi mi“ciB GBiKg| †m Ac‡ii aŸsm Kvgbv K‡i, Aci‡K AwaKvi Kwi‡Z Pvq ...cÖwZ‡ivaI
Kwi‡Z Pvq| Rumeli Hisari `~Mw© U ZrKv‡j †m Kvi‡YB M‡o D‡VwQj:wLª÷vb Avwac‡Zï
wei“‡× gymwjg cÖwZ‡iva| wKsev gvby‡li Avwac‡Zï wei“‡× gvby‡li cÖwZ‡iva| `~‡M©i w`‡K
†h‡Z †h‡Z cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| GB Zzgyj e„wói mKv‡j `~‡M©i wfZ‡i I evB‡i AÜKvi Avi
k~b¨Zv cvK Lvw”Qj, gv_v Kz‡U giwQj Zvi fivU †Ìqv‡j, Kjv‡g, wLjv‡b Avi cv_y‡i
†g‡S‡Z| `~‡M©i wfZ‡i e„wói kãUv fivU n‡q D‡V‡Q| c`v_©we`¨vi A‡gvN wbq‡g wSiwSi RjR
kã Kx Kvi‡Y wØ¸b n‡q D‡V‡Q; cv_‡ii †Ìqvj I Qv` _vKvq ...AÜKviI| RgvU
`~M©vÜKv‡ii wfZi ùvwo‡q cvgyK c~e©Zb fvebvq wd‡i hvq| ‡n‡Mj †Kb wjL‡jb gvbe weKv‡ki
Avw` c‡e© mË¡v e¯‘ m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb wQj| Zvici e¯‘i cÖf~ n‡Z PvBj mË¡v | Zv‡K webvk Ki‡Z
PvBj, Zv‡K AwaKvi Ki‡Z PvBj| gvby‡li wPš—vi mi“ciB GBiKg| †m Ac‡ii aŸsm Kvgbv
K‡i, Aci‡K AwaKvi Ki‡Z Pvq ...cÖwZ‡ivaI Ki‡Z Pvq| †n‡Mj †Kb wj‡L‡Qb Gme?
G mg¯— fve‡Z fve‡Z nuvUwQj cvgyK| `xN© GKUv Av‡av-AÜKvi Kwi‡Wvi †cwi‡q †`vZjvq
DVevi wmuwoi KvQvKvwQ G‡m mvg‡b G‡m _g‡K ùvovj| ILvb †_‡K †f‡m AvmwQj GKwU
‡g‡qi AvZ© kxrKvi, †mB m‡½ ‡g‡qwUi m½xi AùzU aŸwb, eo ‡emvgvj, I cv evovq, hwÌ
ZZ Av‡jv †bB ILv‡b, IB wmuwoi KvQvKvwQÑZv m‡Ë¡I kixi `ywUi Av‡›`vjb-¯ú›`b c~e©
AwfÁZvi Kvi‡Y †evaMg¨| †cÖg? evn&| †g‡qwU †Kvgi mgvb DPuy cv_‡ii Ici e‡m `yÕcv Qwo‡q
...†Q‡jwU Ii Ici Suy‡K ...†N‡g †M‡Q? I `ywU kxl©my‡Li cÖvq KvQvKvwQ †cuŠ‡Q wM‡qwQj| ZLbB
gvIjvbv RvjvjDÏxb i“wg G‡m cvgy‡Ki Kv‡b Kv‡b ej‡jbÑ
Whosoever knoweth the power of the dance, dwelleth in God.
cvgyK mnmv wf‡R hvq| Av‡avAÜKv‡i| Whosoever knoweth the power of the dance,
dwelleth in God. Kx Gi gv‡b? cvgyK Avweó ‡eva K‡i| Awff~Z n‡q ‡`‡L bvP,Av‡jvQvqvq...
‡`‡L †cÖg .. †`‡L †cÖgbvP | ‡`‡L †h-wgwj‡q hvIqvi Av‡M ¶wY‡Ki Rb¨ RvMÖZ n‡”Qb Avjvn&
...wbivKv‡ii mvKvi i“c aivi AvKzwZ gnvKvwjK b„Z¨Q‡›`| cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †d‡j| welbœ n‡q
†h‡Z _v‡K| fv‡eÑGB AvaywbK A‡Uvgvb mgvRwU gvIjvbv i“wgi gZb D`vi AvKvk bq;
†Wvev; [†hLv‡b, GgbKx AvKv‡ki gnr QvqvwUI wew¤^Z nq bv] A‡Uvgvb‡ì ivóªwUI ZvB| jvj
cvwbi ‡Wvev| A_P, Zi“Y-Zi“wY `ywUi Rb¥ GB msKxY©-mgv‡RB; Dc‡ivš— Zviv gvbyl-Rxe,
Zv‡ì kix‡ii wfZi wbZ¨ Zij ¶vi Zij by‡bi cÖ`vn| Zviv Kvg †eva K‡i, Ki‡jI
cÖ_vgvwdK ‡m AZj Z„òv †gUv‡Z weevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Q‡jwU nq‡Zv †eKvi, Z_vwc Zvi
A‡nvivÎ wk‡kœi DÌvb †_‡g †bB| †g‡qwUI Ii Rivq~R Kvbœvq cyi“l A‡½i Dò-gvskj cxo‡bi
Rb¨ wm³ ‡hvwbi Db¥v`bv cvq †Ui we‡kl we‡kl w`‡b... Gfv‡e Rxe-gvbyl enb K‡i hvq
gnvKvwjK b„Z¨-†cÖlbv| Z_vwc, mvgvwRK wfo I mvgvwRK Kvby‡bi AvZ‡¼ hÎZÎ hyMjb„Z¨
m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv i¶Ykxj mgv‡Ri Rxe-gvbyl| ZvBB e„wói ‡fv‡ii my‡hvM wb‡q‡Q Giv?
wgwjZ nIqvi Rb¨ GB Rumeli Hisari `~‡M©i AÜKvi-Avovj †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q? Avn! cvgyK m‡i
†h‡Z _v‡K| I‡ì ZZ¶‡Y n‡q †M‡Q, kixi `ywU wb_i; cvgyK Kwe e‡jB GK cjK †g‡qwU
wf‡R ¯—b †`Lvi Rb¨ Zvobv †eva K‡i, hwÌ mnmv i“Bqvi gyLwU ¯§iY nIqvq m‡i †h‡Z
_v‡K| Zvn‡j mgvR I iv‡óªi GZ GZ i¶YkxjZv †Kb †n gnvZ¥v gvIjvbv hLb Rxe-gvbyl
enb K‡i gnvKv‡ji i³-‡g` Avi MR©b-gy`ªv ... †h AjxK Zi½gvjv hLb Zvi mxwgZ kix‡ii
¯’vbKvjcv‡Î b„Z¨vKv‡i nq cÖKvwkZ...ZzwgI †Zv †mB my‡i myi †gjv‡Z e‡j †M‡j Rxebfi
...Avi GLb? Pvwiw`‡K i¶Ykxj AÜKvi Avi Zvi d‡j D™¢~Z msKxY© ivóª-‡Wvevi cuvK k~b¨Zv
cvK Lvw”Qj, gv_v Kz‡U giwQj i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~M©wUi fMœ fivU †Ìqv‡j, e„ËvKvi Kjv‡g,
‡njv‡bv ZzwK© wLjv‡b, wec©h¯— A‡Uvgvb i“Ly cv_y‡i †g‡S‡Z| hvi wfZ‡i-evB‡i GB gyn~‡Z©
kãweÁv‡bi A‡gvN m~‡Î Ry‡bi e„wói kã wØ¸b fivU n‡q Av‡Q| KZ KZ eQi myjZvbv
w_I‡Wviv‡K Kuv`‡Z n‡qwQj GgbB e„wói w`‡b? IB ivRKb¨vI wQj msKxY©‡ì Øviv
wb‡®úwZZv| GB fvebvi Abyl‡½ cvgyK m‡PZb n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| ‡m Zvi mË¡vi êwkó¨mi“c
fve [feelings] †_‡K P‡j hvq Áv‡b [knowledge] | w_I‡Wviv wQj evBRvbUvBb [wLª÷vb]
kvmK John VI Cantacuzene -Gi †g‡q| [John VI Cantacuzene (circa 1292-1383),
Byzantine emperor (1347-55). He was the friend and first minister of the Byzantine
emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus, after whose death he claimed the throne and
went to war against the defenders of the legitimate heir, nine-year-old John V
Palaeologus. Cantacuzene triumphed through the aid of the Ottoman Turks and
is considered responsible for their entry into Europe. He had reigned only seven
years when Palaeologus, having come of age, enlisted the aid of the Genoese and
forced him to abdicate. He subsequently became a monk and wrote his memoirs, one
of the major documents of Byzantine history. Cantacuzene also wrote a defense of
Hesychasm, a Greek mystical doctrine.[ "John VI Cantacuzene." Microsoft® Student
2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. ] Avbv‡Zvwjqvq A‡Uvgvb‡ì
kvmb `ÛwU ZLb myjZvb Iinv‡bi nv‡Z | ZLbI GB B¯—vbeyj A‡Uvgvb‡ì ivRavbx n‡q
I‡Vwb | myjZvb Iinv‡bi ˆmbïv wLª÷vb kvmK John VI Cantacuzene Gi c‡¶B jowQj|
Cantacuzene -Gi m‡½ Nwbó wQ‡jb myjZvb Iinvb, Kv‡RB myjZvb Iinvb m‡½
Cantacuzene Gi Kb¨v w_I‡Wvivi we‡q n‡q †Mj| A‡UvgvbivI i¶Ykxj n‡jI we‡qUv
n‡qwQj ivR‰bwZK AuvZv‡Zi Rb¨B| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| myjZvb Iinvb wQ‡jb A-L„÷vb |
we‡q‡Z wK ivwR wQj w_I‡Wviv? bvwK hZw`b †eu‡P wQjÑ Muyg‡i †Ku‡` giwQj? A‡Uvgvb mgvRwU
i¶Ykxj| `~‡M©i wfZ‡i fivU e„wói kã Kx Kvi‡Y wØ¸b n‡q D‡V‡Q| KZ KZ eQi Av‡M
myjZvbv w_I‡Wviv ï‡bwQj GgbB e„wói kã? ‡m Zvi mË¡vi êwkó¨mi“c Ávb [knowledge] |
†_‡K P‡j hvq fv‡e [feelings]; GLb Zvn‡j e„wói GKUv gv‡b ùvovq| w_I‡Wvivi we‡qUv
n‡qwQj w_I‡Wvivi Awb”Qvq Ñ †Kb †hb GgbB fve‡Z B‡”Q nq cvgy‡Ki | Zv Qvov ... Zv
Qvov ... ÔwcÖ‡Ým w_I‡WvivÕ n‡q †Mj ÔmyjZvbv w_I‡WvivÕ| ÔmyjZvbv w_I‡WvivÕ? gvbvq wK? bv-
gvbvK| A‡Uvgvbiv †Zv Avi ¯^vwcœK wQj bv| Zviv wQj ‡Muvov, ‡Muvov Avi ¯^cœwe‡ivax| †m
Kvi‡YB wKQy i“p| wKš‘ ...wKš‘ ... mgªvU Cantacuzene ‡kl Rxe‡b mvay n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb †Kb?
He [Cantacuzene] subsequently became a monk ... ïay ZvB bq, mgªvU Cantacuzene
wQ‡jb HwZnvwmK; and wrote his memoirs, one of the major documents of Byzantine
history... wMÖK giwg `k©‡bI wek¦vm Ki‡Zb mgªvU Cantacuzene... also wrote a defense of
Hesychasm, a Greek mystical doctrine. GKUv gvby‡li wfZi KZ Kx? cÖ_g Rxe‡b wQ‡jb
êlwqK ¶gZvcivqb ... He was the friend and first minister of the Byzantine emperor
Andronicus III Palaeologus, after whose death he claimed the throne and went to war
against the defenders of the legitimate heir, nine-year-old John V Palaeologus...†kl
Rxe‡b n‡q †M‡jb gigx mvay ...†Kb? Cantacuzene triumphed through the aid of the
Ottoman Turks and is considered responsible for their entry into Europe. wKš‘,
wKš‘, w_‡qv‡Wvivi Kx n‡qwQj?
¯^vwcœK gvIjvbv RvjvjDÏxb i“wg‡K Avš—wiK †mjvg Rvwb‡q ax‡i ax‡i i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~M© †_‡K
†ewi‡q †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| fve I Áv‡bi cÖv‡š— ùvwo‡q hv nqÑAveQv welv` †eva Ki‡Z _v‡K|
†Kgb GKv ...†Kgb w`‡knviv| Avgvi Aš—MZ© gbb- mgy‡`ªi cv‡o GZ cÖkœ Avi GZ wPš—vi
AvNvZ! †Kb?
i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~‡M©i DË‡i ˆbmwM©K me kniZwj: BmwZb‡q, B‡qwb‡Kvq, Zvivweqv,
weDqyK†`‡i Avi mvwi‡qi| GB gyn~‡Z© e„wó‡Z wf‡R hv‡”Q me| bv, Iw`‡K Avi †Mj bv cvgyK|
hwÌ `„wói mxgvbv †gNjv n‡qB i‡q‡Q, Z‡e †Ui cvIqv hvq, †fvi †kl, mKvj ïi“ n‡q‡Q|
Kvi‡Y wL‡` ‡Ui cv‡”Q †m| †i‡¯—viuvi w`‡K nuvU‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| Pkgvi Kuv‡P cvwb R‡g hv‡”Q|
i“gvj evi K‡i gy‡Q wbj | Kv‡RB, i“gvjI wf‡R †Mj| Pkgv c‡i e„wó‡Z ‡fRvi GB
Amywe‡a| ZvQvov fv‡jvB jvM‡Q wfR‡Z| ay‡q hvw”Q| ay‡q mvd n‡q hvw”Q ‡n gvIjvbv, Avwg
Palaeologus. Cantacuzene triumphed through the aid of the Ottoman Turks and
is considered responsible for their entry into Europe. He had reigned only seven
years when Palaeologus, having come of age, enlisted the aid of the Genoese and
forced him to abdicate. He subsequently became a monk and wrote his memoirs, one
of the major documents of Byzantine history. Cantacuzene also wrote a defense of
Hesychasm, a Greek mystical doctrine.[ "John VI Cantacuzene." Microsoft® Student
2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. ] Avbv‡Zvwjqvq A‡Uvgvb‡ì
kvmb `ÛwU ZLb myjZvb Iinv‡bi nv‡Z | ZLbI GB B¯—vbeyj A‡Uvgvb‡ì ivRavbx n‡q
I‡Vwb | myjZvb Iinv‡bi ˆmbïv wLª÷vb kvmK John VI Cantacuzene Gi c‡¶B jowQj|
Cantacuzene -Gi m‡½ Nwbó wQ‡jb myjZvb Iinvb, Kv‡RB myjZvb Iinvb m‡½
Cantacuzene Gi Kb¨v w_I‡Wvivi we‡q n‡q †Mj| A‡UvgvbivI i¶Ykxj n‡jI we‡qUv
n‡qwQj ivR‰bwZK AuvZv‡Zi Rb¨B| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| myjZvb Iinvb wQ‡jb A-L„÷vb |
we‡q‡Z wK ivwR wQj w_I‡Wviv? bvwK hZw`b †eu‡P wQjÑ Muyg‡i †Ku‡` giwQj? A‡Uvgvb mgvRwU
i¶Ykxj| `~‡M©i wfZ‡i fivU e„wói kã Kx Kvi‡Y wØ¸b n‡q D‡V‡Q| KZ KZ eQi Av‡M
myjZvbv w_I‡Wviv ï‡bwQj GgbB e„wói kã? ‡m Zvi mË¡vi êwkó¨mi“c Ávb [knowledge] |
†_‡K P‡j hvq fv‡e [feelings]; GLb Zvn‡j e„wói GKUv gv‡b ùvovq| w_I‡Wvivi we‡qUv
n‡qwQj w_I‡Wvivi Awb”Qvq Ñ †Kb †hb GgbB fve‡Z B‡”Q nq cvgy‡Ki | Zv Qvov ... Zv
Qvov ... ÔwcÖ‡Ým w_I‡WvivÕ n‡q †Mj ÔmyjZvbv w_I‡WvivÕ| ÔmyjZvbv w_I‡WvivÕ? gvbvq wK? bv-
gvbvK| A‡Uvgvbiv †Zv Avi ¯^vwcœK wQj bv| Zviv wQj ‡Muvov, ‡Muvov Avi ¯^cœwe‡ivax| †m
Kvi‡YB wKQy i“p| wKš‘ ...wKš‘ ... mgªvU Cantacuzene ‡kl Rxe‡b mvay n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb †Kb?
He [Cantacuzene] subsequently became a monk ... ïay ZvB bq, mgªvU Cantacuzene
wQ‡jb HwZnvwmK; and wrote his memoirs, one of the major documents of Byzantine
history... wMÖK giwg `k©‡bI wek¦vm Ki‡Zb mgªvU Cantacuzene... also wrote a defense of
Hesychasm, a Greek mystical doctrine. GKUv gvby‡li wfZi KZ Kx? cÖ_g Rxe‡b wQ‡jb
êlwqK ¶gZvcivqb ... He was the friend and first minister of the Byzantine emperor
Andronicus III Palaeologus, after whose death he claimed the throne and went to war
against the defenders of the legitimate heir, nine-year-old John V Palaeologus...†kl
Rxe‡b n‡q †M‡jb gigx mvay ...†Kb? Cantacuzene triumphed through the aid of the
Ottoman Turks and is considered responsible for their entry into Europe. wKš‘,
wKš‘, w_‡qv‡Wvivi Kx n‡qwQj?
¯^vwcœK gvIjvbv RvjvjDÏxb i“wg‡K Avš—wiK †mjvg Rvwb‡q ax‡i ax‡i i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~M© †_‡K
†ewi‡q †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| fve I Áv‡bi cÖv‡š— ùvwo‡q hv nqÑAveQv welv` †eva Ki‡Z _v‡K|
†Kgb GKv ...†Kgb w`‡knviv| Avgvi Aš—MZ© gbb- mgy‡`ªi cv‡o GZ cÖkœ Avi GZ wPš—vi
AvNvZ! †Kb?
i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~‡M©i DË‡i ˆbmwM©K me kniZwj: BmwZb‡q, B‡qwb‡Kvq, Zvivweqv,
weDqyK†`‡i Avi mvwi‡qi| GB gyn~‡Z© e„wó‡Z wf‡R hv‡”Q me| bv, Iw`‡K Avi †Mj bv cvgyK|
hwÌ `„wói mxgvbv †gNjv n‡qB i‡q‡Q, Z‡e †Ui cvIqv hvq, †fvi †kl, mKvj ïi“ n‡q‡Q|
Kvi‡Y wL‡` ‡Ui cv‡”Q †m| †i‡¯—viuvi w`‡K nuvU‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| Pkgvi Kuv‡P cvwb R‡g hv‡”Q|
i“gvj evi K‡i gy‡Q wbj | Kv‡RB, i“gvjI wf‡R †Mj| Pkgv c‡i e„wó‡Z ‡fRvi GB
Amywe‡a| ZvQvov fv‡jvB jvM‡Q wfR‡Z| ay‡q hvw”Q| ay‡q mvd n‡q hvw”Q ‡n gvIjvbv, Avwg
Kx †hb LuyR‡Q †m| Kx? BwZnvm? GB kn‡i cÖvPxb wMÖm, †ivg, †mjRyK ZzK©, A‡Uvgvb ZzK© Avi
Zi“Y ZzwK©iv me GKvKvi n‡q Av‡Q| GB kn‡ii cÖwZwU euv‡K euv‡K BwZnvm Zvi AuvPo †i‡L
†M‡Q| GB kn‡ii †Ìqv‡j-‡Ìqv‡j, iv¯—vq-iv¯—vq, cÖwZwU B‡U-B‡U, cÖwZwU cv_‡i-cv_‡i
BwZnv‡mi AùzU aŸwb| GB kn‡ii cigvq~i ¯—‡i ¯—‡i BwZnvm| †h Rv‡b Ñ †m Rv‡b|
wKš‘, wKš‘, i“Bqv wK nvwi‡q hv‡”Q Avgvi Rxeb †_‡K?
Bosporus cÖbvjxi Mv †Nu‡lB ¸jnv‡b cvK©| ¸jnv‡m cv‡K© A‡bK IK MvQ Avi Nb meyR Nvm|
w`bgv‡b Nv‡mi Ici IK Mv‡Qi Mfxi Qvqv _v‡K Qwo‡q| BD‡ivc †_‡K D‡o Avmv bvB‡U‡½j
cvwLi Mvb fv‡m evZv‡m; ‡mB Nb meyR Nv‡mi Ici Mv Qwo‡q ï‡q †_‡K I †f‡e‡Q: B¯—vbeyj
GK we¯§qKi kniB e‡U| Zvi g‡Zv c„w_ex‡Z Avi GKwUI kni †bB | ‡hgb i“Bqv| Ii g‡Zv
kvš— Avi my›ì ...c„w_ex‡Z Avi GKwUI ‡g‡qI †bB | i“Bqv GB kni †Q‡o Av‡gwiKv P‡j
‡h‡Z Pvq, GB kniwUi `ywU cÖvš— †Q‡o; hvi GKwU cÖvš— Quy‡q‡Q BD‡ivc, Ab¨wU Gwkqv|
gvSLv‡b mi“ em‡cvivm cÖbvjx| ZviB Mv †Nu‡l B¯—vbeyj e›ì Ñ†Mv‡ìb nY©| ‡Q‡j‡ejvq evevi
nvZ a‡i ILv‡b ùvwo‡q Rvnv‡Ri †fucy ïb‡Z Kx iKg †h jvMZ| bvweK nIqvi B‡”Q RvMZ
g‡b| wKš‘, gv wK hv‡e Rvnv‡R ... gv‡K Qvov †Zv ...i“Bqv? †Mv‡ìb n‡Y©i DË‡i †h B¯—vbeyjÑ
Zvi gvwU BD‡ivcxq | [Gi] Ab¨ bvg c~e© _ªvm[Eastern Thrace; region in southeastern
Europe, forming part of present-day Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Area: 8,578 sq
km/3,312 sq mi ] †mwUI Avevi `ywU fv‡M wef³| bZzb I cyi‡bv| cyi‡bv AskwU †Mv‡ìb n‡Y©i
`w¶‡Y; GwU cwiwPZ ÷vgeyj bv‡g| GB GLb Avwg †hLv‡b ï‡q i‡qwQ, GLv‡b; GB ¸jnv‡b
cv‡K©i GB Nv‡mi Ici IK Mv‡Qi Mfxi Qvqvq| nvq Avwg i“Bqv‡K Avi †`Le bv|
wfR‡Z wfR‡Z GKUv †i‡¯—viuvi mvg‡b †cuŠ‡Q hvq cvgyK| Sjg‡j mvBb‡ev‡W© †i‡¯—viuvi bvgwU
†jLv: RvMÖm| Biv‡bi Kzw`©-Aa¨wlZ AÂ‡ji GKUv cvnv‡oi bvg RvMÖm| Zvi gv‡b †i‡¯—viuvwU
Kzw`©‡ì| Zzi‡¯‹i Kzw`©iv IB RvMÖm cvnvowU‡K fyj‡Z cv‡iwb| ‡hgb Avwg †KvbIw`bB
i“Bqv‡K fyj‡Z cvie bv| ‡KvbIw`b G kni †_‡K Avgv‡K P‡j †h‡Z n‡j †hgb Avwg G
kniwU‡K fyj‡Z cvie bv| I GKUv `xN©k¦vm †djj|
‡i‡¯—viuvi evB‡ii dzUcv‡Zi Ici ¤vb Av‡jv R¡‡jwQj| ìRvi GKcv‡k GKUv Kv‡jv i‡Oi
myRywK| Kvi GwU? I Kv‡Pi ìRvUv †U‡b wfZ‡i XyKj| †iBb‡KvUUv Ly‡j wb‡q cv‡ki
n¨v½v‡i ivLj| bxj i‡Oi mvU© c‡iwQj, Kv‡jv c¨v›U, ‡Mvovwji Kv‡Q †MvUv‡bv| c‡KU †_‡K
i“gvj evi K‡i Pkgvi KvP gy‡Q wbj|
KvD›Uv‡i GK e„× e‡m| Kzw`©? I XyK‡ZB gyL Zz‡j ZvKvj| e„‡×i gv_vq cvKv Pzj, k³, k³ I
†KuvKov‡bv; gyLUv †PŠ‡Kvb. _¨veov bvK, nvB cvIqv‡ii Pkgv, Kv‡P Kzqvkv R‡g Av‡Q g‡b
n‡jv, gyL fiwZ ewj‡iLv, Pvgovi is Blr jvj‡P| cvgyK ‡n‡m ejj, ¸bvqw`b| (ïf mKvj|)
e„× mš‘ó n‡q gv_v bvoj| ZzwK©iv Kzw`©‡ì m‡½ fv‡jv eënvi Ki‡j Kzw`©iv cÖmbœ nq|
we‡k¦i †gvU Kyw`©i A‡a©KB evm K‡i Zzi‡¯‹, we‡kl K‡i Zzi‡¯‹i `w¶Ycy‡e | Kzw`©‡ì me©‡gvU
msL¨v wbi“cb Kiv gykwKj n‡jI cÖvq `yÕ †KvwUi KvQvKvwQB n‡e; Gi g‡a¨ 25% evm K‡i
Biv‡b; Ges cÖvq 17% cwðg Biv‡K | evèvwKiv wmwiqvi DËicy‡e, Av‡g©wbqvq Ges ‡mvwf‡qZ
BDwbq‡b| (GLb 1976) BD‡iv‡ci Rvg©vbx‡ZI 6/7 jvL Kzw`© evm K‡i| G‡ì fvlv Kz`© ev
Kzw`©k, GwU B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxqv †Mvôxi fvlv| Aek¨, Kzw`©‡ì bvbvb DcfvlvI i‡q‡Q| Kzw`©iv
g~jZ `w¶Ycwðg Gwkqvi Avav-hvhvei †Mvôxi gvbyl; Zviv ILvbKvi cveZ©¨ GjvKvq kZvãxi
ci kZvãx emevm K‡i Avm‡Q| Zzi‡¯‹i `w¶‡Yi Uivm cvnvo, Biv‡bi `w¶Ycy‡ei RvMÖm
cvnvo Ges Biv‡bi DË‡ii GjeyR© cvnvo 3wU †h wekvj f~L‡Û Qwo‡q i‡q‡QÑZv‡KB ejv hvq
Kzw`©f~wg| Kv‡RB, Kzw`©f~wg cvnvo Avi DcZ¨Kvgq; we‡kl K‡i, cy‡ei Avbv‡Zvwjq DcZ¨Kv|
cy‡ei IB Avbv‡Zvwjq DcZ¨Kvq Aew¯’Z inm¨gq AvivivZ cvnvowUI Kzw`©f~wgi Aš—M©Z|
Kzw`©f~wg ‡hgb DcZ¨Kvgq, †Zgwb RjR| UvBwMÖm I BD‡d«wUm b`x `ywUI Kyw`©f~wgi eyK wP‡iB
eB‡Q | Kzw`©f~wg cÖvK…wZK n«‡ì RbÏ ab¨| Zvi cÖavb n«` `ywUi GKwU n‡jv n«`-fvb ¸jy;
n«`wUi Ae¯’vb Zzi‡¯‹i c~e©cÖv‡š—, Ges n«`wU jebv³ | Ab¨ n«`wUi Ae¯’vb Biv‡bi DËi-
cwð‡g;bvgÑ n«` Dwg©qv; Z‡e GwUI jeYv³ wK bv GB gyn~‡Z© g‡b co‡Q bv cvgy‡Ki| Z‡e,
DcZ¨Kvgq Kzw`©f~wg‡Z kxZ I MÖx®§ `y‡UvB cÖKU fv‡e Abyf~Z nq| K¬¨vb-wfwËK Kz`©‡ì
kvmbZvwš¿K aiYwU wKš‘ UªvBevj †W‡g¨vµvwm| Zv †nvK| Z‡e AZ¨š— cwiZv‡ci welq GBÑ
cy‡iv Kzw`©f~wgwUB c‡o †M‡Q f~K¤ú‡bi Zxeª SuywKi g‡a¨ | Kzw`©‡ì Rxe‡b Aek¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi
f~-K¤ú cÖvqk Abyf~Z nq: Kzw`©iv cvnvwo DcZ¨Kvi †QvU †QvU MÖv‡g evm Ki‡jI mf¨Zvi nvZQvwb‡Z
AvRKvj Zv‡ì ÔwZbwU wfbœ‡`‡ki kn‡iÕ evm wbqZ ‡e‡oB P‡j‡Q| kni¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Biv‡Ki
gmyj, wKiKzK, Biwej Ges myjvBgvwbn; Biv‡bi mvbvb`v` I mvK‡KR; Zzi‡¯‹i w`qvievKzi|
Kzw`©f~wg‡Z Kzw`©iv msL¨v¸i“ n‡jI Ab¨ †`‡k msL¨v jNy| eQ‡ii ci eQi Giv ¯^kvmb †P‡q Avm‡Q,
Ggb Kx Kzw`©f~wgi Avcv`g¯—K ¯^vaxbZvI| GBme `vwe wbg©g Dcv‡q `gb Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i
Zzi¯‹ I Biv‡K| cvgyK `xN©wbtk¦vm †djj| Avgvi bvg jvj ...
GB †gNjv mKv‡j †i‡¯—viuv cÖvq duvKv| ax‡i ax‡i ‡nu‡U wcQ‡bi w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK|
wcQ‡bi w`‡KB emj, ZvKvj ‡Ìqvj I Qv‡ì w`‡K; Kvi“Kv‡R Kzw`© i“wPi Qvc cÖKU|
†Ìqv‡j Kv‡Vi c¨v‡bj| Zv‡Z DcZ¨Kvq KvV-cv_‡ii ˆZwi Kzw`©‡ì Nievwo Qwe †Lv`B Kiv|
cvnv‡o evm Kiv Kzw`©‡ì †fovi gvsk eo wcÖq ...DcZ¨Kvi Xvjy gvVwU‡Z ‡kl ivZ Awã Av¸b
R¡vwj‡q Zv‡K wN‡i P‡j bvP| bvP Avi Mvb| ZLb ...ZLb ebcvnv‡oi gv_vq w¯’i GK
ïå‡R¨vwZ Puv` ...Avm‡j GgbB †Zv nIqvi K_v| wek¦Ry‡oB gvbyl DrmewcÖq, Kzw`©ivI|
GKUv Aí e‡qwm †g‡q AW©vi wb‡Z Gj| Kzw`©? eqm †lvj-m‡Z‡ivi †ewk n‡e bv| ev`vwg Nb
Pzj, †Mvj †Mvj fivU gyL, †Kgb g‡½vwjq Puv‡Pi †PvL-bvK-gyL|
‡g‡qwU A‡c¶v KiwQj| cvgyK ejj, i“wU Avi cwbi|
Avi wKQy? KÚ¯îUv fvwi wgwó| fvlvwU ZzwK© n‡jI Kzw`© A¨vK‡m›U ¯úó| Av‡i, Kwdi K_vB †Zv
ejv nqwb| cvgyK mPwKZ n‡q D‡V ejj, Kv‡fn&|
Avi wKQy? ‡g‡qwU Aí Aí nvmwQj e‡j g‡b nq|
bv|
‡g‡qwU P‡j hvq|
Avðh©! †g‡qwU nvmwQj †Kb? cÖ_‡gB Kwdi K_v ej‡Z fy‡j wM‡qwQjvg e‡j? Avðh© †Zv|
mKv‡ji nvjKv bvkZv K‡i cvgyK| i“wU, m‡½ gvLb wK cwbi| gvLb-cwbi bv-_vKj †Zv
AíUzKz gay | me‡k‡l GK †cqvjv Kv‡fn&| gvSLv‡b Aš—Z GKUv RjcvB| evwo‡Z mvavibZ
mevB fvix Lvevi †L‡Z e‡m mÜ¨v‡ejv, GB mvZUvi w`‡K | cvgyK ZzwK© LveviB cQ›` K‡i
‡ewk| we‡kl K‡i †g‡h; †Uª-fwZ© AvOyicvZv, mvjv`, gvSLv‡b wPswo fvRv| Avi, wk‡K Mv_v
Sjmv‡bv †fovi gvsk; wkk †Kevejvi; [GKv`k kZ‡K GB Ôwk‡K Mv_v †cvov gvskÕ wb‡q ga¨
Gwkqv †_‡K Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡mwQj ‡mjRyK ZzwK©iv|] wkk †Kevejvi †L‡Z †L‡Z Ii cÖvqk
g‡b c‡o ... ZzwK©iv †h GKKv‡j ga¨ Gwkqvq evm KiZ wkk †Kevejvi ZviB cÖgvb| Z‡e
cvgyK fvRv‡cvov Lvq Kg; †jLv‡jwL K‡i e‡jB cÖvqk †c‡Ui cxovq †fv‡M| cvgy‡Ki me‡P
wcÖq ivBm wcjvf, m‡½ RjcvB †Z‡j ivbœv kvKmewR | Avi gvQ? gvQUv †evm‡cviv‡m cÖPzi
cvIqv hvq| gvQ cÖPzi cvIqv hvq gg©i mvMi [cÖvPxb Propontis] I K…ò mgy‡`ªi [ cÖvPxb
Pontus Euxinus)] DcK~‡jI| Z‡e gv‡Qi `vg B¯—vbey‡j †ek Pov| Kv‡RB gvQUv mvavibZ
Gwo‡qB Pjv nq| gvQ ej‡Z hv IB wPswoÑ †g‡h †LvIqvi mgq; Zv Qvov gvQUv gv †Zgb Lvb
bv | gvi fv‡jv jv‡M my¨c, Avi evKjvfv (wmiv‡c †Wvev‡bv c¨vwóª ); cvgy‡Ki `y‡ai ˆZwi cywWs,
gynvj‡jwe|
Rb¥w`‡bi Dcnvi wKsev Mitochondrial Eve
Faith is a charisma not granted to all; instead man has the gift of thought, which can
strive after the highest things.
Carl Gustav Jung
Kvj iv‡Z gv ejj, Kvj †Zvi Rb¥w`b †dwiZ| gynvj‡jwe ˆZwi Kie fvewQ, ZzB IUv cQ›`
Kwim, †Zv Kvj `ya GKUz †ewk Avwbm †dwiZ, †ewk K‡i evbve|
gv‡qi gyLUv Kíbv K‡i nvwm †cj cvgy‡Ki| gv wbðq GZ¶‡Y Avwe¯‹vi K‡i †d‡j‡Q Avwg N‡i
†bB| gv cÖvqB e‡j, ZzB †Zvi evevi gZb| wQUMÖ¯’, gRbyb|
‡i‡¯—viuvi †Ìqvj †f` K‡i e„wói ¶xY kã †kvbv hvq| Ii kxZ K‡i| Avm‡j GB e„wóUv ïi“
n‡qwQj †fviiv‡Z | ZLbI I weQvbvq ï‡q ï‡q †Uwej j¨v‡¤úi Av‡jvq eB cowQj| mywd
ûRDwii †jLv ÔKvkd Avj gvnRyeÕ ev Revelation of the Veiled. MRwb bM‡ii evwm›`v
ûRDwi wQ‡jb GKv`k kZ‡Ki mywd| myjZvb gvngy‡ì [971-1030] MRbwf mvgªv‡Rï †K›`ª
wQj MRwb| ûRDwi Zuvi eB‡q `kg kZvãxi mywd Avey Avj nvmvb dzknvbwRi GK inm¨gq
Dw³ DØ„Z K‡i‡Qb| dzknvbwR g‡b Ki‡Zb Ô...Today Sufism (taswwuf) is a name without
a reality, but formerly it was a reality without a name.’ wK Gi gv‡b? cvgyK ¶xb D‡ËRbv
†eva K‡i| formerly? gv‡b KLb? 7g kZvãxi Avie? gv‡b hLb m‡e Bmjvg cÖPvi Avi¤¢
n‡q‡Q ...Avðh©! wKš‘,dzknvbwRi GB iKg gš—‡eï Kx KviY| mywdiv cÖÁvgq ...Avey Avj
nvmvb dzknvbwRi `kg kZvãxi gvbyl| wKš‘, wVK †Kvb& bM‡i evm Ki‡Zb wZwb? ûRDwi †m
K_v †j‡Lbwb| ûRDwii eBUv gy‡o †m NiwUi AÜKv‡ii w`‡K ZvKvq, `kg kZvãx I Zvi GK
mywd‡K reconstruct Ki‡Z _v‡K ...Avðh©! mywdi GB cÖÁv ... dzknvbwRi AvZ¥vi m‡½ m¤úK©
¯’vcb Ki‡Z _v‡K cvgyK | NiUv wbR©b n‡qB wQj| Rvbvjvi evB‡ii AÜKvi †f` K‡i Qy‡U
Avmv Akvš— evZv‡m Rvbvjvi KcvU b‡o b‡o DVwQj| `y-wZb‡U KzKiz WvKwQj wb‡Pi Mwj‡Z ...
†mB me wekªx AvIqvR| cv‡ki N‡i gv Nywg‡q, GKv, evev d«v‡Ý, evev ILv‡bB PvKwi Ki‡Qb;
bv K‡i Dcvq Kx| evev Avi PvPv wg‡j fyj wewb‡qvM K‡i K‡i `v`yi GKKv‡ji ¯^bvgab¨
Kbm&UªvKkvb dvg©wU c‡_ ewm‡q‡Q | evev we‡`‡kÑGUv GK w`K w`‡q fv‡jv, evev evwo _vK‡jB
GU-IUv wb‡q gvi m‡½ mvivw`bB SMov| ZLb I‡ì wPrKvi †PuP‡gwP‡Z N‡ii ìRv eÜ K‡i
eB cov wKsev Qwe AuvKv n‡q I‡V `vq, Avi eyKUv wXc wXc K‡i; cvgyK ZZ¶‡b cv‡q PwU
Mwj‡q gvwbe¨vMUv c‡K‡U cy‡i Ni †_‡K †ewi‡q ìRvi Kv‡Q| wVK ZLbB nq‡Zv SbSb k‡ã
GKUv Kv‡Pi †cU †f‡½ QÎLvb, cvgyK ZZ¶‡Y wmuwo‡Z; Zvici B¯—vbeyj kn‡ii iv¯—vq iv¯—vq
ci kZvãx emevm K‡i Avm‡Q| Zzi‡¯‹i `w¶‡Yi Uivm cvnvo, Biv‡bi `w¶Ycy‡ei RvMÖm
cvnvo Ges Biv‡bi DË‡ii GjeyR© cvnvo 3wU †h wekvj f~L‡Û Qwo‡q i‡q‡QÑZv‡KB ejv hvq
Kzw`©f~wg| Kv‡RB, Kzw`©f~wg cvnvo Avi DcZ¨Kvgq; we‡kl K‡i, cy‡ei Avbv‡Zvwjq DcZ¨Kv|
cy‡ei IB Avbv‡Zvwjq DcZ¨Kvq Aew¯’Z inm¨gq AvivivZ cvnvowUI Kzw`©f~wgi Aš—M©Z|
Kzw`©f~wg ‡hgb DcZ¨Kvgq, †Zgwb RjR| UvBwMÖm I BD‡d«wUm b`x `ywUI Kyw`©f~wgi eyK wP‡iB
eB‡Q | Kzw`©f~wg cÖvK…wZK n«‡ì RbÏ ab¨| Zvi cÖavb n«` `ywUi GKwU n‡jv n«`-fvb ¸jy;
n«`wUi Ae¯’vb Zzi‡¯‹i c~e©cÖv‡š—, Ges n«`wU jebv³ | Ab¨ n«`wUi Ae¯’vb Biv‡bi DËi-
cwð‡g;bvgÑ n«` Dwg©qv; Z‡e GwUI jeYv³ wK bv GB gyn~‡Z© g‡b co‡Q bv cvgy‡Ki| Z‡e,
DcZ¨Kvgq Kzw`©f~wg‡Z kxZ I MÖx®§ `y‡UvB cÖKU fv‡e Abyf~Z nq| K¬¨vb-wfwËK Kz`©‡ì
kvmbZvwš¿K aiYwU wKš‘ UªvBevj †W‡g¨vµvwm| Zv †nvK| Z‡e AZ¨š— cwiZv‡ci welq GBÑ
cy‡iv Kzw`©f~wgwUB c‡o †M‡Q f~K¤ú‡bi Zxeª SuywKi g‡a¨ | Kzw`©‡ì Rxe‡b Aek¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi
f~-K¤ú cÖvqk Abyf~Z nq: Kzw`©iv cvnvwo DcZ¨Kvi †QvU †QvU MÖv‡g evm Ki‡jI mf¨Zvi nvZQvwb‡Z
AvRKvj Zv‡ì ÔwZbwU wfbœ‡`‡ki kn‡iÕ evm wbqZ ‡e‡oB P‡j‡Q| kni¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Biv‡Ki
gmyj, wKiKzK, Biwej Ges myjvBgvwbn; Biv‡bi mvbvb`v` I mvK‡KR; Zzi‡¯‹i w`qvievKzi|
Kzw`©f~wg‡Z Kzw`©iv msL¨v¸i“ n‡jI Ab¨ †`‡k msL¨v jNy| eQ‡ii ci eQi Giv ¯^kvmb †P‡q Avm‡Q,
Ggb Kx Kzw`©f~wgi Avcv`g¯—K ¯^vaxbZvI| GBme `vwe wbg©g Dcv‡q `gb Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i
Zzi¯‹ I Biv‡K| cvgyK `xN©wbtk¦vm †djj| Avgvi bvg jvj ...
GB †gNjv mKv‡j †i‡¯—viuv cÖvq duvKv| ax‡i ax‡i ‡nu‡U wcQ‡bi w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK|
wcQ‡bi w`‡KB emj, ZvKvj ‡Ìqvj I Qv‡ì w`‡K; Kvi“Kv‡R Kzw`© i“wPi Qvc cÖKU|
†Ìqv‡j Kv‡Vi c¨v‡bj| Zv‡Z DcZ¨Kvq KvV-cv_‡ii ˆZwi Kzw`©‡ì Nievwo Qwe †Lv`B Kiv|
cvnv‡o evm Kiv Kzw`©‡ì †fovi gvsk eo wcÖq ...DcZ¨Kvi Xvjy gvVwU‡Z ‡kl ivZ Awã Av¸b
R¡vwj‡q Zv‡K wN‡i P‡j bvP| bvP Avi Mvb| ZLb ...ZLb ebcvnv‡oi gv_vq w¯’i GK
ïå‡R¨vwZ Puv` ...Avm‡j GgbB †Zv nIqvi K_v| wek¦Ry‡oB gvbyl DrmewcÖq, Kzw`©ivI|
GKUv Aí e‡qwm †g‡q AW©vi wb‡Z Gj| Kzw`©? eqm †lvj-m‡Z‡ivi †ewk n‡e bv| ev`vwg Nb
Pzj, †Mvj †Mvj fivU gyL, †Kgb g‡½vwjq Puv‡Pi †PvL-bvK-gyL|
‡g‡qwU A‡c¶v KiwQj| cvgyK ejj, i“wU Avi cwbi|
Avi wKQy? KÚ¯îUv fvwi wgwó| fvlvwU ZzwK© n‡jI Kzw`© A¨vK‡m›U ¯úó| Av‡i, Kwdi K_vB †Zv
ejv nqwb| cvgyK mPwKZ n‡q D‡V ejj, Kv‡fn&|
Avi wKQy? ‡g‡qwU Aí Aí nvmwQj e‡j g‡b nq|
bv|
‡g‡qwU P‡j hvq|
Avðh©! †g‡qwU nvmwQj †Kb? cÖ_‡gB Kwdi K_v ej‡Z fy‡j wM‡qwQjvg e‡j? Avðh© †Zv|
mKv‡ji nvjKv bvkZv K‡i cvgyK| i“wU, m‡½ gvLb wK cwbi| gvLb-cwbi bv-_vKj †Zv
AíUzKz gay | me‡k‡l GK †cqvjv Kv‡fn&| gvSLv‡b Aš—Z GKUv RjcvB| evwo‡Z mvavibZ
mevB fvix Lvevi †L‡Z e‡m mÜ¨v‡ejv, GB mvZUvi w`‡K | cvgyK ZzwK© LveviB cQ›` K‡i
‡ewk| we‡kl K‡i †g‡h; †Uª-fwZ© AvOyicvZv, mvjv`, gvSLv‡b wPswo fvRv| Avi, wk‡K Mv_v
Sjmv‡bv †fovi gvsk; wkk †Kevejvi; [GKv`k kZ‡K GB Ôwk‡K Mv_v †cvov gvskÕ wb‡q ga¨
Gwkqv †_‡K Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡mwQj ‡mjRyK ZzwK©iv|] wkk †Kevejvi †L‡Z †L‡Z Ii cÖvqk
g‡b c‡o ... ZzwK©iv †h GKKv‡j ga¨ Gwkqvq evm KiZ wkk †Kevejvi ZviB cÖgvb| Z‡e
‡g‡qwU DËi w`j bv| wgUwgU K‡i nvm‡Q| Ny‡i ùvovj, Zvici P‡j †h‡Z _v‡K| wVK ZLbB
AvPgKv cvgy‡Ki g‡b c‡o †Mj ÑKvj iv‡Z gv ejwQj, Kvj †Zvi Rb¥w`b †dwiZ| gynvj‡jwe
ˆZwi Kie fvewQ, ZzB IUv cQ›` Kwim, †Zv Kvj `ya GKUz †ewk Avwbm †dwiZ, †ewk K‡i
evbve| Avðh©! Ii kixi wf‡R hvq| Rxeb GZ inm¨gq! Avgvi Rb¨ mywd Avey Avj nvmvb
dzknvbwR Kx inm¨ †i‡L †M‡jb? Avi GLb GB Kzw`© †g‡qwU| inm¨ Avi inm¨| GB `y‡ai
cywWsUv Avm‡j Avgvi Rb¥ w`‡bi Dcnvi bq †Zv? fve‡ZB Ii wf‡R kixigq wkniY‡mªvZ e‡q
†Mj| Avðh©! teleology kãUvI Kx Kvi‡Y g‡b c‡o †Mj| Avwg hwÌ mskqev`x| wVK ZLbB
Ii wfZ‡i wPrKvi K‡i DV‡jb Goethe: Eternal Woman draws us upward. I gyL Zz‡j
KvD›Uv‡ii w`‡K ZvKvj| †g‡qUv †Kv_vI †`Lv †Mj bv| wVK ZLbB Ii Mitochondrial Eve
kã `y‡Uv g‡b c‡o †Mj | IB Kzw`© †g‡qwU gynvj‡jwe †Kb Avbj? Avwg †Zv gynvj‡jwe Avb‡Z
ewjwb| cvgyK w`‡knviv †eva K‡i| Gme mg‡q Kvbœv cvq cvgy‡Ki| Avðh©! Mitochondrial
Eve.cvgy‡Ki gb I kix‡ii gvSLv‡b †h Acyi“l-f~wg (no man's land) i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b e„wó
co‡Z ïi“ K‡i| Pvwiw`‡K inm¨ Avi inm¨| GB `y‡ai cywWsUv Avm‡j Avgvi Rb¥ w`‡bi
Dcnvi bq †Zv?bv, Zv wK K‡i nq, GB Kzw`©i †g‡qUvi RvbviB K_v bv AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b|
cvgyK Pvwiw`‡K ZvKvq| A‡bK¸wj duvKv †Uwej| KvD›Uv‡i e„× Kz`©wU e‡m| Icv‡k GBgvÎ
GKRb e„× XyKj| †iBb‡KvU Ly‡j ivL‡Q| gv_vi Pzj aea‡e mv`v| †mjvg kãUv Kv‡b Av‡m|
GmeB wK wbi_©K? †KvbI gv‡b †bB? teleology? Ii `y‡PvL Kzw`© †g‡qwU‡K †Luv‡R| gv‡qi
gyLUvI g‡b c‡o ‡Mj| AvR †ewk K‡i `ya wKb‡Z n‡e| †Kb †hb g‡b n‡jv IB Kzw`© †g‡qwUi
bvg †jqjv nvwbg; bvgUv ZzwK©, Kzw`© bq| cvgyK GB e„wói mKv‡j GKwU Kzw`© †g‡q‡K ZzwK© bvg
(†jqjv nvwbg) Dcnvi w`j| Kzw`©f~wg‡Z Kzw`©iv msL¨v¸i“ n‡jI Ab¨ †`‡k msL¨v jNy| eQ‡ii ci
eQi Giv ¯^kvmb †P‡q Avm‡Q, Ggb Kx Kzw`©f~wgi Avcv`g¯—K ¯^vaxbZvI| GBme `vwe wbg©g Dcv‡q
`gb Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Zzi¯‹ I Biv‡K| cvgyK `xN©wbtk¦vm †djj| Avgvi bvg jvj ...
Zv †jqjv nvwbg‡K Avi Kx Dcnvi †Ìqv hvq? †Uwe‡ji Zjvq nvZ wb‡q mv‡U©i wb‡Pi w`‡Ki
GKUv †evZvg wQu‡o †djj cvgyK, wQu‡o †evZvgUv †Uªi Ici ivLj| †jqjv wVKB Luy‡R †b‡e
IUv| gynvj‡jwei †c‡Ui w`‡K ZvwK‡q Ab¨gb¯‹ n‡q PvgP Zz‡j wbj| LvIqvi kyi“i Av‡M
G‡`‡ki †jv‡K e‡j, Gwd‡qZ Ajmym (hv Lv”Q Zv †hb ïf e‡q Av‡b); PvgP-G LvwbKUv
gynvj‡jwe Zz‡j gy‡L †Ìqvi Av‡M cvgyK g‡b g‡b ejj, Gwd‡qZ Ajmym| `vi“b ¯^v` †Zv|
gv Ki‡j †hgb n‡Zv wVK †Zgwb| A_P,Avwg †Zv gynvj‡jwe AW©viB w`Bwb| Zvn‡j †g‡qwU
gynvj‡jwe w`j †Kb? bvwK †bnvZ KvKZvjxq| Avðh©! AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b| GB `y‡ai cywWsUv
Zvm‡j Avgvi Rb¥ w`‡bi Dcnvi? fve‡ZB Ii kixigq wkniY‡mªvZ e‡q †Mj| Avðh©!
teleology kãUvI Kx Kvi‡Y g‡b c‡o †Mj| hwÌ Avwg mskqev`x| Zvi wfZ‡i wPrKvi K‡i
DV‡jb gnvb Goethe: Eternal Woman draws us upward. Kx Gi gv‡b? †K †cÖwiZ bvix?
‡mB m‡½ cvgy‡Ki Mitochondrial Eve K_vUvI g‡b c‡o †Mj | wek kZ‡Ki weÁvb cig
gb‡K Zvi wbR¯^ fvlvq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| wKš‘, IB Kzw`© †g‡qwU gynvj‡jwe †Kb
Avbj? Avwg †Zv gynvj‡jwe Avb‡Z ewjwb| ZvQvov bvkZvq †KD wK gynvj‡jwe Lvq bvwK
G‡`‡k? cvgyK w`‡knviv †eva K‡i, Zvi wL‡` g‡i hvq;†Kbbv, Gme mg‡q fxlb Kvbœv cvq,
†mB m‡½ Zvi gb I kix‡ii gvSLv‡b Acyi“l-f~wg‡Z e„wó S‡i| GB Kzw`©i †g‡qUvi RvbviB
K_v bv ‡h AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b| Zv n‡j? wKQy LvIqv n‡jv bv| †g‡qwU Kwd wb‡q GLbI
Av‡mwb| wej wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ KvD›Uv‡i G‡m ùvovj I| Ii `y‡PvL †jqjv †K LuyR‡Q| ‡bB|
Uq‡j‡U hvIqvi bvg K‡i GKevi wK‡P‡bi Iw`‡K hvIqv hvq| GKevi IBw`‡K wM‡q IB
Eternal Eve ‡g‡qwUi mvg‡b ùvov‡bv hvq| bv _vK| ‡jqjv‡K GLb nvRvievi wR‡Ám Ki‡jI
†jqjv mZ¨ K_v ej‡e bv, Ggb Kx UP©vi Ki‡jI I mZ¨ K_v ej‡e bv, I gyL ey‡R _vK‡e| Zv
n‡j Kx gv‡b GB †fv‡ii, GB mKv‡ji, GB kn‡ii, knigq GB e„wócv‡Zi?
KvD›Uv‡ii e„× Kzw`©wU Wªqvi ‡U‡b Suy‡K Av‡Q, wjiv fv½v‡e| KvD›Uv‡ii Icv‡k GKwU Kv‡jv
Kv‡Vi eom‡iv c¨v‡bj; c¨v‡b‡ji wVK gvSLv‡b mv`v †Mvj wPnè, ‡mB e„‡Ëi wfZ‡i GKwU
WvbvAjv mv`v i‡Oi bvixg~wZ© Do‡Q| Kx GUv? Kzw`©iv †ewki fvMB gymwjg| †ewki fvMB mywbœ|
AímsL¨K wkqv| A‡bK gymwjg Kzw`© Avevi mywdev‡ì (taswwuf) Abymvix| Avi hviv gymwjg
bq, Zv‡ì †ewki fvMB cÖvPxb Kzw`© wek¦vm the Cult of Angel-G wek¦vm K‡i| IB QweUvi Doš—
bvixwU wK ZviB †KvbI cÖZxK?
wjiv ‡diZ wb‡q e„×‡K ÔAvBwq ¸b‡jiÕ (n¨vf Av bvBm †W) ejj cvgyK| Zvici el©vwZ Mv‡q
Pvwc‡q †i‡¯—viuvi evB‡i G‡m ùvovj cvgyK| e„wó Avi e„wó| cvgyK cv evovq, A‡Svi e„wói
wfZi| AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b| AvR Avwg wfRe| Avðh©! IB Doš— bvixwU ‡i‡¯—viuvq ‡XvKvi mgq
ZLb †Pv‡L c‡owb †Kb? cvgyK wkD‡i DVj| †jqjvi gyLUv †`Lv n‡jv bv| IB wK wK¬I bv wK?
Avðh©! Avwg Avgvi †Z‡iv eQi eqm †_‡K wK¬I‡K LuyRwQ, GLbI wK¬Ii †`Lv cvBwb| Avn&,
†jqjvi gyLUv †`Lv n‡jv bv| Z‡e †jqjv hwÏb †eu‡P _vK‡e †evZvgUv wb‡Ri Kv‡Q jywK‡q †i‡L
†`‡e | ‡g‡qiv Ggwb K‡iB inm¨gq ... Z‡e I Rvbj bv: I AvR GKUv bvg †cj| ZzwK© bvg|
Zv‡Z kvwš—c~b© mnAe¯’vb m¤¢e n‡e wK bv †K Rv‡b| For years, the Kurds have sought
autonomy, or even independence, for the Kurdish region. These demands have been
resisted, especially by Turkey and Iraq in recent decades.Giv †i‡¯—viuvi bvg †i‡L‡Q
RvMÖm; †hfv‡e ‡jqjv nvwbg Avgvi †evZvgUv †i‡L †`‡e| ‡jqjv Avgv‡K gynvj‡jwe w`j
†L‡Z|
e„wói wfZi nuvU‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| e„wó c‡oB P‡j‡Q GB HwZnvwmK cyi‡bv kniUvq| Avi AveQv
AÜKvi| w÷ªU evwZ¸wj ZLbI R¡jwQj| gv‡S gv‡S ‡gNjv AvKv‡k Sj‡m DVwQj Av‡jv| gv‡S
gv‡S ‡kvbv hvw”Qj eRªcv‡Zi AvIqvR| evZvm AviI G‡jv‡g‡jv, AviI G‡jv‡g‡jv I Mfxi,
Mfxi Bw½Zgq| Ii ‡Kb †hb g‡b nq, AvR wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡e| AviI g‡b nq, From
today and from this place there begins a new epoch in the history of the world. I k¦vm
†bq| KvD›Uv‡ii wcQ‡bi ‡mB Kv‡jv Kv‡Vi eom‡iv c¨v‡bjwUi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq ... ‡mB mv`v
†Mvj wPnèwU Avm‡j wK? GKwU WvbvAjv mv`v i‡Oi bvixg~wZ© Do‡Q| Kzw`©‡ì cÖvPxb Kvë: the
Cult of Angel? Mitochondrial Eve- Gi cÖZxK wK? w`b K‡qK Av‡M GKUv mv‡qÝ Rvb©v‡j
gvB‡UvKwÛªqvj wW Gb G welqK GKUv wbeÜ cowQj cvgyK| | co‡Z co‡Z D‡ËwRZ n‡q
D‡VwQj †m, †Kbbv ... †KbbvÑweÁvb †hb giwg KweZv n‡q D‡V‡Q cÖvq: MtDNA
[MitochondrialDNA] research into modern human origins has produced two major
findings. First, the entire amount of variation in mtDNA across human populations is
small in comparison with that of other animal species. This means that all human
mtDNA originated from a single ancestral lineage—specifically, a single female—
fairly recently and has been mutating ever since. Most estimates of the mutation rate
of mtDNA suggest that this female ancestor lived about 200,000 years ago. In
addition, the mtDNA of African populations varies more than that of peoples in other
continents. This suggests that the mtDNA of African populations has changed for a
longer time than it has in populations of any other region, and that all living people
inherited their mtDNA from one woman in Africa, who is sometimes called the
Mitochondrial Eve.
Zv n‡j? teleology?
İstanbul Boğazi ev Bosporus Thracius
A modern democracy is a tyranny whose borders are undefined; one discovers how
far one can go only by traveling in a straight line until one is stopped.
Norman Mailer
Pviav‡ii evZv‡m †Kgb Auvl‡U M‡Ü f‡i D‡V‡Q| em‡cviv‡m A‡bK gvQ aiv Uªjvi| IBw`K
†_‡KB IB Auvl‡U MÜ AvmwQj | GB RvqMvUv †evm‡cvivm-Gi cvo †Nu‡l | Rvnv‡Ri ‡fucy
†kvbv †Mj| AveQv| ‡mB †fuv I I I k‡ã evevi K_v g‡b c‡o hvq cvgy‡Ki| ‡Q‡j‡ejvq evev
GLv‡b GB em‡cviv‡mi cv‡o wb‡q AvmZ| ZLb IB cvwbcÖev‡ni BwZnvmI ejZ evev: eySwj
†dwiZ, Avgiv ZzwK© fvlvq G‡K İstanbul Boğazi ej‡jI Abïv wKš‘ e‡j em‡cvivm|
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gg©i mvMi I K…ò mvM‡ii g‡a¨Kvi evwbR¨ GB cÖbvjx w`‡qB nZ| AvRI
ZvB nq| g‡b ivLwe gg©i mvM‡ii cÖvPxb bvg Propontis Avi K…ò mgy‡`ªi cÖvPxb bvg Pontus
Euxinus. Avi, em‡cvivm k‡ãi gv‡b n‡jv, Ôluvo‡ì b`x †ci“‡bvÕ| wMÖK wg‡_i Kzgvix
AvB‡qvi (Io) K_v †Zv‡K Av‡MB e‡jwQ bv?
nu¨v| evjK †dwiZ gv_v bv‡o| Ii wVKB g‡b Av‡QÑKzgvix AvB‡qv B¯—vbeyj †evMvwR muvZ‡i
†cwi‡q eKbv evQyi n‡q wM‡qwQj|
nu¨v, ZvB †Zv| ZLbKvi w`‡b †jv‡K GB İstanbul Boğazi †K ejZ Bosporus Thracius.
GKUzLvwb cvwbi aviv, wKš‘ `¨vL, Kxfv‡e Propontis Avi Pontus Euxinus‡K wgwj‡q
w`‡q‡Q| GLb ej ‡Zv †dwiZ Pontus Euxinus Avi Propontis †Kvb& †Kvb& mgy‡`ªi bvg?
evjK †dwiZ SUcU DËi †`q, K…ò mgy‡`ªi cÖvPxb bvg Pontus Euxinus evev Avi gg©i
mvM‡ii cÖvPxb bvg Propontis.
nu¨v| G meB Avjvn&i Amxg KzìZ, eySwj †dwiZ| gvÎ 31 wK‡jvwgUvi `xN© GB cvwbi aviv|
A_P Avgv‡ì †`k Zzi¯‹‡K Gwkqv †_‡KI Avjv`v K‡i †d‡j‡Q| GI Avjvn&i KzìZ wK bv
ej †dwiZ?
‡dwiZ gv_v bv‡o|
evev AviI ejZ, ZzB bvweK n‡Z Pvm †dwiZÑwKš‘ g‡b ivwLm GLv‡b cvwbi Uvb wKš‘ Zxeª;
Zv‡Z RvnvR Pvjv‡bvB gv‡Sgv‡S `vq n‡q c‡o| wKš‘ Avjvn&i `~b&Cqvq †KvbI wKQyB Pig bq;
ZvB `¨vL, Gi `ycv‡k Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q KZ KZ cÖvPxb aŸsmve‡kl Avi Qwei gZb MÖvg, MÖvg Avi
AiY¨-eb| QywUQuvUvi w`‡b †mme Avwg ‡Zv‡K Ny‡i Ny‡i †`Lve †dwiZ, ZzB Lvwj gb w`‡q cwom
evc| Avi, IB ‡Zv `¨vL, nu¨v, nu¨v `w¶‡Y; IUvB †Mv‡ìb nY© ÑB¯—vbey‡ji e›ì| ...evevi K_v
e„wó‡Z Wy‡e hvq| cvgyK `xN©wbtk¦vm †d‡j| Avn&, [†d‡j Avmv] ˆkke|
i“‡gwj wnmvwi `~‡M©i wVK Dj‡Uvw`‡K em‡dvivm-Gi Aci cv‡o [B¯—vbey‡ji Gwkq As‡k]
Anadolu Hisari `~M©| `~M©wUi wbg©vZv A‡Uvgvb myjZvb cÖ_g evqwR` | mgqKvj: 1390
†k‡li w`‡K| myjZvb cÖ_g evqwR`‡K [1360-1403] ejv nZ [Yildirim ] A_v©r ÔeRªÕ| cvgyK
gyPwK nv‡m| Anadolu Hisari `~M©wUi Af¨š—ifvMI nq‡Zv GB e„wói mKv‡j wbR©b n‡q i‡q‡Q
| IB `~‡M©i mvg‡b GLb wM‡q ùvov‡j †Kgb nq? mnmv GB †SuvK| gv e‡j, ZzB †Zvi evevi
g‡Zv cvMj| Kv‡RB em‡cvivm †ci“‡bvi Rb¨ evm÷‡ci w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| evm÷cUv
e„wói Pv`‡i XvKv c‡o wQj| Kweiv †Kb evm÷‡ci †P‡q †ij‡ókb cQ›` K‡i evev?
Rvwb bv †i †dwiZ| GKzk kZ‡Ki g‡bvweÁvb G cÖ‡kœi DËi ‡`‡e| ZZw`b A‡c¶v Ki|
evm÷‡c e„wócZ‡bi AjxK kã| GKUv evm Qvo‡e Qvo‡e Ki‡Q| evmUvq Rjw` D‡V el©vwZUv
Ly‡j †djj| wcQb w`‡K emj, Rvbvjvi av‡i; †mZz †cwi‡q hv‡e evm, Bosporus Thracius †K
bZzbfv‡e †`Lv hv‡e| mewKQy bZzb fv‡e †`LvB †Zv Rxeb| GKB wRwbm bZzb fv‡e †`Lv|
B¤§vby‡qj Kv›U GKfv‡e RMr‡K †`L‡jb, Zvi Av‡M wnDg †`L‡jb Av‡iKfv‡e; Zvici †n‡Mj
me aviYv e`‡j w`‡jb ...Ø›`g~jK cÖwµqv Øviv cig gb gvb‡ei mxwgZ g‡bi mvg‡b
cÖKvwkZ nb | Kx Gi gv‡b? cv‡ki wm‡U K‡qKRb hvÎx e‡m wQj| Zv‡ì K_v Kv‡b G‡jv
Ii| fvebvi ivR¨ †_‡K ev¯—‡e wd‡i G‡jv cvgyK| hvÎxiv †Rbv‡ij †qwgb AvjcKvqv cÖm‡½
K_v ejwQj| GKRb ejj, Gw`‡K wRwbmc‡Îi `vg w`bw`b PoPo K‡i evo‡Q, Iw`‡K ‡`Lyb
miKvix Kg©Pvix‡ì Nyl LvIqvi KgwZ †bB|
nu¨v| nu¨v| Avcwb wVKB e‡j‡Qb| ‡gv¯—dv Kvgvj †euu‡P _vK‡j ...
Av‡iKRb ejj, Av‡i †mB Av‡g©bxq cÖev` i‡q‡Q bvÑ The donkey has been to Jerusalem
forty times, but he is still a donkey.
K_vUv †kl n‡ZB nvwmi û‡jvo DVj|
Kx mvsNvwZK! Av‡g©bxq cÖev` e‡j GK ZzwK©‡K Acgvb| ev‡m miKvwi Pi †bB †Zv| cvgyK
gyPwK nv‡m| ‡Zv †Rbv‡ij †qwgb AvjcKvqv wQ‡jb ZzwK© wegvb evwnbxi GKRb Da©Zb
KgvÛvi;Nyl †K‡j¼vwii `v‡q G eQiB gvP© gv‡m c`Z¨vM Ki‡jb f`ª‡jvK| gvwK©b K¤úvwb
jKwnW GqviµvdU-Gi cvIbv cwi‡kva wb‡q †du‡m †M‡Qb†Rbv‡ij †qwgb| IB gvwK©b
K¤úvwbwU Zzi‡¯‹i Kv‡Q Ô÷vidvBUvi †RUÕ †e‡PwQj| AbymÜv‡b †`Lv hvq jKwn‡Wi BZvwjq
mnKvwi ms¯’v Aeritalia -KvQ †_‡K MZeQi A‡±ve‡i †Rbv‡ij AvjcKvqv Kg K‡iI wZwik
nvRvi Wjvi Nyul MÖnb K‡i‡Qb | cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †d‡j| GLb 1976| G ai‡Yi e¨vcK `ybx©wZ
GLb Zzi¯‹ miKv‡ii i‡Ü« i‡Ü«| G Kvi‡YB cÖavb gš¿x my‡jBgvb †`wg‡ij-Gi †RvU miKvi
Af¨š—ixb m¼‡U c‡o wngwmg Lv‡”Qb| Zvi Ici gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi m‡½ Av‡iKwU cÖwZi¶v Pzw³
Kivi Av‡M Zvi Aby‡gv`b wb‡q AvBbmfvq Zxeª we‡ivaxZvi gy‡L co‡jb| hwÌ 26 gvP© BD
Gm †m‡µUvwi Af †óU †nbwi wKwmÄvi Ges ZzwK© ciivóªgš¿x Gnmvb DAvMjvqvbwMj wbR wbR
†`‡ki c‡¶ bZzb GK cÖwZi¶v Pzw³ mB K‡i‡Qb| gvwK©b Ks‡MÖm Pzw³wU Aby‡gv`b Ki‡j Zzi¯‹
miKvi‡K Zzi‡¯‹i gvwU‡Z AviI 25wU gvwK©b mvgwiK NuvwU ‰Zwii AbygwZ w`‡Z n‡e| GB
cuwPkwU NuvwUi g‡a¨ GKwU AZ¨š— ¯úk©KvZi; KviYÑIB NuvwU †_‡K †mvwf‡qZ ˆmb¨‡ì
MwZwewa, wgmvBj cix¶v I cvigvbweK cix¶v ch©‡e¶b Kiv n‡e| Pzw³ Abymv‡i mvgwiK
NuvwU¸wj GKKfv‡e Zzi‡¯‹i wbqš¿‡b _vK‡e | Gi Av‡M mvgwiK NuvwU¸wji Ici Zzi¯‹-gvwK©b
KZ…c‡¶i †hŠ_wbqš¿Y wQj| Pzw³i d‡j Pvi eQ‡i gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi KvQ †_‡K 1 wewjqb Wjvi
cv‡e Zzi¯‹ | G Qvov GB Pvi eQi a‡i Av‡gwiKvb cb¨ †Kbvi Rb¨ G·‡cvU©-Bg‡cvU© e¨v¼
Zzi¯‹‡K 70 wgwjqb Wjvi Fb †`‡e | wKQyKvj n‡jv, mvBcÖvm cÖ‡kœ ZzwK©-gvwK©b m¤ú‡K© wPi
a‡iwQj | Pzw³ mB Kivi mgq wKwmÄvi Avkv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb AwP‡iB mvBcÖvm mgm¨vi mgvavb
n‡e|
GB gvbwP‡Îi wb‡P gg©i mvMi; Dc‡o mi“ I msKxY© İstanbul Boğazi ; euv‡q Zzi‡¯‹i BD‡ivc-LÛ I
WvB‡b Avbv‡Zvwjqvi ïi“ hv Gwkqvq c‡o‡Q ; Kv‡RB BD‡ivc I Gwkqvq Qov‡bv B¯—vbeyj kniwU
†`Lv hv‡”Q|
cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †d‡j Rvbvjvi evB‡i ZvKv‡jv| ILv‡b e„wói a~mi Pvì Avi †jvnvi AveQv
KvVv‡gv| evmUv İstanbul Boğazi ev Bosporus Thracius ‡cwi‡q hv‡”Q| Ii kixi wkiwki
K‡i I‡V; hLbB I em‡cvivm AwZµg K‡i Ii mg¯— kixi wkiwki Ki‡Z _v‡K, eyKUv `yi“ `yi“
Ki‡Z _v‡K| GKUv gnv‡`k †_‡K Av‡iKUv gnv‡`‡k P‡j hv‡”Q| cwðg †Mvjva© †_‡K c~e©
†Mvjva©| c„w_exi c~e© †Mvjv‡a©i bvg Gwkqv| ‡cŠivwbK wMÖKexi †cÖvwgw_D‡mi ¯¿xi bvg Gwkqv|
Kx Avðh©! cvgy‡Ki mg¯— kixi wkiwki Ki‡Z _v‡K| †m †`L‡Z cvq Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K hvÎv
K‡i myjZvb Iinvb m‰mb¨ †cwi‡q hv‡”Qb İstanbul Boğazi ev Bosporus Thracius ; ...
1344 mvj| Iinvb `v`©vbv‡jm cÖbvjx AwZµg K‡i mˆmb¨ _ªvm †cuŠ‡Qvq| It was a difficult
crossing that marked the beginning of Turkish presence in Europe. To make future
crossings easier, the Ottomans annexed the principality of Karası on the eastern side
of the Dardanelles.
evmUv Avbv‡Zvwjqvi w`‡K QyU‡Q| Avbv‡Zvwjqv †hgb Zzi‡¯‹i Gwkq AskÑ †Zgwb B¯—vbeyj
kniwUiI Gkxq Ask| Avbv‡Zvwjqv| Zzi‡¯‹i eZ©gvb ivRavbx ÔAvsKvivÕ Avbv‡Zvwjqvi
gvSgwa¨Lv‡b| IB Avbv‡Zvwjqv‡ZB i‡q‡Q ‡mB AvivivZ cvnvowU, †hLv‡b gnvcveb †k‡l
b~nbexi AvK©wU †V‡KwQj ...K‡e †hb ...Avi ... Avi IB Avbv‡ZvwjqviB cÖvPxb bvg wQj
AvBIbxqv| Avi K‡e †hb GB Avbv‡Zvwjqv (AvBIbxqv) Avwef~Z© n‡qwQ‡jb gnvb _v‡jm|
i“‡L ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb Kzms¯‹viMÖ¯’ g~p †nvwmq`cwš’‡ì wei“‡×| we‡qvwkqvi wMÖK Kwe †nvwmq`
RMrm„wómsµvš— wKQy gbMov K_v Qwo‡qwQ‡jb Zuvi ‡jLvq| [ DorotheaWender Abyw`Z
Penguin Books-GiÔ Hesiod Gi Theogony, Works and Days, Elegies’ bv‡g eBwU
cvgy‡Ki msMÖ‡n i‡q‡Q|] †m eB‡q †jLvÑ
wKš‘, hLb GB es‡k gË¨ cwic~b© nBj;

