UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ELEC2220W1 SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATION 2014 - 2015, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS DURATION 120 MINS (2 Hours) This paper contains 5 questions Answer THREE questions. An outline marking scheme is shown in brackets to the right of each ques- tion. This examination contribute 85% of the marks for the module, the remain- der comming from the coursework. University approved calculators MAY be used. A foreign language translation dictionary (paper version) is permitted pro- vided it contains no notes, additions or annotations. 9 page examination paper. A formula sheet is also available. Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 1 of 9ELEC2220W1 Question 1. A linear time invariant system is described by the differential equation @u du d@y Py jody —; + 800— + 1200u = —— + 7—— + 12— de a eae ae Te “ 100 (a) (i) Assume w(t) = 0 for all ¢ € R. Prove that the function defined by oe, t>0 no={ 5 120 where a is a real number, is a solution of (1). (ii) Assume u(t) = 0 for all t € R. Find the general form of the solution y(-) of (1) (iii) Assume u(t) = 0 for allt € R. For which values of the initial conditions (0), ‘£¥(0) is the following function 0, t<0 W0={ em, 120 a solution of (1)? [15 marks] (b) (i) Find the transfer function G(s) of the system described by (1). (ii) Find the response of G(s) to the input 6(-), the Dirac impulse. (ii) The system is connected in a feedback loop as shown in Figure 1. Compute the closed-loop transfer function between r(:) and y(-). r(s)_e(s) y(s) + G(s) Figure 4 (iv) It can be shown that the closed-loop system in Figure 1 is sta- ble. Find the steady-state error e(oo) = lim;_... e(t) when r(-) is the Heaviside step. Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 2 of 9ELEC2220W1 (v) Find the steady-state error e(o0) = lim,4.0 e(t) for the closed-loop system of Figure 1 when r(-) is the ramp function 0, #<0 = { t, t>0 (vi) Determine the system type of the feedback system in Figure 1 When G(s) is the transfer function of the system described by (1). Discuss the relationship between the system type and your answers to Question 1.b (iv) and 1.b (v). (vii) The input (t) = 0, t<0 HV cost, t>0 is applied to the closed-loop system of Figure 1. Explain why the corresponding output y(?) is a sinusoidal function for large values of t. Also find the amplitude of this steady-state output. [18 marks] TURN OVER Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 3 of 9ELEC2220W1 Question 2. A linear time invariant system is described by the second-order differential equation a y dy du oe 4 ge = 42, qe +43 + 3y a +2u (2) (a) (i) Using Laplace transform methods, find the solution of (2) when “4(0) = -3, y(0) = —1 and u(-) = F(.), the Heaviside step defined by 0, t<0 ag = { 1, t>0 (ii) Compute the transfer function Gis) of the system described by (2). (i) The system is connected in the feedback loop shown in Figure 2. Compute the closed-loop transfer function between r(.) and y(:) [15 marks} (b) (i) Is the closed-loop transfer function for the system in Figure 2 sta- ble? Justify your answer. (ii) Using only Laplace transform methods, evaluate the amplitude of the steady-state 1(-) of the system of Figure 2 to the input r(-) defined by nl) = { sr a ) r(s)_e(s) y(s) G(s) Figure 2 (ii) Figure 3 shows the Bode plots of the transfer-function of the sys- tem of Figure 2. Using only these plots, evaluate the amplitude of the steady-state response y(-) to the input r(-) defined by (3). (iv) Compute the sensitivity function of the feedback loop of Figure 2. (v) Explain the meaning of the closed-loop sensitivity function and its Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 4 of 9ELEC2220W1 Bode Diagram | | Eu Phase (deg) Frequency (rad/s) Figure 3 role in assessing the robustness of a control scheme. [18 marks] TURN OVER Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 5 of 9ELEC2220W1 Question 3. An underdamped second order plant, G(s) is to be controlled using a forward path controller K(s) and a unity negative feedback loop. The plant is modelled as 