‡µvbm cyÎMb ZLb Ab¨wUi Rb¥ `vb Kwij,
PZz_©wUi;djevb f~wgi Dc‡i, AviI AwaK,
b¨vqmsMZ I DËg,exiM‡bi GK Ck¦im`„k RvwZ,
hv‡ì ejv nBZ A‡av-Ck¦iÑBnvivB Avgvw`‡Mi c~e©wcZvMb|
[wMÖK-wg_ Abyhvqx Kronos n‡jbÑruler of the universe during the Golden Age. He was
one of the 12 Titans and the youngest son of Uranus and Gaea, the personifications of
heaven and earth.] †nvwmq‡ì GBme wg‡_¨-Abygv‡bi wei“‡× j‡owQ‡jb mZ¨vbymÜvbx
_v‡jm| cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb RMrm¤^‡Ü AcÖgvwbZ i“cK_v bqÑeis, ‰eÁvwbK AbymÜvb
jã mZ¨| cvgyK Blr D‡ËRbv †eva K‡i| Avgvi Rb¥, GK`v †hLv‡b wQj cÖvPxb wMÖK AvIbxqv
bMimg~n-‡mLv‡b| GK`v †hLv‡b _v‡jm j‡owQ‡jb Kwe AÁ †nvwmq‡ì wg‡_ï“‡c ewY©Z
KíKvwnwbi wei“‡× ... Avi ...Avi ...GLv‡bB wQj cÖvPxb †mB †gwjUvm bMix ... ‡gb‡`‡im
b`xi †gvnbvq| IB bM‡iB R‡b¥wQ‡jb GK †cÖwiZ bvix, Avmcvwmqv| Avmcvwmqv wQ‡jb cy‡ei
Av‡jv, wQ‡jb wMÖK ivRbxwZwe` †cwiwK¬‡mi Abš— ‡cÖiYv| Av‡b_vB [Av‡_Ý] bMi‡K mvRv‡bvi
Rb¨ IB AvmcvwmqvB ‡Zv ¯’cwZ‡ì Avi wPÎwkíx‡ì AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡jb | Avi g~‡piv e‡j
Avmcvwmqv bvwK wQ‡jb iw¶Zv! evmUv SuvwK †Lj| gy`y| BwÄ‡bi g„`y ¸Äb Qvwc‡q wPrKvi K‡i
DV‡jb gnvb Goethe: Eternal Woman draws us upward.Kx ‡h Gi gv‡b? cvgyK
w`‡knviv †eva K‡i| †Kbbv Zvi `„p wek¦vm:Avmcvwmqv wQ‡jb †cÖwiZ bvix| myZivs, †m weoweo
K‡i ej‡Z _v‡KÑ¶gv Ki“b Avmcvwmqv| AvR GB e„wói w`‡b Avwg Avcbvi Kv‡Q ¶gv †P‡q
wbw”Q Avcbv‡K †nq cÖwZcbœ Kivi Rb¨| Avcwb Av‡_bvBevmxi gb †_‡K A_©nxb A‡hŠw³K
Awd©Dm-wek¦vm `~i Ki‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb, `~i Ki‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb agx©q ‡gŠjev‡ì RbK
wc_v‡Mviv‡mi nvm¨Ki Kzms¯‹vi; ZvB g~p ag©vÜiv Avcbv‡K Kjw¼Z Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q; Zviv
Avcbv‡K ejj iw¶Zv ... GLv‡bB g~p‡ì mxgve×Zv ... ‡hb Acgv‡bi Pig mxgv GB ... wKš‘
Avcwb wQ‡jb †cÖwiZ bvix| Avwg Rvwb| Avwg Kwe| AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b ...AvR Avcwb Avgv‡ì
¶gv Ki“b| Avcwb †eu‡P _vKvi mgq Zxeª gvbwmK hš¿bvq fy‡M‡Qb| AvR Avcwb Avgvi
Rb¥w`‡b Av‡_bvBevmx‡K ¶gv K‡i w`b| Avcwb cy‡ei Av‡jv wb‡q cwð‡g wM‡qwQ‡jb ...cy‡ei
Ki“bvq cwð‡gi D`MÖ eb¨Zv w¯—wgZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ...Avcbvi gZb AvwgI GKUv GKvKx `xN©
jovB‡qi Rb¨ ˆZwi nw”Q| ivZ †R‡M eB cowQ, wjLwQ| Avgvi hy× Avi¤¢ n‡q †M‡Q| †n gnvb
_v‡jm, ‡n †cÖwiZ bvix, Avmcvwmqv; Avgvi hy× Avi¤¢ n‡q †M‡Q| Avwg wjLe| Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB
n‡e| Avgvi Rb¥ Avbv‡Zvwjqvq, c~e©-cwð‡gi wgjb‡iLvqÑAvwg c~e©cwð‡gi †PZbv‡K aviY
KiwQ| Avgvi DËivwaKvi [Bmjvgx] mywdev`| (Greek sophistēs,”expert, master
craftsman, man of wisdom”), > Sophists> Sufi ... m~wdev`, g~jZ hv Rxe‡bi Zz”QZvi Dci
¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i I Kv‡qwg ‡fvMev`x‡ì wbiš—i we‡ivwaZv K‡i| Kwbqvq Avwg RvjvjDÏxb
i“wgi gvRv‡ii VvÛv cv_‡ii †g‡Si Ici e‡m ivZfi ÔN~b©vqgvb ì‡ek‡ìÕ bvP †`‡LwQ|
ciw`b †nv‡U‡ji i“‡g GK g‡b †n‡Mj c‡owQ| mvivw`b| iv‡Z Avevi ÔN~b©vqgvb ì‡ek‡ìÕ
bvP †`‡LwQ| i“wg e‡jwQ‡jb: If my words are not worthy of Your lips/take up a rock and
crush my mouth.K_vUv ‡hb †n‡Mj Zuvi Ôwdjmwd Af gvBÛÕ-G †Kv_vI ej‡Qb| Avwg wK
fvMëvb bB?| Avwg gnvb †n‡Mj-Gi wPš—vavivi cÖwZ AvK…ó| wZwbB †Zv Avg~j e`‡j w`‡jb,
c×wZ Mo‡jb; Avgvi g‡b nqÑ Hegel is West; West is Hegel!†n‡Mj HistoricismGi K_v
e‡jwQ‡jb | GBB HistoricismGi aviYvB BwZnv‡mi †h-‡KvbI mg‡qi †P‡q AvaywbK mg‡qi
Zdvr| AvaywbK mgq †n‡Mjgq| Avwg gnvgwZ i“wgi wPš—vavivi cÖwZI AvK…ó| gvIjvbv
e‡j‡Qb, O Shams of Tabriz, in this world I am so Intoxicated that apart from
drukenness and celebration I have no tale to tell. †Kb GB Lywk? GB LywkB wK gvbeRvwZi
Kvg¨ bq| Avwg wK fvMëvb bB? Avwg Kwbqvq RvjvjDÏxb i“wgi gvRv‡i ivZfi N~b©vqgvb
ì‡ek‡ì bvP †`‡LwQ| i“wg I †n‡Mj ev‡` Avgvi wcÖq ‡jLK n‡jbÑ Ugvm gvb, cÖ“¯—, Kvgy,
dKbvi I Iëvi †eÄvwgb| Avwg G‡ì Rxeb`k©b ‡evSvi †Póv Kwi I Gu‡ì iPbv c×wZ ivZ
†R‡M †evSvi †Póv Kwi| Guiv Qvov UjmUq, `q¯—fw¯‹ I †evi‡nm Avgvi AZ¨š— kª×vfvRb|
[Avwg g‡b Kwi, †evi‡nm eo‡Rvi ey×‡K Rvb‡Z cv‡ib, RvjvjDÏxb i“wg †K †Zgb K‡i bq; G
Kvi‡YI wK Avwg fvMëvb bB?] Zv Qvov ... Zv Qvov cy‡ei ey× I cwð‡gi †d¬v‡iÝ bvB‡U‡½j
Avgvi Kv‡Q SKS‡K Avqbv| ... Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB n‡e| Avgvi ÔgbbÕ GK weij mw¤§jb;...
Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB n‡e| AvwgI jovB Kie gnvb Avmcvwmqvi g‡Zv, gnvb _v‡j‡mi gZ; Avwg
wj‡L joe| GKUv eB wj‡L cÖKvk‡Ki Kv‡Q Rgv w`‡qwQ| Iiv Qvc‡Q bv| Avgvi hy× Avi¤¢ n‡q
†M‡Q †n gnvb _v‡jm, ‡n †cÖwiZ bvix, Avmcvwmqv; Avgvi hy× Avi¤¢ n‡q †M‡Q| Giv Avgvi
†jLv Qvc‡Q bv| mv‡o wZb eQi a‡i AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| Zey Avwg wjLe| fwel¨‡Zi gvbyl wK
Avgv‡K c~e©cwð‡gi †mZzeÜ wn‡m‡e †`L‡e? Avwg wK c~e©cwð‡gi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb mgm¨vi
mgvavb Ki‡Z cvie? Avwg wK Zzi‡¯‹i Af¨š—ixb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvie? Avwg wK wjLe
Don't make observations on cats and dogs, concern yourself with the problems of your
homeland. GB ivóªwU ZzwK© gymwjg‡ì| A_P GB iv‡óª Kzw`©ivI i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov AbïvI Av‡Q|
‡n, gnvb Avmcvwmqv, †n gnvb _v‡jm| AvwgI GK `xN© hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nw”Q| Ck¦i Avgv‡K
mZ¨ K_v ejvi mvnm w`b| Avgvi `xN© msMÖvgx c‡_i †cÖiYv gnvZ¥v †n‡Mj I gvIjvbv i“wg
| Avwg †hb mZ¨ K_v wjL‡Z cvwi| Avi, ...nu¨v ... Avwg mvBcÖvm wb‡qI wjLe| ... mvBcÖvm
cÖ‡kœ ZzwK©-gvwK©b m¤ú‡K© wPi a‡iwQj | Pzw³ mB Kivi mgq wKwmÄvi Rvi Avkv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb
mvBcÖvm mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡e| Avm‡j wK mvBcÖvm mgm¨vi mgvavb mn‡R n‡e? GB gyn~‡Z©
mvBcÖv‡mi 40% Rwg ZzwK© ˆmbïv `Lj K‡i †i‡L‡Q| ILv‡b wMÖK wmwcÖqU Avi ZzwK
wmwcÖqU‡ì g‡a¨ fqven msNvZ Pj‡Q| Õ74-Gi 15 RyjvB mvBcÖv‡m D‡ØM Nbxf~Z n‡q I‡V,
hLb wMÖK-mgw_©Z GK mvgwiK Af~¨Ìvb gvKvwiqm‡K DrLvZ K‡i| Zv‡K wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq|
gvKvwiqm wMÖ‡mi m‡½ mvBcÖv‡mi GKxf~Z nIqvi ‡Nvi we‡ivax wQ‡jb| Aek¨ wMÖ‡mi mvgwiK
Rvš—v‡K mg_©b †`q| wMÖK mywcÖqU b¨vkbvj MvW©iv gvKvwiqm G‡ì †Zgb cQ›` KiZ bv|
Af~¨ÌvbKvix mvgwiK KZ„©c¶ wbKm m¨v¤úmb bv‡g GKRb‡K †cÖwm‡W›U K‡i| Avm‡j wbKm
m¨v¤úmb wQ‡jb msev`c‡Îi cÖKvkK| wMÖK-mgw_©Z GK mvgwiK Af~¨Ìvb cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z
K‡qK nvRvi ZzwK© ˆmb¨ mvBcÖv‡m AeZib K‡i| Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB n‡e| †KbbvÑ A modern
democracy is a tyranny whose borders are undefined; one discovers how far one can
go only by traveling in a straight line until one is stopped. m¨v¤úmb 23 RyjvB c`Z¨vM
K‡ib, Zvi miKv‡ii cZb nq| IB GKB w`‡b wMÖ‡mi mvgwiK miKv‡iiI cZb nq| we‡`ªvnx
mvgwiK Kg©KZ©viv ZzwK© ˆmbëvwnbxi D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v‡ì Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©b K‡i| Gici
mvBcÖv‡m A¯’vqx †bZv n‡jb Mvd‡Kvm †K¬wi‡`m ... GB †Zv †Mj mvBcÖvm cÖm½| Iw`‡K
GwRqvb wb‡qI D‡ËRbv Kg †bB| GwRqvb wb‡q wMÖ‡mi m‡½ Zzi‡¯‹i we‡iva `xN©w`‡bi| ILv‡b
wMÖ‡mi kZ kZ Øxc| Kv‡RB A‡bK wMÖKB GwRqvb‡K wMÖ‡mi n«` e‡j fve‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| IB
Øxçwji K‡qKwU Aek¨ Zzi‡¯‹i g~jf~wgi Lye Kv‡Q| Av‡_Ý Zvi cÖwZwU Øx‡ci cvwbmxgvi
AvKvkc‡_i ¯’v‡bi [air space] `vex K‡i Avm‡Q| [†h‡nZz †h‡KvbI †`‡ki ¯’j †_‡K 12 gvBj
Zvi Rjmxgv] Iw`‡K Zzi¯‹ ‡Rvi w`‡q e‡j P‡j‡Q ‡h GwRqv‡b A‡bK¸wj wMÖK ØxcB Zzi‡¯‹i
g~jf~wgi continental shelf- G, Kv‡RB ‡mme Øx‡ci Rjmxgv Zzi¯‹ mxgvbvi g‡a¨ c‡o‡Q|
Zzi¯‹ GwRqv‡bi †h gvbwPÎ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z GwRqv‡bi gvSLv‡b KwíZ †iLv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †d‡j| Aek¨ wKQy Øxc [wMÖK] ZzwK© Rjmxgvbvq c‡o‡Q| Iw`‡K wMÖm Zv A¯^xKvi
K‡i w` †nM-G Avš—©RvwZK †KvU© Af Rvw÷‡m Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q| cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †d‡j| wMÖm Avi
Zzi‡¯‹i weev` `xN©Kvjxb| 1921 mvj| Av¼viv| wMÖKiv kniwU Ae‡iva K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Kvgvj
AvZvZzK© Amg mvn‡m Ny‡i ùvwo‡q wMÖK‡ì civwRZ K‡i| Kv‡RB, wMÖm Avi Zzi‡¯‹i weev`
`xN©Kvjxb| GB weev‡` AvwgI Rwo‡q c‡owQ Awbevh©fv‡e| Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB n‡e| Avwg wjLe;
Avwg hy× Kie ‡n gnvb Avmcvwmqv, †n gnvb _v‡jm, †n wbwe©Kvi gnvKvj| †KbbvÑ Kzw`©iv
cvnvwo DcZ¨Kvi †QvU †QvU MÖv‡g evm Ki‡jI AvRKvj Zv‡ì †jvKvj‡q evmI ‡e‡o P‡j‡Q|
kni¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Biv‡Ki gmyj, wKiKzK, Biwej Ges myjvBgvwbn; Biv‡bi mvbvb`v` I
mvK‡KR; Zzi‡¯‹i w`qvievKzi| Kzw`©iv Kzw`©f~wg‡Z msL¨v¸i“ n‡jI Ab¨ †`‡k msL¨v jNy|
eQ‡ii ci eQi Giv ¯^kvmb †P‡q‡Q| GgbKx Kzw`©f~wgi ¯^vaxbZvI| GBme `vwe wbg©g Dcv‡q
`gb Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Zzi¯‹ I Biv‡K|
GB hy×, i“Bqv
‘The military dictator (General Zia-ul-Haq) tried his best to suffocate Pakistan’s
traditional Sufi culture by emulating Saudi Arabia’s Wahhabi Islam. He banned all
forms of cultural activities, including figurative painting, singing, dancing and music,
categorising as blasphemous.’ (Madanjeet Singh; Music has no religion. Star
Weekend Magazine; March 7,2008)
evm †_‡K †b‡g nuvU‡Z-nuvU‡Z Anadolu Hisari `~M©wUi w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK |
e„wó ZLbI S‡i hvw”Qj| iv¯—vq Mvwo‡Nvovi wfo| e„wói wfZ‡i wbtk‡ã P‡j‡Q jwi-evm-
U¨vw·| e„wó †Zvgvi kw³ †bB GKwU †gUªcwjUvb kn‡ii cÖwZw`bKvi RxebhvÎv‡K _vwg‡q
†Ìqvi? dzUcv‡Z QvZv gv_vq †Kivwb, QvÎ; QyU‡Q| Avwg G‡ì g‡Zv bB| Avgvi Ávb I fve-
G hvZvqvZ| ZLb †_‡KB mvBcÖv‡mi K_v †f‡e fxlb Aw¯’i †eva KiwQj cvgyK| Avm‡j
mgmvgwqK wek¦cwiw¯’wZB AZ¨š— RwUj| RwUj I msNvZgq| wek¦cwiw¯’wZ Avm‡j me mgq
GgbB msNvZgq wQj | ZzwK© †mbvevwnbx mvBcÖv‡m AbycÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q, ILv‡b wbðqB `gbcxob
Pj‡Q| Gw`‡K Kz`©iv Zzi‡¯‹i RbmsL¨vi 17%; Giv ¯^vaxb evmf~wg Pvq| Zzi¯‹ miKvi Kz`©‡ì
`vex eiveiB AMÖvn¨ K‡i P‡j‡Q| Kv‡ibiv evg©vq lvUfvM; ZvivI c„_K ivóª Pvq, Zviv
ILvbKvi miKvix‡Pv‡L we‡`ªvnx; Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv ¯ú„nv `gb K‡i †i‡L‡Q evg©vi †mbvevwnbx|
mvgwiK Rvš—vi hyw³, evg©vq MbZš¿ G‡j Kv‡ib‡ì `vex AMÖvn¨ Kiv KwVb n‡e| kªxj¼vq
Zvwgjiv c„_K evmf~wg cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q `xN©w`b hver...mgmvgwqK wek¦cwi¯’xwZ
Avm‡jB AZ¨š— RwUj| MZeQi evsjv‡`‡k GK mk¯¿ mvgwiK Af~¨Ìv‡b wbnZ n‡q‡Qb gywRei
ingvb| Õ70 mv‡ji B÷ cvwK¯’v‡b wbe©vP‡b ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wR‡ZwQj evOvwjiv| †mB
wbe©vP‡bi dj cwðg cvwK¯’vbx kvmK‡Mvôx †g‡b †bqwb| d‡j i³‡mªvZ e‡qwQj ... cvgyK
`xN©k¦vm †djj| KZw`b g‡b n‡q‡Q Avgvi; cyi‡bv GB kniUvi iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr
wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e | wK¬I| BwZnv‡mi wgDR ...AvwgI wK¬I‡K GKUv cÖkœ Ki‡Z PvB Ñ
GB MÖ‡n ‡eu‡P _vK‡j n‡j gvbyl‡K †Kb GZ wbôzi n‡Z nq? cvgyK welbœ †eva Ki‡Z _v‡K|
Avbv‡`vjy wnmvwi `~M©wUi Af¨š—ifvMI GB e„wói mKv‡j wbR©b n‡q i‡q‡Q | ‡mB wbR©bZv
Qvwc‡q cvgy‡Ki g‡b c‡o GB `~M©wUi wbg©vZv myjZvb cÖ_g evqwR` wQ‡jb iYwbcyb; In three
years Bayazid conquered Bulgaria and parts of Serbia and Macedonia; he also
subdued the greater part of Asia Minor. He blockaded Constantinople (present-day
İstanbul) for ten years, hoping to subdue it by famine. Bayazid might have destroyed
the Byzantine Empire had not the Turkic conqueror Tamerlane attacked Ottoman
possessions in Asia Minor and completely defeated the sultan in 1402 near Ankara.
Bayazid died a prisoner in the enemy camp, while his sons fought over the succession.
Avðh©! GBme DËvwiaKvi| GB `~M© ...Avµgb-cÖwZAvµgb ...meB Kx fxlbfv‡e AvRI wU‡K
Av‡Q| ‡hgb, wKQy Øxc [wMÖK] ZzwK© Rjmxgvbvq c‡o‡Q| Iw`‡K wMÖm Zv A¯^xKvi K‡i w` †nM-G
Avš—©RvwZK †KvU© Af Rvw÷‡m Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q| cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †d‡j| KZw`b g‡b n‡q‡Q
Avgvi; cyi‡bv GB kniUvi iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e | wK¬I|
BwZnv‡mi wgDR ...AvwgI wK¬I‡K GKUv cÖkœ Ki‡Z PvB Ñ GB MÖ‡n ‡eu‡P _vK‡j n‡j gvbyl‡K
†Kb GZ wbôzi AvMÖvmx n‡Z nq? †mB m‡½ ‡Kb Avw`g wnsmª cÖe„wË I gvbwmKZv AvRI wU‡K
i‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk MÖnevmxi g‡bvRM‡Z, †hb RM‡Z i“cvš—i/weeZ©b mZ¨ bq| †QvÆ k¦vm
†d‡j Anadolu Hisari `~M©wUi Kv‡jv †Ìqv‡j nvZ iv‡L cvgyK| GKKv‡ji GBme wekvjKvq
`~M©¸wj wQj mywekvj A‡Uvgvb mvgªvRï cÖwZi¶v wfZ| KZ KZ NUbvi mv¶x GBme `~M©cÖ‡Kvó,
Gi cÖvKvi-cwiLv-cÖv½b| e„wói ¶xb kã †kvbv hvq| Av‡kcv‡k †KD †bB †`‡L `~M© ‡Ìqv‡j
Kvb cv‡Z cvgyK| kxZj †m ¯úk©| Pzbv cv_‡ii MÜ cvq, MÜ cvq cvqivi weóvi | ïb‡Z cvq
wLª÷vb devshirme gv‡q‡ì Kvbœv ...ejKvb AÂ‡ji wLª÷vb gv‡q‡ì Kvbœv| ‡Zv Kviv [wLª÷vb]
devshirme `vm? A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï AeKvVv‡gvwU ùvwo‡q wQj bvbvb cÖwZôv‡bi Ici| Zvi
GKwU wQj `vmcÖ_v ev ghulam system; ivóªxq Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv KiZ ghulam ev `vmiv|
| ghulam‡ì hveZxq wk¶v †Ìqv nZ| ivóªxq Kvh©vw` wk¶v ‡Ìqvi Rb¨ ejKv‡bi MÖvg †_‡K
GKRb 8 †_‡K 15 eQ‡ii wLª÷vb †Q‡j‡K wb‡q Avmv n‡Zv B¯—vbey‡j ... G‡ì‡K ejv nZ
devshirme `vm| Av‡kcv‡k †KD †bB †`‡L `~M© ‡Ìqv‡j Kvb cv‡Z cvgyK| kxZj †m ¯úk©|
Pzbv cv_‡ii MÜ cvq, MÜ cvq cvqivi weóvi ... ïb‡Z cvq wLª÷vb devshirme gv‡q‡ì Kvbœv
...ejKvb AÂ‡ji wLª÷vb gv‡q‡ì Kvbœv| Avnv, wmwg‡qv‡bi eqm wQj AvU| Avi Kx my›ìB bv
wQj †`L‡Z Ñ GKgv_v †mvbvwj †KuvKov Pzj, dimv, bxj‡PvL; wVK mvay mvBg‡bi gZb †`L‡Z |
nvq, GLb I‡K cÖvmv‡` wb‡q ag©vš—wiZ Ki‡e myjZvb; Aviwe-dvimx fvlv †kLv‡e| ‡`L‡Z-
†`L‡Z GKw`b Avgvi wmwg‡qvb ZzwK© ˆmb¨‡ì cÖavb n‡q DV‡e| nvq Avwg Avi I‡K †`L‡Z
cve bv| e„wói ¶xb k‡ãi wfZi `~M© ‡Ìqv‡j Kvb †c‡Z cvgyK †kv‡b ejKvb AÂ‡ji †mB
wLª÷vb gv‡qi Kvbœv| cvgy‡Ki Kwe-ü`qwU `yt‡L f‡i I‡V ...Av‡av-AÜKv‡i Pzbv cv_‡ii MÜ
cvq †m| cÖv½‡bi wekvj k~b¨Zvq cvqivi weóvi MÜ cvq| ïb‡Z cvq wLª÷vb devshirme
`vm‡ì gv‡q‡ì Kvbœv| nvq, Avwg Avgvi †Q‡j‡K Avi †KvbIw`bB †`Le bv| nvq, Avwg Avgvi
†Q‡j‡K Avi †KvbIw`bB †`Le bv| nvq, Avwg Avgvi †Q‡j‡K Avi †KvbIw`bB †`Le bv|
Gfv‡e bvix‡K Kuv`vZ A‡Uvgvbiv| ‡mB bvix‡ì †PvL †_‡K wbf„‡Z eûKvj i³vkÖ“ S‡iwQj
Ck¦‡ii wbie f~wgKvi mvg‡b| Avgvi bvg jvj| devshirme `vm‡ì gv‡q‡ì Kvbœv G kn‡i
GB gvbwP‡Îi wb‡P gg©i mvMi; Dc‡o mi“ I msKxY© İstanbul Boğazi ; euv‡q Zzi‡¯‹i BD‡ivc-LÛ I
WvB‡b Avbv‡Zvwjqvi ïi“ hv Gwkqvq c‡o‡Q ; Kv‡RB BD‡ivc I Gwkqvq Qov‡bv B¯—vbeyj kniwU
†`Lv hv‡”Q|
cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †d‡j Rvbvjvi evB‡i ZvKv‡jv| ILv‡b e„wói a~mi Pvì Avi †jvnvi AveQv
KvVv‡gv| evmUv İstanbul Boğazi ev Bosporus Thracius ‡cwi‡q hv‡”Q| Ii kixi wkiwki
K‡i I‡V; hLbB I em‡cvivm AwZµg K‡i Ii mg¯— kixi wkiwki Ki‡Z _v‡K, eyKUv `yi“ `yi“
Ki‡Z _v‡K| GKUv gnv‡`k †_‡K Av‡iKUv gnv‡`‡k P‡j hv‡”Q| cwðg †Mvjva© †_‡K c~e©
†Mvjva©| c„w_exi c~e© †Mvjv‡a©i bvg Gwkqv| ‡cŠivwbK wMÖKexi †cÖvwgw_D‡mi ¯¿xi bvg Gwkqv|
Kx Avðh©! cvgy‡Ki mg¯— kixi wkiwki Ki‡Z _v‡K| †m †`L‡Z cvq Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K hvÎv
K‡i myjZvb Iinvb m‰mb¨ †cwi‡q hv‡”Qb İstanbul Boğazi ev Bosporus Thracius ; ...
1344 mvj| Iinvb `v`©vbv‡jm cÖbvjx AwZµg K‡i mˆmb¨ _ªvm †cuŠ‡Qvq| It was a difficult
crossing that marked the beginning of Turkish presence in Europe. To make future
crossings easier, the Ottomans annexed the principality of Karası on the eastern side
of the Dardanelles.
evmUv Avbv‡Zvwjqvi w`‡K QyU‡Q| Avbv‡Zvwjqv †hgb Zzi‡¯‹i Gwkq AskÑ †Zgwb B¯—vbeyj
kniwUiI Gkxq Ask| Avbv‡Zvwjqv| Zzi‡¯‹i eZ©gvb ivRavbx ÔAvsKvivÕ Avbv‡Zvwjqvi
gvSgwa¨Lv‡b| IB Avbv‡Zvwjqv‡ZB i‡q‡Q ‡mB AvivivZ cvnvowU, †hLv‡b gnvcveb †k‡l
b~nbexi AvK©wU †V‡KwQj ...K‡e †hb ...Avi ... Avi IB Avbv‡ZvwjqviB cÖvPxb bvg wQj
AvBIbxqv| Avi K‡e †hb GB Avbv‡Zvwjqv (AvBIbxqv) Avwef~Z© n‡qwQ‡jb gnvb _v‡jm|
i“‡L ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb Kzms¯‹viMÖ¯’ g~p †nvwmq`cwš’‡ì wei“‡×| we‡qvwkqvi wMÖK Kwe †nvwmq`
RMrm„wómsµvš— wKQy gbMov K_v Qwo‡qwQ‡jb Zuvi ‡jLvq| [ DorotheaWender Abyw`Z
Penguin Books-GiÔ Hesiod Gi Theogony, Works and Days, Elegies’ bv‡g eBwU
cvgy‡Ki msMÖ‡n i‡q‡Q|] †m eB‡q †jLvÑ
wKš‘, hLb GB es‡k gË¨ cwic~b© nBj;

Wªv‡gi Ici Lvov G‡Kev‡i PZz‡¯‹vb GKwU †K›`ªxq M¤^yR D‡V wM‡q‡Q; †mwU wN‡i Avevi †QvU
†QvU M¤^yR | †Kv‡Y †Kv‡Y wgbvi| GB Awfbe ixwZ AbymiY K‡i (Av †mbUªvj-‡WvgW †¯‹vqvi
DB_ Uz d¬¨vbwKs nvd †Wvgm) GK beixwZi D™¢veb Ki‡jb wmbvb| wmbv‡bi i“cvš—wiZ bKkvwU
IBiKgB n‡jv| my‡jgvwbqv gmwR`wUi (1550-57) wbg©vb‰kjx‡Z ‡mB beixwZiB cÖwZdjb
NUj| h_v_© wkíx wQ‡jb wZwb; †gv‡UI Aby`vi wQ‡jb bv| Aš—Z K‡qK kZvãxi Rb¨ n‡jI
wZwb wLª÷vb mf¨Zvi m‡½ gymwjg ms¯‹…wZi GK †mZzeÜb ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| B”QvK…ZB wK?
Aek¨B| wmbv‡bi wK G‡Kev‡i wbR¯^ ixwZ‡Z ¯’vcZ¨ wbg©v‡bi ¶gZv wQj bv? wQj Aek¨B|
IB my‡jgvwbqv gmwR‡ì mvg‡b hZevi wM‡q hZevi ùvovq cvgyK- ZZeviB Zvi g‡b c‡o- a
central-domed square with two flanking half domes. Avn&| ¯’vcZëvK¨ wK GLv‡b KweZv
n‡q I‡Vwb? hw` Gfv‡e mvRvB †Zv ...
a central-domed square
with two
flanking half domes.
flanking half domes.Avn&| g‡b c‡o cix¶vi LvZvq Kx wj‡LwQj cvgyK: He, Sinan
achieved the effect of a light, disembodied interior through the use of 138 arched
windows, rich marble sheathing, continuously alternating planes and curved surfaces,
and stalactite decorations that mask structural elements. GB iKg †jLvi c‡i M¤¢xi
cix¶KwU †W‡K `vwo‡Z nvZ eyjv‡Z eyjv‡Z wR‡Ám K‡iwQ‡jb, I‡n ‡dwiZ Iinvb cvgyK, Zzwg
He wjLv c‡i Kgv w`qv Avevi eo A¶‡i Sinan wjLjv K¨vb?
cvgyK mivmwiB e‡jwQj, Avwg Iinvb cvgyK|
IB wek¦we`¨vj‡qi [A¯^vwcœK] wb‡iU A_wiwU cvgy‡Ki kã-weåvU ei`v¯— K‡iwb| fvlvi ‡h
†KvbI ai‡bi †Ljvq fq cvq Zviv| Zvi KviY wK GB †h [bxU‡k g‡b Ki‡Zb] fvlv n‡jv
i“cK, fvlvi i‡q‡Q mxgve×Zv; fvlv K`vwc kvk¦Z mZ¨‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cvgy‡Ki
fvlv-wbix¶vi ci Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi [Mvoj] KZ…©c¶ Ri“wi wgwUs-G e‡mwQj|
Zviv cvgyK‡K †W‡K hvicibvB ‡nb¯’v K‡iwQj| wkkœgyÛ KwZ©Z Av‡Q wKbv ZvI †`L‡Z
PvBwQj| Avwg ...Avwg GKvKx ˆmK‡Z AvKvkPzw¤^ K¨vwiweq Rj”Qvm ‡a‡q Avm‡Q †`‡LI fxZ
bB [i“Bqv]; †h‡nZz Avgiv g„Zzï ci wgwjZ ne [i“Bqv]| Ges G MÖ‡n gvbeRvwZi BwZnvm
Avgvi ARvbv bq | Kv‡RB Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi cov †Q‡o w`j cvgyK| GKw`b
Mfxi iv‡Z ‡Ìqvj Uc‡K IB cÖwZôvbwU‡Z ‡Mj †m| cv wU‡c wU‡c ‡mB A-‡ivg¨vbwUK
Aa¨vc‡Ki i“‡gi mvg‡b G‡m †Ìqv‡j [Kv‡jv Kvwj‡Z †gvUv¶‡i] wjLj Immanuel Kant Gi
GB imvZ¥K Dw³wUÑ
The knowledge of the other world can be obtained here only by losing
some of that intelligence which is necessary for this present world.
‡µvbm cyÎMb ZLb Ab¨wUi Rb¥ `vb Kwij,
PZz_©wUi;djevb f~wgi Dc‡i, AviI AwaK,
b¨vqmsMZ I DËg,exiM‡bi GK Ck¦im`„k RvwZ,
hv‡ì ejv nBZ A‡av-Ck¦iÑBnvivB Avgvw`‡Mi c~e©wcZvMb|
[wMÖK-wg_ Abyhvqx Kronos n‡jbÑruler of the universe during the Golden Age. He was
one of the 12 Titans and the youngest son of Uranus and Gaea, the personifications of
heaven and earth.] †nvwmq‡ì GBme wg‡_¨-Abygv‡bi wei“‡× j‡owQ‡jb mZ¨vbymÜvbx
_v‡jm| cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb RMrm¤^‡Ü AcÖgvwbZ i“cK_v bqÑeis, ‰eÁvwbK AbymÜvb
jã mZ¨| cvgyK Blr D‡ËRbv †eva K‡i| Avgvi Rb¥, GK`v †hLv‡b wQj cÖvPxb wMÖK AvIbxqv
bMimg~n-‡mLv‡b| GK`v †hLv‡b _v‡jm j‡owQ‡jb Kwe AÁ †nvwmq‡ì wg‡_ï“‡c ewY©Z
KíKvwnwbi wei“‡× ... Avi ...Avi ...GLv‡bB wQj cÖvPxb †mB †gwjUvm bMix ... ‡gb‡`‡im
b`xi †gvnbvq| IB bM‡iB R‡b¥wQ‡jb GK †cÖwiZ bvix, Avmcvwmqv| Avmcvwmqv wQ‡jb cy‡ei
Av‡jv, wQ‡jb wMÖK ivRbxwZwe` †cwiwK¬‡mi Abš— ‡cÖiYv| Av‡b_vB [Av‡_Ý] bMi‡K mvRv‡bvi
Rb¨ IB AvmcvwmqvB ‡Zv ¯’cwZ‡ì Avi wPÎwkíx‡ì AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡jb | Avi g~‡piv e‡j
Avmcvwmqv bvwK wQ‡jb iw¶Zv! evmUv SuvwK †Lj| gy`y| BwÄ‡bi g„`y ¸Äb Qvwc‡q wPrKvi K‡i
DV‡jb gnvb Goethe: Eternal Woman draws us upward.Kx ‡h Gi gv‡b? cvgyK
w`‡knviv †eva K‡i| †Kbbv Zvi `„p wek¦vm:Avmcvwmqv wQ‡jb †cÖwiZ bvix| myZivs, †m weoweo
K‡i ej‡Z _v‡KÑ¶gv Ki“b Avmcvwmqv| AvR GB e„wói w`‡b Avwg Avcbvi Kv‡Q ¶gv †P‡q
wbw”Q Avcbv‡K †nq cÖwZcbœ Kivi Rb¨| Avcwb Av‡_bvBevmxi gb †_‡K A_©nxb A‡hŠw³K
Awd©Dm-wek¦vm `~i Ki‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb, `~i Ki‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb agx©q ‡gŠjev‡ì RbK
wc_v‡Mviv‡mi nvm¨Ki Kzms¯‹vi; ZvB g~p ag©vÜiv Avcbv‡K Kjw¼Z Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q; Zviv
Avcbv‡K ejj iw¶Zv ... GLv‡bB g~p‡ì mxgve×Zv ... ‡hb Acgv‡bi Pig mxgv GB ... wKš‘
Avcwb wQ‡jb †cÖwiZ bvix| Avwg Rvwb| Avwg Kwe| AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b ...AvR Avcwb Avgv‡ì
¶gv Ki“b| Avcwb †eu‡P _vKvi mgq Zxeª gvbwmK hš¿bvq fy‡M‡Qb| AvR Avcwb Avgvi
Rb¥w`‡b Av‡_bvBevmx‡K ¶gv K‡i w`b| Avcwb cy‡ei Av‡jv wb‡q cwð‡g wM‡qwQ‡jb ...cy‡ei
Ki“bvq cwð‡gi D`MÖ eb¨Zv w¯—wgZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ...Avcbvi gZb AvwgI GKUv GKvKx `xN©
jovB‡qi Rb¨ ˆZwi nw”Q| ivZ †R‡M eB cowQ, wjLwQ| Avgvi hy× Avi¤¢ n‡q †M‡Q| †n gnvb
_v‡jm, ‡n †cÖwiZ bvix, Avmcvwmqv; Avgvi hy× Avi¤¢ n‡q †M‡Q| Avwg wjLe| Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB
n‡e| Avgvi Rb¥ Avbv‡Zvwjqvq, c~e©-cwð‡gi wgjb‡iLvqÑAvwg c~e©cwð‡gi †PZbv‡K aviY
KiwQ| Avgvi DËivwaKvi [Bmjvgx] mywdev`| (Greek sophistēs,”expert, master
craftsman, man of wisdom”), > Sophists> Sufi ... m~wdev`, g~jZ hv Rxe‡bi Zz”QZvi Dci
¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i I Kv‡qwg ‡fvMev`x‡ì wbiš—i we‡ivwaZv K‡i| Kwbqvq Avwg RvjvjDÏxb
i“wgi gvRv‡ii VvÛv cv_‡ii †g‡Si Ici e‡m ivZfi ÔN~b©vqgvb ì‡ek‡ìÕ bvP †`‡LwQ|
ciw`b †nv‡U‡ji i“‡g GK g‡b †n‡Mj c‡owQ| mvivw`b| iv‡Z Avevi ÔN~b©vqgvb ì‡ek‡ìÕ
bvP †`‡LwQ| i“wg e‡jwQ‡jb: If my words are not worthy of Your lips/take up a rock and
crush my mouth.K_vUv ‡hb †n‡Mj Zuvi Ôwdjmwd Af gvBÛÕ-G †Kv_vI ej‡Qb| Avwg wK
fvMëvb bB?| Avwg gnvb †n‡Mj-Gi wPš—vavivi cÖwZ AvK…ó| wZwbB †Zv Avg~j e`‡j w`‡jb,
c×wZ Mo‡jb; Avgvi g‡b nqÑ Hegel is West; West is Hegel!†n‡Mj HistoricismGi K_v
cvgy‡Ki cy‡iv bvg ‡dwiZ Iinvb cvgyK| gv Avi i“Bqv I‡K †dwiZ e‡jB Wv‡K| cvgyK ejj,
nq‡Zv| nq‡Zv bv| kafes- Gi Ab¨bvg ÔnxivgwÛÕ| ‡Zv, nxivgwÛ- kafes-LuvPvq A‡Uvgvb
hyeivRiv my›ìx bvixm½ Dc‡fvM KiZ| GLv‡b G‡j †Zvgvi †mB ew›` †g‡q‡ì K_v g‡b c‡o
hvq, bv i“Bqv? ‡mB me my›ìx †g‡qivÑhv‡ì ivRcyÎ‡ì †hŠbZ…òv wgUv‡bv Qvov Avi †KvbI
KvR wQj bv|
i“Bqv †Ku‡c DVj| Ii gyLUv †Kgb Blr iw³g eY© aviY Kij|
cvgyK ejj, Zzwg A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi BwZnvm cy‡ivUv bv-Rvb‡jI Rvb †h Iiv †g‡q‡ì ew›` K‡i
ivLZ †n‡i‡g| Ges Gfv‡e †MvUv A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi BwZnvmB Rvbv n‡q hvq e¯‘Z|
i“gvj w`‡q Kcvj gy‡Q wb‡q i“Bqv ejj, Pj, GLvb †_‡K P‡j hvB| GLv‡b Avgvi †Kgb
`geÜ `geÜ jvM‡Q|
cvgyK ejj, P‡jv| cvgyK wmuwo w`‡K cv evovq| cv‡k i“Bqv|
wmuwoi Kv‡Q G‡m i“Bqv ejj, Avwg Av‡gwiKv P‡j hvIqvi K_v fvewQ †dwiZ|
cvgyK `xN©wbtk¦vm Qv‡o| Avn| Avwg RvbZvg| Avwg RvbZvg †h GKw`b i“Bqv GB K_vUv
ej‡e| IivÑA‡Uvgvbiv †g‡q‡ì ew›` K‡i ivLZ †n‡i‡g| K_vUv GKw`b RvbvRvwb n‡q hv‡e|
ZLb ...‡hgb †n‡Mj e‡jb, wd«Wg BR Aj| cvgyK gvP© gv‡mi Mi‡g wf‡R hvw”Qj| †m c‡KU
†_‡K i“gvj evi K‡i KcvjUv gy‡Q †bq| Pkgvi Kv‡P ¶xb ev®ú R‡g‡Q | i“Bqvi cv‡k nuvU‡Z
nuvU‡Z cÖvbcb ¯^vfvweK nIqvi †Póv K‡i cvgyK | Kx g‡b K‡i e‡j, †kvb i“Bqv, wgk‡ii
GKUv †jvK wZwi‡ki `k‡K Av‡gwiKv †M‡jb| †jvKUv wQj AwZ i¶Ykxj| Av‡gwiKvq
Av‡gwiKvq †g‡q‡ì ¯^cembv nIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| ‡jvKUv fxlY kKW nj; †n‡i‡gi †g‡qiv
iv¯—vq †Kb-mx-we‡P †Kb|
i“Bqv AùzU ¯^‡i ejj, ...In,g¨vb,wkU|
cvgyK d¨vKv‡k nvmj| ejj, ‡kvb, Zvici Kx njÑ †mB †jvKUv w¶ß n‡q wgk‡i wd‡i †Mj;
‡g‡q‡ì Avevi †n‡i‡g †XvKv‡bvi Rb¨ wek¦gq Rw½ Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK w`j| wgkixq miKvi
Aek¨ ‡mB †Muvov‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj|
†k‡li w`‡Ki K_v¸wj ivRbxwZK e‡jB i“Bqv‡K Uvbj bv| gv_vi Pzj mwi‡q ejj, Avwg
Av‡gwiKv hvIqvi K_v wmwiqvmwj fvewQ †dwiZ|
Avwg Av‡gwiKv hvIqvi K_v wmwiqvmwj fvewQ †dwiZ|
GLv‡b GB GB Avbv‡`vjywnmvwi `~M©wU‡Z `~‡M© i“Bqvi K_v¸‡jv av°v Lvq| cvgyK wkD‡o I‡V|
i“Bqv ZzwK© kã; Gi gv‡b ¯^cœ| KLbI Avgvi †g‡q n‡j Avwg bvg ivLe i“Bqv| cvgyK g‡b g‡b
e‡j| I Avi Avm‡e bv? I ¯^íembv‡ì †`‡k P‡j hv‡e? Avgv‡K GKv GKv hy× Ki‡Z n‡e?
ey× I bvBwU‡½j cvwLi Mvb
If this realm of dreams that we call the world is a house into which we enter
disorientated as a somnambulist, then the various literatures are like clocks hung up
on the walls of the rooms.
Orhan Pamuk
Avbv‡`vjy wnmvwi `~M© †_‡K †ewi‡q GLb `w¶Y w`‡K nuvU‡Z cvgyK| gbUv Aw¯’i n‡q i‡q‡Q|
i“Bqv Avi ‡KvbIw`bB wd‡i Avm‡e bv? I ¯^íembv‡ì [MbZš¿x] †`‡k P‡j hv‡e? cvgyK
mwZ¨Kv‡ii MbZš¿ fv‡jvev‡m| hwÌ GwU GKwU wg_| Avi †ejvf~wgi ¯^íembv‡ì m¤^‡Ü Zvi
gZvgZ Kx? bMœZv GKUv avibv; bMœZv bvix kix‡i †bB ... DËi w`K ‡_‡K GKUv evm AvmwQj;
`w¶‡Yi DmKz`v‡ii w`‡K hv‡e evmUv| Kx g‡b K‡i D‡V coj evmUvq, cÖvq duvKv evm, el©vwZUv
Ly‡j emj G‡Kev‡i wcQb w`‡K; ¯‹z‡j covi mgq I Kx Kvi‡Y wcQb w`‡K emZ| Bb‡UªvfvU©
e‡jB nq‡Zv| Avwg wK mwZ¨B Bb‡UªvfvU©? evmUv Pj‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| Aweivg e„wói wfZ‡i GKUv
ev‡mi wfZ‡i e‡m †Kgb †Nvi jv‡M cvgy‡K, Ii kxZ K‡i| I †PvL †ev‡R| i“Bqv †K Avwg
†KvbIw`bB fy‡j hve bv| Zv n‡j? evm SuvwK Lvq| I †PvL †Lv‡j| Rvbvjvi w`‡K ZvKvq|
Kv‡P e„wówe›`y| Pvicv‡ki †gNjv `„k¨cU| e„wó‡Z wf‡R hv‡”Q A‡Uvgvb Avbv‡ZvwjqvÑ B¯—vbeyj
bMixwUi Gwkq gvwU, Ni‡`vi, meyR Dw™¢`| wf‡R hv‡”Q Gi Qov‡bv-wQUv‡bv MÖvg: †eBKR,
cvkvev‡P, KzKzKmy| wf‡R hv‡”Q 1856/1857 mv‡ji g‡a¨ myjZvb cÖ_g Ave` Avj gvwR`
wbwg©Z ‡iv‡Kv‡K cÖvmv`wU; wf‡R hv‡”Q KvbwWjwj, wf‡R hv‡”Q fvwb‡Kvq, ‡mb‡Rj‡Kvq,
†eB‡ji‡eB, I myjZvb 2q Ave` Avj nvwg` KZ…©K wbwg©Z †eB‡ji‡eB cÖvmv` Ges DmKz`vi|
324 A‡ã GB DmKz`v‡ii bvg wQj Chrysopolis ;†ivgvb mgªvU gnvb KbmUvbUvBb GLv‡bB
cÖwZc¶ mgªvU Licinius †K civwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb| Gici Zuvi Avi †KvbI cÖwZc¶ iBj bv|
wZwbB n‡j †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï me©me©v| evmUv g„`y SuvwK †Lj| eÜ Rvbvjvi evB‡i †hb g‡b n‡jv
GKUv wMR©vi Kv‡jv Aeqe| DmKz`vi nvmcvZv‡ji KvQvKvwQ evm †_‡g‡Q| evm †_‡K †b‡g
coj cvgyK| me AvR e„wó‡Z wf‡R hv‡”Q| Avgvi Rb¥w`bwU‡Z wf‡R hv‡”Q| wf‡R hv‡”Q
Bosporus Thracius wKsev BmZvbeyj †evMvwR cv‡oi DmKz`vi-Gi cvk¦©eZx© GjvKvmg~n| Ryb
gv‡mi e„wó‡Z wf‡R hv‡”Q me| Avgvi Rb¥ w`bwU wf‡R hv‡”Q| weL¨vZ A‡Uvgvb ¯—¤¢¸wj wf‡R
hv‡”Q| ‡mB m‡½ wf‡R hv‡”Q kni¯’ cÖvPxb A‡Uvgvb mgvwa †¶ÎwUI| KZ KZ ivZ ILv‡b
†K‡U‡Q wbwiwewj Db¥yL| AZx‡ì g„Z‡ì m‡½| g„Z devshirme `vm‡ì m‡½|
DmKz`vi nvmcvZv‡ji mvg‡b GKUv A¨v¤^y‡jÝ | Zxeª fxwZKi mvB‡ib †kvbv hvq| †Kv_vI wK
‡KD g„Zzï Lye KvQvKvwQ †cuŠ‡Q †Mj AvR? AvR GB e„wói w`‡b? ‡Kv_vI GKUv hy× n‡qwQj wK?
†h Avwg †mB hy‡×i ci e„wói wfZi wfRwQ| †Kv_vq hy× n‡qwQj? †Kv_vq? mnmv g‡b cojÑ
wµwgq bv‡g GKwU hy‡×i K_v| Kviv Kviv ‡mB hy‡×i c¶-cÖwZc¶ wQj, †mK_v GLb _vK|
eis e„wói wfZi DmKz`vi nvmcvZv‡ji w`‡K ZvKvj cvgyK| †mB wµwgq hy‡×i mgq †d¬v‡iÝ
bvBwU‡½j bv‡g GK [weªwUk bvm©] hy×vnZ ˆmb¨‡ì †mev K‡iwQ‡jb GB DmKz`vi nvmcvZv‡j |
i“Bqv AweKj †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji gZb †`L‡Z| K_vUv i“Bqv‡K Avgvi †KvbIw`bB ejv
nqwb| I Avi KL‡bvB GLv‡b G‡m ùvov‡e bv| ZvB Avwg e„wó‡Z wfRwQ|
DmKv`yi nvmcvZv‡ji mvg‡b G‡mI ùvovj bv cvgyK, nuvU‡Z _vKj| nvmcvZv‡ji mvg‡bi iv¯—
vi Ici cvwb R‡g †M‡Q| GKUv bxj U‡qvUvi BwÄ‡b m¤¢eZ cvwb Xy‡K‡Q| †mwU †bŠKvi gZb
w¯’i| KÕRb †jvK †Vj‡Q| m¤¢eZ †ivMx †`L‡Z G‡m GB wecwË| cvgyK iv¯—vi gvSLvb w`‡q
cvwb †f‡½ †f‡½ nuvU‡Q| GKUv evm Ii Lye KvQ w`‡q P‡j †Mj| Zv‡Z Avgvi nuvUz cvwbi
†XD‡q wf‡R †Mj| hvK| A¨v¤^y‡j‡Ýi †mB fxwZKi mvB‡i‡bi kãUv ZLbI wgwj‡q hvqwb| †mB
k‡ã †Kb †hb GKwU cvnv‡oi K_v g‡b c‡o †Mj Zvi| cvnvowU GB DmKz`v‡iiB; bvg
weDqyK KvgwjKv| fvwi AiY¨gq cvnvo| IwUi P~ovq DV‡j A‡bKUv kni B¯—vbeyjÑAvi B¯—
vbeyj †evMvwR ... cv‡q-cv‡q weDqyK KvgwjKv cvnvowUi w`‡K nuvU‡Z _v‡K cvgyK|
i“Bqv‡K Avwg GKevi weDqyK KvgwjKv cvnv‡o wb‡q wM‡q †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji K_v
e‡jwQjvg| wKš‘, Avwg I‡K KL‡bvB ewjwb †h,Ô Zzwg †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji gZb AweKj
†`L‡Z i“Bqv|Õ Ry‡bi e„wó‡Z wf‡R wf‡R weDqyK KvgwjKv cvnvowUi cv`‡`‡ki KvQvKvwQ
†cuŠ‡Q hvq cvgyK| Av‡kcv‡k †KD †Kv_vI †bB; Ggb Kx ebi¶x‡ìI †Pv‡L coj bv Ii|
ax‡i ax‡i Ksµx‡Ui K…wÎg wmuwo †e‡q cvnv‡o I‡V †m| weDqyK KvgwjKv cvnvowU‡K GLb
A`„k¨gvb e„wóe‡bi (vanishing rain forest ) gZb jvM‡Q| Avi Rj-mimi wbR©b| cvgyK GLb
GKv| wmuwo †cQj, `ycv‡k `xN©øvZ e„¶ivwR| eywSev I‡K GLb GKwU µz× †k¦Z fvjyK IB
`ycv‡k `xN©øvZ e„¶ivwRi wcQb †_‡K Suvwc‡q c‡o †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i wKsev GKwU wnsmª †eeyb|
AvR GB e„wói w`‡b wPwoqvLvbvi me e× ìRv Ly‡j hv‡e| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| I Ksµx‡Ui
wmuwo †e‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| Ii Kv‡Q`~‡i e„wói Pvì †Kej| a~mi| a~mi I kãgq| Zvici
cvnvowUi P~ovq D‡V A‡bKUv kni B¯—vbeyj wKsev B¯—vbeyj †evMvwR `~‡ii RjcÖevn †`L‡Z cvq
bv †m| †Kej IK Mv‡Qi cvZvq cvZvq ...g‡U©j Mv‡Qi cvZvq cvZvq ... RjcvB Mv‡Qi cvZvq
cvZvq ...j‡ij Mv‡Qi cvZvq cvZvq SiSi e„wói kã ...†Kewj SiSi e„wói kã I‡V, Rjwe›`y
cZ‡bi kã †kvbvq hvq| cvgyK w¯—wgZ ‡eva K‡i| SiSi e„wói a~mi Pv`‡ii wfZi Zv‡K Kx
iKg bZRvby †`Lvq| †hb †m GK A`„k¨gvb e„wóe‡bi wfZ‡i ùvwo‡q| ZLb weDqyK KvgwjKv
cvnv‡oi Ici IK Mv‡Qi cvZvq cvZvq g‡U©j Mv‡Qi cvZvq cvZvq RjcvB Mv‡Qi cvZvq
cvZvq j‡ij Mv‡Qi cvZvq cvZvq e„wói kã I‡V, Rjwe›`y cZ‡bi kã †kvbvq hvq|
i“Bqv‡K Avwg MZ em‡š— GB cvnv‡o e‡jwQ †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½j bv‡g GK AvZ¥vi Mí| †kv‡bv,
i“Bqv Ii Rb¥ 1820 mv‡j, BUwj‡Z|
Kvi K_v ejQ †dwiZ?
cvðv‡Zï me©‡kªô AvZ¥vi| †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji|
In&| ‡Zv?
‡Zv| Ii Rb¥ †g gv‡mi 12 Zvwi‡L|
Uivm? i“Bqvi gyL Sjgj K‡i D‡VwQj|
nu¨v, UivmB †Zv| Avwg †R‡gbvB i“Bqv| Avgvi Rb¥ Ryb gv‡m| 7 ZvwiL|
Rvb †Zv Avwg K¨vÝvi| iyBqv D”Q¡wmZ n‡q D‡V ejj| RyjvB †Ub| K_vUv ej‡ZB nvIqvq
†f‡m †f‡m G‡m GKwU gwjb ev`vwg ïK‡bv g‡U©j cvZv Ii Pz‡j Rwo‡q hvq| Avi ZLbB Kx
Avðh© cÖvPxb Bosporus Thracius †_‡K D‡o Av‡m †bvbv evZvm; Avi †mB m‡½ KUv MvOwPj
‡hb KvQvKvwQ G‡m g~LwiZ n‡q DV‡Z Pvq | KZ¸wj g„Z ïK‡bv cvZv †hb K_v e‡j DV‡Z Pvq
i“Bqv| Avjvn&, AvR we‡KjwU `xN©vwqZ Ki“b| `x‡bi GB dwiqv`| Avi Ii gv_vq ïK‡bv
j‡ijcvZv g‡U©j cvZv ev`vg Mv‡Qi cvZv S‡i S‡i co–KS‡i S‡i co–KS‡i S‡i co–KS‡i
S‡i co–K S‡i S‡i co–K S‡i S‡i co–K S‡i S‡i co–K I cvZvq Wy‡e hvK; Zvn‡j I‡K Avi
†KDB Luy‡R cv‡e bv| AvwgB †Kej Ii wVKvbv Rvbe, Avi Avcwb †n Avjvn& -`x‡bi GB dwiqv`
Keyj K‡iv; GB mskqx AvR fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨ bZRvby A`„‡kï cv‡q| Zvici m‡PZb n‡q D‡V
cvgyK cÖm½ cwieZ©b K‡i e‡j, nu¨v, †Zv Ii Rb¥ BZvwji †d¬v‡i‡Ý|
ZvB bvg †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½j? i“Bqv Rvb‡Z PvBj|
cvgyK BZ¯’Z K‡i e‡j, g‡b nq| Avqvg bU wmDi| wKš‘, Kx Avðh© bv Ôcvðv‡Zï me©‡kªô
AvZ¥vwUiÕ cvwLi bv‡g bvg? Rywjqv wKsev GwjRv‡e_ bq?
nu¨v|
Aek¨ bvBwU‡½j eo n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb Bsj¨v‡Ûi Wvwe©kvqv‡i| evev wQ‡jb fv‡jv gvbyl| †g‡q‡K
cov‡Zb, †`k-we‡`k Ny‡i †eov‡Zb| evevi KvQ †_‡K BD‡iv‡ci aª“cw` wk¶v †c‡qwQj
bvBwU‡½j| Zvici 1837 †_‡K 1839 Aewa gv-evevi m‡½ BD‡ivc åg‡b evi nq| GB mgq
†mB we¯§qKi NUbvwU BwZnv‡m wØZxqev‡ii gZ NUj | cÖ_gwU N‡UwQj cÖv‡P¨,AvovB nvRvi
eQi Av‡M, wØZxqwU BD‡iv‡cÑ1837 †_‡K 1839-Gi g‡a¨|
Kx hv Zv ejQ Zzwg †dwiZ!
nu¨v, hv ejwQ wVKB ejwQ| IB mg‡qB gvby‡li hš¿Yv Lye Kv‡Q †_‡K †`Lj 17 eQ‡ii wK‡kvix
bvBwU‡½j| †`‡L g‡b Kó †cj fxlb| RMr †Kb `ytLgq †mK_v fvej| `yt‡Li Kvi‡Yi K_vI
fvej| gvby‡li `ytL `~i K_vi K_v fvej| IBUzKzb †g‡q-Kx Avi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mweKv nIqvi
B‡”Q RvMj g‡b| Amy¯’¨ gvbyl †`L‡Z cÖvqB nvmcvZv‡j †h‡Zb| K_vUv j¶ Ki i“Bqv| Amy¯’¨
gvbyl †`L‡Z cÖvqB nvmcvZv‡j †h‡Zb| K_vUv j¶ Ki i“Bqv| wcR| Amy¯’¨ gvbyl †`L‡Z
cÖvqB nvmcvZv‡j †h‡Zb|
i“Bqv big my‡i ejj, AvR †Zvgvi Kx n‡q‡Q ‡dwiZ?
wKQy bv| Gevi ewj Kx nj Zvici| †mweKvwe`¨vi cÖwZ w`bw`b †KŠZ~njx n‡q I‡Vb cvwL| bvm©
n‡Z PvB‡jb| bv,bv Zv Kx K‡i nq| Avgvi KZ kL ZzB wcqvwb÷ nwe| wcÖqZg gv-evev AvcwË
Zzj‡jb| wKš‘, ey×‡K †hgb ivRcÖvmv‡ì myLkvwš— a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡iwb †Zgwb cvwLwU‡KI †h a‡i
ivLv †Mj bv| Gm‡ei Kx gv‡b i“Bqv? msmv‡i KZ KZ msKxY© gvbyl| Avi Giv me †Kv‡Ì‡K
Av‡m? gnvZ¥v †n‡Mj e‡j‡Qb, Øw›`K cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cig gb gvby‡li mxgve× g‡bi Kv‡Q
cÖwZfvZ n‡q DV‡Z Pvq ...
G Kx ‡dwiZ Zzwg Kuv`Q?
bv ‡Zv, KB| ‡PvL gy‡Q Avwg ejjvg, †kvb i“Bqv, ewj Zvici Kx n‡jv| bvBwU‡½j cvwLwU D‡o
†Mj gv-evevi LuvPv †f‡½ jÛ‡bi AvKv‡k Doj ¶vwYK ¶Y| msmv‡ii msKx©Y gvbyl‡ì †`Lj|
KvR wbj jÛ‡b GKwU cÖvB‡fU nvmcvZv‡j | Zvici Gw`‡q wµwgqvq hy× ïi“ nj| msev`c‡Î
c‡o iYv½‡bi †mev‡K›`ª¸wji †envj Ae¯’vi K_v Rvb‡Z cvij bvBwU‡½j| ï‡b cvwLi gb
Lvivc| Da©Zb KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b K‡i Avgv‡ì GB B¯—vbey‡j P‡j G‡jb| m‡½ 38 Rb
†ivgvb K¨v_wjK, K‡qKRb A¨v‡ÄwjKvb wmmUvi Avi K‡qKRb cÖv_wgK wk¶vcvß bvm©| †hvM
w`‡jb weªwUk-e¨vivK nvmcvZv‡j| Zvic‡ii K_v †Zv mevB Rv‡b|
i“Bqv †n‡m ejj, evn&, †Zvgvi me cwimsL¨vb gyL¯—| Zzwg Avgvq Gme ejvi Rb¨ me wk‡L
G‡mQ †dwiZ|
Ii K_v ï‡b Avgvi Kvbœv †cj| Avwg `~‡ii RjcÖev‡ni w`‡K †P†q g‡b g‡b ejjvg, nu¨v,
i“Bqv| Avwg †Zvgv‡K gy» Ki‡Z PvB Avgvi ZvmvDd-gb w`‡q| ‡hgb Nightingale kãwUi
gv‡b nightsinger; (iv‡Z Mvb K‡i Ggb cvwL; ivZRvMv bvm©) kãwUi Old English i“c wQj
nihtegale i“Bqv| Avi GKwU Av‡gbx©q cÖev‡` i‡q‡Q Even in a golden cage,/the
nightingale is homesick. nu¨v, i“Bqv| Avwg †Zvgv‡K gy» Ki‡Z PvB Avgvi ZvmvDd-gb
w`‡q| G Qvov Avgvi Avi wKQy †bB †h| Avwg †mjRyK bB A‡Uvgvb bB Zi“Y ZzwK©I bBÑAvwg
Kwe ... Avi ...Avi Avwg †Kej ‡n‡M‡ji fvlvq c„w_exi gvby‡li Kv‡Q ej‡Z PvBÑØw›`K
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cig gb ev A¨vemyjyU wiqvwjwU gvby‡li mxgve× g‡bi Kv‡Q ey× e‡j cÖwZfvZ
n‡q DV‡Z Pvb, cvwL e‡j cÖwZfvZ n‡q DV‡Z Pvb KLbI KLbI nu¨v| GB RM‡Zi ev¯—eZv‡K
AwZ Aek¨B Rvbv hvq| GB †h Kwbmev‡M©i B¤§vby‡qj Kv›U †h e‡jb, †gUvwdwR· m¤¢e bvÑ
K_Uv wVK bv i“Bqv| Pj GLb DwV| Avjvn,& w`‡bi Av‡jv wbwf‡q w`‡”Qb|
I nu¨v, Pj|
i“Bqv‡K Avwg GKUv U¨vw·‡Z Zz‡j w`jvg| Zvi Av‡M I wR‡Ám Kij, I fv‡jv fv‡jv K_v|
wµwgq hy‡×i ci Kx n‡qwQj Ii? gv‡b †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji?
Avwg ejjvg, Bsj¨v‡Û P‡j †Mj cvwL| Avevi nvmcvZv‡ji Rxeb| ey× †hgb gV M‡owQ‡jb
cvwL †Zgwb jÛ‡bi ‡m›U _gvm nvmcvZv‡j ¯’vcb Ki‡jb ÔbvBwU‡½j ¯‹zj A¨vÛ †nvg di
bvi‡mm|Õ
Zvici?
1910 mv‡ji 13 AMvó jÛb †_‡KB gnvKv‡ji D‡Ï‡k D‡o †Mj cvwL| Kv‡RB jÛbB cwðgv
we‡k¦i Zx_©‡K›`ª nIqv DwPZÑ f¨vwUKvb bq|
i“Bqv gv_v bvoj|
cvwLwU mgq †c‡j †jLv‡jwLI Ki‡Zb| Ii GKUv D‡jL‡hvM¨ eB‡qi bvg: Notes on Nursing
for the Labouring Classes. eBwU wj‡LwQ‡jb 1861 mv‡j|
Zvi gv‡b kªwgK‡ì RbÏ fve‡Zb?
Zv n‡j? cvwLiv êlg¨ K‡i bv| †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji m‡½ wKš‘ ey‡×i †ek wgj i“Bqv|
Kvi?
fvi‡Zi ey‡×i|
In&
†d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½j 1837 †_‡K 1839 Aewa gv-evevi m‡½ BD‡ivc åg‡b evi nq| IB mg‡qB
hš¿Yv †`‡L †mweKv nIqvi B‡”Q Rv‡M|
nu¨v, †dwiZ|
ey×I wK‡kvi‡ejvq gvby‡li `yt‡L ZvwoZ n‡qwQ‡jb| †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½j wjL‡jb kªgRxwe
gvby‡li †mev cÖm‡½|
nu¨v|
ey× ej‡jb, RM‡Zi mKj cÖvwY mywL †nvK|
nu¨v|
Avi Avgiv `yR‡b gvSLv‡b| cye I cwð‡gi gvSLv‡b| Avgv‡ì A‡bK `vwqZ¡|
gv‡b! I b‡o I‡V|
bv| wKQy bv| GUv Avgvi GKUv KweZvi jvBb| Avwg ZLb Aj‡L `xN©k¦vm †Mvcb K‡iwQj|
U¨vw·‡Z DV‡Z DV‡Z i“Bqv ejj, Avjvnv Bmgvijvw`K| (Avjvn&i ingZ|)
Avwg g‡b g‡b ejjvg, ¸‡j ¸‡j| ( nvwmgy‡L †Zvgvi c‡_ hvI|)
U¨vw·Uv `~‡i wgwj‡q hvq| Avwg ejjvg, Avwg ‡kvK wKsev `ytL †`wLwb †Zvgv‡K †`Ljvg| nvq|
†Kb †`Ljvg? Avwg †Zvgv‡K †Kb †`Ljvg wcÖqZgv| In&| GmeB †mB kx‡Zi K_v| GLb wg‡_¨
Avi ¯^cœ g‡b nq| †mBme k¦vmi“× ¯§„wZi Dci e„wó Si‡Q GLb | wVK ZLbB, GB e„wó-wbR©b
cvnv‡o Ii wfZ‡i †K †hb e‡j I‡V, GKw`‡K cÖv‡Pï ey× I Ab¨w`‡K cwð‡gi bvB‡U‡½j ...
Iu‡ì gvSLv‡b Avwg ...GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq| c~e©-cwð‡gi gvSLv‡b| Avgv‡K †Zvgvi †evSvi K_v
wQj i“Bqv| Avwg ‡Zvgv‡K gyL dz‡U KL‡bvB ej‡Z cvwiwb, GK`v GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq Rb¥
n‡qwQj gnvb Avmcvwmqvi, gnvb _v‡j‡mi| Avg„Zz¨ IB F×Mb †nwmq`cwš’ g~p AÜwek¦vm Avi
ag©vÜ wc_v‡Mviv‡mi Kzms¯‹v‡ii wei“‡× hy× K‡i‡Qb| hy× AvwgI KiwQ i“Bqv, cÖwZ gyn~‡Z©, GB
...GB Avgv‡K †`L ...GB Avgv‡K †`L Zzwg i“BqvÑej‡Z ej‡Z I gnvgwZ †n‡M‡ji fvlvq
wPrKvi K‡i DVj Ñ
The owl of Minerva spreads its wings and takes flight,
Only when the shades of night are falling.
Ry‡bi e„wóiv Zvi mg¯— wPrKvi ¯—ã K‡i w`j|
cvnvo †_‡K †b‡g cvgyK nuvU‡Z _v‡K| I‡K GB gyn~‡Z© LvwbKUv †hb D`&åvš— †`Lvq...Avgv‡K
i“Bqv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv †Kb? Avwg Ii m‡½ Avgvi wcÖq welq wb‡q K_v ej‡Z cvwi bv| Avgvi
wcÖq welq existence in Eternity. i“Bqv GKevi ejj, Avwg Avm‡j wmwiqvmwj wbBwb; ZzwgB
A‡bK wKQy †f‡e e‡mQ| Zzwg wKQy fveyK wKwm‡gi AvQ cvgyK|
Avgvi m‡½ cvnv‡o G‡j †h?
Gjvg| N‡i fvj jvMwQj bv|
Avwg gyPwK †n‡m ewj, gv‡qi m‡½ †`Lv Kivi Rb¨ Aw¯’i n‡q D‡VwQ‡j †h?
i“Bqv Pzc| ejjvg, ‡mw`b †h ev`vwg i‡Oi †mv‡qUvi wMdU w`‡j?
w`jvg| †Zvgvi MZ Rb¥w`‡b wKQy w`‡Z cvwiwb ZvB|
i“Bqvi m‡½ K_v ej‡Z ej‡Z nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z KLb nvq`vi cvkv †ij †ókbwUi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq
†m| GZ e„wó‡ZI nvq`vi cvkv ‡ij‡ók‡b mvg‡b †ek wfo, Mvwoi RUjv| GKUv Kv‡jv
gvwm©wWR, K‡qKwU Kv‡jv QvZv, GKUv Aíe‡qwm †g‡q, GKUv ûBj †Pqvi| Kx Avðh© kni|
GLv‡b †ij †÷k‡bi mvg‡b Kv‡jv i‡Oi gvwm©wWR _v‡g| Kv‡jv QvZv| GKUv Aíe‡qwm †g‡q|
Kx Avðh© kni|
nvq`vi cvkv †÷k‡bi `w¶‡Y AvevwmK GjvKvÑ Kvw`‡KvB| †mw`‡K nuvU‡Z _v‡K cvgyK|
i“Bqv‡ì evwowU Iw`‡KB| Wv‡b gg©i mvMi| e„wó S‡iB hv‡”Q| e„wói Rb¨ gg©i mvM‡oi cvowU
†`Lv hv‡”Q bv| IB gg©i mvMi GwRqv‡b wg‡k‡Q msKxY© `v`©vbv‡jm cÖbvjx cvi n‡q| Avi,
GwRqvb †Zv wMÖ‡miB e¨w³MZ n«`| cvgy‡Ki g‡b n‡”Q AvR GB e„wói wfZi BwZnv‡mi wgDR
wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e Zvi| ¯^Y©‡Kkx| mv`v †ccjm civ wK¬I| Zvi m‡½ K_v e‡j †R‡b
†bIqv hv‡e BwZnv‡mi gv‡b, BwZnvm gvby‡li Mí bv †n‡MjKw_Z `k©b| gvbeRvwZi mva-
Avnjv‡ì SsKvi-Av‡›`vjbB BwZnvm| hvi †KvbI wKQyB †djbv bq| ‡hgb Kzuwo| Zvici
dzj| me‡k‡l dj| w_wmm| A¨vw›Uw_wmm| wmb‡_wmm| w_wmm I A¨vw›Uw_wm‡mi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv
†i‡L †`q wmb‡_wmm; Ø‡›ì Aemvb Ki‡Z Pvq| GKKv‡ji Kbm‡UbwUwbcj wQj e‡jB †Zv
kni B¯—vbeyj G‡jv| nvwRqv †mvwdqv wQj e‡jB wmbvb my‡jgvwbqv gmwR` Mo‡Z cvi‡jb|
Kvw`‡KvB GjvKvwU‡Z ga¨weË -D”Pga¨we‡Ëi evm| wQgQvg iv¯—v| iv¯—vi av‡i av‡i cÖvbeš—
g¨vcj Avi K‡eKvi cyi‡bv gwjb ev`vg MvQ| GKUv †cUªj cv¤ú| GKUv PvP©| KZKvj Av‡M
i“Bqv e‡jwQjÑ Pv‡P©i cv‡kB Avgiv _vwK| Avn&| Icv‡k GKUv mv`v i‡Oi †Ìqvj|
†Ìqv‡ji Icv‡k Kv‡ive Avi Rywbcvi Mv‡Qi mvwi| mv`v †ÌqvjUvq wmivwgK ewm‡q luvo I
D‡Ui Qwe Gu‡K †i‡L‡Q| KZ¸wj cvwLI Av‡Q| nuvm, cvwU©R I evRcvwL| GKcv‡k GKUv
†Uwj‡dvb ey_| GKUv †eviLv civ gwnjv‡K †`Lv †Mj| ‡Uwj‡dvb ey‡_i Ab¨w`‡K †ccvióvÛ
Aí e‡mwm GK †QvKov e‡m i‡q‡Q| AweKj †mB Bivwb QwewUi gZ| cvgyK cv evovq| cv‡kB
GKUv M¨vivR| Zvi cv‡kB GKUv †mjyb| Zvi cv‡k Kwdkc| bvg †mfvb| †mfvb? Zvn‡j GwU
Av‡g©wbq‡ì? GB cÖvPxb kniUvq [Av‡g©wbq‡ì] msL¨v lvU nvRv‡ii gZ| ... Av‡g©wbqvi cve©Z¨
n«‡ì bvg †mfvb|
†KD †kv‡b bv, AvwgB GKv ïwb| †Kb Avwg ïwb? †Kb Avwg GKvZ¥ n‡Z cvwibv Giv hv e‡j
Zvi m‡½? Giv e‡jÑ ejKv‡bi MÖvg †_‡K 8 †_‡K 15 eQ‡ii wLª÷vb †Q‡j‡ì a‡i Av‡bv| hv
AgvbweK| Zv n‡j Avwg ‡Kgb K‡i Lvc LvIqve g„Z I ¯’wei A‡Uvgvb i“wP-ixwZi m‡½? Avwg
‡Kb Lvc LvIqv‡Z cviwQ bv? GB wK †n‡Mj-Kw_Z Gwj‡q‡bkb| Avwg A‡bKUvB e`‡j †MwQ|
bvwK Abïv A‡bKUvB AvU‡K Av‡Q? AvU‡K Av‡Q AZxZ BwZnv‡mi Kv`vq? †Kb AvU‡K
Av‡Q? e`‡j hvIqvB wK RM‡Zi ixwZ bq? Giv e‡j Kvd cvnv‡oi w`‡K D‡o hvq AvbKv
cvwL| Kx Gi gv‡b? IB Ab¨‡jv‡Ki? Kx Gi HwZnvwmK cwi‡cÖw¶ZÑIB Ab¨‡jv‡Ki? Dc‡ivš—
Avwg wK K‡i wek¦vm Kwi ZzwK© mvjZvbv‡Z? ZzwK© mvjZvbvZ wK Bmjvg m¤§Z? ZzwK© mvjZvbvZ
cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jvÑmyjZv‡bi Hk¦wiK ¶gZvq wek¦vm| The Ottomans’ ancestors, 11th-
century Turkish intruders from Central Asia, brought with them the belief that
leadership was a divine right bestowed on a chosen family. This went against the
established Islamic practice of elected leadership, the model for which was the
selection of Abu Bakr as Islam’s first caliph, or successor to the Prophet Muhammad.
Osman and his descendants ruled in an unbroken chain down to the abolition of the
sultanate by Mustafa Kemal in 1922.[ Itzkowitz, Norman. "Ottoman Empire."
Microsoft® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007.]
kvm‡Ki ¶gZvi wcQ‡bi inm¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvqÑ Kv‡RB ...Kv‡RB ... Bmjvg Kx K‡i
cwieviZš¿ I kvm‡Ki ˆè-AwaKvi Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i? myZivs, ZzwK© mvjZvbv‡Zi A‡bK
welqB ¯’~j| ghulam system...Ggb Kx GB B¯—vbeyj kn‡ii A‡Uvgvb Avg‡ji A‡bK cyi‡bv
¯’vcZÏ ¯’~j | †hgb ¸jnv‡b cv‡K©i †ZvcKvwc mivB: :†h febwUi cÖksmv wVK G hy‡M evm
K‡i Kiv hvq bv ...because ... because you can not live in a museum.Gi KviY mgq| Z‡e
¯’vc‡Zï e¨vcviUv Avwg LvwbKUv eywS | KviY, Avwg ¯’vcZ¨we`¨vq covi Rb¨ Istanbul Teknik
Üniversitesi ‡Z fwZ© n‡qwQjvg| gvbwPÎ A¼b I RvnvRwbg©vb we`¨vi Rb¨ 1773 mv‡j myjZvb
3q gy¯v— dv IB cÖwZôvbwU cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb | cÖwZôvbwU eZ©gvb bvgKiY Kiv nq [A_v©r
Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi; ] 1944 mv‡j| Avwg IB Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi-G
covi mgq GKRb‡K fv‡jv ‡e‡mwQjvg| wZwb A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï ¯’cwZ wmbvb (1489-
1588)| GB B¯—vbeyj kn‡iB Zuvi Rb¥ n‡qwQj; fve‡jB Avgvi ey‡Ki wfZiUv †Kgb †hb K‡i
I‡V| wmbvb wK wK¬I‡K †`‡LwQ‡jb? A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï cÖvq k wZ‡bK fe‡bi bKkv K‡iwQ‡jb
wmbvb| gmwR`/mgvwa-feb/cÖvmv`/†cŠi-feb; Rjvavi, Sb©vÑAviI KZ Kx| Av`‡Z
KbmUvbwU‡bvcj kniwU †Zv wQj wLª÷vb kni| 1453 mvj bvMv` A‡Uvgvb ZzK©iv kniwU Rq
K‡i wbj| Each early Ottoman sultan launched his sultanate with a great ghazi victory.
For Muhammad, it was the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. After bombarding the
city walls with cannon fire for months, Muhammad and his troops succeeded in taking
the city in less than a day and destroying the last of the Byzantine Empire.
Muhammad made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital and created the imperial
palace complex of Topkapı.[ Itzkowitz, Norman. "Ottoman Empire." Microsoft®
Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007.]KbmUvbwU‡bvcj
bvgwU e`‡j kniwUi bvg ivLv n‡jv B¯—vbeyj | ‡Zv gymwjg‡ì bZzb kniUvq GLb GKUv
gmwR` wbg©vb Ki‡ZB nq| wmbvb †Kv_vq, wmbvb? ZrKvjxb evBRvbUvBb mvgªv‡Rï †kªó feb
wQj 1000 eQ‡ii cyi‡bv M¤^yRwewkó cÖk¯— nji“g nvwRqv †mvwdqv; hvi A_©: cweÎ cÖÁvi
wM‡R©| nvwRqv †mvwdqvi g~j êwkó¨ wQj A¶‡iLv-wfwËK cwiKíbv (axial plan); GKwU DuPz
L‡Ïi †RvUvq iv‡Zi Lvevi †RvUv‡bvi Rb¨| GB †`‡k ZzwK©ivB fv‡jv †bBÑZzi¯‹Ry‡o nv nv
‡eKviZ¡; Av‡g©wbq †g‡qiv fv‡jv _vK‡e Kx K‡i|
Icv‡ki †Uwe‡j e‡m _vKv ‡mB Bûw` e„‡×i w`‡K ZvKv‡jv cvgyK| GB e„×wU BR‡ij P‡j hvqwb
†Kb? ILv‡b †Zv I‡ì ivóª n‡q‡Q|
ej‡jB hvIqv hvq bv evQv|
‡Kb?
GLv‡bB †h Avgvi Ni|

‡Zviv Kx Kiwe Ki!
Kiwe i³cvZ?
ZvB bv-nq Ki|
Kwe e„×‡K †`L‡Z _v‡K| GB e„× kni B¯—vbey‡ji Uv‡b BR‡ij hvqwb| Zvi gv‡b Bwb Avgvi
eÜz| Kwe Zvi bZzb eÜzwU‡K †`‡L| gv_vi Pzj aea‡e mv`v, njy` i‡Oi mvU© c‡i‡Q, c‡K‡U
Kv‡jv i“gvj DwuK w`‡”Q| Zvgv‡U gyLUvq Kv‡jv †d«‡gi evB‡dvKvj Pkgv, Le‡ii KvM‡Ri Ici
Suy‡K i‡q‡Q B¯—vbeyj kni-‡cÖwgK e„×wU| Le‡ii KvM‡Ri c„ôvq [GLvb †_‡KB †`Lv hv‡”Q]
cÖavb gš¿x my‡jBgvb †`wg‡ij-Gi eo Qwe| Lye Pv‡c i‡q‡Qb cÖavb gš¿x| e„× Bûw` GKg‡b
c‡o hv‡”Q| †h G Qvov Avi †Kvb KvR †bB ...g„Zzï A‡c¶vq _vKv Qvov| IB e„‡×i w`‡K †P‡q
g‡b g‡b cvgyK ejj, Rvb ey‡ov, gvIjvbv i“wg Zuvi Mathnawi†Z Kx wj‡L‡Q?
Kx?
wj‡L‡QÑ The mention of Mose’s name is sufficient to shackle our thoughts, for we tend
to assume that what we are reading is a retelling of events that happened in the
past.Avn&, i“wg Zzwg! A_P... 1492 mvj| ‡¯ú‡b ZLb PjwQj BbKzBwRkb| (Inquisition,
judicial institution, established by the papacy in the Middle Ages, charged with
seeking out, trying, and sentencing persons guilty of heresy.) ‡¯úb †_‡K GK`j Bûw`‡K
wbe©vwmZ Kiv n‡jv| Zviv bvbv‡`k Ny‡iNy‡i †kl‡gk GB B¯—vbeyj kn‡i Avkªq wbj| ZvivB GB
[qvû`x] ey‡ovi c~e©cyi“l| Kx Avðh©! G‡ì fvlvi bvg jvw`‡bv| [Kx my›ì bvg-jvw`‡bv| nvq,
fvlvUv Avgvi †kLv n‡jv bv| ‡Kewj ¯^cœ-Kíbvq Avgvi mgq †K‡U hv‡”Q| A_P Avwg c„w_exi
meKUv fvlv wkL‡Z PvB!] jvw`‡bv-fvlx Bûwìv GB kniUvq msL¨vjNy| GB †`kUvq †h KZ
Rv‡Zi gvbyl! †hgb, Laz ;Giv A-ZzwK©; wKš‘ gymwjg| Giv K…ò mvM‡ii cy‡ei DcK~‡j evm
K‡i| gymwjg RwR©qvbiv evm K‡i DËicy‡e| cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j; RwR©qvi mxgvš—i Kv‡Q| Aí
msL¨K wMÖK GLbI B¯—vbey‡ji evm K‡i| [ wMÖm Avi Zzi‡¯‹i weev` `xN©Kvjxb| 1921 mvj|
Av¼viv| wMÖKiv kniwU Ae‡iva K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Kvgvj AvZvZzK© Zv‡ì civwRZ K‡i| Kv‡RB,
...] GB †Zv GKUz Av‡M †h †g‡qwU Kwd w`‡q †MjÑ I Av‡g©wbq| K‡Kkxq Mob| Av‡g©wbq‡ì
D™¢e †Zv IB [K‡Kkxq] AÂ‡jB| wKš‘, Avgvi ...Avgvi DÌvb †Kv_vq? ga¨ Gwkqvq|
ZzK©RvwZi RV‡i| cvgyK Kwd‡Z PzgyK †`q| wKQyUv Avbgbv n‡q hvw”Qj| jvw`‡bv fvlvUv †kLv
n‡jv bv| `xN©k¦vm †djj| KZ fvlv, †Mvôx, RvwZi wgkªb GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq ...K‡e †hb GB
Avbv‡Zvwjqvi bvg wQj the land of Hatti? GB mycÖvPxb i½g‡Â cÖvPxb wMÖm, †ivg, †mjRyK ZzK©,
A‡Uvgvb ZzK© Avi Zi“Y ZzwK©iv me GKvKvi n‡q Av‡Q| GB f~LÛwUi cÖwZwU euv‡K euv‡K BwZnvm
Zvi AuvPo †K‡U †M‡Q| cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï gvSLv‡bi GB Rwgi cÖwZwU BwÂ‡Z BwZnv‡mi AùzU
aŸwb| GwRqv‡bi c~e©Zx‡ii GB wekvj Qov‡bv cÖvš—‡ii [hvi bvg Avbv‡Zvwjqv] ¯—‡i ¯—‡i
BwZnvm| †h Rv‡b Ñ †m Rv‡b| ‡mB K‡e wnwÆ‡ì mg‡q Avbv‡Zvwjqvq e„nr bM‡ii D™¢e
N‡UwQj| [ wLª÷c~e© 1900-Gi w`‡K Avbv‡Zvwjqvq evm KiZ wnwÆiv| [Hebrew Hittim)] ...
†m mg‡q Avbv‡Zvwjqvi bvg wQj the land of Hatti; wnwÆ‡ì Drm m¤^‡Ü mgmvgwqK
HwZnvwmKMb ZZUv AewnZ bv-n‡jI GUv wbwðZ †hÑ Zviv [wnwÆiv] K_v ejZ B‡›`vBD‡ivcxq
fvlvq | Their metallurgical techniques were advanced for the time;they may have
been the first people to work iron. wnwÆ‡ì ci Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡K G‡K KZ RvZ G‡jv|
One group of the Sea Peoples, the Phrygians, established a kingdom that became the
dominant Anatolian power in the 9th and 8th centuries bc . During this period the
Greeks founded Miletus, Ephesus, and Priene and a number of other cities in Ionia,[
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq] ... About 700 bc the Phrygian kingdom was overrun and destroyed by
the Cimmerians, a nomadic people who thereafter lived in western Asia Minor. In the
7th century bc the Lydians also appeared near the Aegean coast, where they founded
a kingdom, the capital of which was Sardis. It was overthrown by the Persians under
Cyrus the Great in 546 bc. BwZnv‡mi Kx Avðh© eybb| Avi Avbv‡Zvwjqv Kx Avðh© ¯’vb|
‡Kbbv GKKv‡j GLv‡bB wQj [K…ò mgy‡`ªi `w¶Y cv‡o] cÖvPxb wew_wbqv [Bithynia] ; wew_wbqvq
evm KiZ wew_wb [Bithyni] †MvÎ| Zviv _ªvm †_‡K G‡mwQj| [_ªvm, †hLv‡b wQj A¨ve‡Wiv
bMix| †hB bMix‡Z R‡b¥wQ‡jb `vk©wbK †cÖvUv‡Mvivm [Protagoras (480?-411?bc)] wew_wbqv
Rq K‡iwQ‡jb wjw`q ivR Croesus. [560 bc ] | IB wew_wbqv‡ZB wQj [wew_wbqvi ivRavbx]
Nicomedia bMiwU; | Kviv †hb Nicomedia bMiwU aŸsm K‡i †d‡jwQj! wew_wb kvmK
Nicomedes I wLª÷c~e© 264 †Z Nicomedia bMiwU cyb wbg©vb K‡iwQ‡jb| wLª÷c~e© 183|
Kv‡_©wRq exi nvwbej [Hannibal] IB Nicomedia bM‡iB †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb| IB
wb‡Kv‡gw`qvq evm Ki‡Zb †ivgvb mgªvU W‡K¬wkqvb [Diocletian ] | bMiwU †mjRyKiv `Lj
K‡i wb‡qwQj GKv`k kZ‡K; A‡Uvgvbiv [ga¨] PZz`k© kZ‡K| IB wew_wbqv‡ZB wQj bxj cvwbi
n«` ÔAvmKvwbqvÕ| †mB n«` AvmKvwbqvi cv‡oB wQj cÖvPxb Nicaea bMiwU ; [GLb Aek¨
RvqMvUvi bvg İznik] IB Nicaea bMiwU cËb K‡iwQ‡jb †gwm‡`v‡bi ivRv Antigonus I |
IB bM‡i `y‡Uv wLª÷xq ag©mfv AbywôZ n‡qwQj; hv Councils of Nicaea bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Nicaea bv‡g Ab¨ bMiwUB eZ©gvb Kv‡ji d«v‡Ýi [Nice] kni | BwZnv‡mi Kx Avðh© eybb|
Avi Avbv‡Zvwjqv Kx Avðh© ¯’vb| †Kbbv, GLv‡bB wQj cÖvPxb jvBwmqv [Lycia] ivR¨| hv GLb
Antalya cÖ‡`k| RvqMvwU cve©Z¨| Aek¨ cvnvwo DcZ¨Kvi Rwg De©i| jvBwmqvi Avw` bvg wQj
wgwjqvm [Milyas]; ILv‡b evm KiZ †mvjvBwg [ Solymi] Ges †Ziwgjv [Termilae] †MvÎ |
wgwjqvm-G Abyc‡Ö ek K‡iwQj jvBwmqiv [Lycians ]| Uªq hy‡×i Av‡MB wMÖKiv jvBwmqiv
ms¯ú‡k© G‡mwQj | †Kbbv, GZKvj ci gvwU Luy‡o Rvbv †MjÑ jvBwmq mgvwa†mŠa cÖv_©bvM„n I
we‡kl K‡i i½g‡Â ¯ú÷ wMÖK cÖfve wQj| wØweRqx wjw`q ivR Croesus `y‡Uv bMi Rq Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| GK. wmwjwmqv [Cilicia] | `yB. IB jvBwmqv| BwZnv‡mi Kx Avðh© eybb| Avi Kx
Avðh© ¯’vb GB Avbv‡Zvwjqv | †Kbbv, GLv‡bB wQj cÖvPxb ¯§vb©v [Smyrna] . eZ©gvb Kv‡ji
İzmir;RvqMvwU GwRqv‡bi c~e© Zx‡i e‡jB ¯§vb©v wQj e›ì bMix| GLbI| [cÖvPxb wMÖK‡ì
b„ZvwË¡K wefvM wQj wZbwU| 1. Ionian 2. Dorian I 3. Aeolian.] ¯§vb©v bMiwU cÖwZwôZ
K‡iwQj GIwjq wMÖKiv| wLª÷c~e© GKv`k kZ‡K | gvby‡li BwZnvm ‡hgb b„ZË¡, msMxZ I
fvlvZ‡Ë¡i BwZnvm, †ZgbB hy‡×i BwZnvmI, Zvi aŸs‡mi BwZnvm| †Kbbv, cÖ_‡g AvBIbxq
Ges Zvi c‡i wjw`qiv ¯§vb©v bMiwU aŸsm K‡iwQj| †ivgvbiv c‡i ¯§vb©v `Lj K‡i †bq| ‡h
Kvi‡Y bMiwU n‡q D‡VwQj [cÖ_g w`KKvi] wLª÷a‡g©i Ab¨Zg cxV¯’v‡b| ïay ZvBB bq cweÎ
MÖ‡š’ ( Revelation 1:11) ¯§vb©v‡K ejv n‡q‡Q 7wU Pv‡P©i GKwU| ... BwZnv‡mi Kx Avðh© eybb|
Avi Kx Avðh© ¯’vb GB Avbv‡Zvwjqv | †Kbbv, GB Avbv‡Zvwjqv‡ZB wQj cÖvPxb gvBwmqv
[Mysia] ivR¨; IB iv‡Rï GKwU cÖ‡`‡ki bvg wQj Troas;Uªq bMiwU wQj ILv‡bB| A‡bK
A‡bK eQi c‡i, mgªvU Av‡jKRv›`v‡ii g„Zzï c‡i Ô†n‡jbm¤¢~ZÕ [Hellenistic ] mg‡q
Pergamum bv‡g GKwU bMi M‡o D‡VwQj Avbv‡Zvwjqvq| wgk‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv ZLb
ÁvbweÁvb PP©vi †K›`ª n‡q D‡V‡Q ...ZviB †`Lv‡`wL Pergamum-G GK`j cwÛZ †g‡Z
D‡VwQj ÁvbPP©vq | Kwd Rywo‡q hvw”Qj| cvgyK Kwd‡Z PzgyK †`q| wKQyUv Avbgbv n‡q
hvw”Qj| AvRI Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv hvIqv n‡jv bv| `xN©k¦vm †djj| KZ fvlv, †Mvôx, RvwZi wgkªb
GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq ... wKš‘, K‡e K‡e Gi ïi“? GB kn‡ii ...kni B¯—vbey‡ji? K‡e GB kn‡ii
cËb n‡qwQj? nRiZ Bmv bexi R‡b¥i 667 eQi Av‡Mi K_v| evBRvm `¨ †gMvwiqvb bv‡g GK
wMÖK İstanbul Boğazi -i cv‡o G‡m †cuŠ‡QwQj| ZviB D‡`¨‡M GKUv bMi Mo‡Z jvMj| Zvi
bvg [evBRvm] †_‡K bM‡ii bvg n‡jv evBRvbwUqvg (Byzantium)| evBRvm-Gi bvg †_‡KB
kn‡ii Avw` bvg evBRvbwUqvg (Byzantium)| eiveiB [evBRvbwUqvg] bM‡ii A_©‰bwZK I
iY‡KŠkjMZ ¸i“Z¡ wQj| ZvB kZvãxi ci kZvãx GB bM‡ii `Lj wb‡q j‡o‡Q Av‡_bxq,
cviwmK, ¯úvZ©vb, †gwm‡`vbxq Ges †ivgvbMb| [324 A‡ã GB DmKz`v‡ii bvg wQj
Chrysopolis ;†ivgvb mgªvU gnvb KbmUvbUvBb GLv‡bB cÖwZc¶ mgªvU Licinius †K civwRZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| Gici Zuvi Avi †KvbI cÖwZc¶ iBj bv| wZwbB n‡j †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï me©me©v|]
cÖRv‡ì KvQ †_‡K ÔgnvbÕ Dcvwa †c‡jb KbmUvbUvBb | wZwb bMiwUi we¯—vi Ggb fv‡e
NUv‡jbÑ bMiwU hv‡Z †iv‡gi gZ mvZ cvnv‡oi P~ovq fi K‡i | Zvici †jv‡K bMiwU‡K
ejj, Constantinople; A_v©r gnvb kni| Awej‡¤^ Constantinople cwibZ nj †ivgvb
evBRvbwUqvb mvgªv‡Rï mvgªv‡Rï c~e© cÖv‡š—i ivRavbx‡Z| 5g wLª÷v‡ã cZb n‡jv †iv‡gi|
†mB Aewa kni Constantinople wU‡K wQj| gnvb KbmUvbUvBb evBRvbwUqvg‡K Zuvi
mvgªv‡Rï ivRavbx ¯’vcb Ki‡jb| bM‡ii bvg n‡jv KbmUvbwUwbcj| KbmUvbwUwbcj bMiwU
DbœwZi kx‡l© Av‡ivnb K‡iwQj evBRvbwUqvb kvmK mgªvU cÖ_g Rvw÷wbqvb (527-565) Gi
mgq| A‡bK fv¯‹h© wbg©vb Kiv n‡qwQj Zuvi mg‡q; †hgb: nvwRqv †mvwdqv| 542-G GK
fqven †cMGi cÖv`yf©ve n‡jv kn‡i| bM‡ii cZb Zvici †_‡KB Avi¤¢ nj| cvgyK Avðh© n‡e
fv‡e: cZ‡bi mxgv‡iLv †K wba©vib K‡i †`q? 7g I GKv`k kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ KbmUvbwUwbcj
G‡K G‡K Avµvš— n‡qwQj cvim¨ Avie eyj‡Mwiq I i“k RvwZ Øviv| ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K
[hvhvei] ZzwK© †MvÎ G‡jv GKv`k kZ‡K| GivB †mjRyK ZzwK©| GivB wk‡K Mv_v Sjmv‡bv
†fovi gvsk [ wkk †Kevejvi] wb‡q ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡mwQj| ZzwK©iv †h
GKKv‡j ga¨ Gwkqvq evm KiZ wkk †Kevejvi ZviB cÖgvb| †mjRyK ZzwK©‡ì ivRavbx wQj
†Kvwbqv | [cÖvPxb AvB‡Kvwbqvg] †ivgvb‡ì mgq Avbv‡Zvwjqvi bvgwQj Ôi“gÕ ev Roman
land;i“g †_‡K i“wg| gvIjvbv RvjvjDÏxb i“wg | RvjvjDÏx‡bi gvRvi IB Avbv‡Zvwjqvi
†Kvwbqvq ... †Zv, †mjRyK‡ì ZrciZvq IB mgq [11 kZK] †_‡KB Avbv‡Zvwjqvi Rbgvb‡m
ZzwK© fvlv I ms¯‹…wZB n‡q DVj gvb¨| g½jiv ga¨Gwkqv ZQbQ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Avbv‡Zvwjqvq
cvgy‡Ki cy‡iv bvg ‡dwiZ Iinvb cvgyK| gv Avi i“Bqv I‡K †dwiZ e‡jB Wv‡K| cvgyK ejj,
nq‡Zv| nq‡Zv bv| kafes- Gi Ab¨bvg ÔnxivgwÛÕ| ‡Zv, nxivgwÛ- kafes-LuvPvq A‡Uvgvb
hyeivRiv my›ìx bvixm½ Dc‡fvM KiZ| GLv‡b G‡j †Zvgvi †mB ew›` †g‡q‡ì K_v g‡b c‡o
hvq, bv i“Bqv? ‡mB me my›ìx †g‡qivÑhv‡ì ivRcyÎ‡ì †hŠbZ…òv wgUv‡bv Qvov Avi †KvbI
KvR wQj bv|
i“Bqv †Ku‡c DVj| Ii gyLUv †Kgb Blr iw³g eY© aviY Kij|
cvgyK ejj, Zzwg A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi BwZnvm cy‡ivUv bv-Rvb‡jI Rvb †h Iiv †g‡q‡ì ew›` K‡i
ivLZ †n‡i‡g| Ges Gfv‡e †MvUv A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi BwZnvmB Rvbv n‡q hvq e¯‘Z|
i“gvj w`‡q Kcvj gy‡Q wb‡q i“Bqv ejj, Pj, GLvb †_‡K P‡j hvB| GLv‡b Avgvi †Kgb
`geÜ `geÜ jvM‡Q|
cvgyK ejj, P‡jv| cvgyK wmuwo w`‡K cv evovq| cv‡k i“Bqv|
wmuwoi Kv‡Q G‡m i“Bqv ejj, Avwg Av‡gwiKv P‡j hvIqvi K_v fvewQ †dwiZ|
cvgyK `xN©wbtk¦vm Qv‡o| Avn| Avwg RvbZvg| Avwg RvbZvg †h GKw`b i“Bqv GB K_vUv
ej‡e| IivÑA‡Uvgvbiv †g‡q‡ì ew›` K‡i ivLZ †n‡i‡g| K_vUv GKw`b RvbvRvwb n‡q hv‡e|
ZLb ...‡hgb †n‡Mj e‡jb, wd«Wg BR Aj| cvgyK gvP© gv‡mi Mi‡g wf‡R hvw”Qj| †m c‡KU
†_‡K i“gvj evi K‡i KcvjUv gy‡Q †bq| Pkgvi Kv‡P ¶xb ev®ú R‡g‡Q | i“Bqvi cv‡k nuvU‡Z
nuvU‡Z cÖvbcb ¯^vfvweK nIqvi †Póv K‡i cvgyK | Kx g‡b K‡i e‡j, †kvb i“Bqv, wgk‡ii
GKUv †jvK wZwi‡ki `k‡K Av‡gwiKv †M‡jb| †jvKUv wQj AwZ i¶Ykxj| Av‡gwiKvq
Av‡gwiKvq †g‡q‡ì ¯^cembv nIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| ‡jvKUv fxlY kKW nj; †n‡i‡gi †g‡qiv
iv¯—vq †Kb-mx-we‡P †Kb|
i“Bqv AùzU ¯^‡i ejj, ...In,g¨vb,wkU|
cvgyK d¨vKv‡k nvmj| ejj, ‡kvb, Zvici Kx njÑ †mB †jvKUv w¶ß n‡q wgk‡i wd‡i †Mj;
‡g‡q‡ì Avevi †n‡i‡g †XvKv‡bvi Rb¨ wek¦gq Rw½ Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK w`j| wgkixq miKvi
Aek¨ ‡mB †Muvov‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj|
†k‡li w`‡Ki K_v¸wj ivRbxwZK e‡jB i“Bqv‡K Uvbj bv| gv_vi Pzj mwi‡q ejj, Avwg
Av‡gwiKv hvIqvi K_v wmwiqvmwj fvewQ †dwiZ|
Avwg Av‡gwiKv hvIqvi K_v wmwiqvmwj fvewQ †dwiZ|
GLv‡b GB GB Avbv‡`vjywnmvwi `~M©wU‡Z `~‡M© i“Bqvi K_v¸‡jv av°v Lvq| cvgyK wkD‡o I‡V|
i“Bqv ZzwK© kã; Gi gv‡b ¯^cœ| KLbI Avgvi †g‡q n‡j Avwg bvg ivLe i“Bqv| cvgyK g‡b g‡b
e‡j| I Avi Avm‡e bv? I ¯^íembv‡ì †`‡k P‡j hv‡e? Avgv‡K GKv GKv hy× Ki‡Z n‡e?
ey× I bvBwU‡½j cvwLi Mvb
If this realm of dreams that we call the world is a house into which we enter
disorientated as a somnambulist, then the various literatures are like clocks hung up
on the walls of the rooms.
Orhan Pamuk
Avbv‡`vjy wnmvwi `~M© †_‡K †ewi‡q GLb `w¶Y w`‡K nuvU‡Z cvgyK| gbUv Aw¯’i n‡q i‡q‡Q|
i“Bqv Avi ‡KvbIw`bB wd‡i Avm‡e bv? I ¯^íembv‡ì [MbZš¿x] †`‡k P‡j hv‡e? cvgyK
[Ami] Si[Bdiminished] Do [C] wKsev C- F-G. wKsev C -Emi -Ami –Dmi- G7- C. wKsev
wMÖK Mode ¸‡jvi Ici étude. wMÖK Mode ¸‡jv meB cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi mvZwU AÂ‡ji cÖavb
myi| †hgb, Ionian Dorian Phrygian lydian Mixi-lydian Aeolian Locorian Ionian .
‡h myi¸‡j c‡i wM‡R© wcZviv BD‡iv‡ci msMx‡Z MÖnb K‡i‡Q| †dwi‡Zi fv‡jv jvMZ Aeolian
Mode | C †gRi †¯‹‡ji 6th note †_‡K Aeolian Mode ïi“| A B C D E F G A.Kx welbœ
myi| Kx †ev‡W©i Ici Suy‡K Suy‡K PvB‡Kvfw¯‹i Ô†ivwgI A¨vÛ Rywj‡qU evRvZÕ| jv jv jv jv
...123/123 ... waltz | c‡i cvgyK †R‡bwQj, e›ì bMix ¯§vb©v cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj GIwjq
wMÖKiv| wKsev, One group of the Sea Peoples, the Phrygians, established a kingdom
that became the dominant Anatolian power in the 9th and 8th centuries bc .Avðh©!
msMxZ Avi BwZnvm| †e‡o DV‡Z DV‡Z cvgy‡Ki BwZnvm PP©v AviI Mfxi n‡q DV‡jI
†Q‡j‡ejvKvi †mBme msMxZ mvabv wKš‘ †ewk `~i G‡Mvqwb| Z‡e, cvgyK AvRI KÆi
msMxZwcÖq| Z‡e †kvbvi †¶‡Î| e‡m e‡m [†Wv †i wg dv ‡mv jv wZ †Wv ] Kivi †P‡q Ni
AÜKvi K‡i Mvb ïb‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M Ii| eQi `y‡qK Av‡M wewkó [weªwUk] wkí-mgv‡jvPK
Walter Pater (1839 - 1894) Gi Studies on the History of the Renaissance Uv cowQj|
[evevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z †h KZ eBÑ‡mLvb †_‡K wb‡q|] †mB eB‡qi The School of Giorgione
Aa¨v‡q i‡q‡Q †cUv‡ii cig GK Dw³: All art constantly aspires towards the condition of
music; K_vU c‡o Zvici Avi ivZfi Nyg nqwb| Kbdzwmqvm-Gi K_v¸‡jvI gv_vq NyiwQj|
Music produces a kind of pleasure which human nature cannot do without.( Analects).
Kx Gi gv‡b? K_v¸wj wb‡q fve‡j †Kgb †hb jv‡M| Kcv‡ji `ycv‡ki wkiv `c`c K‡i| nVvr
wcKv‡mvi Qwe evi K‡i eyS‡Z †P‡q‡Q MvbUv †Kv_vq jyKv‡bv Av‡Q| Zvici mš‘ó n‡q ‡iKW©
†cqv‡i Bjvnvb Gimvwnb-Gi †iKW© Pvwc‡q ivZfi [wbN©yg] †_‡K ï‡b‡Q| Bjvnvb Gimvwnb Gi
Zv‡jI A™¢~Z GK SzgÑhv Qovq A™¢yZ GK gv`K-‡Nvi| cÖvP¨ Avi cwð‡gi wg‡kj| ZvjUvB
†Kgb| Avjv`v| †Kv_vq †hb wb‡q hvq| KLbI RvMÖn cvnv‡o Kzw`©‡ì MÖv‡g, KLbI `~i
ZvBwMÖ‡mi cv‡o| KLbI g‡b nq Av‡g©bxq g‡Vi mvg‡b GKwU evwjKv [mv`v Rvgv civ] †Ljv
Ki‡Q| njy` †iŠ`ªv‡jv‡K Do‡Q njy` cÖRvcwZ¸”Q| Avi nvIqvq †f‡m †f‡m G‡m GKwU gwjb
ev`vwg ïK‡bv g‡U©j cvZv [i“Bqvi] Pz‡j Rwo‡q hvq| Avi ZLbB Kx Avðh© cÖvPxb Bosporus
Thracius †_‡K D‡o Av‡m †bvbv evZvm; Avi †mB m‡½ KUv MvOwPj ‡hb KvQvKvwQ G‡m
g~LwiZ n‡q DV‡Z Pvq | KZ¸wj g„Z ïK‡bv cvZv †hb K_v e‡j DV‡Z Pvq i“Bqv| Avjvn&,
AvR we‡KjwU `xN©vwqZ Ki“b| `x‡bi GB dwiqv`| Avi Ii gv_vq ïK‡bv j‡ijcvZv g‡U©j
cvZv ev`vg Mv‡Qi cvZv S‡i S‡i co–KS‡i S‡i co–KS‡i S‡i co–KS‡i S‡i co–KS‡i S‡i
co–KS‡i S‡i co–KS‡i S‡i co–K I cvZvq Wy‡e hvK; Zvn‡j I‡K Avi †KDB Luy‡R cv‡e bv|
AvwgB †Kej Ii wVKvbv Rvbe, Avi Avcwb †n Avjvn& -`x‡bi GB dwiqv` Keyj K‡iv; GB
mskqx AvR fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨ bZRvby A`„‡kï cv‡q| GBmeB wjL‡Z Pvq Iinvb cvgyK| k‡ã|
GBme AwZcvigvbweK †eva, Abyf~wZ a‡i ivL‡Z Pvq cvgyK| k‡ã| wj‡LI †m| eQi K‡qK
n‡jv GKUv b‡fj wj‡L cÖKvkK‡K w`‡qI‡Q| cÖKvkK eBUv Qvc‡Q bv| mv‡o wZb eQi n‡jv
eBUv AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| fv‡jv nqwb g‡b nq| fv‡jv n‡j QvcZ| Zv n‡j Avwg wjL‡Z cvwi bv?
wjL‡Z cvwi-Z‡e fv‡jv wjL‡Z cvwi bv| Zv n‡j Avwg njvg Ggb GKRb gvbyl †h Abyfe K‡i
/wjL‡ZI cv‡i/ Z‡e fv‡jv wjL‡Z cv‡i bv| fv‡jv wjL‡j cÖKvkK †Zv QvcZ| bv-‡Q‡c mv‡o
wZb eQi n‡jv eBUv AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q Zviv| Kx hš¿bv! GZ Kó K‡i wjLjvg| wjL‡Z fvwi Kó
nq| GKevi †jLv ïi“ Ki‡j ZLb IVv hvq bv| ìRv eÜ K‡iB Z‡e wjL‡Z nq| Amywe‡a
Zv‡ZI Kg bq| AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb fv‡e cvMj n‡q †M‡Q| K_v e‡j bv| Gfv‡eB mv‡o wZbeQi
Av‡M GKUv eB wj‡L †kl K‡i‡Q †m| evev Aek¨ mge¨v_x | e¨_© †jLK e‡jB| Lye eB
c‡ob| wjL‡Z Pvq, †jLv Av‡m bv| cvgyK‡KI wjL‡Z e‡j| ‡mB evev GKevi Kx Kvi‡Y
e‡jwQ‡jb, the son of the mannequin maker explained with pride, 'that above all, we
must pay attention to the gestures that make us who we are.Gi gv‡b, [Avwg cvijvg bv|
ZzB †jL, evQv|]
cvKzK k¦vm Uvbj| KvD›Uv‡i w`‡K ZvKvj| duvKv| AvR e„wói w`b| Bjvnvb Gimvwnb-Gi
hš¿msMxZ †e‡RB P‡j‡Q A`„k¨ w¯úKv‡i| Ii K‡¤úvwRk‡b eiveiB Aviwe my‡ii cÖvavb¨
i‡q‡Q| [mv †F Mv gv cv `v wb mv©] Zvi wK KviY GB †hÑAvieiv Zzi‡¯‹ Z…Zxq e„nr RbRvwZ?
n‡Z cv‡i| Avieiv evm K‡i wZbwU cÖ‡`‡k| (1) `w¶Y f~ga¨mvMixq cÖ‡`k Hatay, (2)Gi
cv‡ki cÖ‡`k [DË‡ii] Av`vbv I (3) cy‡ei cÖ‡`k Gaziantep; Zv Qvov [Avieiv] Zzi‡¯‹i
`w¶Ycy‡ei G‡Kev‡i cwðg cÖ‡`‡k evm K‡i| hwÌ G‡ì RbmsL¨vi 2% Gi †ewk bq|
Av‡g©bxqvi BwZnvm: cÖ_g cvV
Everyone knew very well back then that words and what they described were so close
that on mornings when fog descended on the phantom villages in the mountains, the
words and what they described were intermingled.
Orhan Pamuk
Kwd †kl| D‡V coj cvgyK | KvD›Uv‡i ‡mB K‡Kkxq e„×vwU‡K ‡`Lv †Mj bv| Zvi e`‡j
‡g‡qUv wbixn fw½‡Z e‡m Av‡Q| †Pv‡L †PvL ivL‡Q| gyLUv fxlb M¤¢xi|
LvIqv`vIqvi ci †jv‡K G‡`‡k (†h †iu‡a‡Q Zv‡K) e‡j, Bwjwb‡h mvMwjK (†Zvgvi nvZ‡K
abëv`); wjiv w`‡Z w`‡Z cvgyK ejjÑ Bwjwb‡h mvMwjK|
wjiv wb‡q ‡g‡qwU nvmj| ‡n‡m ejj, Avwg wKš‘ Kwd Kwiwb|
Zv n‡j?
‡g‡qwU ejj, fvbœv K‡i‡Q|
‡K fvbœv? GKUz Av‡M GLv‡b †h e„×v‡K †`Ljvg †m?
fvOwZ †diZ w`‡Z w`‡Z †g‡qwU ‡n‡m Mwo‡q hvq| a¨vZ, Dwb fvbœv n‡Z hv‡e †Kb? fvbœv
Avgvi eo †evb nq †h|
‡g‡qwUi Pz‡ji isUv jvj‡P, gyLUv fvwi dimv, BD‡ivcxq-dimv, A‡bKUv ¯vf-¯vf| g‡b nq
‡PK| g‡b nq cÖvM †_‡K G‡m‡Q| bxjvf †PvL, Nb AuvwL cje| †Vuv‡Ui euvcv‡k GKUv wZj|
cvgyK gyLUv AuvK‡e e‡j fv‡jv K‡i †`L‡Z †`L‡Z †n‡m ejj, Kwd †hB Ki“K| Bwjwb‡h
mvMwjK|
†g‡qwU gv_v †b‡o ejj, wVK Av‡Q| Avwg fvbœv‡K †Zvgvi K_v eje G‡dw›`|
cvgyK g‡b g‡b ejj, wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? nv‡Z ZZ¶‡b el©vwZUv Zz‡j wb‡q‡Q| ‡ewi‡q
Avmvi Av‡M cvgyK ‡g‡qwU‡K ejj, ‡Kv_vq _vK?
‡g‡qwU gyL wU‡c †n‡m ejj, KvQvKvwQ|
cvgyK inm¨ K‡i e‡j, Zvi gv‡b Zzwg K¨vÝvi| B‡›UªvfvU©| RyjvB-eb©|
‡g‡qwU Pg‡K I‡V| fxlb| Av‡g©bxq fvlvq AùzU ¯^‡i e‡j, Zzwg hv`yKi G‡dw›`?
cvgyK gv_v SuvKvq|
‡g‡qwU ZZ¶‡Y mvg‡j wb‡q‡Q| Nb¯^‡i ejj, Avgvi m¤^‡Ü AviI wKQy ejyb|
Kx eje? Avgvi fwel¨Z|
AZxZ?
bv, bv wcR| G‡dw›` wcR| Avgvi AZxZ †`L‡eb bv ...wcR|
cvgyK Ii AZxZ Ave„wË K‡i ejj, Even in a golden cage,/the nightingale is homesick.
In&|
‡Zvgvi bvg wK? cvgyK wR‡Ám Kij|
†m Kx! Avcwb Avgvi bvg Rv‡bb bv? †g‡qwUi `y‡Pv‡L cÖMvp Awek¦vm|
cvgyK nvm‡Z nvm‡Z ejj, bv|
Zvn‡j Avcwb hv`yKi bb G‡dw›`?
bv †Zv| Avwg njvg Kwe|
Icvk †_‡K e„×vi KÚ¯î †kvbv †MjÑAvivg| †g‡qwU wd‡i ZvKvj|
cvgyK †n‡m ejj, Zv n‡j ‡Zvgvi bvg Avivg|
GB K_vq Avivg †Kgb †ev‡bi g‡Zv e‡j, ïb‡jbB †Zv| AvcwbB †Zv w``vi gyL w`‡q ejv‡jb
bv?
GB K_vq B¯—vbey‡ji Avj‡eqvi Kvgyï ey‡Ki Mnxb cÖ‡`‡k Kx me n‡q hvq| Avi Zvi gyL w`‡q
AK¯§vr GBi“c ‰èevK¨ wbM©Z n‡Z _v‡KÑ
Oh, my Mitochondrial Eve!