1 Gs) = ay as4 38 (a) A candidate controller is proposed, such that 8 K,(s) =k (: + 4) Identify the type of controller, sketch an appropriate root locus dia- gram of the system, detailing your reasoning and comment on the response of the system as k > (is increased. It is decided that at least one closed-loop pole should be at s = —4, determine the value of k to achieve this and explain why the closed-loop system response will stil be oscillatory. [10 marks] (b) A replacement candidate controller is proposed, such that Ko(s) = k(1 + 0.18) Identify the type of controller, sketch an appropriate root locus dia- gram of the system, detailing your reasoning and comment on the system response as k > 0 is increased. Determine the minimum value of k to obtain a non-oscillatory closed-loop response. [15 marks] (0) A design engineer proposes a third controller in the belief that it will perform as well as K2(s) but without the need for tuning, ie 8 +85 +32 s? + 34.415 + 296 Sketch an appropriate root locus diagram of the system and explain why the closed-loop response will be oscillatory with a coefficient of damping almost identical to that of the open-loop plant. [8 marks] K3(s) = Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 6 of 9ELEC2220W1 Question 4. (a) The open-loop transfer function of a system is given by k s)IT( 7—7 GS) H(8) = eas Construct the Nyquist stability diagram, clearly indicating the gain and phase margins. Determine the maximum value of k to ensure a stable response [18 marks] (b) Calculate the gain and phase margins for 25 G(s)H(8) = [15 marks] TURN OVER Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 7 of 9ELEC2220W1 Question 5. (a) Consider a message signal of m(¢) and a carrier of c(t), as given by the following equations: m(t) = 2cos(uxt) (4) e(t) = cos(w.t) ) where their measurement units are in volts (V). The message signal is used to modulate the carrier based on the Double Side-Band (DSB) modulation, as represented by the equation: s(t) = m(t) - ¢(#) (6) Calculate the Fourier transform S(jw) of s(t) based on Euler's for- mula, given the following Fourier transform pair e/#* o—e 276(w—wy). Sketch the corresponding magnitude (|S(jw)|/27) versus frequency (w) plot. [5 marks] (b) Calculate the normalized power used by this DSB modulation to trans- mit i) the sideband components and ii) the carrier component. Com- ment on the power efficiency of DSB compared to conventional Am- plitude Modulation (AM). [4 marks] (c) The message signal m(t) of (4) is used to modulate the carrier c(t) of (5) using Frequency Modulation (FM), where w; = 10¢7 and w. = 10°. The instantaneous frequency of this FM signal is given by: fi= fot ky m(t) (7) where ky = 10 kHz/V is the frequency sensitivity factor, while /; and Je are measured in Hz. Find: i) the bandwidth of the message signal m(t) and ii) the bandwidth of the FM signal in Hz. [5 marks] Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 8 of 9ELEC2220W1 (d) Calculate the normalized power of this FM signal. Comment on the power efficiency of the DSB and FM signals. Compare the bandwidth efficiency of DSB and FM. [4 marks] (e) The baseband representation of a wireless radio communications link is shown in Figure 4. Explain which particular system components are modelled by the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) h(n). Similarly, comment on the various physical phenomena that may be modelled by the noise term v[n]. Describe the impairment inflicted by the CIR and the noise on the received signal. in] oy stn] tl LH) in} Figure 4 [4 marks] (f) Discuss the roles of the transmit and receive filters. Give the condi- tions (in time and frequency domains) that these filters must satisty in order to form a Nyquist system. [6 marks] (g) Discuss the advantageous and disadvantageous of the modulation scheme shown in Figure 5. What is the necessary condition imposed on the channel hx, where & is the time index, in order to make the detection work? si} -6— 1p ps Sb fee E iffreniat | t Different Encoder | fy “ Decoder i vam [hale +g Figure 5 [5 marks] END OF PAPER Copyright 2015 © University of Southampton Page 9 of 9