I do believe in Teleology now.
For this very transcendent moment sister;
And venerable Hegel should have known it better!
nvq, Avgvi c~e©cyi“‡liv 1915 mv‡j AZ¨š— wbg©g Dcv‡q 15 j¶ Av‡g©bxq nZ¨v K‡iwQj|
weªwUk HwZnvwm Avb©ì U‡qbwe hv‡K e‡j‡QbÑ“gigantic crime.”; A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ gvwK©b
ivóª`~Z Henry Morgenthau e‡j‡QbÑ“the murder of a nation.” cvgyK `xN©k¦vm †Q‡o fvej,
GB MÖ‡n ‡eu‡P _vK‡j n‡j gvbyl‡K †Kb GZ wbôzi n‡Z nq? Av‡g©bxq MbnZ¨v wesk kZ‡Ki
cÖ_g MbnZ¨v| MbnZ¨vi Kvi‡Y cÖvq 60% fvM Av‡g©bxq wbwðý n‡q wM‡qwQj| Av‡g©bxqiv
Zv‡ì nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv evmf~wg †_‡K DrLvZ n‡q wM‡qwQj A‡Uvgvb AvMÖvm‡bi d‡j|
Aviv‡gi gyL‡Pv‡L Kx GK Av‡jvi Pvcv D`fvm| I GB AvMš‘K †K a‡i ivL‡Z Pvq| Kx †hb
ejvi wQj| †Kb Avgvi RyZv‡Rvov cyi‡bv I mÜ¨vi ci nvq`vi cvkv †ók‡bi Rxeb...
Avivg| Icv‡ki wK‡Pb †_‡K e„×vi WvK †f‡m Gj|
hvB| Avivg Ki“b †Pv‡L Gw`‡K GKevi ZvwK‡q Iw`‡K P‡j †Mj|
Kwd k‡ci evB‡i ‡ewi‡q Gj cvgyyK| Kwd LvIqvi ci GLb GKUv wmMv‡iU †L‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q|
cv‡ki Kvwb©‡ki wb‡P ùvwo‡q c‡KU †_‡K wmMv‡i‡Ui c¨v‡KU evi K‡i| c¨v‡KUUv Kvj we‡K‡j
MÖ¨vÛ evRvi †_‡K wK‡bwQj| GKUv wmMv‡iU evi K‡i| c¨v‡›Ui c‡KU †_‡K jvBUvi evi K‡i
ax‡imy‡¯’ aivj| mvaviYZ I wmMv‡iU Lvq bv| ¯‹z‡j GKevi a‡iwQj| aiv c‡o evevi Kvbgjv
‡L‡q †Q‡o‡Q| GKgyL †auvIqv †Q‡o fvej, GLb g‡b nq Avevi ai‡Z n‡e| i“Bqv Av‡gwiKv
bvBwU‡½j| Zvici 1837 †_‡K 1839 Aewa gv-evevi m‡½ BD‡ivc åg‡b evi nq| GB mgq
†mB we¯§qKi NUbvwU BwZnv‡m wØZxqev‡ii gZ NUj | cÖ_gwU N‡UwQj cÖv‡P¨,AvovB nvRvi
eQi Av‡M, wØZxqwU BD‡iv‡cÑ1837 †_‡K 1839-Gi g‡a¨|
Kx hv Zv ejQ Zzwg †dwiZ!
nu¨v, hv ejwQ wVKB ejwQ| IB mg‡qB gvby‡li hš¿Yv Lye Kv‡Q †_‡K †`Lj 17 eQ‡ii wK‡kvix
bvBwU‡½j| †`‡L g‡b Kó †cj fxlb| RMr †Kb `ytLgq †mK_v fvej| `yt‡Li Kvi‡Yi K_vI
fvej| gvby‡li `ytL `~i K_vi K_v fvej| IBUzKzb †g‡q-Kx Avi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mweKv nIqvi
B‡”Q RvMj g‡b| Amy¯’¨ gvbyl †`L‡Z cÖvqB nvmcvZv‡j †h‡Zb| K_vUv j¶ Ki i“Bqv| Amy¯’¨
gvbyl †`L‡Z cÖvqB nvmcvZv‡j †h‡Zb| K_vUv j¶ Ki i“Bqv| wcR| Amy¯’¨ gvbyl †`L‡Z
cÖvqB nvmcvZv‡j †h‡Zb|
i“Bqv big my‡i ejj, AvR †Zvgvi Kx n‡q‡Q ‡dwiZ?
wKQy bv| Gevi ewj Kx nj Zvici| †mweKvwe`¨vi cÖwZ w`bw`b †KŠZ~njx n‡q I‡Vb cvwL| bvm©
n‡Z PvB‡jb| bv,bv Zv Kx K‡i nq| Avgvi KZ kL ZzB wcqvwb÷ nwe| wcÖqZg gv-evev AvcwË
Zzj‡jb| wKš‘, ey×‡K †hgb ivRcÖvmv‡ì myLkvwš— a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡iwb †Zgwb cvwLwU‡KI †h a‡i
ivLv †Mj bv| Gm‡ei Kx gv‡b i“Bqv? msmv‡i KZ KZ msKxY© gvbyl| Avi Giv me †Kv‡Ì‡K
Av‡m? gnvZ¥v †n‡Mj e‡j‡Qb, Øw›`K cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cig gb gvby‡li mxgve× g‡bi Kv‡Q
cÖwZfvZ n‡q DV‡Z Pvq ...
G Kx ‡dwiZ Zzwg Kuv`Q?
bv ‡Zv, KB| ‡PvL gy‡Q Avwg ejjvg, †kvb i“Bqv, ewj Zvici Kx n‡jv| bvBwU‡½j cvwLwU D‡o
†Mj gv-evevi LuvPv †f‡½ jÛ‡bi AvKv‡k Doj ¶vwYK ¶Y| msmv‡ii msKx©Y gvbyl‡ì †`Lj|
KvR wbj jÛ‡b GKwU cÖvB‡fU nvmcvZv‡j | Zvici Gw`‡q wµwgqvq hy× ïi“ nj| msev`c‡Î
c‡o iYv½‡bi †mev‡K›`ª¸wji †envj Ae¯’vi K_v Rvb‡Z cvij bvBwU‡½j| ï‡b cvwLi gb
Lvivc| Da©Zb KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b K‡i Avgv‡ì GB B¯—vbey‡j P‡j G‡jb| m‡½ 38 Rb
†ivgvb K¨v_wjK, K‡qKRb A¨v‡ÄwjKvb wmmUvi Avi K‡qKRb cÖv_wgK wk¶vcvß bvm©| †hvM
w`‡jb weªwUk-e¨vivK nvmcvZv‡j| Zvic‡ii K_v †Zv mevB Rv‡b|
i“Bqv †n‡m ejj, evn&, †Zvgvi me cwimsL¨vb gyL¯—| Zzwg Avgvq Gme ejvi Rb¨ me wk‡L
G‡mQ †dwiZ|
Ii K_v ï‡b Avgvi Kvbœv †cj| Avwg `~‡ii RjcÖev‡ni w`‡K †P†q g‡b g‡b ejjvg, nu¨v,
i“Bqv| Avwg †Zvgv‡K gy» Ki‡Z PvB Avgvi ZvmvDd-gb w`‡q| ‡hgb Nightingale kãwUi
gv‡b nightsinger; (iv‡Z Mvb K‡i Ggb cvwL; ivZRvMv bvm©) kãwUi Old English i“c wQj
nihtegale i“Bqv| Avi GKwU Av‡gbx©q cÖev‡` i‡q‡Q Even in a golden cage,/the
nightingale is homesick. nu¨v, i“Bqv| Avwg †Zvgv‡K gy» Ki‡Z PvB Avgvi ZvmvDd-gb
w`‡q| G Qvov Avgvi Avi wKQy †bB †h| Avwg †mjRyK bB A‡Uvgvb bB Zi“Y ZzwK©I bBÑAvwg
Kwe ... Avi ...Avi Avwg †Kej ‡n‡M‡ji fvlvq c„w_exi gvby‡li Kv‡Q ej‡Z PvBÑØw›`K
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cig gb ev A¨vemyjyU wiqvwjwU gvby‡li mxgve× g‡bi Kv‡Q ey× e‡j cÖwZfvZ
n‡q DV‡Z Pvb, cvwL e‡j cÖwZfvZ n‡q DV‡Z Pvb KLbI KLbI nu¨v| GB RM‡Zi ev¯—eZv‡K
AwZ Aek¨B Rvbv hvq| GB †h Kwbmev‡M©i B¤§vby‡qj Kv›U †h e‡jb, †gUvwdwR· m¤¢e bvÑ
K_Uv wVK bv i“Bqv| Pj GLb DwV| Avjvn,& w`‡bi Av‡jv wbwf‡q w`‡”Qb|
I nu¨v, Pj|
`k wgwbU ci| wmMv‡iU †kl| wdëviUv Quy‡o w`j R‡j| ZLbI Kwd k‡ci evB‡i ùvwo‡q
cvgyK| GKUv Aí e‡qwm †g‡q Kwdkc ‡_‡K ‡ei“‡”Q| Avivg? bv| G Ab¨ †KD| fvbœv?
ci‡bi el©vwZi isUv mv`v| ¯^Y©‡Kwk| Av‡g©wbq| gvSvwi D”PZv| cvk w`‡q †nu‡U †Mj|
gyLUvq Nb welv`| dimv;bxjvf †PvL| eqm †ZBk-PweŸ‡ki †ewk n‡e bv| ‡g‡qUv fvbœv wK?
†h Kwd ˆZwi Kij? bvwK Ab¨ †KD? Aviv‡gi eÜz? AvZ¥xq? bvwK fvbœvi? fvbœv †Zv Aviv‡gi
†evb? Zv n‡j bvwK †mB e„×vi? nuvUvi fw½‡Z †Kv_vI wK¬Ii GKUv AveQv Qvqv...†hb wK¬IB ...
†g‡qUv DËi w`‡K hv‡”Q| cvgyK AbymiY Ki‡Z _v‡K| DË‡i nvq`vi cvkv †ij†ókb| fvbœv wK
‡ij †ók‡bi w`‡K hv‡”Q? fvbœv wK wK¬I? Avgvi ... Avgvi g‡b n‡”Q IB †g‡qUv‡K AvM‡j ivLv
ìKvi| mgqUv wnsmª| B¯—vbeyj kn‡i A‡Uvgvb kvm‡b wei“‡× Av‡g©wbqiv 1890 Ges 1895
mv‡j we‡¶vfmgv‡e‡ki Av‡qvRb K‡iwQj | Aek¨ Zvi Av‡MB RwR©qvi Tbilisi †Z i“k-
Av‡g©wbqiv Dashnak party MVb K‡iwQj| 1894 mv‡j mvmb kn‡i Hunchaks iv mk¯¿
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡jwQj, 1895 mv‡j GKB NUbv NUj Zeytun kn‡i; ‡hb mgqUv 1915 ...
fvb cÖ‡`k| Avi Zzwg GKv fvbœv| Avi Zzwg ÔAciÕ; Av‡g©wbq| GK`j Zi“Y ZzwK© AvR GKUv
Av‡g©wbq †g‡q‡K Zz‡j wb‡q hv‡e Av¯—ve‡j ...Zvici ...A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ Av‡g©wbq‡ì †`LZ
`yÕfv‡e | GK. mnbxq| `yB. Amnbxq| mnbxq ch©v‡q Av‡g©bxqiv Agymwjg, A_v©r mZ¨
cÖZ¨vLvbKvix| Amnbxq ch©v‡q Bmjvg I A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï kµ wnmv‡e wb‡®úlb‡hvM¨|
fvbœv‡K Abymib K‡i nuvUwQj cvgyK| DË‡i nvq`vi cvkv †ij†ókb| fvbœv wK ‡ij †ók‡bi
w`‡K hv‡”Q? euv cv‡k gg©i mvMi| wSiwSi GKvKvi e„wó‡Z A¯ú÷| mnmv RvMÖm †i‡u¯v— ivi
‡mB Kzw`© †g‡qUvi K_vI g‡b coj| I‡K GKUv bvg w`‡q‡Q cvgyK| ‡jqjv nvwbg| Avi
w`‡qwQj GKwU †evZvg| †jqjv hwÏb †eu‡P _vK‡e †evZvgUv wb‡Ri Kv‡Q jywK‡q †i‡L †`‡e |
‡g‡qiv Ggwb K‡iB inm¨gq ...Zv‡Z kvwš—c~b© mnAe¯’vb m¤¢e n‡e wK bv †K Rv‡b| For years,
the Kurds have sought autonomy, or even independence, for the Kurdish region. These
demands have been resisted, especially by Turkey and Iraq in recent decades.Giv †i‡¯—
viuvi bvg †i‡L‡Q RvMÖm; †hfv‡e ‡jqjv nvwbg Avgvi †evZvgUv †i‡L †`‡e| ‡jqjv Avgvq
gynvj‡jwe w`j †L‡Z| AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b|
†ók‡bi mvg‡b Mvwo‡Nvovi wfo| Kv‡jv QvZv, Kv‡jv gvwm©wWR| ZviB wf‡o fvbœv ‡Kv_vI †`Lv
†Mj bv| cvgyK nZf¤¢| fvbœv wK nvwi‡q †Mj? A_P ...A_P ...I‡K Avgvi wKQy K_v ejvi
wQj| ejv n‡jv bv| fvbœv‡K Avwg ejZvgÑ 1900 mv‡ji Av‡M Avbv‡Zvwjqv I c~e© _ªv‡mi (B¯—
vbeyjmn Zzi‡¯‹i BD‡ivcxq Ask) RbM‡bi g‡a¨ RvwZMZ êwPÎ wQj| IB mg‡q †gvU
RbmsL¨vi 55% fvM wQj ZzwK©; Ab¨ 30% wQj Av‡g©wbq I wMÖK| 19 kZ‡Ki †k‡l I Kzwo
kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K e¨vcK MbA‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K †ewki fvM Av‡g©wbq
I wMÖK AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq| GB msKxY©Zvi Rb¨ Avwg ¶gv PvBwQ fvbœv, Avwg ... Avwg G‡ì
†KD bv, Avwg GB mgv‡Ri †KD bv| Avwg Avm‡j †KD bv| Avwg †KvbI wKQyi Ask bv| Avwg
†KvbI `‡ji ev †Mv‡Îi cÖwZwbwa bv| gvIjvbv i“wg wK wj‡L‡Qb †kv‡bvÑ
What I am to do? for I no longer recongnize

myself. I am neither Christian, nor Jew, nor Magian, nor
Muslim. I am not the East nor the West not the land nor
the sea; I am not from nature’s mine, nor from the circling
spheres. I am not of earth, nor water, nor wind nor fire. I am
not of the heavens, nor dust, nor existence, nor entity. I am
no of India or China, not of Bulgher, nor Saqsin;I am not
of the kingdom of Iraquain, nor the land of Khorasan.
‡ók‡bi mvg‡b wfo| fvbœv‡K †Kv_vI †`Lv hv‡”Q bv| †ók‡bi evB‡i ùvwo‡q _v‡K cvgyK| Ii
†Pv‡Li mvg‡b a~mi B¯—vbeyj| ay‡q hv‡”Q e„wóR‡j| cvgyK Avevi Kvw`‡KvB-Gi w`‡K nuvU‡Z
_v‡K| IB w`‡KB i“Bqv‡ì evwoUv| AvR Avgvi Rb¥w`b| wKš‘, Kviv GB A‡Uvgvb? †KbB-ev
Zviv IB Av‡g©wbq e„×v, fvbœv Avi Aviv‡gi Rb¨ n‡q D‡VwQj ûgKx? ‡Kb?...wK¬I ...wK¬I
...1204 mvj| ZLb PZz_© ag©hy‡×i (Crusade) WsKv †e‡R DVj; †m mgq †ivgvb K¨v_wjK
ag©‡hv×viv 1261 Aewa KbmUvbwUwbcj bMiwU Aei“× K‡i ‡i‡LwQj| ‡mB mgq G bM‡i hviv
hviv †eu‡PwQj ZLb Zv‡ì g‡bi Ae¯’v [GKUv Aei“× kn‡ii gvby‡li g‡bi Ae¯’v ]Kx iKg
wQj? cvgyK AevK n‡q fv‡e| c‡i Aek¨ Kbm‡UbwUwbcj kniwU Ae‡iva gy³ Kiv nq| PZz_©
ag©hy‡×i AeëwnZ c‡i B¯—vbeyj bvbv w`K †_‡K `~e©j n‡q co‡Z _v‡K, ‡Kbbv, ZLb
mvgªv‡Rï †jv‡f PjwQj cwieviZ‡š¿i ¶gZvi jovB| IB Î‡qv`k kZ‡KiB †k‡li w`‡K
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvRwU M‡o DVj Avbv‡Zvwjqvq |
wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`?
Don't make observations on cats and dogs, concern yourself with the problems of your
homeland.
Orhan Pamuk
Ry‡bi GB e„wói wfZi dzUcv‡Zi Ici w`‡q nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z 1299 mv‡ji GK emš—Kv‡ji K_v
g‡b c‡o hvq cvgy‡Ki; ... ‡fvi| Avbv‡Zvwjqvi GK i“¶ a~a~ cÖvš—i| Imgvb bv‡g GK ZzwK©
gymwjg †hv×v GKwU ev`vwg i‡Oi A‡k¦i cv‡k ùvwo‡q| cy‡ei AvKvk ivwO‡q m~h©Uv DwV DwV
KiwQj| Imgv‡bi †PvL Avbv‡Zvwjqvi cwð‡g wLª÷vb evB‡RbUvBb mvgªv‡Rï w`‡K wbe×| Zvi
ey‡K f~ga¨mvM‡ii Akvš— †XD| GKevi wcQb wd‡i Zvi mnmªvwaK mn‡hv×vi w`‡K ZvKvj
Imgvb| gyn~‡Z©B ÔAvjvn AvKeviÕ-û¼vi AvKvk evZvm aŸwbZ n‡jv| ‡m û¼vi _vgvi Av‡MB
GK jv‡d A‡k¦i wc‡V D‡V emj Imgvb; e‡mB †Nvov QywU‡q w`j cwðgcv‡b| Zvi wcQ‡b
mnmªvwaK Ak¦v‡ivnxi Ak¦¶ziaŸwb| GB mn‡hv×v‡ìB c‡i ejv n‡jv Imgvbwjqvi |
Imgvbwjqvi ZzwK© kã| Gi gv‡b Imgv‡bi mnPi; ev the Ottomans |
Zzi‡¯‹ A‡Uvgvb‡ì DÌv‡bi cy‡e© Avbv‡Zvwjqvi cwðg AÂj wQj evB‡RbUvBb mvgªv‡Rï
Aaxb; ‡h evB‡RbUvBb mvgªv‡Rï Awfg~‡L 1299 mv‡ji emš—Kv‡ji GK †fv‡i mnmªvwaK
AbyPi wb‡q Imgvb Zvi ev`vwg i‡Oi Ak¦wU QywU‡qwQj| †mjRyK ZzwK©iv kvmb KiZ
Avbv‡Zvwjqvi evèvKx AÂj| G‡ì ivRavbx wQj †Kvwbqvq| GLv‡bB gvIjvbv [i“wgi]
gvRvi| 13 kZ‡K †cuŠ‡Q GB †mjRyK‡ì mvgªvR¨ bvbv Kvi‡Y `~e©j n‡Z _v‡K| ‡mB `~e©jZvi
my‡hv‡M evBRvbUvBb mvgªvR¨ I ¶xqgvb †mjRyK mvgªv‡Rï g‡a¨Lv‡b K‡qKwU ‡QvU †QvU ZzwK©
ivR¨ M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K | Imgv‡bi Rb¥ †ZgbB GK ¶z`ª ZzwK© iv‡Rï gymwjg cwiev‡i|
Zzi‡¯‹i A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï ïi“Uv n‡qwQj †mB ev`vwg i‡Oi A‡k¦i cv‡k ùvwo‡q _vKv ZzwK©
†hv×v Imgvb‡K w`‡qB| Zvici GB Imgvb cwievi Awew”Qbœ I avivevwnK fv‡e 1922 mvj
Aewa Avbv‡Zvwjqv kvmb K‡i‡Q| A‡Uvgvb kvm‡Kiv ÔmyjZvbÕ Dcvwa MÖnb KiZ|
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq 13 kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| Aek¨ mvgªvR¨wUi
†MŠiegq w`b¸wj wQj cÂ`k kZ‡K| ZLb [cÖ_g] myjZvb my‡jBgv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj| ZLb
ejKvb DcØxc †_‡K ga¨cÖvP¨ I DËi Avwd«Kvq wQj A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨|
A‡Uvgvb ivóªwU bvbv cÖwZôv‡bi Ici wQj ùvwo‡q| †mme cÖwZôvb Mo‡Z A‡Uvgvb myjZvbiv
c~e©eZ©x hy‡Mi gymwjg kvmK‡ì D`vniY MÖnb K‡iwQj| MvwRi aviYv wQj A‡Uvgvb mgv‡Ri
¸i“Z¡c~b© aviYv| (a ghazi—that is, a warrior who carried out raids upon and warfare
with the Christians in the interests of Islam—and made it their guiding principle.)
MvwRev` ZzwK©‡ì be be Awfhv‡b †cÖiYv †hvMvZ, mgvR MV‡b Zi“b‡ì w`Z Drmvn!
Z`ycwi, ‡h †KvbI A‡Uvgvb myjZvb g‡bcÖv‡Y wek¦vm Ki‡Zb Zvi AwaKvi ¯^M©xq B”Qvi
ewntcÖKvk| A_P ...A_P ...GB avibvwU Ôwbe©vPbÕ wel‡q Bmjvgx AvwK`vi aviYvi wecix‡Z| ‡h
Kvi‡Y nhiZ Avey eKi‡K Bmjv‡gi bexi Idv‡Zi ci wbe©vwPZ Kiv n‡qwQj| A_P Imgv‡bi
eskaiMb Bmjvgx bxwZ`k©b D‡c¶v K‡iB [cÖvq Qk eQi] a‡i Avbv‡Zvwjqv kvmb K‡iwQj|
cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| †m Rv‡b, hvivB A‡Uvgvb ‰¯îvPv‡ii wei“‡× i“‡L ùvwo‡qwQj Zv‡ì Ici
†b‡g G‡mwQj wR›`vbLvbvi wbh©vZb, Zx²avi LÄi wki‡”Q`! Zv‡ì jvk Avi Luy‡R cvIqv
hvqwb| wKš‘, GB `xN© cwieviZvwš¿K avivevwnKZvi KviY Kx| A‡Uvgvb‡ì DËivwaKvi
AvB‡bB GB DËi i‡q‡Q| wK‡kvi e‡q‡mB A‡Uvgvb hyeivR‡ì cvwV‡q †Ìqv nZ cÖ‡`‡k|
c‡i, GB hyeivRivB wmsnvm‡bi Rb¨ jovB KiZ| Zv‡ì m‡½ _vKZ cÖvÁ wk¶K| KLbI-
KLbI Zv‡ì gv| hyeivRiv cÖ‡`‡k evm K‡i ev¯—e AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K ivóªcwiPvjbv wkLZ|
A‡Uvgvb myjZvb 3q gynv¤§` (1595-1603) Aewa GB wbqg Pvjy wQj| GKUv mg‡q G‡m
Aek¨ hyeivR‡ì cÖ‡`‡k cvVv‡bv i` Kiv n‡jv| Zvi e`‡j Zv‡ì GKUv we‡kl ¯’v‡b ivLv
nj| G‡K ejv nZ kafes Ñ A_v©r LuvPv| hyeivRiv LuvPvq Ajmfv‡e w`b KvUvZ, bvixm½
Dc‡fvM KiZ; d‡j GivB hLb wmsnvm‡b emZ ZLb Zv‡ì ivóªcwiPvjbvi ev¯—e Ávb _vKZ
bv| ZzwK© cÖev` e‡jÑ gv‡Qi gv_vq MÜ| ZvB| GB ÔnxivgwÛÕ Kv‡dm-cÖ_v A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
`ytkvmb I cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ GKwU A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ me mgqB
wQj| †KvbI myjZv‡bi g„Zz¨Kvjxb mg‡q cÖ_vbyhvqx hyeivRMb G‡K A‡bï wei“× jo‡Z ïi“
K‡i ‡`q| ‡mB jovB‡q ‡h weRqx nZ †mB nZ myjZvb| KLbI KLbI Aek¨ ¸ß ev cÖKvk¨
Ly‡bvLywbI PjZ, PjZ lo Avi kjv| KLbI KLbI wmsnvmbwU K›UKgy³ ivL‡Z †ewki fvM
cyi“l AvZ¥xqMb‡K Lyb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡Zb myjZvb! cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V| Zvn‡j? fwel¨Z
mvjZvbv‡Zi Rb¨ ‡KejgvÎ GKRb euvwP‡q ivLv nZ| [GB wQj ZzwK© cwieviZš¿ ! †mB m‡½
MvwRi aviYvwU †gjv‡j meB cwi¯‹vi| BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl †Zv GB A‡Uvgvb‡ìB gymwjg wn‡m‡e
Rv‡b| A_P, gnvZ¥v i“wgi LvbKvn& †Kvwbqvq| †Kv_vI GKUv fyj n‡q hv‡”Q bv? Zv Qvov
†ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì †n‡i‡gi `Lj wb‡q GZ Ly‡bvLywb Pj‡j myjZv‡bi AwaKvi ¯^M©xq B”Qvi
ewntcÖKvk nq Kx K‡i! nvq! GivB Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi †cÖ¶vcU iwPZ K‡iwQj! Avgvi bvg
jvj| Av‡g©wbqiv ¯^vwaKvi AR©‡bi c‡_ Zxeª Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zz‡jwQj, Zviv A‡Uvgvb myjZv‡bi
wei“‡× we‡`ªvn K‡iwQj| GBme b¨vh¨ we‡`ªvnx c`‡¶cmg~n Avï cÖwZwµqvq wbixn Av‡g©wbq
RbMb A‡Uvgvb iv‡óªi †Kvcvb‡j c‡o! 1894 †_‡K 1896 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mivmwi A_ev ¸ßfv‡e
BwZnvm, msMxZ I wgkª RbRvwZ‡Mvôx
This newfangled plaything called the novel, which is the greatest invention of Western
culture, is none of our culture's business.
Orhan Pamuk
GLb Zv n‡j GKKvc Kwd LvIqv hvq| Kv‡Pi ìRvUv †V‡j Kwd k‡c XyKj cvgyK| Zvi Av‡M
el©vwZUv Ly‡j wbj| KvD›Uv‡i GKRb e„×v e‡m| Av‡g©wbq gv_vq mv`v aea‡e Pzj, gy‡Li jvj‡P
Pvgovq ARmª ewj‡iLv| †Pv‡Li iswU bxjvf-a~mi| bxj i‡Oi D‡ji ej KvD›Uv‡i| †mv‡qUvi
eyb‡Q e„×v| GB e„wói mg‡q? Avðh©! Kvi Rb¨? cvgyK †n‡m ejj, †ginvev (n¨v‡jv)
e„×v mnmªv‡ãi cÖvPxb gyLwU Zzj‡jb| hvwš¿K ¯^‡i ej‡jb, Bwjwqg, †Z‡mKKzi †q‡`wig|
(fv‡jv, abëv`|)
Kwd kcwU‡Z GB gyn~‡Z© †Zgb wfo †bB| AvR e„wói w`b| ZvQvov GLb AwdmUvBg| ‡kl
†Kv‡Y GKRb e„×‡K e‡m _vK‡Z †`Lv †Mj| Bûw` g‡b n‡jv| cvgyK wcQ‡bi w`‡K emj|
Kv‡QB Kv‡Pi Rvbvjv| Icv‡i ‡gNjv w`bÑ cvwb Siv dzUcvZ| Zey †jvKR‡bi nuvUvPjv i‡q‡Q|
bvbv i‡Oi el©vwZ Mv‡q|
GKwU Aí e‡qwm †g‡q AW©vi wb‡Z G‡jv| Av‡g©wbq? Pz‡ji isUv jvj‡P, gyLUv dimv,
BD‡ivcxqv-dimv, A‡bKUv ¯vf-¯vf| ‡PK? g‡b nq cÖvM †_‡K G‡m‡Q| bxjvf †PvL, Nb AuvwL
cje| †Vuv‡Ui euvcv‡k GKUv wZj| cvgyK, Kwdi K_v ejj|
Avi wKQy? KÚ¯îUv wf‡R wf‡R|
bv| ïay Kvn&‡f| [Avi gnvj‡jwe wcR|]
wemwKU?
bv| wcR|
‡g‡qwU P‡j hvq| KÚ¯^‡i Av‡g©wbq A¨vK‡m›U ¯úó| [cvgyK Av‡g©bxq fvlvUv Rv‡b| †Z‡iv eQi
e‡q‡m †hw`b I Av‡g©bxq MbnZ¨vi K_v Rvbj Ñ †mw`b †_‡KB Av‡g©bxq fvlvUv wkL‡e e‡j
wm×vš— wb‡qwQj cvgyK| AZ¨š— †Mvc‡b|] Avw` Av‡g©wbq fvlvwU †Mv‡Î B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq| ‡m
Kvi‡YB nq‡Zv-ev e¨KiYMZ w`K †_‡K Avw` Av‡g©wbq fvlvwU aª“cw` wMÖK I jvwZ‡bi cÖvq
KvQvKvwQB ejv P‡j| Aek¨ AvaywbK Av‡g©wbq fvlvwU, AvaywbK wMÖ‡Ki gZbÑbvbvb weeZ©‡bi
ga¨ w`‡qB P‡j‡Q| ‡mB m‡½ cÖwZ‡ewk K‡Kkxq AÂ‡ji ¯^Zš¿ kã I e¨vKi‡Yi h‡_÷ cÖfve
i‡q‡Q Av‡g©wbq fvlvq | †hgb hy³ e¨Ä‡bi †¶‡Î ( j, ch, Ges ts ); Z‡e me‡P j¶¨bxq GBÑ
aªcw` Av‡g©wbq, mgmvgwqK K_¨ fvlvq Ges mvwnZ¨fvlvq Ôwe‡klï RwUj wePz¨wZÕ _vK‡jI
wj½i eënvi wKš‘ we¯§qKifv‡e Abycw¯’Z| AvaywbK Av‡g©wbq fvlvq Kvj wbY©‡qi Rb¨
mvnvh¨Kvix wµqv †`Lv‡Z aª“cw` Av‡g©wbq fvlvi AvbZ ev inflected wµqvc‡ì eënviI
j¶bxq| m`_©‡Ki Zzjbvq bT_©K ev bv-‡eva wµqvi avZzi“‡ci MVb wfbœ; Bs‡iwR‡Z †hgb ;
he goes Ges he does not go;
Av‡g©wbq †g‡qwU ZLbI P‡j hvw”Qj| cvgy‡Ki DrmyL `ywU †PvL AbymiY K‡i wbZ‡¤î
[f~ga¨mvMixq] †XD| a~mi ¯‹vU© c‡iwQj †g‡qwU| mv`v mvU©| RyZv †Rvovq `vwi‡`ªi wPnè cÖKU|
†Kgb gvqv jv‡M| mÜ¨v ci nq‡Zv GB †g‡qwUB nvq`vicvkv †÷k‡bi mvg‡b †NvivNywi K‡i
m¤cÖ`v‡qi ag©xq †bZviv Ki [cizye] Av`vq K‡i ivóª‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| ZvQvov ag©xq †bZviv ¯^
¯^ m¤cÖ`v‡qi wk¶veë¯’v, Af¨š—ixb AvBbMZ w`K¸‡jv [†hgbÑ weevn, ZvjvK I
DËivwaKvi|] †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Zb| wg‡jU c×wZ QvovI AvmKvwi I ivqv --I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK
†Mvôx wg‡j A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï AeKvVv‡gv ˆZwi K‡iwQj| wQj `vmcÖ_v| ghulam system;
¸jvg nj `vm| (ZrKv‡ji msÁv Abymv‡i `vm ev slave =Agymwjg|) GwUI GK Bmjvgx
cÖwZôvb| `vmiv ivóªxq Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbvi KiZ| Gi Rb¨ Zv‡ì hveZxq wk¶v †Ìqv nZ|
Lwjdv Avj-gy¯v— wmg (833-842) †h ivóªxq KvRK‡g© †Mvjvg‡ì eënvi K‡iwQ‡jb †mUv
†mjRyK ZzK©‡ì RvbZ| GB †mjRyK ZzK©ivB wQj A‡Uvgvb‡ì ¯^v¶vr c~e©m~ix | A‡Uvgvbiv
Aek¨ ¸jnvg c×wZi AvgvbweK i“cvš—i NwU‡qwQj; hv devshirme bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvi i“Bqvi
K_v g‡b c‡o| Zvi Avbv‡`vjywnmvwi `~M©wUi K_v g‡b c‡o| AvR mKv‡j ILv‡b devshirme
`vm‡ì gv‡qi Kvbœv ï‡bwQj †m| ivóªxq Kvh©vw` wk¶v ‡Ìqvi Rb¨ ejKv‡bi MÖvg †_‡K GKRb
8 †_‡K 15 eQ‡ii wLª÷vb †Q‡j‡K wb‡q Avmv n‡Zv B¯—vbey‡j| IB wK‡kvi‡ì cÖ_‡g Avbv
nZ ‡ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡`, myjZv‡bi mvg‡b | myjZvb wb‡RB wK‡kvi‡ì ¯^v¯’Üv¯’, eyw×gËv BZ¨vw`
hvPvBevQvB Ki‡Zb| Gici DËxY©‡ì ïi“ nZ wk¶v| †ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ìB we`¨vj‡q|
AbyËxY©‡ì cvwV‡q †Ìqv nZ MÖvgvÂ‡j| †mLv‡b Zviv K…wlKv‡R RwoZ n‡q coZ| Giv K_¨
[ZzwK©] fvlv ejZ; PP©v KiZ †jvKvqZ Bmjvg | G‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K hviv myjZv‡bi AwfRvZ
mvgwiK evwnbxi m`m¨ nZ Zv‡ì ejv nZ Janissaries.Avi DËxY©` †mBme devshirme `vm‡ì
cÖ_‡g wkL‡Z nZ Aviwe, ZzwK© I dviwm fvlv | Gi ci I‡ì `xw¶Z Kiv nZ msL¨vMwi‡ôi
a‡g© | msL¨vMwi‡ôi ag©-ms¯‹„wZ Zviv Av`¨cvš— †neR KiZ| †mB m‡½ wkL‡Z nZ mgiwe`¨v
I mvgvwRK Av`cKvq`v| Giv myjZv‡bi cÖwZ AbyMZ _vK‡Z eva¨ wQj| wk¶vRxeb †kl nZ
eqm 25 n‡j G‡ì | we`¨vj‡qi cvV †k‡l ivóªxq m‡eŸv©vP c‡` Avmxb nIqvi Rb¨ ˆZwi nZ|
†KD-ev cÖv‡`wkK mvgwiK evwnbx c‡` †hvM w`Z ÑwKsev cÖvmv‡ì i¶x wefv‡M|†KD †KB
mvgwiK-cÖmvmwbK c‡` m‡ev©”P [the grand vizier] c‡Ì nZ Avmxb| GB devshirme `vm‡ì
`yB iKg Rxebaviv A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ GK m¼U ˆZwi K‡iwQj| Zv n‡jv A‡Uvgvb cwiP‡qi
mgm¨v| cÖ_g cÖ_g A‡Uvgvb kãwUi gva¨‡g †Kej Imgvb‡K †evSvZ| wKš‘, †lvok kZK
†_‡K A‡Uvgvb kãwU mvs¯‹…wZK-ivRbxwZK-mgvRZvwË¡K c‡` cwibZ nq| ZLb †_‡K †KejgvÎ
AvmKvwi †kªwY‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii A‡Uvgvb ejv nZ| A‡Uvgvb n‡Z n‡j GKRb‡K ivóª‡K I ag©‡K
†mev Ki‡Z n‡e Ges I‡Uvgvb Rxebaviv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| iv‡óªi †mev gv‡b-mvgwiK
evwnbx‡Z ‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e wKsev Avgjv A_ev Ggb ag©xq mswkóZv _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i
AvmKvwi‡ì gZb Ki †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cvIqv hvq| ag©‡mev A_© gymjgvb nIqv| A‡Uvgvb
Rxebaviv AbymiY gv‡b Bmjvgx HwZ‡n¨ wg‡k hvIqv; Aviwe-dviwm‡Z AbM©j wjL‡Z co‡Z
cviv| Aviwe-dviwm wQj A‡Uvgvb ZzwK© fvlvi g~j wfZ| me A‡Uvgvb‡ì gy‡Li fvlv, †jLvi
fvlv| GB msÁvbymv‡i †h me devshirme `vm ivRcÖvmv‡` wk¶vjvf bv-K‡i MÖvgxb Ave‡n
‡jvKvqZ Bmjvg cvjb K‡i eo n‡q‡Q Zviv A‡Uvgvb bq| hwÌ Zviv ivóª I ag©‡K †mev K‡i|
Zviv A‡Uvgvb Rxebaviv Rv‡b bv| A‡Uvgvb iv‡óªi c‡¶ †hme wMÖK Abyev‡ì KvR KiZ ZvivI
A‡Uvgvb wQj bv| KviY Zviv iv‡óªi †mev Ki‡jI gymwjg bq| Aw¯—‡Z¡ cwiPq gvby‡li me‡P eo
A‡š^lb| ...Ggb me we¯§qKi NUbv N‡UwQj B¯—vbeyj‡K wN‡i| Zvici Kx n‡jv? Kzwo kZ‡Ki
†Mvovq †Kej ga¨cÖvP¨, ejKv‡bi wKQy Ask I Gwkqv gvBbi ev Avbv‡Zvwjqv kvmb KiZ| cÖ_g
gnvhy‡×i mgq (1914-1918) A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ †ekwKQy Ask nvivq| BD‡ivcxq kw³ A‡Uvgvb
mvgªvR¨ 1922 Aewa `Lj K‡i iv‡L| Gici RvZxqZvev`x †gv¯—dv Kvgvj Zv‡ì ewn¯‹vi K‡i|
Kvgvj A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ wejyß K‡i 1923 mv‡j Zyi¯‹‡K cÖRvZš¿ †Nvlbv K‡i| ‡mB K‡e,
1453 mv‡j A‡Uvgvbiv KbmUvbwUwbcj kni Rq K‡i wbj| Zviv bMiwUi bvg ivLj B¯—
vbeyj| Zvici B¯—vbeyj‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ae¨vnZ _vKj Zv‡ì kvmb | A‡Uvgvb‡ì Avg‡j
bMiwUi ivR‰bwZK-evwbwR¨K I mvs¯‹…wZi cÖf~Z AMÖMwZ n‡qwQj| A‡Uvgvb myjZvb cÖ_g
my‡jgvb (1520-1566) Gi mg‡q L¨vwZi kx‡l© †cuŠ‡QwQj ZzwK© B¯—vbeyj| GLbI †Zv Zzi‡¯‹i
80% RbMb wb‡R‡ì ZzwK©B g‡b K‡i| wKš‘, 1900 mv‡ji Av‡M Avbv‡Zvwjqv I c~e© _ªv‡mi
(B¯—vbeyjmn Zzi‡¯‹i BD‡ivcxq Ask) RbM‡bi g‡a¨ cÖKU RvwZMZ êwPÎ wQj| IB mg‡q
†gvU RbmsL¨vi 55% fvM wQj ZzwK©; Ab¨ 30% wQj Av‡g©bxq I wMÖK| 19 kZ‡Ki †k‡l I
Kzwo kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K e¨vcK MbA‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K †ewki fvM
Av‡g©bxq I wMÖK AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq| G‡ì RvqMvq G‡jv A-ZzwK© gymwjg A¨vjevbxq I
embxqiv| [Avm‡j †mB PZz`k© kZK †_‡KB eûRvwZ‡Mvôx Aa~¨wlZ A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ wQj
Ø›`msNv‡Zi m¤¢vebvq c~b©| Kv‡RB Agymwjg‡ì m‡½ †K‡›`ªi msNvZ n‡q D‡VwQj Awbevh©|]
ejKv‡bi be ¯^vaxbZvcÖvß †`kmg~n †_‡K GBme [A-ZzwK© gymwjg A¨vjevbxq I embxq‡ì]
ejc~e©K wbe©vwmZ Kiv n‡qwQj| GBme m`¨ ¯^vaxbZvcÖvß †`kmg~n c~‡e© A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
Aaxb wQj| GKB mg‡q ag©xq cxob Gov‡Z ivwkqvi K‡Kkvm AÂj †_‡K gymwjg
Circassiansiv Zi‡¯‹ AwfcÖqvb K‡i| ejKvb I gymwjg Circassiansiv GK cÖR‡b¥i g‡a¨B
ZzwK© n‡q hvq| Zv Qvov `w¶Y-cwðg BD‡iv‡ci, A_v©r cÖv³b A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï gymwjg‡ì,
K‡Kkvm AÂ‡ji ZzwK©fvlvfvlx‡ì I ga¨ Gwkqvi gymwjg‡ì Zzi¯‹ ¯^vMZ Rvbvq| GKKv‡j
MvwRi aviYv Avw` A‡Uvgvb‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj| †miKgUv ZzwK© cÖRvZ‡š¿ AvRI K‡i|
wMÖKiv hLb 1921 mv‡j Av¼viv `Lj K‡iB †d‡jwQj-Kvgvj AvZvZzK© Zv‡ì civwRZ K‡i|
ZLb Zzi‡¯‹i `¨ MÖ¨Û b¨vkbvj A¨v‡m¤^jx Zuv‡K ÔMvwRÕ Dcvwa †`b| (†h‡nZz wMÖKiv Agymwjg)
Zvn‡j? Zey cÖkœ I‡V ÑwKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? Zzwg †K gnvkq? Gi A_© Ñ GB mgv‡Ri Zzwg †K,
†Zvgvi wkKo †Kv_vq? Zzwg wK Ae`vb †i‡LQ? GB cÖkœB Kiv n‡qwQj 1300 kZ‡K, 1922
mv‡jÑAvRI|
Avwg †K? Avwg GB mgv‡Ri †K? Zv n‡j Avwg †K?
nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z cvgyK AevK n‡q fv‡e|
Av‡g©bxqvi BwZnvm: wØZxq cvV
You can give the hope of victory and happiness to your unfortunate brethren only by
waging war against the enemy inside.
Orhan Pamuk
Kvw`‡KvB-Gi w`‡K nuvUwQj cvgyK; i“Bqv‡ì evwoUv Iw`‡KB| nvq`vi cvkv †÷k‡bi mvg‡b
G‡m ZLb wf‡oi g‡a¨ nvwi‡q wM‡qwQj fvbœv, I‡K Avi †`Lv hvqwb| A_P ...A_P ...I‡K
Avgvi wKQy K_v ejvi wQj 1900 mv‡ji Av‡M Avbv‡Zvwjqv I c~e© _ªv‡mi (B¯—vbeyjmn Zzi‡¯‹i
BD‡ivcxq Ask) RbM‡bi g‡a¨ RvwZMZ êwPÎ wQj| IB mg‡q †gvU RbmsL¨vi 55% fvM wQj
ZzwK©; Ab¨ 30% wQj Av‡g©bxq I wMÖK| 19 kZ‡Ki †k‡l I Kzwo kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K e¨vcK
MbA‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K †ewki fvM Av‡g©wbq I wMÖK AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq
Avwg ¶gv PvBwQ fvbœv Avwg GB mgv‡Ri †KD bv Avwg Avm‡j †KD bv Avwg †KvbI wKQyi Ask bv Avwg †KvbI
`‡ji ev †Mv‡Îi cÖwZwbwa bv †KvbI mgv‡Ri wK †KvbI DËivwaKv‡ii Ask bv †h‡nZz Avwg Kwe fvbœv Avwg
ZvB †KŠZ~njx QywUi w`‡b wKsev GiKg e„wói w`‡b GB kn‡ii ÔAvaywbK A‡UvgvbivÕ `ycyi Awã Nygvq Avwg
ZLb eB cwo ...wKsev e„wói g‡a¨ knigq nuvwU ... wKsev K¨vbfv‡mi mvg‡b ùvwo‡q myjZvbv w_I‡Wvivi e„wógMœ
bMœ kixiwU AuvKvi †Póv Kwi Gfv‡eB AvaywbK A‡Uvgvb‡ì m‡½ Avgvi GK wekvj GK AbwZµgbxq `~iZ¡
ˆZwi n‡q wM‡q‡Q Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Av‡g©wbq fvlvUv Rvwb †Z‡iv eQi e‡q‡m †hw`b Avwg Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi
K_v cÖ_g Rvbjvg Ñ †mw`b †_‡KB Av‡g©wbq fvlvUv wkL‡Z e‡j cY K‡iwQjvg AZ¨š— †Mvc‡b Avwg †Z‡iv
eQi eqm †_‡K wK¬I †K LuyRwQ GKUv cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ †mme K_v GLb _vK Avwg ¶gv PvBwQ fvbœv Avwg GB
mgv‡Ri †KD bv Avwg Avm‡j †KD bv Avwg Kwe Avwg gnvKv‡ji cÖwZwbwa Avi Rvb †Zv Kweiv nq ¯úk©KvZi
†m Kvi‡Y ewj †h Avgvi c~e©cyi“l AZ¨š— wbg©g Dcv‡q †Zvgvi 15 j¶ c~ec© yiƒl Ges c~e©bvix‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj
1915 mv‡j †mRb¨ Avwg ¶gv PvBwQ Avwg GB mgv‡Ri †KD bv Avwg Avm‡j †KD bv †KvbI wKQyi Ask bv
†KvbI wKQyi cÖwZwbwa bv †KvbI mgv‡Ri wK †KvbI DËivwaKv‡ii †h‡nZz Avwg Kwe fvbœv ...
e„wói wfZi Kvw`‡KvB-Gi w`‡K nuvUwQj cvgyK| Ii nv‡Zi Wv‡b GLb gg©i mvMi| †Kvb&Kv‡ji
cÖvPxb Propontis: ILv‡bB `v`©bv‡jm| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv Imgvb; Zvi †Q‡ji bvg
Iinvb (1281-1362) | Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K Iinv‡bi ˆmbïv `v`©vbv‡jm cÖbvjx AwZµg
K‡iwQj| K‡i _ªv‡m †cuŠ‡QwQj| †mUv 1344 mv‡ji K_v| It was a difficult crossing that
marked the beginning of Turkish presence in Europe. To make future crossings easier,
the Ottomans annexed the principality of Karası on the eastern side of the
Dardanelles. `v`©v‡b‡jm cÖbvjxi Kv‡Q wQj e›ì bMix †Mwj‡evjy (Gallipoli); Iinvb
Ae‡iva K‡ib| `xN©w`b †K‡U hvq| cÖvq 10 eQi| Zvici wØZxqevi Uª‡qi NUbv NUj|
...1354 mvj| GK Zxeª f~wgK‡¤ú †Ku‡c DVj bMi †Mwj‡evjy | cÖvPxi coj a‡m| ˆmbëvwnbx
wb‡q Iinvb aŸsmcÖvß †Mwj‡evjy bM‡i Xy‡K c‡ob| Zvici ... Avgiv bvg jvj| wKš‘, Zvici
Kx n‡qwQj †Mwj‡evjyevmxi? Av‡g©wbqvi? Kxfv‡e A‡Uvgvbiv Ryjyg K‡iwQj Av‡g©wbq RbM‡bi
Ici? gnvZ¥v †n‡Mj e‡j‡Qb: History is the slaughter-bench at which the happiness of
peoples, the wisdom of states, and the virtue of individuals have been victimized.Kx
Avi Kiv? wKš‘, Avwg A‡nZzK ÔAciÕ †K N„bv Kwi bv| KviY Avwg Abvqv‡m Mfx‡i †h‡Z cvwi|
Avi Avwg DrmyK-‡KŠZ~njx GK gvbyl| BwZnvm Avgvi wcÖq ...Kvw`‡KvB ‡cuŠ‡Q wenej †eva K‡i
cvgyK| AveQv AÜKv‡i iv¯—vi av‡i av‡i cÖvbeš— g¨vcj Avi K‡eKvi cyi‡bv gwjb ev`vg MvQ|
GKUv †cUªj cv¤ú| GKUv PvP©| KZKvj Av‡M i“Bqv e‡jwQjÑ Pv‡P©i cv‡kB Avgiv _vwK|
Avn&| GB Kvw`‡KvB GjvKvwU AvevwmK e‡jB †jvKPjvPj Kg| iv¯—vi Icv‡k GKUv kwcs gj,
†Zgb wfo †bB, GKUv U¨vw· G‡m †_‡g‡Q, †eviLv civ GKRb bvgj| kwcs g‡ji wecix‡Z
GKUv _vB †i‡¯—vuiv; Zvi cv‡kB GKUv wm‡bgv nj| wekvj K¨vbfvm| e„wó‡Z a~mi| BwÛqvb
bvwqKvwUI wf‡R hv‡”Q| ‡ngv gvwjbx? wm‡bgv n‡ji Dj‡Uv w`‡K GKUv Mwj, GB gyn~‡Z© †mB
Mwj‡Z GKUv Kv‡jv gvwm©wWR Xy‡K hv‡”Q| Mwji gy‡LB GKUv M¨vivR, cyi‡bv GKwU Av‡g©wbq
wMR©v, SKS‡K †mjyb| Zvi cv‡k Avivg‡ì ‡mB Kwdkc: †mfvb| Av‡g©wbqvi GK cveZ©¨
n«‡ì bvg †mfvb; IwUB IB AÂ‡ji me©e„nr n«`| bvbv w`K †_‡K A‡bKv‡bK Rjaviv IB n«‡`
c‡o‡Q; wKš‘ n«`wUi wbM©gc_ GKwUBÑnivR`vb b`x| IB nivR`vb b`xi AeevwnKv‡ZB ‡Kvb&
Kv‡j Av‡g©wbq RvwZmË¡vi D™¢e N‡UwQj| GLbI †ewki fvM Av‡g©wbq IB ‡mfvbwe‡aŠZ
AÂ‡jB evm K‡i| Z‡e A‡b‡KB `xN©w`b n‡jv BD‡ivc, Gwkqv, Av‡gwiKvq Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q
Ñwe‡kl K‡i Av‡gwiKvi K¨vwj‡dwb©qvq| i“Bqv I‡`‡kB P‡j †h‡Z Pvq! e„wó‡Z wfR‡Z wfR‡Z
fvlvZ‡Ë¡i BwZnvm, †ZgbB hy‡×i BwZnvmI, Zvi aŸs‡mi BwZnvm| †Kbbv, cÖ_‡g AvBIbxq
Ges Zvi c‡i wjw`qiv ¯§vb©v bMiwU aŸsm K‡iwQj| †ivgvbiv c‡i ¯§vb©v `Lj K‡i †bq| ‡h
Kvi‡Y bMiwU n‡q D‡VwQj [cÖ_g w`KKvi] wLª÷a‡g©i Ab¨Zg cxV¯’v‡b| ïay ZvBB bq cweÎ
MÖ‡š’ ( Revelation 1:11) ¯§vb©v‡K ejv n‡q‡Q 7wU Pv‡P©i GKwU| ... BwZnv‡mi Kx Avðh© eybb|
Avi Kx Avðh© ¯’vb GB Avbv‡Zvwjqv | †Kbbv, GB Avbv‡Zvwjqv‡ZB wQj cÖvPxb gvBwmqv
[Mysia] ivR¨; IB iv‡Rï GKwU cÖ‡`‡ki bvg wQj Troas;Uªq bMiwU wQj ILv‡bB| A‡bK
A‡bK eQi c‡i, mgªvU Av‡jKRv›`v‡ii g„Zzï c‡i Ô†n‡jbm¤¢~ZÕ [Hellenistic ] mg‡q
Pergamum bv‡g GKwU bMi M‡o D‡VwQj Avbv‡Zvwjqvq| wgk‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv ZLb
ÁvbweÁvb PP©vi †K›`ª n‡q D‡V‡Q ...ZviB †`Lv‡`wL Pergamum-G GK`j cwÛZ †g‡Z
D‡VwQj ÁvbPP©vq | Kwd Rywo‡q hvw”Qj| cvgyK Kwd‡Z PzgyK †`q| wKQyUv Avbgbv n‡q
hvw”Qj| AvRI Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv hvIqv n‡jv bv| `xN©k¦vm †djj| KZ fvlv, †Mvôx, RvwZi wgkªb
GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq ... wKš‘, K‡e K‡e Gi ïi“? GB kn‡ii ...kni B¯—vbey‡ji? K‡e GB kn‡ii
cËb n‡qwQj? nRiZ Bmv bexi R‡b¥i 667 eQi Av‡Mi K_v| evBRvm `¨ †gMvwiqvb bv‡g GK
wMÖK İstanbul Boğazi -i cv‡o G‡m †cuŠ‡QwQj| ZviB D‡`¨‡M GKUv bMi Mo‡Z jvMj| Zvi
bvg [evBRvm] †_‡K bM‡ii bvg n‡jv evBRvbwUqvg (Byzantium)| evBRvm-Gi bvg †_‡KB
kn‡ii Avw` bvg evBRvbwUqvg (Byzantium)| eiveiB [evBRvbwUqvg] bM‡ii A_©‰bwZK I
iY‡KŠkjMZ ¸i“Z¡ wQj| ZvB kZvãxi ci kZvãx GB bM‡ii `Lj wb‡q j‡o‡Q Av‡_bxq,
cviwmK, ¯úvZ©vb, †gwm‡`vbxq Ges †ivgvbMb| [324 A‡ã GB DmKz`v‡ii bvg wQj
Chrysopolis ;†ivgvb mgªvU gnvb KbmUvbUvBb GLv‡bB cÖwZc¶ mgªvU Licinius †K civwRZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| Gici Zuvi Avi †KvbI cÖwZc¶ iBj bv| wZwbB n‡j †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï me©me©v|]
cÖRv‡ì KvQ †_‡K ÔgnvbÕ Dcvwa †c‡jb KbmUvbUvBb | wZwb bMiwUi we¯—vi Ggb fv‡e
NUv‡jbÑ bMiwU hv‡Z †iv‡gi gZ mvZ cvnv‡oi P~ovq fi K‡i | Zvici †jv‡K bMiwU‡K
ejj, Constantinople; A_v©r gnvb kni| Awej‡¤^ Constantinople cwibZ nj †ivgvb
evBRvbwUqvb mvgªv‡Rï mvgªv‡Rï c~e© cÖv‡š—i ivRavbx‡Z| 5g wLª÷v‡ã cZb n‡jv †iv‡gi|
†mB Aewa kni Constantinople wU‡K wQj| gnvb KbmUvbUvBb evBRvbwUqvg‡K Zuvi
mvgªv‡Rï ivRavbx ¯’vcb Ki‡jb| bM‡ii bvg n‡jv KbmUvbwUwbcj| KbmUvbwUwbcj bMiwU
DbœwZi kx‡l© Av‡ivnb K‡iwQj evBRvbwUqvb kvmK mgªvU cÖ_g Rvw÷wbqvb (527-565) Gi
mgq| A‡bK fv¯‹h© wbg©vb Kiv n‡qwQj Zuvi mg‡q; †hgb: nvwRqv †mvwdqv| 542-G GK
fqven †cMGi cÖv`yf©ve n‡jv kn‡i| bM‡ii cZb Zvici †_‡KB Avi¤¢ nj| cvgyK Avðh© n‡e
fv‡e: cZ‡bi mxgv‡iLv †K wba©vib K‡i †`q? 7g I GKv`k kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ KbmUvbwUwbcj
G‡K G‡K Avµvš— n‡qwQj cvim¨ Avie eyj‡Mwiq I i“k RvwZ Øviv| ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K
[hvhvei] ZzwK© †MvÎ G‡jv GKv`k kZ‡K| GivB †mjRyK ZzwK©| GivB wk‡K Mv_v Sjmv‡bv
†fovi gvsk [ wkk †Kevejvi] wb‡q ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡K Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡mwQj| ZzwK©iv †h
GKKv‡j ga¨ Gwkqvq evm KiZ wkk †Kevejvi ZviB cÖgvb| †mjRyK ZzwK©‡ì ivRavbx wQj
†Kvwbqv | [cÖvPxb AvB‡Kvwbqvg] †ivgvb‡ì mgq Avbv‡Zvwjqvi bvgwQj Ôi“gÕ ev Roman
land;i“g †_‡K i“wg| gvIjvbv RvjvjDÏxb i“wg | RvjvjDÏx‡bi gvRvi IB Avbv‡Zvwjqvi
†Kvwbqvq ... †Zv, †mjRyK‡ì ZrciZvq IB mgq [11 kZK] †_‡KB Avbv‡Zvwjqvi Rbgvb‡m
ZzwK© fvlv I ms¯‹…wZB n‡q DVj gvb¨| g½jiv ga¨Gwkqv ZQbQ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Avbv‡Zvwjqvq
wimvjZ! me wgwj‡q GK beZi wLªóvb ag©c×wZ M‡o D‡VwQj Av‡g©wbqvq hv Apostolic
Church bv‡g cwiwPZ| wLª÷vb a‡g©i cyi‡bv PvP©¸wji Ab¨Zg n‡jv Av‡g©wbq PvP©| †mB me
PvP© M‡o D‡VwQj Apostolic Age G| Apostolic Age gv‡bÑ early period in the Christian
church dominated by those personally known to Jesus Christ or his apostles.hÏyi Rvbv
hvq, IB apostolic hy‡MB †m›U †MMÖwi `¨ Bjywg‡bUi Av‡g©bxqvq wLª÷ag© cÖPvi K‡ib| mvay
Mashtots -Gi giwg KweZv cÖv_©bv MxwZ hy‡Mi ci hyM Av‡g©bxq †K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| 5g kZ‡K
ag©msMxZ¸wj iPbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb wM‡R©i mvayMb| GB Mvb¸‡jv †Kvivm A_ev GKKfv‡e MvIqv
nZ| mvavibZ MvBZ cyi“‡liv| HK¨Zv‡b MvBZ| Mv‡bi Ici cÖwZ‡ewk iv‡R¨ RwR©qvi
msMxZixwZi cÖfve wQj| Gi ci mvay Mashtots (also called Mesrop or Mesrob) Av‡g©wbq
fvlvq evB‡ej Abyev‡` nvZ w`‡jb| [AvR †_‡K †lvj‡kv eQi Av‡M mvay gvkUUm& Av‡g©wbqvq
†h gVwU‡Z evm Ki‡Zb †mB gVwUi wewkwó Aven wQj †m‡gwUK; Ggb ejvi KvibÑ cÖf~ whï
[†m‡gwUK] Avivwgq fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi [cvwj]i gZb Avivwgq fvlvwUI wQj
f~ga¨ mvM‡ii [c~e© ] cv‡oi mvaviY gvby‡li fvlv, cÖvK…ZR‡bi fvlv| ey×I †hgb Dc‡`k
w`‡Zb mvaviY cvwj fvlvq| gVevmx mvay gvkUUm&-Gi Av‡g©wbq gvZ…fvlvwU Avh© fvlv‡Mvôxi
A_P Zuvi ag©Rxe‡bi fvlvwU †m‡gwUK| Avh©-‡m‡gwU‡Ki GB Aci“c mw¤§jb Iinvb cvgyK
bv‡g ¯—vbey‡ji GK ¯úk©KvZi Kwe‡K wknwiZ K‡i| RMrmsmv‡i Kweiv GB iKg AmvaviY me
mv`„k¨-wgj Avwe¯‹vi K‡iB Z‡e cigvb›` jvf K‡i †eu‡P _v‡Kb| RMrm„wógyn~‡Z© Ck¦iI †ZgbB
†f‡ewQ‡jb nq‡Zv, †h Zvi m„ó weKwkZ ˆPZb¨ b¶Îcy‡Äi cv‡b †P‡q ¶‡Y ¶‡Y wkD‡i DV‡e,
Avi Ck¦i ZLb wgUwgU K‡i nvm‡eb| A_P ...A_P, gvbe‰PZb¨ Zvi weKvk-avivq n‡q DVj
gvsmvkx, n‡q DVj [AZ¨waK] A_©-Kvg gMœ | wPb¥q Áv‡b gvbe‰PZb¨ Avi Zxeª Avb›` cvq bv!
hviv cvq, Zviv †KvYVvmv,†hgb Kweiv ...†h Kvi‡Y RMr Zvi wbw`©ó cigvq~i Av‡MB aŸsm n‡q
hv‡”Q! Ck¦‡ii GZ eo fyj n‡q ‡Mj! ...] Av‡g©wbqvi BwZnvm †hgb Apostolic wM‡R©i BwZnvm-
‡Zgwb wM‡R©i wcZv‡ì g‡a¨ gZwe‡iv‡ai BwZnvmI e‡U| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| wM‡R©i
wcZv‡ì g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai welqwU wQj: wLª‡÷i ˆØZmË¡v; cvgy‡Ki wcÖq wel‡qi GKwUÑ
wLª÷vba‡g©i D™¢e I weKvk| [Eutyches (circa 378-c. 454), Byzantine monk, who was a
proponent of Monophysitism, the teaching that Christ has only a single, divine nature
and does not possess a human nature. He gave his name to the most influential heresy
in church history, Eutychianism. Monophysitism, Christian schismatic sect of the 5th
and 6th centuries that maintained that Christ had only one (divine) nature, thereby
opposing the orthodox doctrine that he was both divine and human. The Monophysites
were mainly confined to the Eastern church and gained little strength in the West. At
the directive of Pope Leo I, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 attempted to steer a
middle course between the orthodox and Monophysite views.] Av‡g©wbq wLª÷vbiv KvDwÝj
Af Pvj‡m`b-Gi wmØvš— A¯^xKvi Kij| Kv‡RB, c„_K MxR©v ¯’vwcZ n‡jv Av‡g©wbqvq| GB
wMR©v‡K ejv n‡jv: Ô†MÖMwiqvb PvP©Õ| Aek¨ 1439 mv‡j †ivgvb K¨v_wjK‡ì m‡½ K‡qKRb
Av‡g©wbq ag©‡bZvi g‰ZK¨ ¯’vwcZ n‡jv| c‡i Aek¨ Avevi we‡iva euvaj| GK`j Av‡g©wbq
K¨v_wjK †cv‡ci †kªôZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kij| 1742 mv‡j wmwmwjqvi [Zzi‡¯‹i] †jevb‡b cÖwZwôZ
n‡qwQj K¨v_wjK Av‡g©wbq wMR©v| Zvi KZ…©Z¡I ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡jv| GB K¨v_wjKcwš’iv Aek¨
Dcvmbvi †¶‡Î Av‡g©wbq cÖ_vB gvbZ| evèvwKiv mevB e„nr Av‡g©wbq Pv‡P©i Ask| Av‡g©wbqvi
ivRavbx B‡ifvb-Gi Kv‡Q Echmiadzin †Z GKwU gV Av‡Q, †mLv‡bB Av‡g©wbq cÖavb hvRK
K¨vw_wj‡Kvm evm Ki‡Zb| Gui †bZ„Z¡ mevB †g‡b wb‡qwQj| hvRK K¨vw_wj‡Kvm-Gi KZ…©Z¡
‡Kej Av‡g©wbqv‡ZB bqÑ†Ri“Rv‡jg I B¯—vbey‡ji Av‡g©wbq patriarchs -Gi IciI wQj|
gvbwPÎUvq n«` †mfvb †`Lv hv‡”Q| ILv‡bB †Kv_vI i‡q‡Q nivR`vb b`x| IB b`xi AeevwnKvq
Av‡g©bxq RvwZmË¡v I mvwn‡Zï D‡b¥l| mgqUv wLª÷vã 5g kZK|
mgqUv wLª÷vã 5g kZK| ‡mB mgqUv‡ZB Av‡g©wbq mvwn‡Zï D‡b¥l n‡qwQj| IB mgqKvi,
A_v©r 5g kZ‡Ki `y‡Uv D‡jL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡jv| (K) †gvf‡mm †Lv‡ibvUwm-Gi †jLv ÔAv‡g©wbqvi
BwZnvmÕ Ges (L) GRwbK †KvnMevUwmi †jLv Ô Refutation of the SectsÕ `y‡Uv eBB cvgyK
LuywU‡q LuywU‡q c‡o‡Q| Av‡g©wbq cÖ_g gnr Kwe n‡”Qb `kg kZ‡Ki hvRK wMÖMi bv‡iKvUwmB;
Iui A‡bK giwg KweZv/cÖv_©bvMxZ c‡ii Av‡g©wbq Apostolic Church †K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q|
cvgyK‡KI| I GLbI ivZ †R‡M c‡o `kg kZ‡Ki hvRK wMÖMi bv‡iKvUwm-Gi KweZv|
Ô`¨v‡Lv M¤^yR wN‡i Do‡Q Kv‡jv cvqivi `j Avi AvR Avgvi ü`q †glcvj‡Ki ü`q n‡Z Pvq|Õ
Kv‡RB Avwg Av‡g©wbq‡ì N„bv Kwi Kx K‡i? 642 wLª÷vã| Avieiv cÖ_‡g cvim¨ `Lj K‡i
wbj; Gici Av‡g©wbqv| ivR¨wU cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 653 mv‡j Lwjdv GKRb Av‡g©wbq hyeivR‡K
wbe©vwPZ Ki‡jb; Gfv‡e Av‡g©wbqvq Kv‡qg n‡jv AwfRvZ es‡ki kvmb | AwfRvZ esk Øviv
kvwmZ Av‡g©wbqv µ‡g µ‡g Avie‡ì Kiìv‡R¨ cwibZ n‡q hvq| 886 mvj| eMivZzwb
(Bagratuni) cwievi Av‡g©wbqvq GKwU ivResk cÖwZôv K‡i| GivB GKv`k kZK Aewa
Av‡g©wbqv kvmb K‡i; IB mgqKvi eû wM‡R© I Rjwb¯‹vkb-eë¯’v AvRI wU‡K i‡q‡Q| Zvici
hv nqÑ †lvok kZK †_‡K Av‡g©wbqvi †jvKgvb‡m Apostolic wM‡R©i cÖfve K‡g Avm‡Z _v‡K|
IB mgq †_‡KB Av‡g©wbq mgv‡R ag©wbi‡c¶ mvwnZ¨-m½x‡Zi D‡æl n‡Z _v‡K| IB mgq
†_‡KB Av‡g©wbqvi PviY Kweiv Hwk cÖfve †_‡K Av`¨cvš— †ewi‡q G‡m mvaviY gvby‡li myL-
`yt†Li K_v wjL‡Z _v‡Kb Zv‡ì Mv‡b, KweZvq| ‡mB mgqUvq Av‡g©wbqvi PviYKwe‡ì ejv
nZ ashugh; GB Kwe‡ì MxwZKweZv †jLv n‡Zv G‡Kev‡i w`wk fvlvq| AvRI IB
ashugh‡ì †jLv A‡bK †cÖ‡gi Mvb Av‡g©wbq mgv‡R `vi“b RbwcÖq| I‡ì Mv‡bi weinxi
wgjbZ…òv S‡i S‡i c‡o S‡i S‡i c‡o| Dwbk kZ‡K †cuŠ‡Q A‡bK Av‡g©wbq †jLK Dcb¨vm
†QvUMí bvU‡Ki Rb¨ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q I‡Vb| IB mgqKvi wewkó Dcb¨vwmK n‡jb nvKe †gwjK
nv‡Kvweqvb| Bwb ivdwd bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi me †jLvB cvgyK LuywU‡q LuywU‡q †i‡L‡Q,
ivdwd-i eB¸‡jv cvgy‡Ki wbR¯^ msMÖ‡n i‡q‡Q: Jalaleddin (1878), Khent (1880), Davit-
Bek (1881-1887), and Samuel (1888). Kzwo kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© KwgDwbó kvm‡bi mgq
Av‡g©wbq mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z weivU cwieZ© Av‡m| ‡mB mgqUvq weªwUk wkí-mgv‡jvPK Walter Pater
(1839 - 1894) D™¢vweZ Ôwk‡íi Rb¨ wk‡íiÕ wecix‡Z Av‡g©wbq mvwnZävivq ÔmgvRev`x ev¯—
eZvÕi ZË¡ cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Av‡g©wbq msMxZI IB KwgDwbó Avg‡j mgy¾¡j n‡q
D‡VwQj| we‡kl K‡i Aram Ilich Khachaturian; Av‡g©bxq msMx‡Zi †¶‡Î GK AmvaviY
bvg; Aram Ilich Khachaturian Gi msMxZ Ggb Kx Avš—©RvwZK `„wó AvKl©b K‡iwQj| Zuvi
DÌvb N‡UwQj IB †mvwf‡qZ kvmbvg‡jB | [Aek¨ wZwb [Aram Ilich Khachaturian]
b›`bZvwË¡K Pater -Gi All art constantly aspires towards the condition of music;GB
aª“eevK¨ A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| mvaviYZ, msMxZwkíxiv mvwnZ¨ZË¡ wb‡q †Zgb AvMÖn †`Lvq
bv| wkíms¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î cÖ_‡gB Av‡m mvwnZ¨ZË¡; musicology ev msMxZZË¡ wb‡q †Zgb
Av‡jvPbv KB? g‡b nq mvwn‡ZïZË¡ ‡hb †NvovMvwoi †Nvovi g‡Zv, Av‡M, msMxZZË¡ ev
musicology wc‡Q; musicology †Zgb K‡i †ev×v‡ì bRi Kv‡o bv| †Kb? Ggb Kx i“k
cÖkvm‡biI| †Kb? A_P †h-‡KvbI mgv‡RB gvbyl Mvb †kv‡b †ewk| eB c‡o Kg| †Kb?] Avwg
wjLe| cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V| cvgy‡Ki †hUv fv‡jv jv‡MÑAram Ilich Khachaturian Gi
K‡¤úvwRk‡b Av‡g©wbq †jvKMxwZi †QuvIqv i‡q‡Q| KZ¸‡jv Av‡g©bxq †jvKmsMx‡Zi †iKW© Ii
evev Ii ev‡iv eQi e‡q‡mi Rb¥w`‡b Dcnvi w`‡qwQj|
Kv‡RB Avwg Av‡g©wbq‡ì N„bv Kwi Kx K‡i|
Av¸‡bi cvLv
The voice of the people is the voice of God.
Kemal Ataturk (1881 - 1938)
Av‡g©wbq [gVZvwš¿K] ag©, †mKzjvi mvwnZ¨ I †jvKmsMx‡Z gMœ n‡q fvwi Ab¨gb¯‹ n‡qwQj
cvgyK Ry‡bi GB e„wói w`bUvq| nVvrB m‡PZb n‡q †`Lj, iv¯—vi ‡bvsiv Rj dzUcvZ QuyB QuyB|
GKUv bxj U‡qvUv iv¯—vi GK †KvYvq ‡_‡g Av‡Q, BwÄ‡b cvwb Xy‡K‡Q, KÕRb †jvK †Vj‡Q|
GKUv njy` ¯‹zjevm QoQo kã Zz‡j P‡j hvq| iv¯—vi av‡i welbœ g¨vcj MvQ, Icv‡k GKUv
K‡eKvi cyi‡bv ev`vg MvQ, gwjb, GKUv †cUªj cv¤ú| njy` ¯‹zjevmUv Iw`‡KB hv‡”Q| iv¯—vq
nVvr eûK‡Úi nB nB| Kx e¨vcvi? KÕRb †jvK BwÄ‡b cvwb Xy‡K hvIqv GKUv bxj U‡qvUv
†Vj‡Q, nBnB-Uv †mw`K †_‡KB| cvgyK cv evovq| †cUªj cv‡¤úi wVK cv‡kB GKUv M¨vivR|
GKUv †mjyb| Zvi cv‡k Avivg-fvbœv‡ì ‡mB Kwdkc: †mfvb| fvbœv‡K †ij‡ók‡bi mvg‡b
nvwi‡q †djjvg| Avivg wK GLbI wfZ‡i Av‡Q? Kx Ki‡Q I? Kx fv‡e ‡eu‡P i‡q‡Q I? cvgyK
D‡ØM †eva K‡i| ‡Kbbv, Apostolic gV¸wj ZzwK© †mbviv Kvgvb †`‡M Dwo‡q w`‡qwQj 1915
mv‡j ...A_P ... A_P gnvb ¯’cwZ wmbvb ...Avi Avwg †mB gnvb ¯’cwZ wmbvb‡K
fv‡jv‡e‡mwQjvg| wZwb c~e©Zb [wLª÷vb] A‡Pbv‡K N„bv A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| wZwb `~iZ¡ †NvPv‡Z
wk‡LwQ‡jb| wZwb MwÛ AwZµg Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb i“wPkxj ¯^vwcœK ü`‡qi Rb¨| wZwb gnvb|
wZwb wLª÷vb mf¨Zvi m‡½ gymwjg ms¯‹…wZi †mZzeÜb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb K‡qK kZvãxi Rb¨|
B”QvK…Z fv‡e Aek¨B| nvwRqv †mvwdqvi bKkvwe`‡K wmbvb fv‡jv‡e‡mwQ‡jb| [whwb A¶‡iLv-
wfwËK cwiKíbv [axial plan] K‡iwQ‡jb|] ‡mB mg¯— Zi“Y ZzwK©‡ì ü`q wmbv‡bi ü`‡qi
g‡Zv n‡j wK Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨v msMwVZ n‡Z cviZ †n wK¬I? ...1915| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Wvgv‡Wv‡j
Av‡g©wbq‡ì wbwðý Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv n‡qwQj| MbnZ¨vii PviwU avc wQj| cÖ_g c‡e©ÑmKj my¯’ Av‡g©bxq
cyi“l (hv‡ì eqm 20 †_‡K 45) Zv‡ì A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï †mbvevwnbx‡Z eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e †hvM w`‡Z ejv
nq | Zviv cÖ_g cÖ_g ‰mb¨ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| c‡i 1915 mv‡j Zv‡ì wbi¯¿ Kiv nq| kªgwkwe‡i cvwV‡q
†Ìqv nq| †mLvbKvi cwi‡ek wQj AgvbweK| ILv‡b...GgbKx cïi c‡¶I hv mn¨ Kiv wQj Am¤¢e
...A‡bK‡KB ILv‡bB ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| 2q ce© Avi¤¢ nq1915 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m| †m mgq Av‡g©bxq
ivRbxwZwe`, m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bZv, wk¶vwe`, eyw×Rxwe Ges cÖ_g mvwii hvRK‡ì †MÖßvi Kiv nq| G‡ì hZ `ªyZ
m¤¢e nZ¨v Kiv nq| MbnZ¨vi 3q ce© Avi¤¢ nq 1915 mv‡ji †g I Ryb gv‡m| Gmgq evèvKx Av‡g©bxq
RbMb‡K bZzb RvqMvRwg †Ìqvi bv‡g †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi gi“f~wg‡Z weZvwoZ Kiv nq| ‡mmgq A‡Uvgvb
mvgªv‡Rï Ask wQj †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv| MZnZ¨vi cÖ_g w`‡K A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï c~e© I ga¨ cÖ‡`‡ki ( UªveRb,
wmfvm, nvicyU,GiRyi“g, fvb, Ges weUwjm AÂ‡ji eûmsL¨K wbe©vwmZ‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| Abïv
‡g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi w`‡K †h‡Z †h‡Z †iv`, ¶zav, cvwbk~b¨Zv I wPwKrmvi Afv‡e g„Zz¨ eiY K‡i| we¯§qKi fv‡e 2
†_ †K 3 j¶ Av‡g©bxq `xN© c`hvÎvq †eu‡P hvq| Giv †ewkifvMB A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï cwðg, DËi-cwðg I
`w¶Y-cwðg cÖ‡`‡ki Awaevmx| GBme ¶zavZ©-Z…lvZ© KOvjmvi gvby‡li Ici Mywj el©b Kiv nq wmwiqvi `vqi
Avh RvIqvi Ges ivmvj Avj AvBb-G| ivmvj Avj AvBb kãUv I‡K _vwg‡q †`q| B¯—vbey‡ji KwewU
†P‡q †P‡q †`‡L| e„wó ...`~ieZ©x GKUv hy×| Avwg hy‡×i ci e„wói wfZi nuvUwQ| The
persistence with which Turkish governments, past and present, deny the crime has
severely aggravated the trauma of this catastrophe for the Armenians. The fact that the
perpetrators escaped an international trial has made it easier for them to deny the
crime. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) compounded the problem by
imposing a decades-long silence on the subject upon Armenian survivors who had
gathered in Soviet Armenia in the aftermath of the genocide. The Turkish
government’s success in escaping punishment for the Armenian Genocide likely
contributed to German dictator Adolf Hitler’s defiance in initiating his wartime
crimes, including the Holocaust, during World War II (1939-1945). Shortly before the
invasion of Poland in 1939, Hitler reportedly exhorted his military commanders to be
merciless, saying to them, “Who, after all, speaks today about the annihilation of the
Armenians.” ZzwK© HwZnvwmKiv Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨v ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| Thomas A. Bailey
K_v¸‡jv g‡b c‡o †Mj cvgy‡Ki| Too many so-called historians are really 'hysterians';
their thinking is more visceral than cerebral. When their duties as citizens clash with
their responsibilities as scholars, Clio frequently takes a back seat. wK¬Ii K_vq fvbœvi
gyLUv g‡b c‡o †Mj| IB †g‡qwUi nuvUvi fw½‡Z †Kv_vI wK¬Ii GKUv AveQv Qvqv... fvbœvI
¯^Y©‡Kwk ...†hb wK¬IB ...bv wK Av‡g©wbq? ZLb g‡b n‡qwQj mgqUv 1915 ... Avi fvbœv
wbivc` bq| ‡Kbbv, Although local religious leaders had control over community
affairs, non-Muslims were subject to discriminatory taxes and had no meaningful
representation in the Ottoman government. ïay ZvBB bq, Aóv`k kZK †_‡KB bvbvb
Avš—RvwZ©K NUbvi Ave‡Z© c‡o wcó nw”Qj Av‡g©wbqiv| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K GK
mvgwiK Awfhv‡bi ci A‡Uvgvb‡ì c`vbZ Kij ivwkqv | [Russo-Turkish Wars, series of
conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which was centered in what is now
Turkey, during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, in the course of which Russia
gained control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and extended its influence into
the Balkans.] cvimÏ Rq K‡iwQj ivwkqv ; Zvi Av‡M, A‡g©wbqvI| GB Av‡g©wbqiv wQj a‡g©i
w`K w`‡q wLª÷vb iywk‡ì m‡MvÎ| d‡j cvim¨ I A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ ‡_‡K AmsL¨ A‡g©wbq
émigrés `w¶Y K‡Kkv‡mi bvbv ¯’v‡b emevm Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| µ‡gB, `w¶Y K‡Kkv‡mi GK
f~-ivR‰bwZK cwiPqI M‡o DVjÑ ÔRussian Armenia.Õ i“k-kvmbvax‡b Av‡g©wbqiv
fv‡jvfv‡eB †eu‡Pe‡Z© _vKj| [Aek¨ G MÖ‡n †KvbI RvwZi Kcv‡jB myLkvwš— `xN©Kvj †Rv‡U
bv!] Dwbk kZ‡Ki ‡klv‡a© i“wk KZ…©c¶ GK iywkKiY (Russification) cÖKí MÖnb Kij| IB
cÖKíwU ¯úóZB wQj `gbg~jK! Kw_Z iywkKiY cÖKíwUi j¶¨ wQj `yÕwU| GK. i“k fvlv
e¨ZxZ Ab¨ fvlv ei`vmZ Kiv n‡e bv| `yB. i“k fvlv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ fvlvi cy¯—Kvw` cÖKvk Kiv
hv‡e bv| Kv‡R Kv‡RB, a‡g©i w`K †_‡K hZB wgj _vK bv †Kb- ‡jŠnKwVb i“k kvmbhš¿
Avi wb‡¯úwlZ Av‡g©wbq Rbgvb‡mi Zxeª RvZxqZvev`x AvKv•Lv gy‡LvgywL ùvwo‡q hvq | A_P
wVK IB mgqUvq Av‡g©wbq RbMb‡K AviI `y‡Uv `yal© kw³i gy‡LvgywL ùvov‡Z n‡qwQj| GK.
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨| `yB, [Kzw`© AÂ‡ji] Kzw`© †MvÎmg~n| Kv‡RB, [Av‡g©wbq RvZxqZvev`x‡ì]
i“kwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb †Zgb `vbv eva‡Z cv‡iwb| 19 kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡KB A‡Uvgvb-kvwmZ
wLª÷vb-Aa~wlZ ejKvb AÂ‡j A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi wei“‡× RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb `vbv euva‡Z
_v‡K A‡bKUv divmx wec‡ei (1789-1799) †cÖiYvq, †h‡nZz †mB wecewU ivRZvwš¿K
ˆ¯îvPv‡ii we‡ivax GKwU RvZxq-iv‡óªi Aaxb Awfbœ fvlv ag© Ges ms¯‹…wZ-wfwËK GK
RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai aviYv ‡`q| Kv‡RB ag© I fvlvwfwËK GK cÖej MbAv‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g ejKvb
DcØx‡ci RbMb A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï wei“‡× i“‡L ùvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ ‡bq| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
Aax‡b emevmiZ Av‡g©wbq‡ì RvZxq cwiPq wQj g~jZ ag©xq| A‡Uvgvb mgvRwU gymwjg msL¨v
Mwi‡ôi, Kv‡RB †m mgv‡R Av‡g©wbq‡ì [ wLª÷vb] cwiPqUv wQj wKwÂZ †egvbvb| Av`‡Z
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨wU wQj †gvjvZvwš¿K ag©ivóª; Dc‡ivš—, A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ myjZvbB wQ‡jb
mewKQyi †K‡›`ª, Zv‡K GKgvÎ †Lv`vZvjvi Kv‡Q Revew`wn Ki‡Z nZ! Kv‡RB G‡nb A‡Uvgvb
ag©iv‡óªi Aaxb msL¨vjNy‡ì Rxeb Kx iKg SuywKi g‡a¨ wQj Zv †evSvB hvq| aª“cw` Bmjvgx
HwZn¨ Abyhvqx †h me ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU wjwLZ cweÎ MÖš’ i‡q‡Q, hv ‡mBme ag©xq
m¤cÖ`v‡qi Kv‡Q M„wnZÑ Zv‡ì i¶v‡_© A‡Uvgvb iv‡óªi GKwU AvBb wQj| Gi bvg wa¤§v
(dhimma); Ges ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK‡ì ejv nZ waw¤§ (dhimmis) ev msiw¶Z RbMb|
wa¤§v AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y waw¤§‡ì we‡kl Ki w`‡Z nZ; K‡ii bvg wmh‡q (cizye)| Z`ycwi, ‡h
†KvbI A‡Uvgvb myjZvb g‡bcÖv‡Y wek¦vm KiZ †h mvgvR¨ I RbM‡bi Ici myjZv‡bi AwaKvi
¯^M©xq B”QviB ewntcÖKvk| Kv‡RB, cxobg~jK †h-‡KvbI c`‡¶cI wQj ¯^M©xq B”QviB
ewntcÖKvk! Zv Qvov A‡Uvgvb mgv‡R MvwRi aviYv †Zv wQjB| Gme Kvi‡YB A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
kvmK‡Mvôxi wei“‡× AÎ mvgªv‡Rï ¯^vwaKviwcÖq Agymwjg‡ì msNvZ n‡q DVwQj Awbevh© |
Avm‡j †mB PZz`k© kZK †_‡KB eûRvwZ‡Mvôx Aa~¨wlZ A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ Ø›`msNv‡Zi m¤¢vebv
wQj myß| Kv‡RB, ‰¯îvPvix A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi wei“‡×Av‡g©wbq‡ì we‡¶vf Av‡›`vjb n‡q
D‡VwQj Awbevh© | GB me we‡¶vf Av‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z A‡Uvgvb myjZvb 1839 Ges
1856 mv‡j [ KZKUv BD‡ivcxq‡ì Pv‡c] A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï Agymwjg‡ì Rb¨ ZvbwRgvZ
P‡j hv‡”Q| ZLb GKv GKv A‡Uvgvb‡ì GB kniUvq fxlb Lvivc jvM‡e| Avwg GKv GKv G
kn‡ii iv¯—vq iv¯—vq nuvUe| nuvU‡Z nq‡Zv GKw`b AK¯§vr wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e Avgvi|
wK¬I| BwZnv‡mi wgDR | GKMvj †auvIqv †Q‡o cvgyK| lvU nvRvi Av‡g©bxq GLbI B¯—vbey‡ji
evm K‡i| †Kgb K‡i G kn‡i A‡Uvgvb-ZzwK©‡ì cxo‡b AvRI IB Av‡g©bxq e„×v, fvbœv Avi
Avivgiv wU‡K i‡q‡Q| 19 kZ‡Ki †k‡l I Kzwo kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K e¨vcK MbA‡›`vj‡bi
cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K †ewki fvM Av‡g©bxq I wMÖK AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq| G kZvãxi
†Mvovq ZzwK©iv GB Aviv‡gi c~e©cyi“l‡ì nZ¨v K‡iwQj| byb¨waK 15 jvL| ZLb A‡Uvgvb
ivRZ¡ †kl| Giv evm KiZ ivR¨wUi c~e©cÖv‡š— ... nvq| cvgyK Aviv‡gi Drm wb‡q fve‡Z Pvq|
Kx fv‡e ïi“ n‡jv? Av‡g©wbqv kãwU cÖ_g cvIqv hvq cvi‡mï mgªvU cÖ_g `viq‡eŠ‡li
(wLª÷c~e© 521) †ewn¯‘b wkjvwjwc‡Z| cÖvPxb cvi‡m¨ cÖ_‡g g`ª I cvim bv‡g `ywU RvwZ wQj|
g`ªiv (Media) 612 †Z Av‡g©wbqv `Lj K‡i †bq| 549 Aewa ILv‡b g`ª‡ì kvmb wU‡K wQj|
Awef³ cviwmK mvgªvR¨ M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb mgªvU Kzi“ (Cyrus the Great) | wZwb 549 -‡Z
Av‡g©wbqv `Lj K‡ib| Zvici AÂjwU cvi‡mï cÖ‡`‡k (satrapy) cwibZ nq| PZz_©
wLª÷c~ev© ‡ã cvim¨ `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb Av‡jKRv›`vi | Zvi g„Zzï c‡i (323) Av‡g©wbqv ¯^vaxbZv
jvf K‡i| wmwiqvi mgªvU Z…Zxq Avwš—IKvm 212 wLª÷c~e©‡Z Av‡g©wbqv Rq Ki‡jb| Zvici
Av‡g©wbq ivRcyÎ‡ì Aax‡b IB AÂjwU `y‡Uv cÖ‡`‡k wef³ Ki‡jb| GB `ywU ivR¨ wLª÷c~e© 94
Aewa ¯^vaxb wQj| Gici Av‡g©wbq mgªvU cÖ_g wUMiv‡bm ivR¨`ywU GKxf~Z K‡ib| IB mgqUv
wQj Av‡g©wbq RvwZi ¯^Y©hyM| mgqKvj: 94 †_‡K 69 wLª÷c~e©| †mB mgq Av‡g©wbq mvgªv‡Rï
mxgvbv K‡Kkvm AÂj †_‡K cwð‡gi Avbv‡Zvwjqv Ges wmwjwmqv (eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Zzi¯‹) ; Ges
`w¶Y-cwð‡g wmwiqv-‡g‡mvc‡Uwgqv (eZ©gvb BivK) Aewa Qwo‡q wQj| Gici Av‡g©wbqv †ivgvb
`L‡j P‡j hvq| Gw`‡K cvim¨ `Lj K‡i wQj cvw_©qv| Kv‡RB ‡ivg I cvw_©qvi Ø›` Avi¤¢ nq|
Av‡g©wbqv G mgq wbi‡c¶ _v‡K, KZKUv ¯^vaxbI| Z…Zxq wLª÷v‡ã cvi‡mï mvmvbxq esk
cvw_©q‡ì DrLvZ K‡i Av‡g©wbqv `Lj K‡i| c‡i cvw_©qvi Avimvwm` ( Arsacid) mgªvU 3q
wUwi`v‡Zm †ivgvb mgªvU W‡K¬wkqv‡bi mnvqZvq Av‡g©wbqv‡K gy³ K‡i| 303 A‡ã mgªvU
wUwi`v‡Zm wLª÷vb n‡q hvb; ivRäg© wLª÷vb †Nvlbv K‡ib| GB NUbvwU N‡UwQj †ivgvb mgªvU
KbmUvbUvBbGi wLª÷vbag© MÖn‡bi 20 eQi Av‡M| ‡mB `kg I GKv`k kZvãx‡Z Av‡g©wbqv
‡_‡K wmwmwjqvq, A_©vr eZ©gvb Zzi¯‹ Av‡g©wbq‡ì AwfcÖqvb Avi¤¢ n‡qwQj| GB
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq Zviv GKwU GKwU mvgªvR¨ M‡o †Zv‡j; mvgªvR¨wU 1375 Aewa wU‡K wQj| KviY,
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ cÂ`k I †lvok kZ‡K wmwjwmqvi AwaKvsk ¯’vb `Lj K‡iwQj| ZLb †_‡KB
Avivgiv GLv‡bB Av‡Q| cÖvq lvU nvRvi Av‡g©wbq GLbI B¯—vbey‡ji evm K‡i| ‡mB `kg I
GKv`k kZvãx‡Z Av‡g©wbqv ‡_‡K wmwmwjqvq, A_©vr eZ©gvb Zzi¯‹ Av‡g©wbq‡ì AwfcÖqvb Avi¤¢
n‡qwQj| KZ eQi n‡jv? GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq Zviv GKwU GKwU mvgªvR¨ M‡o †Zv‡j; mvgªvR¨wU
1375 Aewa wU‡K wQj| KviY, A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ cÂ`k I †lvok kZ‡K wmwjwmqvi AwaKvsk
¯’vb `Lj K‡iwQj| ZLb †_‡KB Avivgiv GLv‡bB Av‡Q| Kwd k‡ci evB‡i ùvwo‡q A‡Svi
e„wói w`‡K †P‡q _vKj cvgyK| †Kgb K‡i G kn‡i A‡Uvgvb-ZzwK©‡ì cxo‡b AvRI IB
Av‡g©wbq e„×v, fvbœv Avi Avivgiv wU‡K i‡q‡Q|
wKš‘, Kviv GB A‡Uvgvb?
Kvwb©‡mi wb‡P ùvwo‡qwQj I| Zey e„wói QuvU AvmwQj| †Pv‡Li mvg‡b a~mi B¯—vbeyj| ay‡q hv‡”Q
e„wóR‡j|
weeªZ Ki‡Z D‡V c‡o jvMj| ¸jnv‡b cv‡K©i †ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì †n‡i‡g e‡m myjZvb GBme
gg©vwš—K `„k¨ Ae‡jvKb Ki‡jb bv| †Kbbv, Zvi AwaKvi ¯^M©xq ... GBme ci cxob Zvi wKQy
hvq Av‡m bv ...myZivs, cvgyK Gevi Av‡g©wbq‡ì ¯^vaxKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi GK bZzb i³v³ ¯—i
Ae‡jvKb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Av‡g©wbq‡ì Ici cxob Nbxf~Z n‡q DVj Av‡g©wbq‡ì KviI KviI
†cÖvwgw_D‡mi K_v g‡b c‡o †Mj| wg_ KLbI KLbI RxweZ‡ì †cÖibv †`q| Av‡g©wbqiv kvwš—
c~b© ms¯‹v‡ii Dci exZkª× n‡q mk¯¿ Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ ai‡Z eva¨ n‡jv| hv ¯^vfvweK| †evgv
†g‡i ˆ¯îvPvix myjZv‡bi Kw_Z ¯^Mx©q cÖvmv`wU Dwo‡q w`‡Z kc_ wbj Zviv! AvaywbK Zzi‡¯‹i
RbK Kvgvj cvkv GKevi e‡jwQ‡jbÑThe voice of the people is the voice of God. GB
K_vwU m¤¢eZ Av‡g©wbq‡ìI D`&ey× K‡i _vK‡e| A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨Ry‡o G‡K G‡K wZb‡U
wecex`j HKe× n‡jv| 1885 mvj| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï c~e©vÂj| fvb [Van] cÖ‡`k| A‡Uvgvb
Av‡g©wbqiv GKwU ‰ecweK ¸ß `j M‡o Zzjj| cvgyKI †mB mÜ¨vq †mB D‡ËRbvKi êV‡K
nj‡` Av‡jv R¡jv NiwUi Lo weQv‡bv VvÛv †g‡Si Ici GK †Kv‡Y e‡mwQj| Zviv `‡ji bvg
ivLj w` Avi‡gbvKvbm [the Armenakans] | cvgyK gv_v SuvKvq| Ab¨ `ywU `j M‡o †Zv‡j
i“k-Av‡g©wbqiv| G `ywU `‡ji Av`k© wQj Zxeª Rw½ev`| 1887 mvj| myBRvij¨vÛ| †R‡bfv|
i“k-Av‡g©wbq Awfevmxiv GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡i| 1890| RwR©qv| Tbilisi; i“k-
Av‡g©wbqiv GKwU `j MVb K‡i; Dashnak party | 1890 | B¯—vbeyj| A‡Uvgvb kvm‡b
wei“‡× we‡¶vfmgv‡e‡ki Av‡qvRb Kiv nq | 1894 mv‡j mvmb kn‡i mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o
Zzjj Av‡g©wbqiv| 1895 mv‡j IB GKB NUbv NUj Zeytun kn‡i | 1895| B¯—vbeyj|
1890 mv‡ji gZb A‡Uvgvb kvm‡b wei“‡× we‡¶vfmgv‡e‡ki Av‡qvRb Kiv nq | Gi ciciB
we‡`ªvnx Av‡g©wbqiv cÖZ¨¶ hy‡×i cwiKíbv MÖnb K‡i| cvgyK †`L‡Z _v‡K Kxfv‡e mnR mij
wLª÷wek¦vmx Av‡g©wbqiv ax‡i ax‡i †gj‡Q Zvi Av¸‡bi cvLv| GB †gNjv kn‡ii Kv‡Qwc‡VB
‡Kv_vI wPrKvi K‡i I‡Vb cÖvÁ ‡n‡Mj, Freedom is all. nu¨v, ZvBB| i“Bqv Avgv‡K †Q‡o eû
`~‡i P‡j †M‡j Avwg evav †è bv| Avwg Rvwb, fv‡jvevmvI GK ai‡bi k„•Lj| m¤¢eZ, me‡P
KwVb k„•Lj| bv, Avwg i“Bqv‡K a‡i ivLe bv| II Ii Av¸‡bi cvLv †gjyK| eis AvwgB
Avg„Zz¨ i³v³ ne| Freedom is all.... ‡mB Dashnak `‡ji m`mïv [1890 mv‡j] A‡Uvgvb
mvgªv‡Rï Awfg~‡L i“k mxgvš— AwZµg K‡i| AwfhvbwU wQj Amdj | Aek¨ Zviv 1896 mv‡j
A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ wKQy Ask AwaKvi K‡iwQj| GBme b¨vh¨ we‡`ªvnx c`‡¶cmg‡ni Avï cÖwZwµqvq
wbixn Av‡g©wbq RbMb A‡Uvgvb iv‡óªi †Kvcvb‡j coj! 1894 †_‡K 1896 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mivmwi A_ev
¸ßfv‡e cÖvq `y j¶ Av‡g©bxq cÖvY nvivj!
Zvi ¯^Mxq AwaKvi
THE LORD of the two easts is He, and the Lord of the two wests. Which of your
Lord's blessings would you deny?
( The Koran. Translated with notes by Dawood, N. J. Penguin Books, 1990.)
IB mgqUvq, A_v©r, Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klv‡a©ÑA‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï myjZvb wQ‡jb 2q Ave` Avj
nvwg`| wZwb Av‡g©wbq‡ì µgvMZ we‡¶vf Av‡›`vj‡b Amwnòz n‡q D‡V Av‡g©wbq Rb‡Mvôxi
Ici e¨vcK MbnZ¨vi wm×vš— wb‡jb| wbabh‡Á myjZvb Kzw`©‡ì mvnvh¨ Pvb| G †¶‡Î hv
nqÑwZwb Awfbœ GKwU Bmjvgx e¨vbv‡ii wb‡P A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï c~e©vÂ‡ji Kzw`©‡MvÎ¸wj‡K
mvwgj n‡Z Avnevb Rvbv‡jb| Zviv, Kzw`©iv wgwjwkqv evwnbx MVb K‡i myZx¶è A¯¿ Avi Av¸b
wb‡q MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg ...| GBB
myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì MbnZ¨v| ¸jnv‡b cv‡K©i †ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì wejvmeûj †n‡i‡g
e‡m myjZvb GBme gg©vwš—K `„k¨ Ae‡jvKb Kivi K_v bv| †Kbbv, wZwb we¯§„Z n‡qwQ‡jb
nhiZ Ig‡ii gvbeZvev`x mvg¨fvebv †_‡K, we¯§„Z n‡qwQ‡jb Hwk MÖ‡š’i GB A‡gvN wb‡`©k
†_‡KI,ÑTHE LORD of the two easts is He, and the Lord of the two wests. Which of
your Lord's blessings would you deny? ‡Kbbv, myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì AwaKvi †h
¯^M©xq ... GBme ci cxob wKQy bv, m¤¢eZ wZwb fwel¨‡Zi wnUjv‡ii m‡½ GKgZ †cvlb
Ki‡Zb; wnUjvi GKevi e‡jwQ‡jb, All those who are not racially pure are mere chaff.
myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì c‡¶ MbnZ¨vi wm×vš— †bIqv mnR wQj ...‡Kbbv, (1) `ytLRbK
n‡jI mZ¨ †hÑga¨hy‡Mi BD‡ivcxq wkfviwji g‡Zv MvwRi avibv wQj A‡Uvgvb mgv‡Ri Ab¨Zg
êwkó¨|(a ghazi—that is, a warrior who carried out raids upon and warfare with the
Christians in the interests of Islam—and made it their guiding principle.) (2) ...wK‡kvi
e‡q‡mB A‡Uvgvb hyeivR‡ì cvwV‡q †Ìqv nZ cÖ‡`‡k| c‡i, GB hyeivRivB wmsnvm‡bi Rb¨
jovB KiZ| Zv‡ì m‡½ _vKZ cÖvÁ wk¶K| KLbI-KLbI Zv‡ì gv| hyeivRiv cÖ‡`‡k evm
K‡i ev¯—e AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K ivóªcwiPvjbv wkLZ| A‡Uvgvb myjZvb 3q gynv¤§` (1595-
1603) Aewa GB wbqg Pvjy wQj| GKUv mg‡q G‡m Aek¨ hyeivR‡ì cÖ‡`‡k cvVv‡bv i` Kiv
n‡jv| Zvi e`‡j Zv‡ì GKUv we‡kl ¯’v‡b ivLv nj| G‡K ejv nZ kafes Ñ A_v©r LuvPv|
hyeivRiv LuvPvq Ajmfv‡e w`b KvUvZ, bvixm½ Dc‡fvM KiZ; d‡j GivB hLb wmsnvm‡b emZ
ZLb Zv‡ì ivóªcwiPvjbvi ev¯—e Ávb _vKZ bv| ZzwK© cÖev` e‡jÑ gv‡Qi gv_vq MÜ| ZvB|
GB ÔnxivgwÛÕ Kv‡dm-cÖ_v A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï `ytkvmb I cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| (3)
‡ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì †n‡i‡gi AwaKvi wb‡q i³cvZ wQj ¯^vfvweK NUbv| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨
GKwU A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ me mgqB wQj| †KvbI myjZv‡bi g„Zz¨Kvjxb mg‡q cÖ_vbyhvqx
hyeivRMb G‡K A‡bï wei“× jo‡Z ïi“ K‡i ‡`q| ‡mB jovB‡q ‡h weRqx nZ †mB nZ
myjZvb| KLbI KLbI Aek¨ ¸ß ev cÖKvk¨ Ly‡bvLywbI PjZ, PjZ lo Avi kjv| KLbI
KLbI wmsnvmbwU K›UKgy³ ivL‡Z †ewki fvM cyi“l AvZ¥xqMb‡K Lyb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡Zb
myjZvb! cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V| Zvn‡j? fwel¨Z mvjZvbv‡Zi Rb¨ ‡KejgvÎ GKRb euvwP‡q ivLv
nZ| cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V| Zvn‡j? myjZvb †ewki fvM cyi“l AvZ¥xqMb‡K Lyb Ki‡Zb? ‡KejgvÎ
†eu‡P _vKZ GKRb| fwel¨‡Zi mvjZvbv‡Zi Rb¨| cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V! [BD‡ivc †Zv GB
A‡Uvgvb‡ìB gymwjg RvwZi Ab¨Zg cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e Rv‡b| †Kv_vI GKUv fyj n‡q hv‡”Q bv?
Zv Qvov †ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì †n‡i‡gi `Lj wb‡q GZ Ly‡bvLywb Pj‡j myjZv‡bi AwaKvi ¯^M©xq
B”Qvi ewntcÖKvk nq Kx K‡i! A_P AvRI gymwjg we‡k¦ ZzwK© mvjZvbvZ AZxe m¤§vb I kª×vi
welq| GK gnr Av`k©| Avwd«Kvi gi‡°v †_‡K Gwkqvi B‡›`v‡bwkqv-eª“‡bB Aewa gymwjg we‡k¦i
A‡b‡KB ZzwK© mvjZvbvZB cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z Pvq|] KZ KZ w`b g‡b n‡q‡Q AvgviÑ cyi‡bv G
kniUvi iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e | wK¬I, BwZnv‡mi wgDR
...K‡qKRb Av‡g©wbq wecex †f‡ewQ‡jb myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì MbnZ¨vi cÖwZwµqvq
A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³i AbycÖ‡ek NUv‡e| nvq, Zviv ZrKvjxb mg‡qi fyj e¨vL¨v
K‡iwQj| BD‡ivcxq kvmKeM© myjZv‡bi wbôzi AcK‡g©i ‡gŠwLK mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡jIÑKvh©Z
Zviv A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ mvgwiK Awfhv‡bi wm×vš— †bqwb| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY, evwj©b Pzw³i
[61bs] Aby‡”Q‡`wUi A¯^”QZv| Z‡e GB i³v³ Aa¨vqwU A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ bZzb RvZxqZvev`x
Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ †`Lvj, hv AwP‡iB ¶gZvi †K›`ª †_‡K 600 eQ‡ii cyi‡bv ZzwK© mvjZvbvZ‡K
AcmvwiZ K‡i|
ZzwK© bvPb
We now have different foundations and different principles governing the state...these
great changes effected by our nation in the space of only six years represent grandiose
movements, more sublime and intense than what is commonly meant by the word
revolution.
Kemal Ataturk.
myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg`-Gi wefrm bxwZi d‡j A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï ALÛZv webó nIqvi
m¤¢vebv ZLb ˆZwi n‡qwQj| myjZv‡bi 33 eQ‡i ˆ¯îkvm‡bi Ici exZkª× n‡q GK`j
[mvgwiK I †emvgwiK] ZzwK© myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg`‡K AcmviY Kivi wm×vš— MÖnb K‡i|
GivB Zi“Y ZzwK© bv‡g cwiwPZ| ZiyY ZzwK©iv 1908 Ges 1909 mv‡j msMwVZ Av‡›`vj‡bi
ci myjZv‡bi ¯^Mx©q AwaKvi †K‡o †bIqv nq| myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg`‡K AcmviY K‡i
ZviB GK fvB‡K ÔmyjZvbÕ Dcvwa †Ìqv nq| Aek¨ bv‡ggvÎ| ‡Kbbv, Zi“Y ZzwK©iv ÔKwgwU
Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖmÕ bv‡g GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡i ZzwK© miKvi‡K wbqš¿b Ki‡Z
_v‡K; Zviv AvBbmfv I msweavb cybyi“¾xeb K‡i| Gfv‡e mvgªv‡Rï fv½b I ¶q †iva Kivi
kc_ †bq| Zviv wQj divmx wec‡ei a¨vbaviYvq D¾¡xweZ| Kv‡RB G‡ì g~jgš¿ nq ¯^vaxbZv,
mvg¨ I åvZ…Z¡‡eva| Z‡e wKQy cÖkvmwbK-kvmbZvwš¿K ms¯‹vi m‡Ë¡I G‡ì ciivóªbxwZ Ges
Af¨š—ixb RvZxqZvev`x bxwZ AwP‡iB e¨_©Zvq ch©‡ewkZ nq| 1908 Ges 1909 mv‡ji wece-
Av‡›`vj‡bi ci Giv A‡bKUv ¸ß`‡j cwibZ n‡q hvq| †Kbbv, G‡ì ivóª cwiPvjbvi g‡Zv
KvÛÁvb wQj bv| Zviv mvgvb¨ mgv‡jvPbvq w¶ß n‡q mwnsm AvPiY KiZ| Gici mvgªv‡Rï
bvbv ¯’v‡b AivRKZv †`Lv w`‡Z jvMj| Zi“Y ZzwK©iv mvgwiK kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †mm‡ei
†gvKv‡ejv K‡i | RvZxqZvi cÖkœwU‡Z Zi“Y ZzK©x‡ì c`‡¶c åvš— cÖgvwbZ nq| hvi d‡j
1912/1913 mv‡j ejKvb AÂ‡j e¨vcK cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb `vbv ev‡a| †mB wLª÷vb
devshirme `vmiv GZKvj c‡i cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| Gfv‡e ejKv‡bi e¨vcK f~LÛ
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| 1912 mv‡ji cÖ_g ejKvb hy×wUB wQj A‡Uvgvb
mvgªv‡Rï Rb¨ me‡P †ewk ¶wZKi| IB hy‡× f~LÛ I e¨vcK cÖvYnvwb GKwU RvZxq m¼UI m„wó
K‡i| ZZw`‡b Zi“Y ZywK©‡ì `j `ywU As‡k wef³ n‡q †M‡Q| Zi“Y ZzK©x‡ì DMÖev`x AskwU
1913 mv‡ji emš—Kvj †_‡K ÔKwgwU Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖmÕ `jwU cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡K|
mvgªvR¨Ry‡o ZiyY ZzwK©‡ì DMÖev`x avivwU n‡q I‡V AvwacZëv`x| IB DMÖev`xiv Av`k© wn‡m‡e
RvZxqZvev`x bxwZ MÖnb K‡i| Zviv RvZxqZvev`x bxwZwU‡K Zzi‡¯‹i HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZi Ici
ùvo Kiv‡Z PvBj| GB n‡jv ZzK©xev` ev [Turkism]| A_P ZzwK©ev` wQj bvbv RvwZmË¡vi wgkª‡b
m„ó A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï we‡ivax GK aviYv| GKw`‡K Zi“Y ZzwK©iv mvgªv‡Rï Aš—wbwnZ kw³
wn‡m‡e Bmjvgx Av`©k‡K AvBbmfvq msweavb cybyi“Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g cwiZ¨vM Ki‡jI Zviv
Zzi‡¯‹i A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï ïi“Uv n‡qwQj †mB ev`vwg i‡Oi A‡k¦i cv‡k ùvwo‡q _vKv ZzwK©
†hv×v Imgvb‡K w`‡qB| Zvici GB Imgvb cwievi Awew”Qbœ I avivevwnK fv‡e 1922 mvj
Aewa Avbv‡Zvwjqv kvmb K‡i‡Q| A‡Uvgvb kvm‡Kiv ÔmyjZvbÕ Dcvwa MÖnb KiZ|
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq 13 kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| Aek¨ mvgªvR¨wUi
†MŠiegq w`b¸wj wQj cÂ`k kZ‡K| ZLb [cÖ_g] myjZvb my‡jBgv‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj| ZLb
ejKvb DcØxc †_‡K ga¨cÖvP¨ I DËi Avwd«Kvq wQj A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨|
A‡Uvgvb ivóªwU bvbv cÖwZôv‡bi Ici wQj ùvwo‡q| †mme cÖwZôvb Mo‡Z A‡Uvgvb myjZvbiv
c~e©eZ©x hy‡Mi gymwjg kvmK‡ì D`vniY MÖnb K‡iwQj| MvwRi aviYv wQj A‡Uvgvb mgv‡Ri
¸i“Z¡c~b© aviYv| (a ghazi—that is, a warrior who carried out raids upon and warfare
with the Christians in the interests of Islam—and made it their guiding principle.)
MvwRev` ZzwK©‡ì be be Awfhv‡b †cÖiYv †hvMvZ, mgvR MV‡b Zi“b‡ì w`Z Drmvn!
Z`ycwi, ‡h †KvbI A‡Uvgvb myjZvb g‡bcÖv‡Y wek¦vm Ki‡Zb Zvi AwaKvi ¯^M©xq B”Qvi
ewntcÖKvk| A_P ...A_P ...GB avibvwU Ôwbe©vPbÕ wel‡q Bmjvgx AvwK`vi aviYvi wecix‡Z| ‡h
Kvi‡Y nhiZ Avey eKi‡K Bmjv‡gi bexi Idv‡Zi ci wbe©vwPZ Kiv n‡qwQj| A_P Imgv‡bi
eskaiMb Bmjvgx bxwZ`k©b D‡c¶v K‡iB [cÖvq Qk eQi] a‡i Avbv‡Zvwjqv kvmb K‡iwQj|
cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| †m Rv‡b, hvivB A‡Uvgvb ‰¯îvPv‡ii wei“‡× i“‡L ùvwo‡qwQj Zv‡ì Ici
†b‡g G‡mwQj wR›`vbLvbvi wbh©vZb, Zx²avi LÄi wki‡”Q`! Zv‡ì jvk Avi Luy‡R cvIqv
hvqwb| wKš‘, GB `xN© cwieviZvwš¿K avivevwnKZvi KviY Kx| A‡Uvgvb‡ì DËivwaKvi
AvB‡bB GB DËi i‡q‡Q| wK‡kvi e‡q‡mB A‡Uvgvb hyeivR‡ì cvwV‡q †Ìqv nZ cÖ‡`‡k|
c‡i, GB hyeivRivB wmsnvm‡bi Rb¨ jovB KiZ| Zv‡ì m‡½ _vKZ cÖvÁ wk¶K| KLbI-
KLbI Zv‡ì gv| hyeivRiv cÖ‡`‡k evm K‡i ev¯—e AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K ivóªcwiPvjbv wkLZ|
A‡Uvgvb myjZvb 3q gynv¤§` (1595-1603) Aewa GB wbqg Pvjy wQj| GKUv mg‡q G‡m
Aek¨ hyeivR‡ì cÖ‡`‡k cvVv‡bv i` Kiv n‡jv| Zvi e`‡j Zv‡ì GKUv we‡kl ¯’v‡b ivLv
nj| G‡K ejv nZ kafes Ñ A_v©r LuvPv| hyeivRiv LuvPvq Ajmfv‡e w`b KvUvZ, bvixm½
Dc‡fvM KiZ; d‡j GivB hLb wmsnvm‡b emZ ZLb Zv‡ì ivóªcwiPvjbvi ev¯—e Ávb _vKZ
bv| ZzwK© cÖev` e‡jÑ gv‡Qi gv_vq MÜ| ZvB| GB ÔnxivgwÛÕ Kv‡dm-cÖ_v A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
`ytkvmb I cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ GKwU A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ me mgqB
wQj| †KvbI myjZv‡bi g„Zz¨Kvjxb mg‡q cÖ_vbyhvqx hyeivRMb G‡K A‡bï wei“× jo‡Z ïi“
K‡i ‡`q| ‡mB jovB‡q ‡h weRqx nZ †mB nZ myjZvb| KLbI KLbI Aek¨ ¸ß ev cÖKvk¨
Ly‡bvLywbI PjZ, PjZ lo Avi kjv| KLbI KLbI wmsnvmbwU K›UKgy³ ivL‡Z †ewki fvM
cyi“l AvZ¥xqMb‡K Lyb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡Zb myjZvb! cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V| Zvn‡j? fwel¨Z
mvjZvbv‡Zi Rb¨ ‡KejgvÎ GKRb euvwP‡q ivLv nZ| [GB wQj ZzwK© cwieviZš¿ ! †mB m‡½
MvwRi aviYvwU †gjv‡j meB cwi¯‹vi| BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl †Zv GB A‡Uvgvb‡ìB gymwjg wn‡m‡e
Rv‡b| A_P, gnvZ¥v i“wgi LvbKvn& †Kvwbqvq| †Kv_vI GKUv fyj n‡q hv‡”Q bv? Zv Qvov
†ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì †n‡i‡gi `Lj wb‡q GZ Ly‡bvLywb Pj‡j myjZv‡bi AwaKvi ¯^M©xq B”Qvi
ewntcÖKvk nq Kx K‡i! nvq! GivB Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi †cÖ¶vcU iwPZ K‡iwQj! Avgvi bvg
jvj| Av‡g©wbqiv ¯^vwaKvi AR©‡bi c‡_ Zxeª Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zz‡jwQj, Zviv A‡Uvgvb myjZv‡bi
wei“‡× we‡`ªvn K‡iwQj| GBme b¨vh¨ we‡`ªvnx c`‡¶cmg~n Avï cÖwZwµqvq wbixn Av‡g©wbq
RbMb A‡Uvgvb iv‡óªi †Kvcvb‡j c‡o! 1894 †_‡K 1896 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mivmwi A_ev ¸ßfv‡e
wek¦vmNvZK (!) Av‡g©wbq aŸsmh‡Á cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i Wvgv‡Wvj eënvi Ki‡Z my‡hvM cvq Zviv|
Zi“Y ZzwK© wbqwš¿Z A‡Uvgvb miKvi cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡o| Zv Qvov BD‡ivc [Rvg©vbx] I
A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï Awfbœ kµ wQj ivwkqv| 1914†Z cÖ_g wek¦hy× msNwUZ nIqvi c~‡e©
A‡Uvgvb kvmK‡Mvôx Rvg©vbxi m‡½ GK †Mvcb Pzw³ K‡i| ‡mB mgq Gb‡fi [Av‡bvqvi?] cvkv
bv‡g KwgwU Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖm-Gi GKRb kxl©¯’vbxq †bZv A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï mvgwiK
welqvw` ZË¡veavb Ki‡Zb| IB †jvKUvi †Kgb wek¦vm wQj, Avmbœ hy‡× Rvg©vbxB wR‡Z hv‡e|
cvgyK ¤vb nv‡m| cÖ_g gnvhy× ïi“i wZbgvm ciÑA‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ Rvg©vb I A‡óªv-nv‡½wiq
c‡¶ †hvM`vb K‡i| GB †Rv‡Ui fivWywe nq 1922 mv‡j| ZviciB †Zv A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨wU
wejyß n‡q hvq| nu¨v, 1915 mv‡j cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Avov‡j msNwVZ n‡jv Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨v| †mB
mgq Zi“Y ZywK© wbqwš¿Z A‡Uvgvb miKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k j¶ j¶ Av‡g©wbq wbnZ n‡qwQj| fq¼i
‡mB hy×Kvjxb GB b„kskZv Armenian Genocide bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB Armenian Genocide
myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì MbnZ¨v‡KI Qvwo‡q wM‡qwQj| 1909 mv‡ji Av`vbv kn‡ii Zi“Y
ZzwK©iv nZ¨vhÁ Pvwj‡qwQj| †mB nZ¨vh‡Á gvÎ 23 nvRvi Av‡g©wbq wbnZ n‡qwQj| A_P, GK
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Rixc e‡j 1915 mv‡ji msNwVZ Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vq b~b¨vwaK 15 j¶ Av‡g©bxq
wbnZ n‡qwQj| MbnZ¨vq wZbwU c×wZ MÖnb Kiv n‡qwQj| (K) nZ¨vi mgq †fuvZv hš¿ ...| (L)
K…lmvMi I BD‡d«wZm b`xi †gvnbvq Wywe‡q gviv| (M) Av¯—ve‡j wKsev L‡oi Mv`vq AvU‡K
†i‡L cywo‡q gviv| we‡kl K‡i, fvb, weUwjm, nvicyU I Av‡jc‡cv cÖ‡`‡k A‡bK MZ© †Luvov
n‡qwQj| ...KZ KZ w`b g‡b n‡q‡Q AvgviÑ cyi‡bv G kniUvi iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr
wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e | wK¬I, BwZnv‡mi wgDR ...1915 mvj; GwcÖj gvm| fvb cÖ‡`‡ki
Av‡g©bwbq‡ì Ici ZzwK© ˆmbïv Suvwc‡q coj| g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ †R‡bI Amnvqfv‡e †kl ev‡ii
gZb wei“‡× i“‡L ùvovq| Zviv ...Zviv we‡`ªvn K‡i| Zv Qvov we‡`ªvn n‡qwQj wgDmv `vN-G
(GLbKvi Musadaði), kvweb Kvivwn&mvi (GLbKvi Kara Hissar Sahib) Ges Dd«vq (GLbKvi
Şanlıurfa) ; GB Kvi‡Y MbnZ¨v evavMÖ¯’ n‡q c‡owQj| we‡kl K‡i B¯—vbeyj, ¯§vb©v (GLbKvi
BRwgi) Ges A‡jc‡cv AÂ‡j| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ I Zvi wgÎ Rvg©vbx Ges AwUªqv-nv‡½wii
gnv‡dRLvbv †_‡K cÖvß `wjjvw` ‡_‡K Rvbv hvqÑ hy× c~e©eZ©x Av‡g©wbq RbmsL¨v wQj 1.8
wgwjqb;Gi g‡a¨ 1.2 wgwjqbB wbnZ n‡q‡Q| hy× cieZ©xKv‡j A_v©r, 1919 mv‡j GKRb
A‡Uvgvb Af¨š—ixb gš¿x ¯^xKvi K‡ib-Zvr¶wbK fv‡eB 8 j¶ A‡g©wbq‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|
Awbevh© g„Zzï nvZ †_‡K AvovB j‡¶i gZb Av‡g©wbq †eu‡P wM‡qwQj | IB gvbyl¸‡jv K‡Kkvm
AÂ‡ji cvnv‡o cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj| IB AÂjwUB GLb Av‡g©wbqv I RwR©qv| ZzwK© ˆmb¨‡ì
AvMÖvm‡b a¯— n‡jv AmsL¨ gV, wbnZ n‡jv ARmª DcvmK| cÖvq 1 j¶ bvix-wkï‡K ‡Rvi K‡i
Bmjvg a‡g© KbfvU© Kiv nq| G QvovI hviv †eu‡P wM‡qwQj Zviv bvbv RvqMvq Qwo‡q c‡owQj|
Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨v wQj Zi“Y ZzwK©‡ì Øviv c~e©cwiKwíZ I †K›`ªxqfv‡e wbqwš¿Z| hy‡×i c‡i
[wgÎ evwnbxi] Avk¦vm m‡Ë¡I Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi cwiKíbvKvix‡ì wePvi Kiv hvqwb|
ÔKwgwU Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖmÕ `‡ji m`m¨‡ì Acivax wn‡m‡e mbv³ Kivi Rb¨
ZzwK© mvgwiK Av`vjZ 1919 I 1921 mv‡j wePvi cwiPvjbv K‡i | Av`vjZ K‡qKRb
Kg©KZ©v‡K I gš¿xcwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì mvRv ‡`q| hwÌ †ewki fvM AcivaxB Zzi¯‹ †Q‡o
cvwj‡q hvq| Av`vj‡Zi ivq †Ìqv nq †`vlx‡ì AeZ©gv‡b| gy¯—vdv Kvgv‡ji DÌv‡bi ci
hy×vcivax‡ì wePvi AvKw¯§K fv‡eB †kl n‡q hvq| Zv Qvov, eZ©gvb [1976] ZzwK© miKvi
Zi“Y ZzwK©‡ì Øviv Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi welqwUB A¯^xKvi Ki‡Q! MbnZ¨vi PwiÎ wb‡qI eZ©gvb
ZzwK© miKvi weZK© ˆZwi Kiv †Póv Ki‡Q|
gvIjvbvi RvbvRvq Kwei dwiqv`
Our wounds can never be healed, and we will never forget what the Khmer Rouge
leaders did to the Cambodian people during their reign of terror.
Dith Pran (1942 - )
Cambodian journalist, April 17, 1998.On the death of Pol Pot.
cvgyK Amnvq fv‡e Gw`K-Iw`K ZvKvj| e„wó‡Z †fRv A‡Uvgvb‡ì GB cyi‡bv cÖvPxb kniUv‡K
†`‡L wb‡”Q| w`b K‡qK nj D`&åv‡š—i gZb B¯—vbeyj kniUv P‡l †eov‡”Q †m| Kx †hb LuyR‡Q
†m| Kx? BwZnvm? GB kn‡i cÖvPxb wMÖm, †ivg, †mjRyK ZzK©, A‡Uvgvb ZzK© Avi Zi“Y ZzwK©iv
me GKvKvi n‡q Av‡Q| GB kn‡ii cÖwZwU euv‡K euv‡K i³ Zvi AuvPo †K‡U †M‡Q| GB kn‡ii
†Ìqv‡j-‡Ìqv‡j, iv¯—vq-iv¯—vq, cÖwZwU B‡U-B‡U, cÖwZwU cv_‡i-cv_‡i i‡³i A`„k¨ wPnè|
AùzU aŸwb| GB kn‡ii cigvq~i ¯—‡i ¯—‡i cvc| †h Rv‡b Ñ †m Rv‡b| ... GKKv‡j MvwRi
aviYv Avw` A‡Uvgvb‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj| †m iKgUv ZzwK© cÖRvZ‡š¿ AvRI K‡i| 1921
mv‡j wMÖKiv hLb Av¼viv `Lj K‡iB †d‡jwQj-Kvgvj AvZvZzK© Zv‡ì civwRZ K‡i| ZLb
Zzi‡¯‹i `¨ MÖ¨Û b¨vkbvj A¨v‡m¤^wj Zuv‡K ÔMvwRÕ Dcvwa †`b| (†h‡nZz wMÖKiv Agymwjg) Zvn‡j?
Zey cÖkœ I‡V ÑwKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? Zzwg †K gnvkq? Gi A_© Ñ GB mgv‡Ri Zzwg †K, †Zvgvi
wkKo †Kv_vq? Zzwg wK Ae`vb †i‡LQ? GB cÖkœB Kiv n‡qwQj 1300 kZ‡K, 1922 mv‡j Ñ
AvRI| Avwg †K? Avwg GB mgv‡Ri †K? Zv n‡j Avwg †K? cvgyK D`&åv‡š—i gZ nv‡m| wbR¯^
wPš—vq wd‡i Av‡m| Kvi nv‡Z i³ †j‡M †bB? nvq`vi cvkv †ók‡bi mvg‡b fvbœv †ók‡b nvwi‡q
wM‡qwQj| A‡Uvgvb ZzK©iv I‡K Zz‡j †bqwb †Zv? kni B¯—vbey‡ji Gkxq As‡k ZLbI wSiwSi
e„wó| ‡hb fvb cÖ‡`‡k K`vwc MbnZ¨v msMwVZ nqwb| nv| Pkgvi Kv‡P ev¯úwe›`y, i“gvi evi
K‡i gy‡Q ‡bq| Kv‡RB i“gvjI wf‡R hvq| †mI wf‡R hvq| wKš‘, Avwg A‡nZzK ÔAciÕ †K
N„bv Kwi bv| KviY Avwg Abvqv‡m Mfx‡i †h‡Z cvwi| Avi Avwg DrmyK-‡KŠZ~njx GK gvbyl|
GB Kvi‡YB BwZnvm Avgvi wcÖq welq| Avwg Rvwb Avgiv †Kv‡Ì‡K G‡mwQ| Av‡g©wbqiv G
RM‡Z †Kv‡Ì‡K G‡jv? Avn& ,K_v¸wj fvbœv wKsev Avivg‡K ejv n‡jv bv| ...ejv n‡jv bv i“wgi
evmi iv‡Zi K_v| 1273 mvj| ‡Kvwbqv| emš—Kvj| i“wg Amy¯’¨ n‡q c‡o‡Qb| mviv bM‡i
†kv‡Ki Qvqv| 17 wW‡m¤î| ivZ| 66 eQi eq‡m evmiN‡i P‡j †M‡jb i“wg| c‡ii w`b Zuvi
RvbvRv| RvbvRvq bvbv e‡Y©i gvby‡li Xj| ZzwK© wMÖK gywkg Avie Bûw` wLª÷vb I Iinvb
cvgyK| cvgyK wPrKvi K‡i wRÁvmv K‡i, †n AgymwjgMb, †Zvgiv gvIjvbvi RvbvRvq hv”Q
†Kb?
GKRb Bûw` ejj, ‘If you Muslims hold him to have been the Muhammad of his age,
for us he was the Moses, the David, and the Jesus of our own time’.[Aflaki, Legends
of the Sufis. p.87])
bv Gme K_v fvbœv wK Avivg‡K ejv n‡jv bv| RvbvRv †k‡l mvjvg †divq cvgyK| ...hy×
cieZ©xKv‡j A_v©r, 1919 mv‡j GKRb A‡Uvgvb Af¨š—ixb gš¿x ¯^xKvi K‡ib-Zvr¶wbK fv‡eB
8 j¶ A‡g©wbq‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj| Awbevh© g„Zzï nvZ †_‡K AvovB j‡¶i gZb Av‡g©wbq
†eu‡P wM‡qwQj | IB gvbyl¸‡jv K‡Kkvm AÂ‡ji cvnv‡o cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj| IB AÂjwUB GLb
Av‡g©wbqv I RwR©qv| ZzwK© ˆmb¨‡ì AvMÖvm‡b a¯— n‡jv AmsL¨ gV, wbnZ n‡jv ARmª DcvmK|
cÖvq 1 j¶ bvix-wkï‡K ‡Rvi K‡i Bmjvg a‡g© KbfvU© Kiv nq| cvgy‡Ki †Kgb †hb jvMwQj|
†m `ª“Z wm×vš— †bq| gvIjvbvi LvwUqv wN‡i bvbv e‡Y©i gvbyl| g„`y ¸bRb, Kvbœv, †m i“wgi
LvwUqvi mvg‡b G‡m ùvovj, GK cjK †`Lj mv`v Kvdb Rov‡bv gvIjvbv‡K| wVK †mB gyn~‡Z©B
Ii wfZ‡i wPrKvi K‡i I‡Vb gvIjvbv, Ò‡n gvbeRvwZ, KwgwU Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖm
`‡ji m`mïv m‡PZbfv‡e Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi wm×vš— wb‡qwQj| Kw_Z †mB Zi“Y ZzwK©‡ì
A‡b‡KB wQj cÖv³b mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v| MbnZ¨v PjvKvjxb cÖv‡`wkK kvmK evav w`‡j Giv †f‡Uv
cÖ‡qvM K‡i MbnZ¨v Pvwj‡q wbZ| MbnZ¨vq mvnvh¨ KiZ KwgwU Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖm
`‡ji ¯’vbxq `jxq m`mïv| Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ KiZ wbôzi Acivaxiv | MbnZ¨vi Rb¨ Ly‡b
Acivax‡ì gyw³ †Ìqv n‡qwQj nvRZ †_‡K! GivB Kvh©Z Av‡g©bxq MbnZ¨vq mwµq wQj|
nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡Z Zi“Y ZzwK©‡ì Ab¨Zg hyw³ wQj A‡g©wbqiv A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï wfZiKvi kµ;
Giv A‡Uvgvb iv‡óªi wei“‡× ¸ßPi e„wË I aŸsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjv‡c wjßÑGiv fvb cÖ‡`‡k we‡`ªvn
K‡i‡Q; i“wk- K‡Kkxq ˆmb¨‡ì m‡½ AuvZvZ K‡i Zzi‡¯‹i wei“‡× hy× K‡i‡Q|Ó cvgyK cv‡q
cv‡q m‡i Av‡m| wdmwdm K‡i gvIjvbv‡K ej‡Z _v‡K, Ò1923 mv‡j 600 eQ‡ii cyi‡bv
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨wU wejyß n‡q hvq| Rb¥ †bqÑwicvewjK Af UvwK©| hvi DËivwaKvi Av‡g©wbq
MbnZ¨v| eZ©gvb [1976] ZzwK© miKvi A‡Uvgvbiv ‡h MbnZ¨v msMwVZ K‡i‡Q ZvB A¯^xKvi
Ki‡Q! MbnZ¨vi PwiÎ wb‡qI eZ©gvb ZzwK© miKvi weZK© ˆZwi Ki‡Q|Ó K_v¸wj e‡j cvgyK
k¦vm †bq| `„k¨cU µ‡gB e`‡j †h‡Z _v‡K| ‡m 1273 mv‡ji †Kvwbqvi †kvKvZ© wW‡m¤î †_‡K
1976 mv‡ji e„wógq Ry‡bi B¯—vbeyj kn‡i wd‡i †h‡Z _v‡K...‡h kn‡ii cÖwZwU euv‡K euv‡K
aŸsm Avi i³cv‡Zi BwZnvm ...wKš‘, Kvi nv‡Z i³ †j‡M †bB? Av‡jKRv›`vi? wnUjvi? Zi“Y
ZzwK©i `j? fvebv Abyl‡½ ‡mvwf‡qZ †bZv ¯—vwj‡bi Great Purge wKsev Great Terror-Gi
K_vI g‡b c‡o hvq cvgy‡Ki|
GK cjK fwel¨r
Great Purge or Great Terror, widespread arrests and executions in the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1936 to 1938, masterminded by Communist
Party leader Joseph Stalin and carried out by the Soviet secret police, the NKVD
(Russian acronym for People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, a predecessor
agency of the KGB). Stalin’s aim was to decimate the ranks of the party and eliminate
all potential opposition to his rule; the terror spread throughout Soviet society,
resulting in well over a million executions and swelling the labor camps with
prisoners.
Amy Knight.
Kg‡iW ¯—vwj‡bi kvmbvg‡jI †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b MbnZ¨v msNwUZ n‡qwQj| BwZnvm n‡jv
nvwoKvVÑ †hLv‡b e¨vw³i B‡”Q‡K, iv‡óªi ¯^cœ‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| Kvi nv‡Z i³ †j‡M †bB?
UMeM K‡i dzU‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| Ii wbtk¦vm eÜ n‡q Av‡m| fq¼i ‡mB MbnZ¨v msNwUZ
mvgªvR¨ 1922 Aewa `Lj K‡i iv‡L| Gici RvZxqZvev`x †gv¯—dv Kvgvj Zv‡ì ewn¯‹vi K‡i|
Kvgvj A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ wejyß K‡i 1923 mv‡j Zyi¯‹‡K cÖRvZš¿ †Nvlbv K‡i| ‡mB K‡e,
1453 mv‡j A‡Uvgvbiv KbmUvbwUwbcj kni Rq K‡i wbj| Zviv bMiwUi bvg ivLj B¯—
vbeyj| Zvici B¯—vbeyj‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ae¨vnZ _vKj Zv‡ì kvmb | A‡Uvgvb‡ì Avg‡j
bMiwUi ivR‰bwZK-evwbwR¨K I mvs¯‹…wZi cÖf~Z AMÖMwZ n‡qwQj| A‡Uvgvb myjZvb cÖ_g
my‡jgvb (1520-1566) Gi mg‡q L¨vwZi kx‡l© †cuŠ‡QwQj ZzwK© B¯—vbeyj| GLbI †Zv Zzi‡¯‹i
80% RbMb wb‡R‡ì ZzwK©B g‡b K‡i| wKš‘, 1900 mv‡ji Av‡M Avbv‡Zvwjqv I c~e© _ªv‡mi
(B¯—vbeyjmn Zzi‡¯‹i BD‡ivcxq Ask) RbM‡bi g‡a¨ cÖKU RvwZMZ êwPÎ wQj| IB mg‡q
†gvU RbmsL¨vi 55% fvM wQj ZzwK©; Ab¨ 30% wQj Av‡g©bxq I wMÖK| 19 kZ‡Ki †k‡l I
Kzwo kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K e¨vcK MbA‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avbv‡Zvwjqv †_‡K †ewki fvM
Av‡g©bxq I wMÖK AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq| G‡ì RvqMvq G‡jv A-ZzwK© gymwjg A¨vjevbxq I
embxqiv| [Avm‡j †mB PZz`k© kZK †_‡KB eûRvwZ‡Mvôx Aa~¨wlZ A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ wQj
Ø›`msNv‡Zi m¤¢vebvq c~b©| Kv‡RB Agymwjg‡ì m‡½ †K‡›`ªi msNvZ n‡q D‡VwQj Awbevh©|]
ejKv‡bi be ¯^vaxbZvcÖvß †`kmg~n †_‡K GBme [A-ZzwK© gymwjg A¨vjevbxq I embxq‡ì]
ejc~e©K wbe©vwmZ Kiv n‡qwQj| GBme m`¨ ¯^vaxbZvcÖvß †`kmg~n c~‡e© A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
Aaxb wQj| GKB mg‡q ag©xq cxob Gov‡Z ivwkqvi K‡Kkvm AÂj †_‡K gymwjg
Circassiansiv Zi‡¯‹ AwfcÖqvb K‡i| ejKvb I gymwjg Circassiansiv GK cÖR‡b¥i g‡a¨B
ZzwK© n‡q hvq| Zv Qvov `w¶Y-cwðg BD‡iv‡ci, A_v©r cÖv³b A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï gymwjg‡ì,
K‡Kkvm AÂ‡ji ZzwK©fvlvfvlx‡ì I ga¨ Gwkqvi gymwjg‡ì Zzi¯‹ ¯^vMZ Rvbvq| GKKv‡j
MvwRi aviYv Avw` A‡Uvgvb‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj| †miKgUv ZzwK© cÖRvZ‡š¿ AvRI K‡i|
wMÖKiv hLb 1921 mv‡j Av¼viv `Lj K‡iB †d‡jwQj-Kvgvj AvZvZzK© Zv‡ì civwRZ K‡i|
ZLb Zzi‡¯‹i `¨ MÖ¨Û b¨vkbvj A¨v‡m¤^jx Zuv‡K ÔMvwRÕ Dcvwa †`b| (†h‡nZz wMÖKiv Agymwjg)
Zvn‡j? Zey cÖkœ I‡V ÑwKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? Zzwg †K gnvkq? Gi A_© Ñ GB mgv‡Ri Zzwg †K,
†Zvgvi wkKo †Kv_vq? Zzwg wK Ae`vb †i‡LQ? GB cÖkœB Kiv n‡qwQj 1300 kZ‡K, 1922
mv‡jÑAvRI|
Avwg †K? Avwg GB mgv‡Ri †K? Zv n‡j Avwg †K?
nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z cvgyK AevK n‡q fv‡e|
Av‡g©bxqvi BwZnvm: wØZxq cvV
You can give the hope of victory and happiness to your unfortunate brethren only by
waging war against the enemy inside.
Orhan Pamuk
Kvw`‡KvB-Gi w`‡K nuvUwQj cvgyK; i“Bqv‡ì evwoUv Iw`‡KB| nvq`vi cvkv †÷k‡bi mvg‡b
G‡m ZLb wf‡oi g‡a¨ nvwi‡q wM‡qwQj fvbœv, I‡K Avi †`Lv hvqwb| A_P ...A_P ...I‡K
Avgvi wKQy K_v ejvi wQj 1900 mv‡ji Av‡M Avbv‡Zvwjqv I c~e© _ªv‡mi (B¯—vbeyjmn Zzi‡¯‹i
BD‡ivcxq Ask) RbM‡bi g‡a¨ RvwZMZ êwPÎ wQj| IB mg‡q †gvU RbmsL¨vi 55% fvM wQj
ZzwK©; Ab¨ 30% wQj Av‡g©bxq I wMÖK| 19 kZ‡Ki †k‡l I Kzwo kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K e¨vcK
Republic ev SFSR MVb K‡i| IB eQiB wW‡m¤î gv‡m GB UªvÝK‡Kkxq SFSRwU PviwU g~j
cÖRvZš¿ wb‡q MwVZ ej‡kwfK‡ì bZzb ivóª Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ev USSR -
Gi Aw½f~Z n‡q hvq| c~e©Zb Pzw³ Abymv‡i Ôbvw·fvbÕ I Ôbv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevLÕ AÂj `ywU
Av‡g©bxqvi m‡½ GKxf~Z nIqvi K_v wQj| Zv m‡Ë¡I †mvwf‡qZ KZ…©c¶ AÂj `ywU
AvRvievB‡Rbxq `L‡j ivLvi c‡¶ gZ †`q| GKB m‡½ Av‡g©bxq RvZxqZvev`x‡ì Ici
ej‡kwfKiv wbh©vZb Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| IB mgq ej‡kwfKiv 19 kZ‡Ki Av‡g©bxq †jLK‡ì
†jLv wbwl× K‡i| ‡hgb, nvKe †gwjK nv‡Kvweqvb (ivwd)| Av‡g©bxqvq me KwU RvZxqZvev`x
`jB wbwl× Kiv nq| Av‡g©bxq KwgDwbó cvwU©‡KB †KejgvÎ ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †Ìqv nq|
GKB m‡½ Av‡g©bxq [wLª÷vb] mgvR †_‡K Mx‡R©i cÖfve Le© Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| `yfv‡e| (1)
wM‡R©¸wj me eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nq| (2) Mx‡R©i hveZxq m¤ú` Rã Kiv nq| Avi hviv
wei“×vPvib Kij, Zv‡ì g‡Vi wfZ‡iB ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nj| KvjvkwbKf ... KvjvkwbKf
...‡mŠfvMëvb‡ì †Rvic~e©K †Uª‡b Zz‡j cvwV‡q †Ìqv nj mvB‡ewiqvi kªgwkwe‡i | wbe©vwmZ‡ì
Avi KLbI RxweZ †`Lv hvqwb|
miKv‡ii Zid †_‡K GB mg¯— nZ¨v-wbe©vmb‡K ejv n‡jv ïw×KiY cÖwµqv|
cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m|
Kw_Z IB ïw×KiY cÖwµqv Nbxf~Z n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K 1930 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K| IB mgq
mgMÖ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b ïw×KiY cÖwµqv PjwQj ;hvi g~j †nvZv Kg‡iW Joseph
Dzhugashvili Stalin (1879-1953)| Kg‡iW ¯—vwj‡bi IB ïw×KiY cÖwµqv mgmvgwqK
BwZnv‡m Great Purge wKsev Great Terror bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¯—vwj‡bi wb‡`©‡k ej‡kwfKiv
‡mvwf‡qZ A_©bxwZ‡K K‡i Zzjj g‡¯‹v‡Kw›`ªK| Av‡g©bxqv n‡q DVj e„nr †mB Drcv`b cÖwµqvi
Zz”Q †RvMvb`vi| we‡kl K‡i Zvgv-i| wZwi‡ki w`‡K Av‡g©bxqvq bZzb bZzb wkíKviLvbv M‡o
DV‡Z jvMj| †hgb ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` ˆZwii wkí| G‡Z K‡i Av‡g©bxqvi cÖK…wZ-cwi‡ek n‡q
coj ûgKxi m¤§~Lxb| †mB m‡½ e¨vw³MZ eëmvq cÖwZôvb¸wj †mvwf‡qZ [ivóªxq] wbqš¿‡b
Avbv nq| †Rvic~e©K| Lvgvi¸wjI| A_v©r, K…wliI mgevwqKiYI m~wPZ n‡qwQj IB mg‡q;Ñ
Aek¨ Av‡g©bxq Lvgvwi‡ì Zxeª i³¶qx Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L| Aek¨ kw³cÖ‡qvM K‡iB †mB me
we‡¶vf-Av‡›`vjb Kiv n‡qwQj `gb| IB eQiB [UªvÝK‡Kkxq] cÖRvZš¿wU Aejyß Kiv nq|
Av‡g©bxqv cwibZ nq Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR); Avi Zv AwZ Aek¨B
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve ej‡qi wfZ‡iB | 2q gnvhy‡×i mgq mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î
wKQyUv Qvo †`q ej‡kwfKiv| †mvwf‡qZ cÖkvmb Pwi‡Î wb‡ik¦iev`x n‡jI Av‡g©bxqvi
Apostolic wM‡R©i wM‡R©wcZv‡ì Kv‡Q wM‡q ejj, ‡kvb ey‡oviv| †Zvgiv ‡Zvgv‡ì AbyMZ
wLª‡ó wek¦vmx RbMb‡K †evSvI †h ej‡kwfKiv ‡Kvb& †cÖiYvq DÏxß n‡qB Z‡e bvrwm Rvg©vbxi
wei“‡× hy× Ki‡Q!
fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K ZvwK‡q gyPwK nv‡m Iinvb cvgyK |
[The Taliban movement emerged out of the chaos and uncertainty of the Afghan-Soviet
War (1979-1989) and subsequent civil war in Afghanistan. During the 1980s
Afghanistan was occupied by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and
ruled by a Soviet-backed government. Afghanistan’s long war with the USSR was
largely fought by mujahideen (Islamic guerrilla) factions with assistance from the
United States; Pakistan also provided places of refuge, military training, and other
support.]
Avgvi R‡b¥i 1 eQi ci A_©vr 1953 mv‡j ÷vwjb g‡i †M‡jb| [g„Zz¨Kvjxb †m eb©bv
óvwjbZbqvi [Svetlana Alliluyeva:Twenty Letters To A Friend] †jLvq c‡owQ Avwg|]
÷vwj‡bi g„Zzï ci Av‡g©bxqiv RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nq| Aek¨ g~j
mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹vi Avi¤¢ n‡e AviI K‡qK `kK c‡i| ...ZLb 1980-i †k‡li w`K|
bvMi‡bv-KvivfvL wb‡q [Av‡g©bxqvi] fq¼i hy× euva‡e AvRvievBRv‡bi m‡½| RvqMvUv
AvRvievBRvb n‡jI ILvbKvi †ewkifvM AwaevmxB Av‡g©bxq| 1992 mvj| wKiwKRvb MÖvgwU
gvwUi m‡½ wg‡k hv‡e| ...Õ80 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS †mvwf‡qZ †bZv wgLvCj Mifv‡Pf †mvwf‡qZ
mgv‡R Mvmb¯— (GwU iyk kã| A_©,†Lvjv‡gjv)-Gi D‡Øvab Ki‡eb| Gi g~jK_v: weZwK©Z
welq¸wj wb‡q RbM‡bi m‡½ †LvjvLywj Av‡jvPbv| IB AvKl©bxq my‡hvMwU jy‡d †b‡e Av‡g©bxqiv
| Iiv I‡ì cÖRvZ‡š¿i [ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` ˆZwii wkí ¯’vcb †nZz] cwi‡ek `~l‡bi K_v Zzj‡e|
ZvQvov HwZnvwmKfv‡e Ôbvw·fvbÕ I Ôbv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevLÕ AÂj `ywUi wnm¨v wb‡q Av‡g©bxq
RbMb ‡Zv w¶ß wQjB| [ c~e©Zb Pzw³ Abymv‡i Ôbvw·fvbÕ I Ôbv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevLÕ AÂj `ywU
Av‡g©bxqvi m‡½ GKxf~Z nIqvi K_v wQj| Zv m‡Ë¡I †mvwf‡qZ KZ…©c¶ AÂj `ywU
AvRvievB‡Rbxq `L‡j ivLvi c‡¶ gZ †`q|] 1988 mvj| †deªƒqvwi| bv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevL Bmy¨
wb‡q [Kg K‡i n‡jI 10 j¶ gvbyl] B‡q‡ifvb-Gi [Av‡g©bxqvi ivRavbx] ivRc‡_ †b‡g Avm‡e
| bv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevL RvqMvUv AvRvievBRv‡b n‡jI ILvbKvi †ewkifvM AwaevmxB Av‡g©bxq|
ILv‡b, bv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevL-G [Av‡g©bxqiv] wew”QbœZvev`x Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡i †`‡e| Õ88 mvj|
wW‡m¤î gvm| fqven GK f~wgK‡¤ú †Ku‡c DV‡e Av‡g©bxqv| g„Z: 25, 000| M„nnxb: 4 j¶ |
miKvwi [†mvwf‡qZ] Îvb k_ I `~‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wkw_j| bv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevL hy‡×i Rb¨
AvRvievBRvb A_‰bwZK Ae‡iva Av‡ivc Ki‡e| Kv‡RB, mgqg‡Zv Av‡g©bxqvq R¡vjvwb †cuŠQ‡Z
cvi‡e bv | hy‡×i Kvi‡Y aŸsmcÖvß KvVv‡gvi ms¯‹viI n‡Z cvi‡e bv| 1989 mv‡ji †klw`‡K
Av‡g©bxq mywcÖg †mvwf‡qZ †jwRm‡jPvi Ôbv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevLÕ †K Av‡g©bxqvi e‡j `vex Ki‡e|
A_P, †mvwf‡qZ A_wiwU †m `vex mg_©b bv-K‡i eis Zv AmvsweavwbK e‡j gZ †`‡e| 1991
mvj| †m‡Þ¤î gvm| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q †h‡Z Av‡g©bxqevmx D‡ËwRZ n‡q
DV‡Z _vK‡e | G wel‡q [†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q †h‡Z] Mb†fvUI AbywôZ n‡e|
Av‡g©bxq mywcÖg †mvwf‡qZ †jwRm‡jPvi Av‡g©bxqvi ¯^vaxbZv †Nvlbv Ki‡e| c‡ii gv‡m
[A‡±vei] c¨vb-Av‡g©bxqvb b¨vkbvj gyf‡g‡›Ui (wc Gb Gg) RbwcÖq †bZv †jfb †Zi
†cU‡ivwmqv ¯^vaxb Av‡g©bxqvi cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| Bwb Av‡g©bxq mywcÖg †mvwf‡qZ-
Gi cÖv³b †Pqvig¨vbI wQ‡jb |
wW‡m¤î gv‡m Aejyß n‡q hv‡e BDGmGmAvi |
fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K †P‡q nZevK n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K Iinvb cvgyK|
wØZxq ce©; †evwajvf
mvay gvkUUm& ej‡jb ...

Everything on our tormented earth that is alive and breathes, that blossoms and
bears fruit, lives only by virtue of and in the name of Reason and Good.
Svetlana Alliluyeva.
fvwi Ab¨gb¯‹ n‡qwQj cvgyK| iv¯—vi Rj dzUcvZ QuyB QuyB| ZLb †_‡K GKUv bxj U‡qvUv iv¯—
vi cvwb‡Z AvU‡K Av‡Q| BwÄ‡b cvwb Xy‡K‡Q| KÕRb †jvK †Vj‡Q| GKUv njy` ¯‹zjevm QoQo
k‡ã cvwb Qwo‡q P‡j hvq| Iw`‡K GKUv †cUªj cv¤ú| njy` ¯‹zjevmUv IB †cUªj cv‡¤úi
w`‡KB hv‡”Q| iv¯—vi av‡i welbœ g¨vcj MvQ| Icv‡k GKUv K‡eKvi cyi‡bv GKjv GKUv ev`vg
MvQ| gwjb| iv¯—vq nB nB| KÕRb †jvK BwÄ‡b cvwb Xy‡K hvIqv GKUv bxj U‡qvUv †Vj‡Q|
nBnB †mw`K †_‡KB| cvgyK cv evovq| †cUªj cv‡¤úi cv‡kB GKUv M¨vivR| GKUv †mjyb|
Zvi cv‡k Avivg-fvbœv‡ì ‡mB Kwdkc| †mfvb| fvbœv‡K †ij‡ók‡bi mvg‡b nvwi‡q †djjvg|
Avivg wK GLbI wfZ‡i Av‡Q? Kx Ki‡Q I? fv‡e ‡eu‡P i‡q‡Q I? Icv‡k GKUv Av‡g©bxq
wMR©v| cv‡k GKUv Mwj| i“Bqv e‡jwQj, I‡ì evwo wM‡R©i Mwj‡Z| cvgyK weiwei K‡i e‡j:
GB mskqx AvR fv‡jvevmvi Rb¨ bZRvby A`„‡kï cv‡q| †`Lv `vI| †`Lv `vI| cig gb GB
mxgve× g‡bi wKbvivq G‡m †Zv‡j †XD, †Zv‡j SsKvi| el©vwZi Ici e„wói wSiwSi kã| cv‡q
cv‡q Mwji gy‡L G‡m ùvovj cvgyK| Ii ey‡Ki wfZiUv Kx iKg k~b¨ n‡q Av‡Q| I Av‡gwiKv
P‡j hv‡e| MbZvwš¿K ¯^íembv‡ì †`‡k; †h‡nZz GUv wQj A‡Uvgvb cyi“l‡ì †`k ...GUv wQj
Kv‡dm-LuvPvi †`k ...GB nZvkv| i“Bqv e‡jwQj ¸jnv‡b cv‡K©i mvg‡b G‡m A‡c¶v Ki‡e|
bv I Av‡mwb| I MbZvwš¿K ¯^íembv‡ì †`‡k P‡j hv‡e| Zvn‡j Avwg wK Kwi? e„wó c‡oB
P‡j‡Q| Avwg Zvn‡j Kx Kie? I‡K wb‡q gvi Kv‡Q hvIqv wVK nqwb| A_P I †mw`b AZ
Drmvn †`Lvj| ‡mw`b Lye K‡i mvRj i“Bqv| dzj wKbj| †KK wKbj gvi Rb¨| GLb? GLb I
wbN©vr Av‡gwiKv P‡j hv‡e| I‡K a‡i ivLvi †KŠkj-dw›` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| ...Avwg GZ wegl©
...Avi I A‡bK A‡jv Pvq ... D¾¡jZv Pvq| Avwg Ggb KvZi| bvf©vm| mviv¶Y gb Lvivc
K‡i _vwK| Pkgv †Pv‡L Avgvq BwWq‡Ui gZ jv‡M| Avgvi nv‡Zi Zvjy memgq †N‡g _v‡K|
Avwg Ggb bvf©vm| A‡íB KvZi n‡q DwV ...i“Bqv‡K wb‡q GKw`b †Mjvg gv‡qi mvg‡b| i“Bqv
Aw¯’i n‡q D‡VwQj gv‡K †`Lvi Rb¨| Avi GLb? iyBqvi GK KxiKg fvB m`¨ Av‡gwiKv †_‡K
G‡m‡Q| Lye Lye g` Avi bvwK weqvi Lvq| †Rv‡i †Rv‡i Mvb †Q‡o bv‡P| js WªvB‡fI hvq I‡K
wb‡q| B¯—vbey‡ji cwð‡g †h mß ¯—‡¤¢i `~‡M© i‡q‡QÑ†mLv‡b| cvgyK Rv‡b IB B‡qw`Kz‡j
myijvwi `~‡M© evB‡RbUvB I A‡Uvgvb ¯’vcZ¨ wg‡k‡Q| Gme K_v I AvRKvj Aí Aí ej‡Z ïi“
K‡i‡Q| ‡Q‡jwUi bvg nvq`vi| Av‡gwiKvq co‡Q| K‡b©j wek¦we`¨vj‡q| Avbv‡Zvwjqvii
DËicwðg PgrKvi meerschaum bv‡g GK ai‡bi Kv`v-LwbR cvIqv hvq ;ILv‡bB Ii evevi
†Uve¨v‡K cvB‡ci eëmv| eyimvq|
eyimvq?
nu¨v, eyimvq|
cvgyK ejj, Rv‡bv i“Bqv, A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï cÖwZôvZv Imgv‡bi †Q‡j Iinvb 1326 mv‡j
myjZvb n‡jb I eyimv Rq Ki‡jb| eyimvB wQj A‡Uvgvb‡ì ivRavbx|
i“Bqv K_v¸wj †kv‡b bv| I nvq`v‡ii K_v e‡j| Z‡e meUv bv| Aí Aí| cvgyK Rv‡b
Gfv‡eB ïi“ Ki‡Z nq|
wimvjZ! me wgwj‡q GK beZi wLªóvb ag©c×wZ M‡o D‡VwQj Av‡g©wbqvq hv Apostolic
Church bv‡g cwiwPZ| wLª÷vb a‡g©i cyi‡bv PvP©¸wji Ab¨Zg n‡jv Av‡g©wbq PvP©| †mB me
PvP© M‡o D‡VwQj Apostolic Age G| Apostolic Age gv‡bÑ early period in the Christian
church dominated by those personally known to Jesus Christ or his apostles.hÏyi Rvbv
hvq, IB apostolic hy‡MB †m›U †MMÖwi `¨ Bjywg‡bUi Av‡g©bxqvq wLª÷ag© cÖPvi K‡ib| mvay
Mashtots -Gi giwg KweZv cÖv_©bv MxwZ hy‡Mi ci hyM Av‡g©bxq †K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| 5g kZ‡K
ag©msMxZ¸wj iPbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb wM‡R©i mvayMb| GB Mvb¸‡jv †Kvivm A_ev GKKfv‡e MvIqv
nZ| mvavibZ MvBZ cyi“‡liv| HK¨Zv‡b MvBZ| Mv‡bi Ici cÖwZ‡ewk iv‡R¨ RwR©qvi
msMxZixwZi cÖfve wQj| Gi ci mvay Mashtots (also called Mesrop or Mesrob) Av‡g©wbq
fvlvq evB‡ej Abyev‡` nvZ w`‡jb| [AvR †_‡K †lvj‡kv eQi Av‡M mvay gvkUUm& Av‡g©wbqvq
†h gVwU‡Z evm Ki‡Zb †mB gVwUi wewkwó Aven wQj †m‡gwUK; Ggb ejvi KvibÑ cÖf~ whï
[†m‡gwUK] Avivwgq fvlvq K_v ej‡Zb| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi [cvwj]i gZb Avivwgq fvlvwUI wQj
f~ga¨ mvM‡ii [c~e© ] cv‡oi mvaviY gvby‡li fvlv, cÖvK…ZR‡bi fvlv| ey×I †hgb Dc‡`k
w`‡Zb mvaviY cvwj fvlvq| gVevmx mvay gvkUUm&-Gi Av‡g©wbq gvZ…fvlvwU Avh© fvlv‡Mvôxi
A_P Zuvi ag©Rxe‡bi fvlvwU †m‡gwUK| Avh©-‡m‡gwU‡Ki GB Aci“c mw¤§jb Iinvb cvgyK
bv‡g ¯—vbey‡ji GK ¯úk©KvZi Kwe‡K wknwiZ K‡i| RMrmsmv‡i Kweiv GB iKg AmvaviY me
mv`„k¨-wgj Avwe¯‹vi K‡iB Z‡e cigvb›` jvf K‡i †eu‡P _v‡Kb| RMrm„wógyn~‡Z© Ck¦iI †ZgbB
†f‡ewQ‡jb nq‡Zv, †h Zvi m„ó weKwkZ ˆPZb¨ b¶Îcy‡Äi cv‡b †P‡q ¶‡Y ¶‡Y wkD‡i DV‡e,
Avi Ck¦i ZLb wgUwgU K‡i nvm‡eb| A_P ...A_P, gvbe‰PZb¨ Zvi weKvk-avivq n‡q DVj
gvsmvkx, n‡q DVj [AZ¨waK] A_©-Kvg gMœ | wPb¥q Áv‡b gvbe‰PZb¨ Avi Zxeª Avb›` cvq bv!
hviv cvq, Zviv †KvYVvmv,†hgb Kweiv ...†h Kvi‡Y RMr Zvi wbw`©ó cigvq~i Av‡MB aŸsm n‡q
hv‡”Q! Ck¦‡ii GZ eo fyj n‡q ‡Mj! ...] Av‡g©wbqvi BwZnvm †hgb Apostolic wM‡R©i BwZnvm-
‡Zgwb wM‡R©i wcZv‡ì g‡a¨ gZwe‡iv‡ai BwZnvmI e‡U| cvgyK gyPwK nv‡m| wM‡R©i
wcZv‡ì g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai welqwU wQj: wLª‡÷i ˆØZmË¡v; cvgy‡Ki wcÖq wel‡qi GKwUÑ
wLª÷vba‡g©i D™¢e I weKvk| [Eutyches (circa 378-c. 454), Byzantine monk, who was a
proponent of Monophysitism, the teaching that Christ has only a single, divine nature
and does not possess a human nature. He gave his name to the most influential heresy
in church history, Eutychianism. Monophysitism, Christian schismatic sect of the 5th
and 6th centuries that maintained that Christ had only one (divine) nature, thereby
opposing the orthodox doctrine that he was both divine and human. The Monophysites
were mainly confined to the Eastern church and gained little strength in the West. At
the directive of Pope Leo I, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 attempted to steer a
middle course between the orthodox and Monophysite views.] Av‡g©wbq wLª÷vbiv KvDwÝj
Af Pvj‡m`b-Gi wmØvš— A¯^xKvi Kij| Kv‡RB, c„_K MxR©v ¯’vwcZ n‡jv Av‡g©wbqvq| GB
wMR©v‡K ejv n‡jv: Ô†MÖMwiqvb PvP©Õ| Aek¨ 1439 mv‡j †ivgvb K¨v_wjK‡ì m‡½ K‡qKRb
Av‡g©wbq ag©‡bZvi g‰ZK¨ ¯’vwcZ n‡jv| c‡i Aek¨ Avevi we‡iva euvaj| GK`j Av‡g©wbq
K¨v_wjK †cv‡ci †kªôZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kij| 1742 mv‡j wmwmwjqvi [Zzi‡¯‹i] †jevb‡b cÖwZwôZ
n‡qwQj K¨v_wjK Av‡g©wbq wMR©v| Zvi KZ…©Z¡I ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡jv| GB K¨v_wjKcwš’iv Aek¨
Dcvmbvi †¶‡Î Av‡g©wbq cÖ_vB gvbZ| evèvwKiv mevB e„nr Av‡g©wbq Pv‡P©i Ask| Av‡g©wbqvi
ivRavbx B‡ifvb-Gi Kv‡Q Echmiadzin †Z GKwU gV Av‡Q, †mLv‡bB Av‡g©wbq cÖavb hvRK
bI? Avwg Abš—Kvj Ii cv‡k e‡m _vK‡Z PvB, Ii gy‡Li w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vK‡Z PvB -I Pvq bv|
†Kb?
bv bB, Avwg AwZ mvaviY| Avwg wi¯‹ wb‡Z Rvwbbv| e‡j i“Bqv nv‡m|
Zv n‡j †Kb MZ GwcÖj gv‡m wf‡oi ev‡m Ggb fv‡e ùvov‡j Avgvi gyL †Zvgvi ey‡Ki Kv‡Q
†j‡M _v‡K Avgvi Avwg ¯úk©-Dòv cvB| D‡ËwRZ n‡q DwV|
cvgyK †KvbIg‡b ej‡Z cvij, wVK Av‡Q, wVK Av‡Q, Gevi Avgv‡K ïf Rb¥w`b ej| AvR
Ry‡bi 7 ZvwiL|
i“Bqv ejj, Rvwb| ïf Rb¥w`b †dwiZ| Avi GB bvI|
Kx!
`ª“Z c‡KU †_‡K GKUv njy` i‡Oi c¨v‡KU evi K‡i cvgy‡K nv‡Z awi‡q w`j i“Bqv | Kvwb©‡mi
Zjvq Aímí e„wói QuvU AvmwQj | Kuvcv Kuvcv nv‡Z IVv wbj cvgyK; nZf¤¢| Kx GUv?
i“Bqv g‡b nq nvmj| gy‡Li isUv wK mvgvb¨ e`‡j †Mj Ii? wibwi‡b K‡Ú ejj, wPwV Avi
KweZv| g‡b †bB Avgv‡K wj‡L w`‡qwQ‡j? Avwg PvB bv Gme GLb nvq`v‡ii nv‡Z co–K|
ÔGmeÕ kãUvq Avg~j †Ku‡c DVj cvgyK|
i“Bqv AviI ejj, cywo‡q †dwjwb e‡j Avgvi cÖwZ K…ZÁ _vK‡Z cvi †dwiZ|
Kx GK `y‡Á©q Kvi‡Y Hegel -Gi The Philosophy of Mind eBUvi cÖviw¤¢K evK¨wU g‡b c‡o
†Mj cvgy‡KiÑ ‘The knowledge of Mind is the highest and hardest, just because it is the
most `concrete’ of sciences.’ gvbyl †Kb RwUj gb enb K‡i? †Kb Avgvi †jLv wPwV, KweZv
i“Bqvi Kv‡Q n‡q hvq-ÔGmeÕ?
GLb Avwg hvB| evev‡K wb‡q GKevi DmKz`vi nvmcvZv‡j hve | nvq`vi Mvwo wb‡q Avm‡Q|
evB|
e‡j Ny‡i ùvovj i“Bqv| dzUcv‡Z Aweivg e„wó| i“Bqv wg‡k ‡h‡Z _v‡K Aweivg e„wói wfZi|
Ii mv`v i‡Oi el©vwZUv a~mi e„wów`‡bi g‡a¨ wgwj‡q hvq| cvgyK wVK †`‡L bv| iv¯—vq Av‡jvi
Sjmvwb, AvKvkZ‡j eRªcv‡Zi fivU kã| Ii nv‡Z AvswkK †fRv †mB njy` i‡Oi LvgwU| Ii
nvZUv KuvcwQj| Ii wbtk¦vm AvU‡K hvw”Qj| wKš‘ bv, I i“Bqv †h w`‡K †M‡Q †mw`‡K †`Š‡o
†Mj bv| †Kbbv, Lye Kv‡Q wPrKvi K‡i DV‡jb ‡n‡Mj: Freedom is all. i“Bqv Zzwg P‡j hvI,
Avwg evav †è bv| fv‡jvevmvI GK ai‡bi k„•Lj| Avwg i“Bqv‡K †e‡a ivLe bv| Avwg
A‡Uvgvb hyeivR bB, Avwg Kwe; II Ii Av¸‡bi cvLv †gjyK AvR GB e„wói w`‡b| I P‡j hvK
MbZvwš¿K gvwK©b †`‡k, ‡hLv‡b †g‡q‡ì ¯^íembv nIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| Ii c~e©bvixiv
Avbv‡Zvwjqvi A‡Uvgvb‡ì †K‡dm-LuvPvq ew›` wQj| wcÖ‡Ým w_I‡Wviv‡K myjZvb Iinvb
†Rvic~e©K weevn K‡iwQj 1322 mv‡j| Avwg Iinvb cvgyK, Avwg Kwe| Avwg bvix I cvwL‡ì
¯^vaxbZvq wek¦vm Kwi| nu¨v, I, i“Bqv P‡j hvK ¯^íembv‡ì MbZš¿x †`‡k| ...GBme †f‡e
Mfxi gvqvekZ njy` i‡Oi LvgUv c¨v‡›Ui c‡K‡U ivLj †m| Gme wPwV, KweZv ÔGmeÕ bq
i“Bqv, Gme Avgvi Rxeb| K_vUv †f‡e Kvwb©‡mi Zjv †_‡K dzUcv‡Zi e„wói wfZi ‡b‡g G‡jv|
NvgwQj| ... eis AvwgB Avg„Zz¨ i³v³ ne, e¨vcK wkíPP©vq gMœ ne| Freedom is
all.Avcbg‡b weoweo K‡i cvgyK, †Zvgvi Rb¨ GKUv KweZv wj‡LwQ Avwg i“Bqv, †kvb, Avwg
†Zvgv‡K wb‡q hve GB DmKy`vi †_‡K wKQy `~‡i GKwU AiY¨gq cvnvo i‡q‡Q, ‡mLv‡b, ‡mB
AiY¨gq cvnvowUi bvg: weDqyK KvgwjKv| †mB cvnv‡oi bvB‡U‡½j cvwLiv Mvb Mvq |
‡h Mvb ï‡bI mgvwnZ ey‡×i a¨vb fv‡½ bv| mnmv wecyj Nvg‡mªv‡Z wf‡R hvq cvgyK |
Av‡kcv‡ki `„k¨vejx AÜKvi †V‡K| e„wói kãI gy‡Q hvq †hb, gy‡Q hvq e„wói Abyf~wZ, †mB
m‡½ Am¤¢e fvix g‡b nq wb‡R‡K| G Kx! Avwg gvwU‡Z †Mu‡_ hvw”Q †Kb? I fqvbK AvZw¼Z
n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| e„wó I Acivci `„k¨vejx µ‡gB gy‡Q Zvi e`‡j †cvov †cvov MÜ cvq|
wb‡R‡K g‡b nq QvB, g‡b nq cy‡o hvIqv GK gy‡Vv QvB | g‡b nq cwiZ¨³| cwiZ¨³ I
g„Z, g„Z I k~b¨, k~b¨ I Zvgvw`| Zvgvw` I k~b¨ cwiZ¨³ ... †Pv‡Lgy‡L jy nvIqvi SvcUv jv‡M
Ii| Avwg †Kv_vq? GZ Av‡jv †Kb? e„wó I †gNjv AÜKvi †Kv_vq? Zvi e`‡j GwcÖj gv‡mi
Zxeª †iŠ`ª jv‡M †Pv‡Lgy‡L| Zxeª I LUL‡U †iŠ`ª| GKUv †ijjvBb| Rbk~b¨ c¨vUdg©| c¨vUd‡g©i
†kl gv_vq GKUv Kv‡Vi Ici †jLv: fvb cÖ‡`k| ZLbB wkïi Kvbœv ï‡b mPwKZ n‡q I‡V
†m| ‡K Kuv`‡Q? I Ny‡i ùvovq| Kv‡QB GKUv gvV, KuvUvZv‡ii †eovi Icv‡k, gv‡V A‡bK¸wj
gvbyl, KZ¸wj ˆmb¨, Kviv †hb MZ© Luy‡o‡Q, GKUv eo MZ©, M‡Z©i wKbv‡i gvwU ... ˆmb¨¸wj
M‡Z©i wKbv‡i weªP †jvwWs ivB‡dj nv‡Z ùvwo‡q ... M‡Z©i cv‡k bvbv e‡qwm K¬vš—
bvixcyi“lwkïe„×e„×vevjKevwjKvZi“bZi“Yx ...Av‡g©wbq? GUv fvb cÖ‡`k| GKRb ˆmb¨ †U‡b
wnuP‡o I‡KI I‡ì cv‡k wb‡q wM‡q ùvo Kivj ... cvgyK M‡Z©i wKbvivq ùvovj ... Ii wVK
cv‡k GKRb e„×, e„‡×i †Kv‡j `yeQ‡ii wkï, _i_i K‡i Kuvc‡Q e„×, ZzwK© ˆmbïv ivB‡dj
Zz‡j‡Q, G¶zwb ¸wj Ki‡e ...Ii Kcv‡ji KvQUv wkiwki K‡i, ¸wjUv wVK ILv‡bB jvMj, I
GKB m‡½ e¨_v I we‡õvib †Ui cvq, I b‡o I‡V, U‡j D‡V, c‡o hvq, c‡o hvq M‡Z©i wfZ‡i
... Av‡M †_‡K MZ©wU‡Z A‡bK¸wj g„Z‡`n c‡o wQj, Zvi Ici Ii hš¿Yvwe× †`nwU coj|
_u¨vZjv‡bv K‡ivwU †_‡K †ewi‡q hv‡”Q gMR I ¶xb i³‡mªvZ ... Zey ‡m M‡Z©i Pvicv‡k ZvKvq,
M‡Z©i wfZ‡i MwjZ jv‡mi cPv `~M©Ü, m`¨ g„Z‡ì ke, †mB wkï I e„‡×i, wkï‡ì KZ¸wj
fv½v K‡ivwU, GKwU wcó I †_Z‡j-hvIqv †PvL; i“‡cvi GKwU †Pb-Zv‡Z i³gvLv whï| GKwU
†QvU K‡o AvOyj ...KvUv ...wkïi| wkï‡ì RyZv; RyZv¸wj i‡³ †fRv, i‡³ †fRv Rvgv| I
†PvL †ev‡R, †mLv‡bI AÜKvi †bB, eis a~mi Av‡jvq †`‡L †h M‡Z©i GKcv‡k GKwU myo½
...I eûK‡ó nvgv¸wo w`‡q jv‡ki Ici w`‡q, fv½v K‡ivwUi Ici w`‡q †mw`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K,
myo½gy‡L DwuK †`q| Avn&, Av‡jv, A‡bK Av‡jv, A‡bK cweÎ i“cvwj Av‡jv; GKUv meyR gvV |
‡mB gv‡Vi Ici mvwie× fv‡e A‡Uvgvb ˆmb¨‡ì ¸wj‡Z m`¨ g„Z
bvixcyi“lwkïe„×e„×vevjKevwjKvZi“bZi“Yx ùvwo‡q| Giv mevB GLb Ck¦i‡ekx whïi mvg‡b
G‡m ùvwo‡q‡Q| gv‡Vi cv‡ki meyRvf e„¶vw`‡Z cwic~b© GKwU k¨vgj cvnvo, cvnv‡o cv`‡`‡k
wdwjw¯—‡bi †mB †glcvjK| whï? bvwK whï ‡e‡k Ck¦i| Ck¦‡ii cv‡k mvay Mashtots ùvwo‡q|
Ck¦i mvay Mashtots -Gi w`‡K ZvKv‡jb| mvay Mashtots gv_v bvo‡jb| Zvici Mvb MvB‡Z
jvM‡jb| hvR‡Ki Uzwci Dc‡i cvqivq weóv S‡i; GB `„k¨ wKQy‡ZB wem`„k bq| ‡Kbbv,
wPivqZ GK `„k mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i ‡i‡L‡Q| cvqiviv †mB i“cK_v Rv‡b| ZvB Zviv
G‡m‡Q AvR| m~h©v‡jv‡K I‡ì Wvbv Sj‡m hv‡e bv| Avnv, I‡ì `vbvcvwb `vI †L‡Z, Avnv,
I‡ì `vbvcvwb `vI †L‡Z| Mvb †kl n‡j g„‡Ziv me bxj †ejy‡b cwibZ n‡q k~‡b¨ †f‡m DVj|
Zvici nvIqvq fvm‡Z fvm‡Z hxï‡ewk Ck¦‡ii w`‡K bxj eyèy‡ì gZb wgwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K|
Awff~Z n‡q cvgyK †m `„k¨ †`‡L| Avi Ki“bvgq Ck¦i
bvixcyi“lwkïe„×e„×vevjKevwjKvZi“bZi“Yxi ¯ú‡k© kxl©myL jvf Ki‡Z Ki‡Z e‡j I‡VbÑ GB
wgjb-my‡Li wbwgË AvwgB RM‡Z Mfxi `ytL I Acwi‡gq i³‡mªv‡ZiI KZ©v ... cvgyK wkD‡i
D‡V fvej: Avgvi G `„k¨ †`Lv wVK bq| Avgvi bvg Iinvb, kix‡ii Imgv‡bi i³| †m gyL
wdwi‡q †bq| fxlb k¦vmKó nw”Qj Zvi ... Avwg Kx †`Ljvg! Avwg †Kb †`Ljvg?
mvay gvkUUm& KLb M‡Z© †b‡g G‡m‡Qb| ej‡jb, KviY Zzwg wjLev evQv|
cvgyK Pg‡K I‡V| Avgv‡K ...Avgv‡K wjL‡Z n‡e? cvgy‡Ki K_v AvU‡K hvq| fxlb k¦vmKó
nw”Qj Zvi|
mvay gvkUUm& gv_v †b‡o ej‡jb-nu¨v evQv| mevB †Zv Nygvqv Av‡Q, ZzwgB mZ¨wg_¨v hvB nDK
GKUv wKQy wjB‡Lv| Zzwg GLb †jLv wb‡qB euvPev evev? ZvB Ck¦i †K eywS‡q-mywR‡q †Zvgvi
Rxeb †_‡K i“Bqv‡K miv‡q w`jvg| KviI KviI mywL nB‡Z bvB evQv| Zzwg Kwe evev| Avjvn&
†Zvgv‡K g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Qb, Zzwg g„Z‡ì wbqv wjLev| gvIjvbv i“wgiI †Zgwb B”Qv|
Avn&| Avgvi gv_vi `ycvk †Kgb `c`c Ki‡Q; g‡b nq wkiv wQu‡o hv‡e| ey‡Ki wfZi Kx iKg
Ki‡Q| Avgv‡K g‡bvbxZ Kiv n‡q‡Q? A_P GLb 1976|
Avgvi m‡½ AvBm| mvay gvkUUm& ej‡jb|
‡Kv_vq?
Avnv, Avm bv| mvay gvkUUm& Gi K‡Ú D®§v|
Zvici Avwg †`LjvgÑAvgv‡K GKUv †Uwe‡ji Ici †kvIqv‡bv n‡q‡Q, K¶Uv †KvbI Av‡g©wbq
g‡Vi K¶ e‡j g‡b n‡jv, A‡bK DPuy‡Z iOxb Kv‡Pi Rvbvjv, Kv‡jv Kv‡jv KeyZ‡ii ¸g¸g
AvIqvR, GKw`‡Ki †Ìqv‡j Av‡g©wbq fvlvq †jLvÑ GK wPivqZ `„k¨ mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj
K‡i †i‡L‡Q| ‡Uwej wN‡i Av‡g©wbq g‡Vi mvayMb I ‡Kvwbqvi i“wgi gvRv‡ii N~b©vqgvb
ì‡ekMb; GKRb e„× mvayi nv‡Z GKwU AbwZ`xN© i“cwj `Û, IUv evievi Avgvi Kj‡e
†XvKv‡bv n‡e? Avgvi ü`qUv ay‡qgy‡Q mvd K‡i w`‡e? ‡Uwe‡ji cv‡k gvIjvbv i“wg ùvwo‡q,
Zuvi cv‡k mvay gvkUUm& | i“wg M¤¢xi K‡Ú ej‡Qb, g‡b ivLwe †dwiZ, hviv MbnZ¨v K‡i Zviv
b„Zï gg© †ev‡S bv, Zviv Avjvq wek¦vm K‡i bv | mvay gvkUUm& gv_v bvo‡jb| g„`y †n‡m
ej‡jb, †Zvi m‡½ AvR wK¬Ii †`Lv n‡e evQv| KwÏb a‡i †g‡qUv‡K LuyRwQm| Avwg Pg‡K DwV|
‡mB e„× mvayi †mB AbwZ`xN© i“‡cvjx `ÛUv wb‡q Avgvi ey‡Ki Ici Suy‡K co‡jb| Avwg GLb
e¨_v cve| Avwg ï× ne| Guiv Avgvq ï× K‡i w`‡”Qb; wbwj©ß K‡i w`‡”Qb| Guiv Avgvi Rxeb
†_‡K i“Bqv‡K mwi‡q w`‡”Q| Zv n‡j Avgvi Rb¥B n‡qwQj cigg‡bi Bw½‡Z| Zvici Avwg eo
n‡Z n‡Z wKQy `„k¨ †ewk †`wL ¯^‡M©i Bkvivq, hv ¯úóZB wKQy myLkvwš— †K‡o †bq? ... mvaymš—
mn Av‡g©wbq g‡Vi K¶wU gy‡Q hvq| Avwg wb‡R‡K jvk fiwZ M‡Z©i wfZ‡i Avwe¯‹vi Kwi|
AviI KwU jvk coj M‡Z©i wfZ‡i| `yRb awl©Zv bvb I GKRb wbh©vwZZ e„× ag©RvRK| GKwU
wkïI i‡q‡Q| Z‡e wkïwU ZLbI g„Z bq| Aí Aí bowQj| A‡Uvgvb ‰mbïv Zij R¡vjvbx
†X‡j w`‡”Q M‡Z©| †mB Zij R¡vjvbx wkï Dci S‡i S‡i c‡o| cvgyK wkD‡o I‡V| ‡K‡ivwm‡bi
MÜ cvq| nvgv¸uwo w`‡q m‡i †h‡Z _v‡K I, †KvbIg‡Z D‡V ùvovq ... Zvici eûK‡ó
g„Zz¨K~c †_‡K Bu`y‡ii g‡Zv D‡V Avm‡Z cv‡i| ZLbI e„wó S‡i hvw”Qj| dzUcv‡Zi cv‡k
†mjybUv a~mi n‡q i‡q‡Q| cvgy‡Ki kixi KuvcwQj| gg©vwš—K `„k¨¸wj †fvjvi Rb¨ ‡m cÖvYcb
i“Bqvi gyLwU ¯§iY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e ¯^M© I g‡Z©ï jovB P‡j ¶vwYK¶Y| jovB P‡j cÖvY
I R‡oi| †fvM I wbwj©ßZvi| Pvicv‡k AÜKvi| wSiwSi e„wói kã| AÜKvi kn‡i Av‡jvi I
‡gNjv AvKv‡k e‡Rªi M¤¢xi wbbv`| cvgyK kix‡i fvb cÖ‡`‡ki Kv`vgvwU, †mme GLb B¯—
vbey‡ji e„wóR‡j ay‡q hvq| Zvi fqvbK K¬vš— jv‡M, †m nuvU‡Z _v‡K| Avgv‡K Aviv‡gi K_v
wjL‡Z n‡e| mvay gvkUUm& ‡ZgbB ej‡jb ...Avi gvIjvbv i“wg| e„wó‡fRv GKUv cyi‡bv kn‡ii
dzUcv‡Zi Ici nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z GB fvebv †c‡q e‡m Zv‡K| Avivg †eu‡P Av‡Q; Avivg †eu‡P †bB
...I Ii AZxZ BwZe„Ë ïb‡Z Pvq bv| ZLb †mfvb Kwdkc †_‡K †ei“‡bvi Av‡M Avivg
Nb¯^‡i ejj, Avgvi m¤^‡Ü Avi wKQy ejyb|
Kx eje?
Avgvi fwel¨Z|
AZxZ?
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Av¸b|
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cvgyK Pg‡K I‡V|
wK¬I wKsev fvbœvi Mí
As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in
the darkness of mere being.
Carl Gustav Jung
eo iv¯—vq GKUv Kv‡jv wjgywR¨b ... IUvi mvg‡b wcQ‡b `y‡Uv `y‡U K‡i †gvU Pvi‡U fvix
‡gvUievBK;...cywj‡ki | wjgywR¨‡bi wfZ‡i g‡b n‡”Q †KvbI ¸i“Z¡c~b© e¨vw³? Mvd‡Kvm
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... mvBcÖvm ...mvBcÖv‡m 40% Rwg ZzwK© ˆmbïv `Lj K‡i †i‡L‡Q| ILv‡b wMÖK wmwcÖqU Avi
ZzwK© wmwcÖqU‡ì g‡a¨ Pj‡Q fqven msNvZ| GUv Õ76 mvj...Õ74 Gi 15 RyjvB mvBcÖvm wb‡q
D‡ØM Nbxf~Z n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K ... gvKvwiqm wMÖ‡mi m‡½ GKxf~Z n‡Z Awb”QyK wQ‡jb...GKUv
wMÖK mgw_©Z mvgwiK Af~¨Ìvb gvKvwiqm‡K DrLvZ K‡i ...Zuv‡K wbe©vwmZ K‡i| mywcÖqU
b¨vkbvj MvW©iv wMÖ‡mi mvgwiK Rvš—v‡K mg_©b †`q| gvKvwiqm G‡ì cQ›` KiZ bv| mvgwiK
Rvš—v wbKm m¨v¤úmb bv‡g GK msev`c‡Îi cÖKvkK‡K †cÖwm‡W›U K‡ib| Zzi¯‹ K‡qK nvRvi
ˆmb¨wb‡q ØxcwU †Z AbycÖ‡el K‡i| m¨v¤úmb miKv‡ii cZb nq| c`Z¨vM K‡i 23 RyjvB|
A¯’vqx †bZv n‡jb Mvd‡Kvm †K¬wi‡`m ; GKB w`‡b wMÖ‡mi mvgwiK miKvi cZb nq| Zzi‡¯‹i
Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgicb K‡i| cvgyK gw¯—‡¯‹i wfZ‡i GwRqvb mgy‡`ªi D_vjcv_vj †XD †Ui cvq| †m
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`ª“Z cv‡q Mwji gy‡L G‡Mv‡Z _v‡K| MwjUv G gyn~‡Z© wbR©b; GKUz c‡iB euv w`‡K euvK wb‡q‡Q|
`yÕcv‡k a~mi †Ìqvj| GK cv‡k XvKv- b`©gv| ‡Ìqv‡ji Icv‡k mvi mvi j‡ij MvQ, j‡ij
MvQ Avi g‡U©j MvQ; `y-GKUv cyi‡bv IK MvQI †`Lv hvq| gv_v Zz‡j ùvwo‡q i‡q‡Q|
G‡jv‡g‡jv Aw¯’i evZv‡m Kuvc‡Q cvZv¸wj| mimi kã DV‡Q| Icv‡ki GKUv jvj evwo
...Kvwb©‡mi wb‡P GKUv evRcvwL e‡m wfR‡Q| cvgyK `ª“Z MwjUvi AviI wfZi GwM‡q †h‡Z
_v‡K | Ii g‡b n‡jv ZzwK© ˆmbïv Ii wcQy wb‡q‡Q| G¶zwb Mwji gy‡L RjcvB i‡Oi wRc G‡m
_vg‡e| ˆmb¨‡ì nv‡Z _vK‡e Rvg©vb gvDRvi| jvDW ¯úxKv‡i ej‡eÑ wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`?
wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`?
wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? cvgy‡Ki wbtk¦vm eÜ n‡q Avm‡Z Pvq| I cÖvq †`Šov‡Z ïi“ K‡i| eyKUv
fxlb Kuvc‡Q| Iiv wK Avgv‡K PKKi GKRb fvej? After the collapse of the Ottoman
Empire following World War I (1914-1918), the Kurds were promised the creation of
an independent state as part of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920); this part of the treaty was
never ratified, however. The Treaty of Lausanne (1923), which superseded the Treaty
of Sèvres, did not include provisions for an independent Kurdish state. Since that time,
the issue of Kurdish autonomy has been a source of conflict and political instability in
those countries with large Kurdish minorities...Avwg wjLe| ... Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB n‡e|
Avwg wj‡L wj‡L jovB Kie| †n gnvb _v‡jm| ‡n †cÖwiZ bvix, Avmcvwmqv| Avgvi hy× Avi¤¢
n‡q †M‡Q| Giv Avgvi †jLv Qvc‡Q bv, mv‡o wZb eQi a‡i AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| Zey Avwg wjLe|
GB ivóªwU ZzwK© gymwjg‡ì ... A_P GB iv‡óª Kzw`©ivI i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov AbïvI Av‡Q ...Avgv‡K
wjL‡ZB n‡e| †n Ck¦i, Avgv‡K mZ¨ K_v ejvi mvnm w`b ...Mwji gy‡L ˆmb¨ fiwZ GKwU nvd-
UªvK G‡m _vgj| A‡Uv‡gwUK KvievBb nv‡Z ˆmbïv jvwd‡q jvwd‡q bvg‡Q| jvDW ¯úxKv‡i
GKUv ivMx KÚ¯î †f‡m Av‡mÑ wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e
G‡dw›`? ...cvgy‡Ki wbtk¦vm eÜ n‡q Avm‡Z Pvq| I Gw`K-Iw`K ZvKvj| euv cv‡k GKUv
weDwU cvijvi| evwoUv †`vZjv| GK Zjvq M¨v‡iR| †`vZjvUv Kv‡P †Niv| euv cv‡k wmuwo |
†jvnvi| Iw`‡K cvgyK †`Š‡o hvq| wmuwoi gv_vq mv`v i‡Oi nvjKv cvw÷‡Ki ìRv| ìRvUvq
jvj i‡O †jLv Ñfvbœv| bvwK i‡³ †jLv? ILv‡b wK fvbœv _v‡K? cvgyK `ª“Z DV‡Z _v‡K wmuwo
†e‡q| ìRvUv wK eÜ? jvDW ¯úxKv‡i ‡f‡m Av‡mÑ wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e
G‡dw›`? wcQ‡b A‡Uvgvb ˆmb¨‡ì cv‡qi AvIqvR| Iiv G‡m †Mj| ¸wj Ki‡e wK? wcV †e‡q
†b‡g hvq Nvg‡mªvZ| mv`v i‡Oi ìRvUv †fRv‡bv| KvPv i‡³i MÜ cvq| fvbœv kãUv i‡³
wj‡L‡Q| Kvi i‡³? ‡`vZjvi mv`v i‡Oi nvjKv cvw÷‡Ki ìRv †U‡b wfZ‡i XyKj cvgyK|
ìRv eÜ Ki‡ZB ‰mb¨‡ì cv‡qi AvIqvR wgwj‡q hvq| e„wói kãI| I Pvwiw`‡K ZvKvj|
wUDe jvBU R¡‡jwQj| ‡ek e‡ovm‡iv Ni; †Ìqvj Ry‡o Kv‡Vi c¨v‡bj | Avqbv| Gwmi g„`y
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Kv‡jv cyi“ ci`v †djv| G N‡i †KD †bB| cv‡ki N‡i hvIqvi ìRv| cvgyK `ª“Z ìRvi
Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq...G NiUvI †ek eo| N‡ii wVK gvSLv‡b K‡qKUv †Pqvi| Zvi GKUvq †g‡q
e‡m Av‡Q | fvbœv? G N‡iI wUDe jvBU R¡‡j wQj| ¯^Y©‡Kwk| a~mi i‡Oi †ccjm ci‡b|
gvSvwi D”PZv| gyLUvq Nb welv`| dimv;bxjvf †PvL| eqm †ZBk-PweŸ‡ki †ewk n‡e bv|
‡Pqv‡ii cv‡k wd«wRq AÂ‡ji GKwU cÖvPxb wK_viv c‡owQj|
‡ginvev| cvgyK GK cv GwM‡q hvq|
‡g‡qwU wgwó K‡i nvmj| ejj, Bwjwqg, †Z‡mKKzi †q‡`wig| (fv‡jv, †Zvgv‡K abëv`|)
†g‡qwUi wVK Dj‡Uv w`‡K Av‡iKwU †Pqvi| cvgyK emj|
‡g‡qwU ejj, Avwg fvbœv, G‡dw›`|
cvgyK ejj, Avwg Iinvb cvgyK| bvwmjwmwbR (Zzwg †Kgb AvQ?)
Kva SuvwK‡q †n‡m fvbœv ejj, GB †Zv P‡j hv‡”Q †KvbI iK‡g G‡dw›`| Zvici †n‡m ejj,
Zzwg †mB Iinvb bq †Zv? Imgv‡b †Q‡j? whwb wQ‡jb w_I‡Wvivi ¯^vgx;?
cvgyK †n‡m ejj, g‡b Ki ZvB|
mvgwiK Awfhv‡bi ci A‡Uvgvb‡ì c`vbZ Kij ivwkqv | [Russo-Turkish Wars, series of
conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which was centered in what is now
Turkey, during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, in the course of which Russia
gained control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and extended its influence into
the Balkans.] cvimÏ Rq K‡iwQj ivwkqv ; Zvi Av‡M, A‡g©wbqvI| GB Av‡g©wbqiv wQj a‡g©i
w`K w`‡q wLª÷vb iywk‡ì m‡MvÎ| d‡j cvim¨ I A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ ‡_‡K AmsL¨ A‡g©wbq
émigrés `w¶Y K‡Kkv‡mi bvbv ¯’v‡b emevm Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i| µ‡gB, `w¶Y K‡Kkv‡mi GK
f~-ivR‰bwZK cwiPqI M‡o DVjÑ ÔRussian Armenia.Õ i“k-kvmbvax‡b Av‡g©wbqiv
fv‡jvfv‡eB †eu‡Pe‡Z© _vKj| [Aek¨ G MÖ‡n †KvbI RvwZi Kcv‡jB myLkvwš— `xN©Kvj †Rv‡U
bv!] Dwbk kZ‡Ki ‡klv‡a© i“wk KZ…©c¶ GK iywkKiY (Russification) cÖKí MÖnb Kij| IB
cÖKíwU ¯úóZB wQj `gbg~jK! Kw_Z iywkKiY cÖKíwUi j¶¨ wQj `yÕwU| GK. i“k fvlv
e¨ZxZ Ab¨ fvlv ei`vmZ Kiv n‡e bv| `yB. i“k fvlv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ fvlvi cy¯—Kvw` cÖKvk Kiv
hv‡e bv| Kv‡R Kv‡RB, a‡g©i w`K †_‡K hZB wgj _vK bv †Kb- ‡jŠnKwVb i“k kvmbhš¿
Avi wb‡¯úwlZ Av‡g©wbq Rbgvb‡mi Zxeª RvZxqZvev`x AvKv•Lv gy‡LvgywL ùvwo‡q hvq | A_P
wVK IB mgqUvq Av‡g©wbq RbMb‡K AviI `y‡Uv `yal© kw³i gy‡LvgywL ùvov‡Z n‡qwQj| GK.
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨| `yB, [Kzw`© AÂ‡ji] Kzw`© †MvÎmg~n| Kv‡RB, [Av‡g©wbq RvZxqZvev`x‡ì]
i“kwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb †Zgb `vbv eva‡Z cv‡iwb| 19 kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡KB A‡Uvgvb-kvwmZ
wLª÷vb-Aa~wlZ ejKvb AÂ‡j A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi wei“‡× RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb `vbv euva‡Z
_v‡K A‡bKUv divmx wec‡ei (1789-1799) †cÖiYvq, †h‡nZz †mB wecewU ivRZvwš¿K
ˆ¯îvPv‡ii we‡ivax GKwU RvZxq-iv‡óªi Aaxb Awfbœ fvlv ag© Ges ms¯‹…wZ-wfwËK GK
RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai aviYv ‡`q| Kv‡RB ag© I fvlvwfwËK GK cÖej MbAv‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g ejKvb
DcØx‡ci RbMb A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï wei“‡× i“‡L ùvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ ‡bq| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
Aax‡b emevmiZ Av‡g©wbq‡ì RvZxq cwiPq wQj g~jZ ag©xq| A‡Uvgvb mgvRwU gymwjg msL¨v
Mwi‡ôi, Kv‡RB †m mgv‡R Av‡g©wbq‡ì [ wLª÷vb] cwiPqUv wQj wKwÂZ †egvbvb| Av`‡Z
A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨wU wQj †gvjvZvwš¿K ag©ivóª; Dc‡ivš—, A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ myjZvbB wQ‡jb
mewKQyi †K‡›`ª, Zv‡K GKgvÎ †Lv`vZvjvi Kv‡Q Revew`wn Ki‡Z nZ! Kv‡RB G‡nb A‡Uvgvb
ag©iv‡óªi Aaxb msL¨vjNy‡ì Rxeb Kx iKg SuywKi g‡a¨ wQj Zv †evSvB hvq| aª“cw` Bmjvgx
HwZn¨ Abyhvqx †h me ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU wjwLZ cweÎ MÖš’ i‡q‡Q, hv ‡mBme ag©xq
m¤cÖ`v‡qi Kv‡Q M„wnZÑ Zv‡ì i¶v‡_© A‡Uvgvb iv‡óªi GKwU AvBb wQj| Gi bvg wa¤§v
(dhimma); Ges ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK‡ì ejv nZ waw¤§ (dhimmis) ev msiw¶Z RbMb|
wa¤§v AvB‡bi Kvi‡Y waw¤§‡ì we‡kl Ki w`‡Z nZ; K‡ii bvg wmh‡q (cizye)| Z`ycwi, ‡h
†KvbI A‡Uvgvb myjZvb g‡bcÖv‡Y wek¦vm KiZ †h mvgvR¨ I RbM‡bi Ici myjZv‡bi AwaKvi
¯^M©xq B”QviB ewntcÖKvk| Kv‡RB, cxobg~jK †h-‡KvbI c`‡¶cI wQj ¯^M©xq B”QviB
ewntcÖKvk! Zv Qvov A‡Uvgvb mgv‡R MvwRi aviYv †Zv wQjB| Gme Kvi‡YB A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï
kvmK‡Mvôxi wei“‡× AÎ mvgªv‡Rï ¯^vwaKviwcÖq Agymwjg‡ì msNvZ n‡q DVwQj Awbevh© |
Avm‡j †mB PZz`k© kZK †_‡KB eûRvwZ‡Mvôx Aa~¨wlZ A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ Ø›`msNv‡Zi m¤¢vebv
wQj myß| Kv‡RB, ‰¯îvPvix A‡Uvgvb kvm‡bi wei“‡×Av‡g©wbq‡ì we‡¶vf Av‡›`vjb n‡q
D‡VwQj Awbevh© | GB me we‡¶vf Av‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z A‡Uvgvb myjZvb 1839 Ges
1856 mv‡j [ KZKUv BD‡ivcxq‡ì Pv‡c] A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï Agymwjg‡ì Rb¨ ZvbwRgvZ
Av‡g©bxq fvlvq fvbœv ejj, abëv`| D”Pvi‡b hwÌ ZzwK© A¨vK‡m›U ¯ú÷| A‡bK w`b a‡i B¯—
vbey‡j i‡q‡Q fvbœv| Kwd‡Z PzgyK w`‡Z w`‡Z cvgy‡Ki g‡b cojÑ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv †_‡KB
AvR‡Ki Av‡g©bxq fvlvwU DwÌZ| fvlvwU AvR Av‡g©bxq cÖRvZ‡š¿i fvlv| cÖvq 30 j¶ gvbyl
Av‡g©bxq fvlvq K_v e‡j| ga¨cÖvP¨, Gwkqv, BD‡ivc I cÖv³b †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges DËi
Av‡gwiKvi AviI Kgc‡¶ 30 j¶ gvbyl Av‡g©bxq fvlvq K_v e‡j| Dwbk kZK Aewa
Av‡g©bxq fvlvwU‡K cwÛ‡Ziv Bivwb fvlviB GKwU Dcfvlv g‡b Ki‡Zb| Gi KviY GB fvlvi
A‡bK kãB dvimx fvlv †_‡K ‡bIqv n‡q‡Q| Gici cwÛ‡Ziv fvlvwU‡K B‡›`vBD‡ivcxq fvlv-
DwÌZ e‡j GK c„_K fvlvi“‡c wPwnèZ K‡ib| M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q, wLª÷c~e© mßg kZ‡Ki w`‡K
K‡Kkxq AÂ‡ji cveZ©¨ fvlvi GK AvKw¯§K cwieZ©b N‡UwQj| bZzb GK fvlvi D™¢e
n‡qwQj| hwÌ bZzb fvlvwU‡Z c~e©Zb fvlvixwZi cÖfve h‡_ó wQj| Gici PZz_© wLª÷v‡ã wMÖK
fvlv †_‡K Av‡g©bxq fvlvq ag©kv¯¿vw` Abyev` Kivi cÖ‡qvRb wQj| gVevmx mvay gvkUUm& 36
A¶i wewkó ‡h Av‡g©bxq eY©gvjv D™¢e K‡ib Zv AvRI eënvi Kiv nq; Avek¨ AviI `ywU
A¶i (36+2=38) hy³ n‡q‡Q | wLª÷xq cÂg kZvãx †_‡K mvwnZ¨ iwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| IB
mgqKvi wjwLZ fvlvi bvg aª“cw` Av‡g©bxq ev Grabar; fvlvwU 19 kZK Aewa bvbv cwieZ©b
m‡Ë¡I Av‡g©bxqvi mvwnZ¨-fvlv wn‡m‡e wU‡K wQj| cvkvcvwk ¯^ZtùzZ© fv‡e K_¨ fvlvI GwM‡q
hvw”Qj| Z‡e Av‡g©bxq RvwZ f~-ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y wew”Qbœ n‡q †M‡j Gi bvbv DcfvlvI m„wó
nq| Gm‡ei meB †h eëüZ n‡qwQj Zv wKš‘ bq| Dwbk kZ‡K RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`v‡ji d‡j
`ywU c„_K Dcfvlvi m„wó n‡qwQj| hv wQj K_¨ fvlviB cÖvq KvQvKvwQ| B÷vb© Av‡g©bxq
eZ©gv‡b Av‡g©bxq cÖRvZ‡š¿i miKvwi fvlv| fvlvwU hwÌ Bivb I ga¨ Gwkqvq emevmKvix
Av‡g©bxqivI eënvi K‡i| Gwkqv gvBb‡ii ZzwK©-Av‡g©bxqiv eënvi K‡i I‡q÷vb© Av‡g©bxq |
ga¨cÖvP¨ I BD‡ivcI I‡q÷vb© Av‡g©bxqvi Pj i‡q‡Q| †mvwf‡qZ kvm‡bi mgq (1920-1991)
fvlv `ywUi eëavb AviI †e‡o wM‡qwQj| KviY, ZLb †mvwf‡qZ Rvgvbvq Av‡g©bxq Rb‡Mvôx
n‡q c‡o wQj cÖvq wew”Qbœ| IB mg‡q B÷vb© Av‡gbxqvi evbvb ixwZiI cwieZ©b n‡qwQj|
fvbœv Icv‡ki †Pqv‡i e‡m‡Q| I Kwd †bqwb| mvgvb¨ †njvb w`‡q e‡m cvgyK‡K †`LwQj| Ii
emvi aiYwU wMÖK| wKQyUv M¤¢xi n‡q fvbœv ejj, Zzwg wK M‡íi †Luv‡R GLv‡b Avmwb? Zzwg
wbev©wPZ| wbe©vwPZiv †evwajv‡fi ci bvixi Kv‡QB hvq| GLb †Zvgv‡K wjL‡Z n‡e cvgyK|
cvgyK fxlb Pg‡K I‡V| Zzwg ...Zzwg wK wK¬I fvbœv?
fvbœv ¤vb nvmj| Kx fvwe ewj| me wK Rvbv hvq? Avgiv wb‡R‡ì KZUzKzB-ev Rvwb ej? Avgvi
†QvU †evb Aviv‡gi m‡½ †Zvgvi ‡`Lv n‡qwQj †mfv‡b| Avwg ZLb †mfvb-G wQjvg| Kwd
evbvw”Qjvg, Zvici †ewi‡q Gjvg| Avgv‡K Zzwg d‡jv K‡i K‡i †÷kb Aewa †M‡j| †Kb?
cvgyK Kwd‡Z PzgyK w`‡qwQj, GLb Kuva SuvKvj; fvbœvi †Pv‡Li w`‡K †P‡q ejj, Avgvi ...Avgvi
ZLb †Kb Rvwb g‡b n‡qwQj mgqUv 1890 Ges 1895 mvj, Avi ...Avi BD Iq¨vi bU †md|
‡Kb? fvbœv‡K LvwbK wew¯§Z †`Lvj| GKUv wmMv‡iU awi‡q‡Q|
Zzwg ... Zzwg Av‡g©bxq ZvB| B¯—vbeyj kn‡i A‡Uvgvb kvm‡b wei“‡× Av‡g©bxqiv 1890 Ges
1895 mv‡j we‡¶vfmgv‡e‡ki Av‡qvRb K‡iwQj | Zvi Av‡MB RwR©qvi Tbilisi †Z i“k-
Av‡g©bxqiv Dashnak party MVb K‡iwQj| 1894 mv‡j mvmb kn‡i Hunchaks iv mk¯¿
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡jwQj, 1895 mv‡j GKB NUbv NUj Zeytun kn‡i; Avgvi ... Avgvi g‡b
n‡qwQj ‡Zvgv‡K AvM‡j ivLv ìKvi| mgqUv wnsmª| GB MÖ‡n ‡eu‡P _vK‡j n‡j gvbyl‡K †Kb
Avwg †Zv wbôzi bB fvbœv| †Zvgv‡K d‡jv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Avgvi g‡b n‡qwQj mgqUv 1915 ...
fvb cÖ‡`k| Zzwg GKv| GK`j Zi“Y ZzwK© AvR GKUv Av‡g©bxq †g‡q‡K Zz‡j wb‡q hv‡e Av¯—
ve‡j ...Zvici ...Rvb †Zv A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ Av‡g©wbq‡ì Kx fv‡e †`Lv nZ ?
fvbœv gv_v bvoj|
¯‹zj-co–qv evj‡Ki g‡Zv gyL¯— ¯^‡i cvgyK ejj, A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ Av‡g©wbq‡ì `yfv‡e †`LZ|
GK. mnbxq| `yB. Amnbxq| mnbxq ch©v‡q Av‡g©bxqiv Agymwjg, A_v©r mZ¨ cÖZ¨vLvbKvix|
Amnbxq ch©v‡q Bmjvg I A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï kµ wnmv‡e wb‡®úlb‡hvM¨|
cvgy‡Ki K_vq g‡b n‡jv fvbœv wkD‡o DVj| Zzwg wVKB e‡jQ Iinvb| Amnbxq ch©v‡q
Av‡g©bxqiv Bmjvg I A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï kµ wnmv‡e wQj wb‡®úlb‡hvM¨| Avgvi...Avgvi
Rxe‡bi Mí ïb‡j Zzwg eyS‡Z cvi‡e wb‡®úlb‡hvM¨ K_vUvi Kx gv‡b?
cvgyK m‡PZb n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| ZLb mvay gvkUUm& wK ej‡jb? mevB †Zv Nygvqv Av‡Q, ZzwgB
mZ¨wg_¨v hvB nDK GKUv wKQy wjB‡Lv| Zzwg GLb †jLv wbqvB euvPev evev? ZvB Ck¦i †K
eywS‡q-mywR‡q †Zvgvi Rxeb †_‡K i“Bqv‡K miv‡q w`jvg| KviI KviI mywL nB‡Z bvB evQv|
Zzwg Kwe evev| Avjvn& †Zvgv‡K g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Qb|
fvbœv kvš— ¯^‡i wR‡Ám Kij, Zzwg Avgvi Mí ïb‡e G‡dw›`?
cvgy‡K Kwd †kl n‡q wM‡qwQj| I KvcUv †g‡Si Ici †i‡L wm‡` n‡q e‡m ejj, †kvbvI|
K_vUv e‡j `xN©k¦vm †djj fvbœv|
†kvb Zvn‡jv | fvbœv ejj| ej‡ZB fvbœvi dimv gyLUv Kx iKg d¨vKv‡k n‡q hvq| bxjvf
†Pv‡L `yt‡Li cwi¯‹vi wPý dz‡U DVj| †hb GKUv cy‡o hvIqv evwoi w`‡K †P‡q Av‡Q| Mig
evZv‡m GKUv †cvov cyZzj ...hv wb‡q I evwjKv‡ejvq †LjZ| fvbœv ej‡Z _v‡K, A‡bK A‡bK
eQi Av‡M Avgvi Rb¥| K‡Kkvm cvnv‡o| IB cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k Avjv‡fiw` bv‡g GKwU AÂj
Av‡QÑ‡mLv‡b| Rvb †Zv IB K‡Kkvm cvnv‡oi Av‡kcv‡ki AÂ‡ji bvgB c‡i n‡qwQj
Av‡g©bxq|
cvgyK gv_v SuvKvj| Ii g‡b coj John Henrik Clarke Kx wj‡LwQ‡jbÑHistory is a clock
that people use to tell their political and cultural time of day. It is also a compass that
people use to find themselves on the map of human geography.
fvbœv ejwQj, Av‡g©bxq Zxeªfv‡e ceZ©m¼zj; DuPz ce©Z I ZxeªMwZ‡Z cÖevwnZ Rj‡mªvZ; GiB
duv‡K MÖvgvÂj| Avgvi Rb¥ MÖv‡g| Avgvi fvlv wQj B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq| Avwg wQjvg K‡Kkxq
AÂ‡ji Avwèvmx| GLbI †ewki fvM Av‡g©bxq IB AÂ‡jB evm K‡i| 94 †_‡K 69
wLª÷c~‡e©i K_v ejwQ| Avgv‡ì ... Avgv‡ì ZLb Lye myL|
‡Kb?
KviY| mgªvU cÖ_g wUMiv‡bm ZLb Avgv‡ì ivRv| ej‡Z ej‡Z fvbœvi gyL‡PvL D¾¡j n‡q
DV‡Z _v‡K| mgªvU cÖ_g wUMiv‡bmB Av‡g©wbqvi mxgvš—‡iLv mshy³ K‡i e„nËi Av‡g©wbqv M‡o
Zz‡jwQ‡jb| Zvici ...Zvici `xN©w`b †Zgb wKQy N‡U wb| Zvici GKw`b GK`j ag©cÖPviK
G‡jv Avgv‡ì MÖv‡g| ZLb PZz_© kZvãx| ag©cÖPviKiv Avgv‡ì cÖfyi whïi K_v †kvbv‡jv|
Avgiv Zuv‡ì Avgv‡ì Aš—‡i MÖnb Kijvg| KviY, ag©cÖPviKiv Mvb MvB‡Z MvB‡Z whïi
RxebKvwnwb †kvbv‡Z| Avi Mvb †K bv fv‡jvev‡m ej| hwÌÑ
Kx?
†mB Mv‡bi m‡½ AZx‡Zi g~wZ©c~RK‡ì Mv‡bi wgj wQj |
Avn&|
‡h †KvbI †`‡kB ag©vš—‡ii †¶‡Î Mv‡bi g~L¨ f~wgKv _v‡K ...
cvgyK gv_v bvoj| Zvi g‡b c‡o Walter Pater Gi cig Dw³: All art constantly aspires
towards the condition of music.
fvbœv ej‡Z _v‡KÑKx Avðh© my›ì wQj †mBme ag©cÖPviK‡ì Mvb | Mvb Avi Avgv‡ì mnR
mij RxebhvcbÑme wgwj‡q Avgv‡ì K‡Kkvk AÂ‡j GK bZzb ai‡bi wLªóvb ag© M‡o
D‡VwQj| cwÛ‡Ziv c‡i hv‡K A¨v‡cvm‡UvwjK PvP© bvg w`‡q‡Qb| Avjv‡fiw` AÂ‡j A‡bK
wM‡R©I M‡o DV‡Z jvMj|
fvbœv ejwQj, wM‡R©i mvayiv eo fv‡jv gvbyl wQj G‡dw›`| we‡kl K‡i mvay gvkUUm& ...
cvgyK Blr Pg‡K I‡V|
gVevmx mvay gvkUUm& Av‡g©bxq eY©gvjvi D™¢veK; Bwb wQ‡jb fvwi cwÛZ e¨w³ | ej‡Z ej‡Z
fvbœv D”Q¡wmZ n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K Avjv‡fiw` AÂ‡ji SY©vi gZb| gVevmx mvay gvkUUm& wQ‡jb
wkïi gZb mij| Avgv‡ì m‡½ †Lj‡Zb wM‡R©i gv‡V| KZ †h Mvb †kvbv‡Zb| AvwR G
ïfw`‡b wcZvi fe‡b Pj Pj Pj hvB| Avgiv ejZvg: Pj Pj Pj hvB| mvayi cÖv_©bv msMxZ¸wj
Av‡g©bxq‡ì Mfxifv‡e Av‡jvwoZ K‡iwQj| gVevmx mvay gvkUUm& Av‡g©bxq fvlvq evB‡ej
Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb| Avgiv wbqwgZ evB‡ej cvV KiZvg| Let him kiss me with the kisses of
his mouth: for thy love is better than wine.
Avn&|
1915 mv‡ji MbnZ¨vi ci nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZn¨ jvwjZ AmsL¨ ag©xq ¯’vcbv A‡Uvgvb aŸsm
cÖwµqvq aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q| cwiZ¨³ gV¸wj Kv‡j Kv‡j ¶‡q †M‡Q| GKwU Av‡g©bxq cÖev`
i‡q‡Q: A dress that is not worn wears itself out.nvRvi nvRvi Av‡g©bxq wM‡R©, AmsL¨ gV
aŸsm K‡i ‡d‡jwQj wnsmª A‡Uvgvbiv| G¸wj meB wQj we‡k¦i cyi‡bv wLª÷vb HwZ‡nï Ask|
GB MÖ‡n ‡eu‡P _vK‡j n‡j gvbyl‡K †Kb GZ wbôzi n‡Z nq?
fvbœv ej‡Z _v‡KÑgVevmx mvay gvkUUm&-Gi g„Zzï c‡i cÖv_©bv msMxZ¸wj iPbv ‡_‡g hvqwb|
I¸wj iPbv KiwQj wM‡R©i mvayMb| Avgiv wM‡R©q wM‡q ïbZvg †mB Mvb| wM‡R©i Ic‡ii
AvKv‡k ZLb Kv‡jv cvqiviv IovIwo KiZ| ‡Q‡jiv fw³MxwZ MvBZ; KLbI GKKfv‡e,
KLbI mg¯î-HK¨Zv‡b |
cvgyK fvej: Gfv‡eB g‡bvdwb †_‡K cwjdwb‡Z †cuŠ‡Q Mv‡bi weKvk nw”Qj; cig gb
Gfv‡eB cÖKvk K‡ib wb‡R‡K| ‡m Pviav‡i ¯úó †MÖMwiqvb Pv›U ïb‡Z cvq|
fvbœv ej‡Z _v‡K, ‡jv‡K ejvewj KiZÑ RwR©qvi Mv‡bi m‡½ Avgv‡ì Mv‡bi wgj Av‡Q|
cvgyK nvmj|
fvbœv hyw³ †`wL‡q †n‡m ejj, Mv‡bi wgj †Zv _vK‡ZB cv‡i| RwR©qv Avgv‡ì cv‡ki †`k|
cvgy‡Ki g‡b c‡o †MjÑRwR©qvi Tbilisi †Z i“k-Av‡g©bxqiv Dashnak party MVb K‡iwQj|
†m hvK| fvbœv ejj| Avieiv 642 mv‡j cvim¨ `Lj Kij| Gici Zviv Av‡g©bxqvI `Lj
Kij| †mUv 653 mvj| ZLb Lwjdv Ki‡jb Kx RvbÑAv‡g©bxqv kvmb Kivi Rb¨ GKRb
AwfRvZ Av‡g©bxq hyeK‡K wbe©vwPZ Ki‡jb| Gfv‡eB AwfRvZ es‡ki kvmb ïi“ n‡jv
Av‡g©bxqvq | Av‡g©bxqv‡K eQi eQi Ki w`‡Z nZ| 886 mv‡j eMivZzwb cwievi Av‡g©bxq
GKwU ivResk cÖwZôv K‡i| IB eMivZzwb cwiev‡i Avgvi we‡q n‡qwQj|
ZvB?
nqÑwZwb Awfbœ GKwU Bmjvgx e¨vbv‡ii wb‡P A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï c~e©vÂ‡ji Kzw`©‡MvÎ¸wj‡K
mvwgj n‡Z Avnevb Rvbv‡jb| Zviv, Kzw`©iv wgwjwkqv evwnbx MVb K‡i myZx¶è A¯¿ Avi Av¸b
wb‡q MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg ...| GBB
myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì MbnZ¨v| ¸jnv‡b cv‡K©i †ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì wejvmeûj †n‡i‡g
e‡m myjZvb GBme gg©vwš—K `„k¨ Ae‡jvKb Kivi K_v bv| †Kbbv, wZwb we¯§„Z n‡qwQ‡jb
nhiZ Ig‡ii gvbeZvev`x mvg¨fvebv †_‡K, we¯§„Z n‡qwQ‡jb Hwk MÖ‡š’i GB A‡gvN wb‡`©k
†_‡KI,ÑTHE LORD of the two easts is He, and the Lord of the two wests. Which of
your Lord's blessings would you deny? ‡Kbbv, myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì AwaKvi †h
¯^M©xq ... GBme ci cxob wKQy bv, m¤¢eZ wZwb fwel¨‡Zi wnUjv‡ii m‡½ GKgZ †cvlb
Ki‡Zb; wnUjvi GKevi e‡jwQ‡jb, All those who are not racially pure are mere chaff.
myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì c‡¶ MbnZ¨vi wm×vš— †bIqv mnR wQj ...‡Kbbv, (1) `ytLRbK
n‡jI mZ¨ †hÑga¨hy‡Mi BD‡ivcxq wkfviwji g‡Zv MvwRi avibv wQj A‡Uvgvb mgv‡Ri Ab¨Zg
êwkó¨|(a ghazi—that is, a warrior who carried out raids upon and warfare with the
Christians in the interests of Islam—and made it their guiding principle.) (2) ...wK‡kvi
e‡q‡mB A‡Uvgvb hyeivR‡ì cvwV‡q †Ìqv nZ cÖ‡`‡k| c‡i, GB hyeivRivB wmsnvm‡bi Rb¨
jovB KiZ| Zv‡ì m‡½ _vKZ cÖvÁ wk¶K| KLbI-KLbI Zv‡ì gv| hyeivRiv cÖ‡`‡k evm
K‡i ev¯—e AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K ivóªcwiPvjbv wkLZ| A‡Uvgvb myjZvb 3q gynv¤§` (1595-
1603) Aewa GB wbqg Pvjy wQj| GKUv mg‡q G‡m Aek¨ hyeivR‡ì cÖ‡`‡k cvVv‡bv i` Kiv
n‡jv| Zvi e`‡j Zv‡ì GKUv we‡kl ¯’v‡b ivLv nj| G‡K ejv nZ kafes Ñ A_v©r LuvPv|
hyeivRiv LuvPvq Ajmfv‡e w`b KvUvZ, bvixm½ Dc‡fvM KiZ; d‡j GivB hLb wmsnvm‡b emZ
ZLb Zv‡ì ivóªcwiPvjbvi ev¯—e Ávb _vKZ bv| ZzwK© cÖev` e‡jÑ gv‡Qi gv_vq MÜ| ZvB|
GB ÔnxivgwÛÕ Kv‡dm-cÖ_v A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï `ytkvmb I cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| (3)
‡ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì †n‡i‡gi AwaKvi wb‡q i³cvZ wQj ¯^vfvweK NUbv| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨
GKwU A¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ me mgqB wQj| †KvbI myjZv‡bi g„Zz¨Kvjxb mg‡q cÖ_vbyhvqx
hyeivRMb G‡K A‡bï wei“× jo‡Z ïi“ K‡i ‡`q| ‡mB jovB‡q ‡h weRqx nZ †mB nZ
myjZvb| KLbI KLbI Aek¨ ¸ß ev cÖKvk¨ Ly‡bvLywbI PjZ, PjZ lo Avi kjv| KLbI
KLbI wmsnvmbwU K›UKgy³ ivL‡Z †ewki fvM cyi“l AvZ¥xqMb‡K Lyb Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡Zb
myjZvb! cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V| Zvn‡j? fwel¨Z mvjZvbv‡Zi Rb¨ ‡KejgvÎ GKRb euvwP‡q ivLv
nZ| cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V| Zvn‡j? myjZvb †ewki fvM cyi“l AvZ¥xqMb‡K Lyb Ki‡Zb? ‡KejgvÎ
†eu‡P _vKZ GKRb| fwel¨‡Zi mvjZvbv‡Zi Rb¨| cvgyK wkD‡i I‡V! [BD‡ivc †Zv GB
A‡Uvgvb‡ìB gymwjg RvwZi Ab¨Zg cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e Rv‡b| †Kv_vI GKUv fyj n‡q hv‡”Q bv?
Zv Qvov †ZvcKvwc cÖvmv‡ì †n‡i‡gi `Lj wb‡q GZ Ly‡bvLywb Pj‡j myjZv‡bi AwaKvi ¯^M©xq
B”Qvi ewntcÖKvk nq Kx K‡i! A_P AvRI gymwjg we‡k¦ ZzwK© mvjZvbvZ AZxe m¤§vb I kª×vi
welq| GK gnr Av`k©| Avwd«Kvi gi‡°v †_‡K Gwkqvi B‡›`v‡bwkqv-eª“‡bB Aewa gymwjg we‡k¦i
A‡b‡KB ZzwK© mvjZvbvZB cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z Pvq|] KZ KZ w`b g‡b n‡q‡Q AvgviÑ cyi‡bv G
kniUvi iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e | wK¬I, BwZnv‡mi wgDR
...K‡qKRb Av‡g©wbq wecex †f‡ewQ‡jb myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì MbnZ¨vi cÖwZwµqvq
A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³i AbycÖ‡ek NUv‡e| nvq, Zviv ZrKvjxb mg‡qi fyj e¨vL¨v
K‡iwQj| BD‡ivcxq kvmKeM© myjZv‡bi wbôzi AcK‡g©i ‡gŠwLK mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡jIÑKvh©Z
I, wmwg‡qvb Avgvq fv‡jv‡e‡mwQj| I Avgvi †fRv ey‡K Ii gv‡K LuyRZ| Avwg ejjvg,Pj
cvwj‡q hvB| I M¤¢xi n‡q ejj, my‡hvM LuyRwQ| GKw`b †m my‡hvM Gj| Kv‡dm-G †g‡qiv gviv
†hZ, we‡kl K‡i Aí e‡qwm †g‡qiv, †Kb †hb hyeivR‡ì wK‡kvix‡ì IciB fqvbK Av‡µvk|
Aí e‡qwm †g‡qiv g‡i †M‡j ZLb ...ZLb Kwd‡b cy‡iv I‡ì jvk cvnv‡oi Lv‡` †d‡j †Ìqv
nZ| ‡mŠfvM¨µ‡g, cy‡iv e¨vcviUvB †`Lv‡kvbv wmwg‡qvb| Avwg Ii civgk©µ‡g fv‡jvevmvi
Rb¨ ... gyw³i Rb¨ g‡i hvIqvi fvb Kijvg| `xN©¶Y Kwd‡bi AÜKv‡i wQjvg| Avgvi wbtk¦vm
eÜ n‡q AvmwQj| Kwd‡bi wfZ‡i Avwg QUdU KiwQjvg| KK©m Kv‡Vi †LuvPvq Avgvi nvZ-cv
wQ‡j †Mj| ìì i³ Sij AÜKv‡i| Kx AÜKvi ...GK †duvUv evZvm †bB| evn‡Kiv Xvj †e‡q
bvgwQjÑAvgvi gv_v fqvbKfv‡e Vy‡K †Mj| ìì i³ Sij AÜKv‡i| Avgvi wbtk¦vm eÜ n‡q
AvmwQj| Kwd‡bi wfZ‡i Avwg QUdU KiwQjvg| A‡bK¶Y ...A‡bK¶Y c‡i VK VK kã
ïb‡Z †cjvg| gv_vi w`‡K AÜKvi †K‡U †Mj| Avwg Av‡jv †`L‡Z †cjvg| wmwg‡qv‡bi gyL
†`L‡Z †cjvg| I Avgvq Avj‡Zv K‡i Kwd‡bi evB‡i wb‡q G‡jv| fv‡jv K‡i RvqMvUv †`‡L
wbjvg| GKUv ¸nv gZb ... cv‡k AZj Lv`| †kuv †kuv K‡i evZvm eBwQj| Avi Kx kxZ|
wmwg‡qvb Avgvq ¸nvi wfZ‡i wb‡q hvq| Zvici Avgvq ey‡K Rwo‡q a‡i ivLj| A‡bK ¶Y|
Avgvi Kcv‡j Pzgy †Lj| Avgvi g‡b n‡q Avwg bZzb Rb¥ wbjvg| ‡Kbbv wPivqZ GK `„k¨ mKj
`„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i †i‡L‡Q| GZ¶Y gv‡qi Mf©-Kwd‡b wQjvg| Kx Kó| Avi AÜKvi| Avi
GLb Kx fv‡jv jvM‡Q| wmwg‡qv‡bi wbk¦v‡mi MÜ| ey‡Ki MÜ ùvwoi †LuvPv|
Avwg ¯^vfvweK n‡j I †Kvgj ¯^‡i Rvb‡Z PvBj, Avgiv wK Avjv‡fiw` P‡j hve fvbœv?
bv|
‡Kb?
ILv‡b Iiv Rv‡b Kv‡d‡mi K_v| Avgvq bó †f‡e MÖnb Ki‡e bv|
wmwg‡qvb `xN©k¦vm †djj| ¸nvi gy‡L †kuv †kuv kã| Iw`‡K GKevi ZvwK‡q AvZ©bv` K‡i DVj,
G RMr wK Ck¦im„ó bq?
Aek¨B| Avwg ejjvg|
Zvn‡j?
Kx Zvn‡j?
GLv‡b ...GLv‡b ‡eu‡P _vK‡j n‡j gvbyl‡K †Kb GZ wbôzi n‡Z nq? GLv‡b †Kb GZ KuvUv?
†Kb GZ `ytLKô? †Kb GZ wbh©vZb hš¿bv?
Avwg Kx DËi †è| Avwg Pzc K‡i _vKjvg| †Kej `xN©wbk¦vm †djjvg| Zvici ejjvg, Avgiv
wK mviv‡q‡fvi wd‡i hve wmwg‡qvb?
bv|
‡Kb?
I ejj, hw` gv †eu‡P bv _v‡K| e‡j Ii _i_i K‡i †Ku‡c DVj| Ii †Pv‡L Rj| Avwg I‡K
k³ K‡i Rwo‡q aijvg| I e‡j, Giv †Kb eyS‡Z cv‡i bvÑgv‡qi †Kvj †_‡K mš—vb †K‡o
†bIqv †kl Avi mevB‡K †kl wePv‡ii w`‡b whïi mvg‡b ùvov‡Z n‡e ...gv ...gv Avgvq gvbyl
K‡iwQj| evev g‡i †Mj †bK‡oi Kvg‡o| e‡b KvV KvV‡Z wM‡qwQj Avgvi gv GKUv †QvU †evb
wQj kvwfqv| iv‡Î‡ejv gv Avgv‡K Avi kvwfqv‡K i“cK_v †kvbvZ| NiUv Av‡avAÜKvi ...
†gvgevwZ R¡jZ ... Avn&, Avwg kvwfqv‡K KZw`b †`wLbv fvbœv| ej‡Z ej‡Z û û K‡i ‡Ku‡`
DVj wmwg‡qvb| Avwg I‡K k³ K‡i Rwo‡q a‡i _vwK|
wmwg‡qvb Av‡M †_‡KB Ii wek¦¯— AbyPi‡ì w`‡q ¸nvq K¤^j-Kv‡c©U Avi ïK‡bv cwbi i“wU G‡b
†i‡LwQj | ‡mB ¸nvq Avgiv w`b mv‡ZK wQjvg| `yR‡b mviv¶Y †cÖ‡g gË n‡q wQjvg| Zvici
Avgiv bZzb Rxeb ïi“ Ki‡Z AvivivZ cvnvo †_‡K Avivm DcZ¨Kvq ‡b‡g Avwg| Avgvi ZLb
g‡b nw”Qj cveb †k‡l †bvqvi AvK© †_‡K †b‡g hvw”Q| Avgiv fvb n«‡ì cv‡o Gjvg| fvb
n«‡ì cvwb jeb-jeb n‡j Kx n‡e ÑAvwg Avi wmwg‡qvb Zvi cv‡o Ni †eu‡a mywLB n‡qwQjvg|
Ni Zzj‡Z GK wbtmš—vb e„× Kzw`© Avgv‡ì mvnvh¨ Kij| GKw`b Avwg I‡K fvb n«‡ì wKbv‡i
wb‡q ‡Mjvg| Ii ùvwo †Pu‡Q w`jvg| w`‡q ejjvg, GLb †Zvgv‡K AviI †ewk my›ì jvM‡Q| I
fvb n«‡ì R‡j I my›ì gyL †`‡L Lywk n‡jv| I Avgv‡K Pzgy †Lj| Avwg ZLb Mf©eZx| Avgvi
M‡f©i AÜKv‡i GK cÖvY GB c„w_ex‡K †`L‡e e‡j cÖni ¸b‡Q| Avn| w`bKv‡U| wmwg‡bvq e‡b
‡mB wbtmš—vb e„× Kzw`© KvVywiqvi m‡½ KvV KvU‡Z hvq| ‡mB wbtmš—vb e„× Kzw`© KvVywiqvi bvg
Avwjivb| †m Avgv‡ì m‡½B _vK‡Z ïi“ Kij| Avwg Avgvi GKw`b wkïi wPrKvi ï‡b
wmwg‡qvb Avi Avgvi gy‡L nvwm dzUj| RvbZvg †g‡q n‡e| ZvB n‡jv| bvg ivLjvg kvwfqv ...
†Kbbv, wPivqZ GK `„k¨ mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Zvici `xN©Kvj †K‡U †Mj| KZ
wKQyB †Zv NUj| Avi Kx NU‡e| 1915 mvj| †g gvm| ‰mbïv G‡m ejj, †Zvgv‡ì GLv‡b
Avi _vKv Pj‡e bv|
Zvn‡j †Kv_vq _vKe?
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq|
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq?
nu¨v, †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq| GLb Avgv‡ì m‡½ Pj|
I‡ì nv‡Z A¯¿ wQj| Avgiv wbi¯¿| ZvB Avgiv bvgjvg c‡_|
e„× Kzw`© KvVywiqv Avwjivb Avgv‡ì m‡½ hv‡e|
wmwg‡qvb ejj, Zzwg †Zv Ky`©| ‡Zvgv‡K †h‡Z n‡e †Kb?
Avwjivb ejj, Iiv wek¦vm Ki‡e bv|
†Kb?
Iiv Avgv‡K GLv‡b †c‡q‡Q|
I|
c‡_ †b‡g †`wL Avgv‡ì gZ A‡bK gvbyl| w`‡knviv| DwØMœ| gy‡L‡Pv‡L AvZ¼| g„Zz¨ fq|
†ewki fvMB Avgv‡ì gZb MÖv‡gi `wi`ª gvbyl| meviB gyL †PvL fqvZ©| mevB †Ui †c‡q
wM‡q‡Q Kx n‡Z P‡j‡Q| KviI nv‡Z µk| GKwU †QvU †g‡qi †Kv‡j QvMjQvbv| `j‡e‡a
nuvU‡Q| Avwg kvwfqv‡K ey‡K Rwo‡q †i‡LwQ| mevB ax‡i ax‡i †nu‡U P‡j‡Q| `yÕcv‡k ˆm‡bï
`j| gv‡S gv‡S jvDW ¯úxKv‡i wb‡`©k ... gv‡S gv‡S ¸wji kã| wmwg‡qvb‡K fvwi wPwš—Z g‡b
n‡jv| c‡_ jv‡ki MÜ| AvKv‡k kKzb| c‡_ ïbjvg fvb QvovI UªveRb, wmfvm,
nvicyU,GiRyi“g, Ges weUwjm AÂ‡ji eûmsL¨K Av‡g©bxq‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgvi bvg jvj|
wVK †mB gyn~‡Z©B Ii wfZ‡i wPrKvi K‡i I‡Vb gvIjvbv i“wg,Ò ‡n gvbeRvwZ, KwgwU Af
BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖm `‡ji m`mïv m‡PZbfv‡e Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi wm×vš— wb‡qwQj| Kw_Z
†mB Zi“Y ZzwK©‡ì A‡b‡KB wQj cÖv³b mvgwiK Kg©KZ©v| MbnZ¨v PjvKvjxb cÖv‡`wkK kvmK
evav w`‡j Giv †f‡Uv cÖ‡qvM K‡i MbnZ¨v Pvwj‡q wbZ| MbnZ¨vq mvnvh¨ KiZ KwgwU Af
BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖm `‡ji ¯’vbxq `jxq m`mïv| Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ KiZ wbôzi Acivaxiv |
MbnZ¨vi Rb¨ Ly‡b Acivax‡ì gyw³ †Ìqv n‡qwQj nvRZ †_‡K! GivB Kvh©Z Av‡g©bxq
MbnZ¨vq mwµq wQj|Ó fvbœv ejwQj, Avgiv P‡jwQ `w¶Y-cwðg w`‡K| †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv bvwK
Iw`‡KB| A‡b‡KB †iv`, ¶zav, cvwbk~b¨Zv I wPwKrmvi Afv‡e g‡i †Mj| nZ¨vh‡Á A‡Uvgvb
kvmK‡ì Ab¨Zg hyw³ wQj A‡g©bxqiv A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï wfZiKvi kµ; Giv ¸ßPi e„wË I
aŸsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjv‡c wjßÑGiv fvb cÖ‡`‡k we‡`ªvn K‡i‡Q; i“kxq K‡Kkxq ˆmb¨‡ì m‡½
AuvZvZ K‡i Zzi‡¯‹i wei“‡× hy× K‡i‡Q| 1915 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m fvb cÖ‡`‡ki Av‡g©bxqiv
Lv‡ì wKbv‡i P‡j Avmvq Amnvqfv‡e †kl ev‡ii gZb wbe©vmb I aŸs‡mi wei“‡× i“‡L ùvovq|
Zv Qvov we‡`ªvn n‡qwQj wgDmv `vN-G (GLbKvi Musadaði), kvweb Kvivwn&mvi (GLbKvi
Kara Hissar Sahib) Ges Dd«vq (GLbKvi Şanlıurfa) ; GBme we‡`ªv‡ni Kvi‡Y A‡Uvgvb
MbnZ¨v evavMÖ¯’ n‡qwQj| ...we‡kl K‡i B¯—vbeyj, ¯§vb©v (GLbKvi BRwgi) Ges A‡jc‡cv|
‰mbïv Avgv‡ì fq †`wL‡q e‡k ivL‡Z Avgv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K KvD‡K bv KvD‡K ‡ivR ¸wj K‡i
†g‡i †djZ| GK mKv‡j ‡mB wbtmš—vb e„× Kzw`© KvVywiqv Avwjivb‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kij| I
Kzw`© e‡j †invq cvqwb| e„× Avwjiv‡bi jvk †d‡j Avgiv nuvU‡Z ïi“ Kijvg| Avgiv nuvUwQ
Avi nuvUwQ| c‡_i cv‡k jvk Avi jvk| ‡Lvjv RvqMvq GKUv `j‡K ùvo Kwi‡q †fuvZv hš¿ w`‡q
LuywP‡q LuywP‡q gvi‡Q| gv‡qi mvg‡b †g‡q‡K evevi mvg‡b cwiev‡ii mvg‡b wK‡kvix‡K Mbal©b
...AviI ïbjvg K‡qK jvL Av‡g©bxq‡K wb‡q †M‡Q DË‡ii K…lmvM‡i| Pzwe‡q gvi‡Z|
fwel¨‡Zi gvbyl ILv‡b A‡bK Av‡g©bxq nvo‡Mvo cv‡e G‡dw›`| K‡qK jvL Av‡g©bxq‡K wb‡q
wM‡qwQj UvBwMÖm I BD‡d«wZm b`xi †gvnbvq| Wywe‡q gviZ| G‡ì nvo‡Mvi cvim¨ DcmvM‡i
Zwj‡q †M‡Q| G‡ì Avi †KvbIKv‡jB Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| A‡bK‡KB Av¯—ve‡j wKsev L‡oi
Mv`vq ‡e‡a †i‡L cywo‡q gvi‡Q| GB Rb¨ weUwjm, nvicyU I Av‡jc‡cv cÖ‡`‡k A‡bK MZ©
†Luvov n‡qwQj| M‡Z© ILv‡b Av¸b R¡vwj‡q Av‡g©bxq †ì †V‡j w`Z| wPrKvi wkï‡ì nvm‡Z
nvm‡Z Quy‡o gviZ ˆmbïv| `ygv‡mi GK gv‡mi wZb gv‡mi Pvi gv‡mi Qq gv‡mi cuvP gv‡mi
wkï‡ìI Av¸‡b Quy‡o †dj‡Z †`‡LwQ|
cvgyK fxlb NvgwQj| Mjvi Kv‡Q Z…òv| I GKevi eÜ ìRvi w`‡K ZvKvj| ILv‡b mvgb¨
AÜKvi| ìRvi Kv‡Q Ii el©vwZUv c‡o Av‡Q| ZLb ZzwK© ˆmbïv wcQy wb‡q‡Q| Mwji gy‡L
ˆmb¨ fwZ© nvdUªvK G‡m †_‡gwQj| ‰mb¨‡ì nv‡Z wQj Rvg©vb gvDRvi| jvDW ¯úxKv‡i †K †hb
ejwQjÑ wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? wKgwmwbh †e G‡dw›`? Icv‡k GKwU
Rvbvjv| Kv‡jv c`©v Sz‡j Av‡Q| GKevi †`Le ˆmbïv P‡j †M‡Q wKbv?
fvbœv ejj, c‡_ Avgv‡ì †g‡qwU g‡i †Mj| kvwfqv| KLb †h g‡i †Mj †Ui cvBwb| Avwg I‡K
ey‡K Rwo‡q wQjvg| GK ˆmb¨ †Ui †c‡q †K‡o wbj| I‡K Quy‡o †d‡j w`j iv¯—vi cv‡k| Avwg
†`Š‡o †h‡ZB GKRb ˆmb¨ ivB‡d‡ji euvU w`‡q Avgvi †Kvg‡o AvNvZ Kij| Avwg KwKu‡q
DVjvg| c‡oB hvw”Qjvg, wmwg‡qvb Avgv‡K a‡i ivLj| ZLb ga¨vý| ‡g gv‡mi †iv`| Avgvi
Kvc‡o †hb Av¸b a‡i wM‡q‡Q| Avgvi mv•NvwZK wccvmv †c‡qwQj| Avwg kvwfqvi Rb¨ †kvK
Kie Kx| †Kvg‡oi Kv‡Q Am¤¢e e¨_v| Zvici Avgiv nuvU‡Z jvMjvg| wmwg‡qv‡bi cv‡k| mevB
ax‡i ax‡i †nu‡U P‡j| `yÕcv‡k ˆm‡bï `j| gv‡S gv‡S jvDW ¯úxKv‡i wb‡`©k| gv‡S gv‡S
¸wji kã| †h‡Z †h‡Z †`Ljvg Mv‡Qi KvUv-Muywoi c‡o Av‡Q iv¯—vi cv‡k| Zvi GKUv
evwjKv‡K †V‡m a‡i‡Q KRb Uzwc-civ `vwoIjv gaë‡qwm cyi“l| Zv‡ì GKR‡bi nv‡Z
SKS‡K `v ...GKRb ej‡Q;G cvwcôv ivwkqvi Pi| G‡K RevB Ki| evwjKvwU cv
Quyo‡Q...ci‡bi mv‡jvqvi-KvwgR †`‡L g‡b n‡jv MÖv‡gi Mixe †g‡q| ivwkqv kãwUI Rxe‡b
ï‡b‡Q wK bv m‡›`n| Iiv †Qviv Zzjj ...Avwg †PvL wdwi‡q wbjvg| wmwg‡qvb‡K †Kgb wPwš—Z
wek¦vmNvZK (!) Av‡g©wbq aŸsmh‡Á cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i Wvgv‡Wvj eënvi Ki‡Z my‡hvM cvq Zviv|
Zi“Y ZzwK© wbqwš¿Z A‡Uvgvb miKvi cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡o| Zv Qvov BD‡ivc [Rvg©vbx] I
A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï Awfbœ kµ wQj ivwkqv| 1914†Z cÖ_g wek¦hy× msNwUZ nIqvi c~‡e©
A‡Uvgvb kvmK‡Mvôx Rvg©vbxi m‡½ GK †Mvcb Pzw³ K‡i| ‡mB mgq Gb‡fi [Av‡bvqvi?] cvkv
bv‡g KwgwU Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖm-Gi GKRb kxl©¯’vbxq †bZv A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï mvgwiK
welqvw` ZË¡veavb Ki‡Zb| IB †jvKUvi †Kgb wek¦vm wQj, Avmbœ hy‡× Rvg©vbxB wR‡Z hv‡e|
cvgyK ¤vb nv‡m| cÖ_g gnvhy× ïi“i wZbgvm ciÑA‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨ Rvg©vb I A‡óªv-nv‡½wiq
c‡¶ †hvM`vb K‡i| GB †Rv‡Ui fivWywe nq 1922 mv‡j| ZviciB †Zv A‡Uvgvb mvgªvR¨wU
wejyß n‡q hvq| nu¨v, 1915 mv‡j cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Avov‡j msNwVZ n‡jv Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨v| †mB
mgq Zi“Y ZywK© wbqwš¿Z A‡Uvgvb miKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k j¶ j¶ Av‡g©wbq wbnZ n‡qwQj| fq¼i
‡mB hy×Kvjxb GB b„kskZv Armenian Genocide bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB Armenian Genocide
myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg‡ì MbnZ¨v‡KI Qvwo‡q wM‡qwQj| 1909 mv‡ji Av`vbv kn‡ii Zi“Y
ZzwK©iv nZ¨vhÁ Pvwj‡qwQj| †mB nZ¨vh‡Á gvÎ 23 nvRvi Av‡g©wbq wbnZ n‡qwQj| A_P, GK
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Rixc e‡j 1915 mv‡ji msNwVZ Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vq b~b¨vwaK 15 j¶ Av‡g©bxq
wbnZ n‡qwQj| MbnZ¨vq wZbwU c×wZ MÖnb Kiv n‡qwQj| (K) nZ¨vi mgq †fuvZv hš¿ ...| (L)
K…lmvMi I BD‡d«wZm b`xi †gvnbvq Wywe‡q gviv| (M) Av¯—ve‡j wKsev L‡oi Mv`vq AvU‡K
†i‡L cywo‡q gviv| we‡kl K‡i, fvb, weUwjm, nvicyU I Av‡jc‡cv cÖ‡`‡k A‡bK MZ© †Luvov
n‡qwQj| ...KZ KZ w`b g‡b n‡q‡Q AvgviÑ cyi‡bv G kniUvi iv¯—vq nuvU‡Z nuvU‡Z AK¯§vr
wK¬Ii m‡½ †`Lv n‡q hv‡e | wK¬I, BwZnv‡mi wgDR ...1915 mvj; GwcÖj gvm| fvb cÖ‡`‡ki
Av‡g©bwbq‡ì Ici ZzwK© ˆmbïv Suvwc‡q coj| g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ †R‡bI Amnvqfv‡e †kl ev‡ii
gZb wei“‡× i“‡L ùvovq| Zviv ...Zviv we‡`ªvn K‡i| Zv Qvov we‡`ªvn n‡qwQj wgDmv `vN-G
(GLbKvi Musadaði), kvweb Kvivwn&mvi (GLbKvi Kara Hissar Sahib) Ges Dd«vq (GLbKvi
Şanlıurfa) ; GB Kvi‡Y MbnZ¨v evavMÖ¯’ n‡q c‡owQj| we‡kl K‡i B¯—vbeyj, ¯§vb©v (GLbKvi
BRwgi) Ges A‡jc‡cv AÂ‡j| A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡R¨ I Zvi wgÎ Rvg©vbx Ges AwUªqv-nv‡½wii
gnv‡dRLvbv †_‡K cÖvß `wjjvw` ‡_‡K Rvbv hvqÑ hy× c~e©eZ©x Av‡g©wbq RbmsL¨v wQj 1.8
wgwjqb;Gi g‡a¨ 1.2 wgwjqbB wbnZ n‡q‡Q| hy× cieZ©xKv‡j A_v©r, 1919 mv‡j GKRb
A‡Uvgvb Af¨š—ixb gš¿x ¯^xKvi K‡ib-Zvr¶wbK fv‡eB 8 j¶ A‡g©wbq‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|
Awbevh© g„Zzï nvZ †_‡K AvovB j‡¶i gZb Av‡g©wbq †eu‡P wM‡qwQj | IB gvbyl¸‡jv K‡Kkvm
AÂ‡ji cvnv‡o cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj| IB AÂjwUB GLb Av‡g©wbqv I RwR©qv| ZzwK© ˆmb¨‡ì
AvMÖvm‡b a¯— n‡jv AmsL¨ gV, wbnZ n‡jv ARmª DcvmK| cÖvq 1 j¶ bvix-wkï‡K ‡Rvi K‡i
Bmjvg a‡g© KbfvU© Kiv nq| G QvovI hviv †eu‡P wM‡qwQj Zviv bvbv RvqMvq Qwo‡q c‡owQj|
Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨v wQj Zi“Y ZzwK©‡ì Øviv c~e©cwiKwíZ I †K›`ªxqfv‡e wbqwš¿Z| hy‡×i c‡i
[wgÎ evwnbxi] Avk¦vm m‡Ë¡I Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨vi cwiKíbvKvix‡ì wePvi Kiv hvqwb|
ÔKwgwU Af BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cv‡MÖmÕ `‡ji m`m¨‡ì Acivax wn‡m‡e mbv³ Kivi Rb¨
ZzwK© mvgwiK Av`vjZ 1919 I 1921 mv‡j wePvi cwiPvjbv K‡i | Av`vjZ K‡qKRb
Kg©KZ©v‡K I gš¿xcwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì mvRv ‡`q| hwÌ †ewki fvM AcivaxB Zzi¯‹ †Q‡o
cvwj‡q hvq| Av`vj‡Zi ivq †Ìqv nq †`vlx‡ì AeZ©gv‡b| gy¯—vdv Kvgv‡ji DÌv‡bi ci
hy×vcivax‡ì wePvi AvKw¯§K fv‡eB †kl n‡q hvq| Zv Qvov, eZ©gvb [1976] ZzwK© miKvi
nIqvi Rb Avnevb Rvbv‡jb| IB mg‡q gymwjg Kzw`©iv myjZv‡bi Bmjvgx ‡`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× n‡q
A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï c~e©vÂ‡j Aew¯’Z Av‡g©bxq MÖv‡gi ci MÖvg jyÚb Ki‡Z jvMj| Zvici,
1894 †_‡K 1896 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mivmwi A_ev ¸ßfv‡e `y j¶ Av‡g©bxq cÖvY nvivj| Bmjvgx
e¨vbv‡ii wb‡P myjZvb 2q Ave` Avj nvwg` mvgªv‡Rï c~e©vÂ‡ji KwZcq Kzw`©‡MvÎ‡K
ZvwjKvfy³ K‡i GKwÎZ K‡i mvnvh¨ Pvb| Zviv, Kzw`©iv QÙ-mvgwiK f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q
Rvbgv‡ji e¨cK ¶wZ mvab K‡i| GB me Avµgb myjZvb Ave` Avj nvwg` Avg‡ji MbnZ¨v
bv‡g AewnZ|
cvgy‡Ki gv_v U‡j I‡V| Avn&| mewKQy GZ RwUj| Kvi nv‡Z i³ †j‡M †bB|
fvbœv ejj, ev` `vI †Zv| e‡mv| Kwd †Zv LvIqv n‡jv, Avgvi MíI ïb‡j| Gevi Mvb Kwi|
Zzwg gVevmx mvay gvkUUm&- Gi Mvb ïb‡e Iinvb?
Kvi K_v ejQ? fvbœvi K_vq cvgyK LvwbKUv Ab¨gb¯‹ n‡q c‡owQj|
fvbœv †n‡m ejj, gVevmx mvay gvkUUm&; whwb Av‡g©bxq eY©gvjvi D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb| †Zvgvi Rxeb
†_‡K i“Bqv‡K mwi‡q w`‡jb|
‡kvbvI| cvgyK †Pqv‡i e‡m| Kcvj NvgwQj| c‡KU †_‡K i“gvj evi Kij| gyQj| ZLbI
†Pv‡Li ci`vq mv`v †Ìqv‡ji Ici njy` gMR ‡f‡m †eovw”Qj|
fvbœv Suy‡K †g‡Si Ici c‡i _vKv wd«wRq AÂ‡ji †mB cÖvPxb wK_vivUv †Kv‡ji Dci †U‡b wbj
Avj‡Zv K‡i| Zvici †PvL ey‡R `y-gyn~Z© Kx †hb fvej| wK_vivi myiUv GKevi †`‡L wbj| g„`y
SsKvi Qwo‡q coj NiUvq| Zvici MvB‡Z jvMjÑ
`¨v‡Lv wM‡R©i Ic‡i D‡o G‡m e‡m‡Q Kv‡jv i‡Oi

cvqiviv| `¨v‡Lv wM‡R©i Ic‡i D‡o G‡m e‡m‡Q Kv‡jv
i‡Oi cvqiviv| `¨v‡Lv wM‡R©i Ic‡i D‡o G‡m e‡m‡Q
Kv‡jv i‡Oi cvqiviv| Avnv, Zvi Ici cwZZ nq m~h©v‡jvK;
Avnv, Zvi Ici cwZZ nq m~h©v‡jvK; Avnv, Zvi Ici cwZZ
nq m~h©v‡jvK; ‡`L, K‡Kkvm cvnvo †_‡K Iiv D‡o D‡o G‡m‡Q
GLv‡b Avi m~h©v‡jvK †Zv eiveiB wQj| `¨v‡Lv, wM‡R©i Ic‡i
Kv‡jv i‡Oi cvqiviv e‡m‡Q| Avnv, I‡ì `vbvcvwb `vI
†L‡Z Avnv, I‡ì `vbvcvwb `vI †L‡Z m~h©v‡jvK
Sj‡m hv‡”Q Kv‡jv Kv‡jv Wvbv GB is
wKQy‡ZB g„Zz¨MÜx bq| †Kbbv, GK wPivqZ
mZ¨ meB AvM‡j †i‡L‡Q| RvR‡Ki Uzwci Dc‡i
cvqivq weóv S‡i; GB `„k¨ wKQy‡ZB wek`„k bq| ‡Kbbv,
wPivqZ GK `„k mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i ‡i‡L‡Q| cvqiviv
†mB i“cK_v Rv‡b| ZvB Zviv G‡m‡Q AvR| m~h©v‡jv‡K I‡ì
Wvbv Sj‡m hv‡e bv| Avnv, I‡ì `vbvcvwb `vI †L‡Z Avnv, I‡ì
`vbvcvwb `vI †L‡Z
fvbœv Mvb ‡M‡q P‡j| gVevmx mvay gvkUUm&- Gi Mvb Gi Mvb| Avn&, Avgiv G‡ì nZ¨v K‡iwQ|
gVevmx mvay gvkUUm& †f‡ewQ‡jb K‡Kkvm cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡ki gvbyl wPiKv‡ji| †Kbbv,
‡Kbbv, wPivqZ GK `„k mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i ‡i‡L‡Q| cvqiviv †mB i“cK_v Rv‡b| Avn&,
Avgiv G‡ì nZ¨v K‡iwQ| Avn&, Avgiv G‡ì nZ¨v K‡iwQ| Avn&, Avgiv G‡ì nZ¨v K‡iwQ| I
Zxeª j¾¡v‡ev‡a Avµvš— n‡jv| _i_i K‡i KuvcwQj| fvbœvi mvg‡b e‡m _vK‡j I †QvU n‡q
hv‡e, †QvU n‡Z n‡Z msKzwPZ n‡q hv‡e| Ii wbtk¦vm AvU‡K Av‡m| I euvP‡Z Pvq|
I euvP‡Z Pvq e‡jB D‡V ùvovq| Zvici Uj‡Z Uj‡Z ìRvi Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m|
Icv‡ki ‡Ìqvj duy‡o K‡qKRb i“k-Av‡g©bxq Rw½ N‡ii wfZ‡i P‡j Av‡m| Zv‡ì nv‡Z weªP-
‡jvwWs ivB‡dj|
Kx n‡jv P‡j hv”Q †h! fvbœv KKm© ¯^‡i wPrKvi K‡i I‡V| wK_vivUv Quy‡o gv‡i †g‡Si Ici|
†g‡Si Ici †fuvZv kã I‡Q|
cvgyK ìRvi nvZ‡j nvZ †`q, el©vwZi K_v fy‡j hvq,I Rv‡b AvR me g„‡Ziv D‡V Avm‡e
...R¡jš— MnŸi †_‡K K…ò mvM‡ii Rj †_‡K cvim¨ DcmvMi †_‡K|
fvbœv wPrKvi K‡i ej‡Q, †Zvgiv Avgv‡ì Lyb K‡iQ cvgyK| †Zvgiv Avgv‡ì Lyb K‡iQ |
†Zvgiv Avgv‡ì Lyb K‡iQ | cvKzK Gevi wcQb wd‡i PvBj | i“k-Av‡g©bxq Rw½iv weªP-‡jvwWs
ivB‡dj ZvK K‡i‡Q| G¶zwb ¸wj Quyo‡e| fvbœvi NiUv GLb GKUv Av‡g©bxq g‡Vi gZb †`Lvq|
gv‡Vi Ici Kvgvb ewm‡q ZzwK© ˆmbïv †Mvjv el©b Ki‡Q| i“k-Av‡g©bxq Rw½iv Rvbvjvi w`‡K
Qy‡U hvq| †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z aŸ‡m co‡Q g‡Vi Qv` ... †Ìqvj ...| fvbœvi †Pqv‡ii KvQUvq
`vD`vD Av¸b a‡i D‡V‡Q| cvgyK wbtk¦vm eÜ n‡q Av‡m| ZZ¶‡Y ARvwb‡Z ìRvUv Ly‡j
†d‡j‡Q | el©vwZUv Zz‡j wb‡Z fy‡j †Mj ... wcQb †_‡K fvbœvi Zx² wPrKvi †kvbv hvw”Qj|
†kv‡bv cvgyK! c„w_exi hv hv wQj ‡m meB fvM K‡i †bIqv †hZÑwKš‘ kvm‡Kiv †KvbIw`bB
ì‡ek‡ì K_v †kv‡bwb! ì‡ekiv e‡jwQjÑGK wPivqZ `„k¨ mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i †i‡L‡Q
... ìRv Ly‡j ‡jvnvi wmuwoUvi gy‡L G‡m ùvovj cvgyK| evB‡i ZLbI Zzgyj e„wó| Av‡jvi
SjKvwb| eRªcvZ| I ìRvUv eÜ K‡i w`j|
Z…Zxq ce©; wimvjZ
†kl `„‡k¨ i“wg
From today and from this place there begins a new epoch in the history of the world.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
†jvnvi wmuwoUv †e‡q `ª“Z wb‡P †b‡g G‡m nuvcv‡Z jvMj cvgyK | Mwj‡Z AÜKvi, Aw¯’i evZvm
I Aweij R‡ji el©b| gv‡S gv‡S we`y¨r PgKvw”Qj| `yÕcv‡k a~mi †Ìqvj| GK cv‡k b`©gv-
Dc‡P Rj R‡g‡Q| Icv‡k GKUv jvj evwo; ZLb Kvwb©‡mi wb‡P GKUv evRcvwL e‡m wfRwQj,
IUv GLb †bB| ‡Ìqv‡ji Icv‡k mvi mvi j‡ij MvQ, j‡ij MvQ Avi g‡U©j MvQ; `y-GKUv
cyi‡bv IK MvQI †`Lv hvq, gv_v Zz‡j ùvwo‡q i‡q‡Q| G‡jv‡g‡jv Aw¯’i evZv‡m Kuvc‡Q
cvZv¸wj| mimi kã DV‡Q| evZvm eywS Zv‡K †V‡j †d‡j †`‡e| cÖvYcb evZv‡mi m‡½ hy×
K‡i K‡i nuvU‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| Mwji gy‡L G‡m †`Lj eo iv¯—vq cvwb R‡g Av‡Q| Dj‡Uv w`K
†_‡K GKUv evm AvmwQj| cÖvq duvKv evm| DVj cvgyK| emj bv, ùvwo‡q _vKj, Av”Qbœ n‡q
wQj, Lye K¬vš— jvMwQj, wb‡R‡K g‡b nw”Qj Lywb, ZLb †_‡K eyKUv Kx iKg KuvcwQj| i“k-
Av‡g©wbq Rw½iv Avgv‡K ¸wj Kij bv †Kb? wKš‘, ZLb Kx ejj wK¬I? †kv‡bv cvgyK! c„w_exi hv
hv wQj ‡m meB fvM K‡i †bIqv †hZÑwKš‘ kvm‡Kiv †KvbIw`bB ì‡ek‡ì K_v †kv‡bwb!
ì‡ekiv e‡jwQjÑGK wPivqZ `„k¨ mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i †i‡L‡Q| cvgy‡Ki g‡b coj
1217 mv‡ji GKwU w`‡bi K_v | evnvDÏxb Iqvjv`, i“wgi evev, †Q‡j m‡½ †Lvivmvb †_‡K
evM`v‡` cÖvq †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Qb | †m msev` †c‡q evM`v‡ì Lwjdv msea©bvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z
jvM‡jb| evnvDÏxb‡K Af¨_©bv †Ìqvi Rb¨ A‡Xj Dc‡XŠKbmn cÖwZwbwa cvVv‡jb bMi‡Zvo‡b
| Lwjdvi Dc‡XŠKb wdwi‡q w`‡jb wbf©xK evnvDÏxb; Ggb Kx `~bxwZ©civqb Lwjdvi m‡½ †`Lv
Ki‡ZI A¯^xKvi Ki‡jb| Aek¨ gmwR‡` gymwj‡ì mvg‡b eqvb Ki‡Z m¤§Z n‡jb| gmwR‡`
Dcw¯’wZ wQ‡jb Lwjdv | ÔBb wnR mvigb, evnvDÏxb A¨vW‡gvwbkW `¨v Lvwjd di wnR KivcU
I‡q Af jvBd| Iqvwb©s wng `¨vU wn DW wgU A¨vb BM‡bvwgwbqvm GÛ Bb `¨ †dv_©Kvwgs g½j
Bbfvmb|Õ (AvdjvwK| wj‡RÛm Af `¨ mywdR|) Avi ì‡ek kvgm-B-ZvewiR?| ZvewiR-Gi
m~h©| ì‡ekiv †Zv m~h©i g‡Zv| kvgm B ZvewiR wQ‡jb gnvb i“wgi wci| i“wg Zuvi wci‡K Kx
e‡jwQ‡jb? O Shams of Tabriz, in this world I am so Intoxicated that apart from
drukenness and celebration I have no tale to tell. †Kb GB Lywk? ZLb Kx ejj wK¬I? wKš‘
... wKš‘ †Lvivmvb ‡_‡K i“wgi cwievi ‡Kb Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡mwQj? Avwg Z_vKw_Z
HwZnvwmK‡ì e¨vL¨v MÖnb Kie bv| Avwg Rvwb i“wgi cwievi †Kb †Lvivmvb ‡_‡K
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡mwQj? ‡mjRyK-cieZ©x ˆ¯îvPvix A‡Uvgvb‡ì Acjvc [negate] Kivi Rb¨?
nu¨v, ZvBB ...GK`v GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq Rb¥ n‡qwQj gnvb _v‡j‡mi, gnvb Avmcvwmqvi| Avg„Zz¨
IB F×Mb †nwmq`cwš’ g~p AÜwek¦vm Avi ag©vÜ wc_v‡Mviv‡mi Kzms¯‹v‡ii wei“‡× hy×
K‡i‡Qb| ... Avbv‡Zvwjqvi †K‡›`ª [†Kvwbqvq] i“wg gvRvi ...AvivivZ cvnvo ...‡hLv‡b †mB gnv
cve‡bi ci ‡bvqvi AvK© G‡m †_‡gwQj | wmwg‡qvb Av‡M †_‡KB Ii wek¦¯— AbyPi‡ì w`‡q
¸nvq K¤^j-Kv‡c©U Avi ïK‡bv cwbi i“wU G‡b †i‡LwQj | ‡mB ¸nvq Avgiv w`b mv‡ZK
wQjvg| `yR‡b mviv¶Y †cÖ‡g gË n‡q wQjvg| Zvici Avgiv bZzb Rxeb ïi“ Ki‡Z AvivivZ
cvnvo †_‡K Avivm DcZ¨Kvq ‡b‡g Avwg| Avgvi ZLb g‡b nw”Qj cveb †k‡l †bvqvi AvK©
†_‡K †b‡g hvw”Q| Avgiv fvb n«‡ì cv‡o Gjvg| cvgyK wkD‡i DVj| GKw`‡K cÖv‡Pï ey× I
Ab¨w`‡K cwð‡gi bvB‡U‡½j ... Iu‡ì gvSLv‡b Avwg ...GB Avbv‡Zvwjqvq| Avwg ...Avwg c~e©-
cwð‡gi gvSLv‡b| evm KLb _vgj| evm †_‡K Av”Q‡bœi g‡Zv †b‡g nuvU‡Z _v‡K I | GLb wK
we‡Kj? bv `ycyi? hZ`~i †PvL hvq †gNjv w`‡bi GB gwjb e„wói †Niv‡Uvc| `~iš— evZvm †V‡j
†V‡j G‡Mvq cvgyK| dzUcv‡Zi Ici GKUv cy‡iv‡bv IK MvQ| MvQwUi cvZvq cvZvq
G‡jv‡g‡jv evZv‡mi kbkb kã I‡V| wf‡R Qv‡ji Wv‡ji ¸uwoi MÜ cvq †m| Gfv‡e KLb
Avbv‡`vjywnmvwi `~M©wUi Kv‡Q P‡j G‡jv I| `~M©Uv †cwi‡q em‡dviv‡mi wKbvivi w`‡K †h‡Z
_vKj| cv_‡ii iv¯—vi e„wói Aweivg Mvb| gyL Zz‡j GKUv †gNv”Qbœ AvKv‡ki w`‡K ZvKvq |
MvQcvZvi Ici wSiwSi kã| Pvwiw`‡K †P‡q †`‡L e„wó Avi e„wó| ‡Kv_vI wK GKUv hy×
n‡qwQj? K‡e? ‡m D`&åv‡š—i gZ nuvU‡Z _v‡K| Zvi cvk w`‡q ‡Nvov QywU‡q P‡j hvq wnwÆiv ...
cviwmKiv ...mgªvU KbmUvbUvBb ¯^qs †Nvov QywU‡q P‡j hvb; P‡j hvq ‡mjRyK ZzwK©iv, myjZvb
Imgvb, m‰mb¨ myjZvb Iinvb| Zviv me GB e„wói wfZi Zxeª‡e‡M †Nvov QywU‡q P‡j hvq
`vi`v‡b‡jm cÖbvjxi w`‡K| cvgyK AevK n‡q †`‡L| GBme wew”Qbœ `„k¨vejx Kx Ggb †cÖ¶cU
‰Zwi K‡iwQj K‡iwQj hv `ª“Z †a‡q hv‡e 1915 mv‡ji w`‡K? hv fvbœv‡K Kuv`v‡e, hv wK¬I‡K
n‡qwQj cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i mgq, 1915 mv‡j; hy×Kvjxb GB b„kskZv Armenian Genocide bv‡g
cwiwPZ| wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Rixc e‡j b~b¨vwaK 15 j¶ Av‡g©bxq wbnZ n‡qwQj ... Stalin’s aim
was to decimate the ranks of the party and eliminate all potential opposition to his
rule; the terror spread throughout Soviet society, resulting in well over a million
executions and swelling the labor camps with prisoners.Avwg wjLe| Avwg wjLe| Avwg
wjLe| Avwg cÖwZev` Kie| Avwg cÖwZev` Kie| Avwg cÖwZev` Kie| Avwg cÖwZev` Kie|
gvIjvbv Zuvi Mathnawi†Z wj‡L‡QÑ The mention of Mose’s name is sufficient to
shackle our thoughts, for we tend to assume that what we are reading is a retelling of
events that happened in the past.Avn&, i“wg Zzwg! A_P...A_P ...UMeM K‡i dzU‡Z _v‡K
cvgyK| Ii wbtk¦vm eÜ n‡q Av‡m| hy× cieZ©xKv‡j A_v©r, 1919 mv‡j GKRb A‡Uvgvb Af¨š—
ixb gš¿x ¯^xKvi K‡ib-Zvr¶wbK fv‡eB 8 j¶ A‡g©bxq‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj| AvovB j‡¶i
gZb †eu‡P wM‡qwQj g„Zzï nvZ †_‡K| Zviv K‡Kkvm cvnv‡o cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj-‡h AÂjwU GLb
Av‡g©bxqv I RwR©qv| a¯— n‡jv AmsL¨gV, wbnZ n‡jv ARmª DcvmK| Avwg wjLe| wjLe|
wjLe| Avwg cÖwZev` Kie| Avgvi hy× ïi“ n‡q †M‡Q| Avwg wjLe ...2 eQi nj: GK wb‡eva©
cÖKvkK Avgvi eB AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q| Qvc‡Q bv| GB hy× i“Bqv| i“Bqv G‡jv bv| GB `ytL| Zv
Qvov, AwaKvsk ZzwK© HwZnvwmKiv Av‡g©wbq MbnZ¨v ¯^xKvi K‡i bv| ‡Z‡iv eQi eqm †_‡K
n‡b¨ n‡q wK¬I‡K LuyR‡Q cvgyK| †Kbbv, ZzwK© HwZnvwmKiv Av‡g©bxq MbnZ¨v ¯^xKvi K‡i bv|
wK¬Ii K_vq fvbœvi gyLUvI g‡b c‡o †Mj| ‡mfvb Kwdkc †_‡K †ewi‡q hvIqv †mB Av‡g©bxq
†g‡qUv wK Avm‡jB fvbœv? bvwK Avgvi Kíbv? fvbœvi D”PZv gvSvwi; ci‡bi el©vwZi isUv wQj
mv`v| cvk w`‡q †nu‡U †Mj hLb, ZLb gyLUvq Nb welv` †Pv‡L coj| gyLUv dimv; †PvL `y‡Uv
bxjvf | eqm †ZBk-PweŸ‡ki †ewk n‡e bv| ‡g‡qUv fvbœv wK? bvwK Ab¨ †KD? Aviv‡gi eÜz?
bvwK AvZ¥xq? bvwK fvbœvi? fvbœv †Zv Aviv‡gi †evb? Zv n‡j? bvwK †mB e„×vi †g‡q? nuvUvi
fw½‡Z †Kv_vI wK¬Ii GKUv AveQv ... ¯^Y©‡Kwk ...†hb wK¬IB ...bv wK Av‡g©wbq? ZLb g‡b
n‡qwQj mgqUv 1915 ...fvbœv wbivc` bq| †Kbbv BwZnvm n‡jv nvwoKvVÑ †hLv‡b e¨vw³i
B‡”Q‡K iv‡óªi ¯^cœ‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K †P‡qI cvgyK nZevK n‡q ‡`Lj K_vUv
mZ¨ | ... 1920 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m BD‡ivcxq kw³ I A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï g‡a¨ †mf‡im Pzw³
[Treaty of Sèvres] m¤úvw`Z nq| †mf‡im Pzw³ Abyhvqx A‡Uvgvb kvmKeM© A‡Uvgvb
mvgªvR¨‡K fvM K‡i Av‡g©wbqvi ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z m¤§Z nq| wKš‘, ZzwK© [RvZxqZvev`x] †bZv gy¯—
vdv Kvgvj †mf‡im Pzw³ AMÖvn¨ K‡i Av‡g©wbqv Avµgb K‡i e‡mb| Avðh©! BwbB GKKv‡j
e‡jwQ‡jbÑ The voice of the people is the voice of God. i“k [ej‡kwfKivI] wVK IB
mgqUvq Av‡g©wbqvq AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| Kv‡RB Kv‡RB, ZzwK© [RvZxqZvev`xivI] ‰e‡`wkK
Avµg‡b ¶Zwe¶Z Av‡g©wbqvi c~b© wbqš¿b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| 1920 mvj| wW‡m¤î gvm| Av‡g©bxq
RvZxqZvev`xiv i“k ej‡kwfK‡ì m‡½ GKwU ivR‰bwZK Pzw³ m¤úv`b K‡i| Pzw³ Abyhvqx (K)
bZzb GKwU †RvU miKvi MwVZ nq| (L) ivóªwUi bvg nq †mvmvwjó wicvewjK Af Av‡g©bxqv|
Gfv‡eB wLª÷ag© Aay¨wlZ ivóªwU mgvRZvwš¿K wewbg©v‡bi w`‡K cv evovq| IB gv‡mB [`yc‡¶i
g‡a¨] Av‡iKwU Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| bvw·fvb I bv‡Mvi‡bv-KvivevL AÂj `ywU [RvZxqZvev`x]
AvRvievBRvb I Av‡g©bxqv‡K w`‡Z m¤§Z nq| 1921-Gi †Mvovi w`‡K i“kiv Av‡g©bxqv †_‡K
RvZxqZvev`x‡ì ewn¯‹vi K‡i Av‡g©bxqvi ¶gZv `Lj K‡i | 1922 mvj| gvP© gvm| RwR©qv I
AvRvievBRv‡bi m‡½ GKxf~Z n‡q Av‡g©bxqv Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist
Avwg Avgvi †Q‡j‡K Avi †KvbIw`bB †`Le bv| nvq, Avwg Avgvi †Q‡j‡K Avi †KvbIw`bB
†`Le bv| Gfv‡e A‡Uvgvbiv bvix‡K Kuv`vZ| ejKv‡b| nxivgwÛ Kv‡dm-LuvPvq| ‡mB bvix‡ì
†PvL †_‡K wbf„‡Z eûKvj i³vkÖ“ S‡iwQj Ck¦‡ii wbie f~wgKvi mvg‡b| Avgvi bvg jvj| GB
Kvbœv G kn‡i †KD †kv‡b bv| AvwgB GKv ïwb| †Kb Avwg ïwb? †Kb Avwg GKvZ¥ n‡Z cvwibv
Giv hv e‡j Zvi m‡½? Giv e‡j: Kvd cvnv‡oi w`‡K D‡o hvq AvbKv cvwL| Kx Gi gv‡b hLb
gymwjg we‡k¦i AwaKvsk gvbyl ¶zavZ©| Gme a~mi I A_©nxb K_vi Kx gv‡b| cvgyK Kx GK
†Nv‡ii g‡a¨ nuvU‡Z _v‡K| Kv‡QB Bosporus Thracius-Gi cvo| †jvbv evZvm D‡V AvmwQj
IB cÖvPxb RjcÖevn †_‡K| †mB m‡½ e„wó m‡Ë¡I GB mÜ¨vi gy‡L †kvbv hvq MvOwP‡ji KK©m
wPrKvi | GB mgq `~‡i e„wó Qvwc‡q gyqvw¾‡bi K‡Ú AvRvb †f‡m Av‡m| cvgyK nuvU‡Z _v‡K|
nuvU‡Z _v‡K| e„wói cvwb‡Z Ii me©v½ wf‡R hvq| Pvwiw`‡K †P‡q †`‡L e„wó Avi e„wó| †mB
kxZj e„wóR‡j wf‡R †h‡Z †h‡Z cvgy‡Ki g‡b n‡Z _v‡KÑ†jL‡Ki wniYgq gb‡bi fvi Avwg
Avi mB‡Z cviwQ bv ...†h‡nZz Avwg †`wL GB e„wói wfZi †Kv_vI GK cÖvPxb gV †_‡K
KZ¸‡jv Kv‡jv cvqivI D‡o Av‡m| mwZ¨B wK GK wPivqZ `„k¨ mKj `„k¨‡K Avovj K‡i
†i‡L‡Q| ‡K Rv‡b| kvgm B ZvewiR| RvjvjDÏxi i“wgi cwievi †Kb †Lvivmvb †_‡K GB
Avbv‡Zvwjqvq P‡j G‡mwQj? Avgvi Kv‡Q? GKUz _g‡K ùvovqÑfv‡eÑ †Kv_vI GKUv hy×
n‡qwQj? ‡Kv_vq? K‡e? hy× m„wói ïi“ †_‡KB wQj, BwZnv‡mi ïi“ †_‡KB; wQj †R‡bvmvBW-
GKUvi ci GKUv| wKš‘ Kx Avi Kiv ... IBw`‡K ZvwK‡q †_‡K? eo K¬vš— jv‡M| GLb PvB
wb`ªv, PvB †bkvÑ Ime mvi mvi g„Zz¨ fy‡j _vK‡Z; PvB Zxeª Av”QbœZv, giwg Jlw`| PvB
i“Bqvk~b¨ Zxeª gvbwmK ˆg_yb| Zxeª AvZ¥iwZ ...Kíbv-g` ... e„wói wfZi Avevi nuvU‡Z ïi“
K‡i cvgyK| Zvi fxlb K¬vš— jv‡M| ‡mB K‡e K…òmvM‡i wg‡k wM‡qwQj j¶vwaK cÖvb| ‡jL‡Ki
wniYgq gb fv‡e ZLb Zv‡ì †Kgb jvMwQj hLb Pvwiw`‡K cvwb Avi cvwb wbtk¦vm AvU‡K
AvmwQj ...Avn& ... AvR GKUv cÖvY IB Bosporus Thracius -Gi R‡j wg‡k †M‡j †Kgb nq?|
cvgyK cvwbi wKbvivq cv evovq| ZLbB gv‡qi gyLUv ‡f‡m DVj| Avgvi big ‡mvbvi gb Avi
G RMr wbqZ QviLvi n‡Z _vK‡e Zvi †P‡q eis ...IB RjcÖev‡ni R‡jB Zwj‡q hvB bv †Kb
...c„w_exi AMbb gb †R‡M DV‡e bv ... Zviv †`L‡e bv ... †Kewj Rxeb †c‡q Lywk n‡q DV‡e bv
†b‡P DV‡e bv ...Zviv Nywg‡qB _vK‡e ...†fvM Ki‡e ...Zv‡Z RMr QvoLvi n‡Z _vK‡e ...
w`bw`b ... i“BqvI Avi wd‡i Avm‡e bv ...†m ‡evm‡cviv‡mi cÖvPxb cvwbcÖev‡ni Lye wKbvivq
G‡m ùvovq| RvqMvUv wbR©b| †KD I‡K †`L‡Q bv| †Kej GK `jv Auvl‡U MÜ Zv‡K Av”Qbœ
K‡i iv‡L| ‡m †Ui cvq Zxeª evZvm †XD AvQ‡o co‡Q cv‡o| gvby‡li AvZ©-µ›`‡bi g‡Zv g‡b
nq ...†m wPrKvi K‡i I‡V ... Sophocles long ago Heard it on the Aegean, and it
brought Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow Of human misery; Zxeª evZv‡m Ii kixi
U‡j I‡V ...Pvicv‡k e„wói a~mi Pvì ...nvIqvi û¼vi ...A_B ‡jvbv cvwb‡Z I c‡o †h‡Z _v‡K
... c‡o ‡h‡Z _v‡K ...wVK †mB gyn~‡Z© RvjvjDÏxb Zvi cv‡k G‡m ùvov‡jb| nvZ ivL‡jb
Kuv‡a | cvgy‡Ki bxj mvU©Uv wf‡R wM‡qwQj| ì‡e‡ki AvOyj wf‡R hvq| ‡m wd‡i ZvKvq| A_P
Av‡jv Qvov wKQy †`L‡Z cvq bv| †mB m‡½ Zxeª AvZ‡ii MÜ cvq, hv Auvl‡U MÜ gy‡Q w`‡q|
ì‡ek wdmwdm K‡i ej‡jbÑ Av‡M Avgvi c`¨Lvbv GKevi †kvb evQv| Zvici hv Kivi
K‡iv| Gici Av‡jvi wfZ‡i evZv‡mi AvZ©bv` Qvwc‡q †m ïb‡Z cvq Rj` M¤¢xi ¯^bb ...
What I am to do, O Pamuk? for I no longer recongnize

myself. I am neither Christian, nor Jew, nor Magian, nor
Muslim. I am not the East nor the West not the land nor
the sea; I am not from nature’s mine, nor from the circling
spheres. I am not of earth, nor water, nor wind nor fire. I am
not of the heavens, nor dust, nor existence, nor entity. I am
no of India or China, not of Bulgher, nor Saqsin;I am not
of the kingdom of Iraquain, nor the land of Khorasan. I am
not of this world, nor the next, not of paradise nor Hell; I am
not of Adam, nor Eve, not of Eden nor Rizwan. My place
is the placeless, my trace is the Traceless; I am neither
body nor soul, for I belong to the soul of the Beloved.
Av‡jv wb‡f †M‡j Avevi AÜKvi| hwÌ AvZ‡ii M‡Üi †il ZLbI i‡q †M‡Q Aw¯’i evZv‡m|
Akvš— cvwbi wKbv‡i G‡m _g‡K hvq cvgyK| IB DËvj ‡jvbvR‡j wg‡k hvIqv nq bv| Avgvi
ü`‡q hv Av‡Q Zv Wye‡e bv, Avwg wg‡Q Wy‡e †h‡Z PvBwQ| ‡m ax‡i ax‡i Ny‡i hvq| kixi †Kgb
nvjKv jvM‡Q, Abyf~wZI †ek wbf©vi| ax‡i ax‡i nuvU‡Z _v‡K| Nigy‡Lv| GLb Avgvi Rb¥
n‡jv| GLbI gv‡qi gyL †`Ljvg bv| †m k¦vm Uv‡b| †Kgb Intoxicated Intoxicated jvM‡Q|
ey‡Ki wfZ‡i GK SjK Lywk, Avb›`gq Abyf~wZ| †hb A‡bKw`b ci †Pv‡Li evab Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q
Wv³vi| From today and from this place there begins a new epoch in the history of the
world. evwoi w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| g‡bi wfZi D_vjcv_vj GwRqvb Lywk-‡XD| bv, Avi
†KvbI mskq †bB ...Mvwb †bB ...i“Bqvi Rb¨ nv-ûZvk †bB| GLb Aviä Kv‡Ri Kg©h‡Á Wy‡e
hvIqv †Kej| evwoi w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K cvgyK| ZLbI Ii cv‡k cv‡k nuvU‡Qb gvIjvbv |
A‡bK A‡bK Kvj Av‡M gvIjvbvi cwievi †Lvivmvb †_‡K Avbv‡Zvwjqvq G‡mwQj ...nq‡Zv GB
wè¨ gyn~Z©wUi Rb¨B ...ì‡e‡ki mv`v ùvwo, mv`v cvÄvwe DowQj nvIqvq | wZwbI wf‡R
hvw”Q‡jb Avbv‡Zvwjqvi mvÜ¨Kvjxb e„wóR‡j| µgk wg‡k hvw”Q‡jb w`bv‡š—i †kl Av‡jvi
wfZ‡i ...ZLbI AvKvk †_‡K PzBu‡q civ AÜKv‡ii wfZi ...Avi ZLbB Zxeª eRªcv‡Zi kã
‡kvbv hvq| Zv m‡Ë¡I wgUwgU K‡i †n‡m DV‡jb gvIjvbv | †h‡nZz m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡Q wimvjZ
...

Pamuk Imon Zubaer

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Ryev‡qi †nv‡mb

hy‡×i ci e„wói wfZi

cÖ_g ce©: Ávb I fve

e„wói †fv‡i, cyi‡bv kn‡i

1976 mvj; Ryb gvm, 7 ZvwiL; ‡fvi|

Whosoever knoweth the power of the dance, dwelleth in God.

Rb¥w`‡bi Dcnvi wKsev Mitochondrial Eve

Carl Gustav Jung

İstanbul Boğazi ev Bosporus Thracius

wKš‘, hLb GB es‡k gË¨ cwic~b© nBj;

wKš‘, hLb GB es‡k gË¨ cwic~b© nBj;

ey× I bvBwU‡½j cvwLi Mvb

Ry‡bi e„wóiv Zvi mg¯— wPrKvi ¯—ã K‡i w`j|

GLv‡bB †h Avgvi Ni|

ey× I bvBwU‡½j cvwLi Mvb

Av‡g©bxqvi BwZnvm: cÖ_g cvV

Oh, my Mitochondrial Eve!

What I am to do? for I no longer recongnize

Av‡g©bxqvi BwZnvm: wØZxq cvV

The voice of the people is the voice of God.

Kemal Ataturk (1881 - 1938)

Zvi ¯^Mxq AwaKvi

( The Koran. Translated with notes by Dawood, N. J. Penguin Books, 1990.)

gvIjvbvi RvbvRvq Kwei dwiqv`

Cambodian journalist, April 17, 1998.On the death of Pol Pot.

Av‡g©bxqvi BwZnvm: wØZxq cvV

wØZxq ce©; †evwajvf

mvay gvkUUm& ej‡jb ...

wK¬I wKsev fvbœvi Mí

`¨v‡Lv wM‡R©i Ic‡i D‡o G‡m e‡m‡Q Kv‡jv i‡Oi

Z…Zxq ce©; wimvjZ

†kl `„‡k¨ i“wg

What I am to do, O Pamuk? for I no longer recongnize

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