CITING SOURCES

Introduction
It feels good to be recognized for something you do, whether it is a small or a big project. Conversely, if your
work is used without any mention of as the creator, you will surely feel that it is unfair and unethical. In the academic
community, much premium is placed on attributing something to the right person, so it is important that credit is given
where it is due.

Purpose for Citing Sources

It is important not only to get information from credible sources but also to properly document all borrowed
ideas, information, concepts, arguments, or information and attribute them to their authors or creators. This is done
by citing sources. This procedure, which is an integral part of academic and professional writing, serves the following
purposes.

 To give credit to the original author of a work

Plagiarism is a serious offense in which someone takes and uses the ideas, information, concepts,
arguments, or information of someone else, intentionally or unintentionally, without proper citations.

 To promote scholarly writing

Scholarly writing means that you are able to exhaustively use related and existing ideas, information,
concepts or arguments of an expert and to properly attribute these to the original source.

 To help your target audience identify your original source

[

More often than not, your target audience or readers want to either verify the information or learn
more about the information from the original source. With your proper citations, your target audience
can easily identify the location of the original source in your paper.

Forms of Citation
There are various styles or formats used to cite sources, but there are only two forms of citations: in-text and
inference.

1. In-text citation requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a certain part of his/her essay.
The format of in-text citations varies per style.

Example (APA style)

Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships
mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was
significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002).

[SRC: https:/owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf]

2. Reference citation refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all references used by the writer. This
appears in the reference list found at the last part of the paper.

Example (APA style)

References
Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications
of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship
between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure,
impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time.
Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348.
Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary relationships.
Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140.
 These two forms of citations are dependent on each other. Once a source is cited in-text, it should also
appear in the reference list or else it may be considered as a form of plagiarism.

Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-Internet and Internet relationships
mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was
significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002).

References

Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communications
of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship
between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure,
impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time.
Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348.
Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on primary relationships.
Behaviour Change, 21(2), 127-140.

[SRC: https:/owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf]

Guidelines in In-text citation

1. APA, 6th edition (pp 169-179) Basic citation rules
 Follow the author-(latest) year of publication method. Although not required, APA encourages you to
indicate the page numbers even in paraphrases or summaries. Place the period after the citation
when it is the end of the sentence.

 According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business student majors.
 APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2014).

 For a work with only one author

 According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business student majors.
 APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio, 2014).

 For two authors, notice in the example the use of “&” when the citations are inside the parentheses

 According to Sipacio & Barrot (2014), APA style is required for business student majors.
 APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014).

 For three to five authors, name all three during the first citation. Then use the primary author
followed by ‘et al.’ (which means ‘and authors’) for subsequent citations.

First Citation
 According to Sipacio, Barrot and Sanchez (2014), the APA style is appropriate for the fields
of nursing and education.
 The APA style is appropriate for the fields of nursing and education (Sipacio, Barrot &
Sanchez, 2014).

Subsequent Citation
 Sipacio et al. states that in general, the social sciences employ this citation style (2014).
 In general, the social sciences employ this citation style (Sipacio et al., 2014).

Direct Quotations

 When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are required to include the page
number(s) enclosed in parenthesis. The page number must be proceeded by ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ for multiple
pages. Check the examples focusing on the variety of formats and the use of capitalization,
parentheses, quotation marks, period, spacing and numbers.
  Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found that the APA style guide too complex” (p.56).
 According to Sipacio (2014) “beginners found that the APA style guide too complex” (p.56).
 He claimed that “beginners found that the APA style guide too complex” (Sipacio, 2014,
p.56) because of several factors.

 When you use a direct quote with 40 words or more, you are still required to include the page
number/s. Start your quotation in a new line with a ½ indentation on the left margin. There is no
need to enclose long quotations in quotation marks, but the parenthetical citation should be placed
after the period.
 Check the example below; focus on the spacing and placement of the citation.

 In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access”, Scheliz suggests a list
of causes of poverty.
 (1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticityof
poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector; (5) high inflation during
crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and persistent levels of
inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of economic
expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to risks as economic crisis,
conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental poverty. (p.2)

2. Basic rules from the MLA Handbook, 7th edition (Chapter 6) and MLA Style Manual, 3rd Edition (Chapter 7)
 The in-text parenthetical details in MLA vary depending on the type of source (e.g., print, web, DVD)
and on the entry on your paper’s Works Cited page. The first detail in your reference’s in-text citation
must also be the first thing that will appear when it is listed in the Works Cited page.
 This style follows the author-page method. Note that the author’s name may appear in the sentence,
but the page number should always be in the parenthetical citation and not in the sentence.
 Check the examples focusing on the variety of formats and the use of capitalization, parentheses,
quotaion marks, period, spacing, and numbers. Notice the absence of a comma in the in-text
citation.

 Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
 MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54).

 For single authors in a print source, check the example below.

 Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
 MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54).

 For three or fewer authors, list all the last names if the authors in the text or inside the parenthetical
citation. Notice the use of “and” in the parenthetical citations below

 Sipacio and Barrot claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
 MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio and Barrot 54).
 Bautista, Castillo, and Sy state that a citation guide is useful when writing (54).
 A citation guide is useful when writing (Bautista, Castillo, and Sy 54).

 For a print source with more than three authors, you can either use the first author’s name followed
by et al. or you can list all the authors

 Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
 MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio et al. 54)
 Sipacio, Miranda, Garcia, and Enriquez claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities
student majors (54).
  If the print source does not list an author, use the shortened title of the work enclosed in quotation
marks in place of the author’s name.

 MLA style is one of the many citation styles students can use (“Citation Styles”64).

Direct Quotations

 Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes not exceeding four lines. In the parenthetical
citation, give the author’s last name and page number.
 All punctuations which are part of the quoted text must be placed inside the quotation marks, but if
the punctuations are part of your own text, place them outside (see example 2 below).

 Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is a mark of discipline”(56).

 Would it be fair to say that “adhering to a style is a mark of discipline” (Miranda 56)?

 If your source quotes another text, use “qtd. In” (which stands for “quoted in”) in the parenthetical
remarks:

 Mallari claimed that “the level of complexity differs according to each person” (qtd. In
Sipacio 56) because of several factors.

 For direct quotations that exceed four lines of text, start a new line. There is no need to enclose the
whole text in double quotation marks, but make sure to indent the block of text 1” from the left.
Maintain double spacing. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark
of the quoted text.

 In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access”, Scheliz (2005)
suggests a list of causes of poverty.
 (1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity
of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector; (5) high inflation during
crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and persistent levels of
inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of economic
expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to risks as economic crisis,
conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental poverty. (2)

3. IEE Editorial Style Manual, 2014 (p 34)

 In this style, there is no need to name the author, page number or date of publication in the in-text
citation. Instead, the references are numbered according to the order in which they were cited in the
text. The reference numbers which appear in the text have to be enclosed in brackets.
 When a reference which was cited earlier is used again in the later parts of the text, the same
reference number will be used (see example below).

 (Paragraph 2) – Sipacio claimed that IEEE style is complex [1].

 (Paragraph 5) – There are reasons why it has been claimed that using an IEEE formatting
style is complex [1].

 The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic deatails of the text in the reference
list of your paper.

In-text:
 Sipacio claimed that IEEE style is complex [1].

Reference
[1] B. Sipacio, Citation for Engineering. Chicago: Skyward Publishing, 2010.
 4. AMA Manual of Style 10th edition (Section1, Part 3)
 As with the IEEE editorial style, there is no need to add the author, date, or year of publication in the
in-text citation. Instead, each is assigned a number according to the order in which it was cited in the
text. The number reference is placed in superscript after the period in the sentence.

 AMA style is required for Health Science majors.1

 The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic details of the text in the reference
list of your paper.

In-text:
 AMA style is required for Health Science majors. 1

Reference
 1. Cruz Y. Citation Guide for the Natural Sciences. Chicago: Medical Publishing, 2013

 When two articles of different authors are cited, use a comma to separate the reference numbers.

 AMA style is required for Health Science majors.1,2

 When you use a direct quote that is less than four lines, enclose it with quotation marks. Add the
reference number after the closing quotation mark.

 “Beginners found AMA style guide too complex.” 1

 When you use a four-line or more direct quote, you should use a block quotation that is indented and
single-spaced. Add the reference number at the end of the quote, after the period.

 In the article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access”, there are causes of
poverty.
 (1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity
of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs
generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector; (5) high inflation during
crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth; (7) high and persistent levels of
inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of economic
expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to risks as economic crisis,
conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental poverty. 3

Guidelines in Reference Citations

1. APA 6th Edition

 Place the reference list on a new page separate from the text of your writing; label this page
“References” and align it at the center at the top of the page. Do not use bold face, underline, or
quotation marks for the title.
 Apply hanging indention. This simply means the lines following the first line in an entry should be
indented from the left margin.
 All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of the paper.
 Follow this sequence in writing the names of the author: Last name, First name Initial. Middle Initial.
 Arrange the references in alphabetical order based on the last names of the authors.
 Do not cut or add to the titles.
 Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title, the first letter of the first word of its subtitle
after a colon, and the proper nouns.
 Italicized the titles. When the article title is used, italicized only the journal title.
 For online sources, make sure to remove the hyperlink of the URL.
  For print sources, place a period at the end of the entry.
 Put “n.d.” (no date) for sources with no date.
The following are some of the sources most commonly used in research writing. Look closely at the given
examples. Pay attention to the sequence of entries, parentheses, italics, capitalization, and punctuation marks.
Sources
Articles from an online journal
 If the article has been assigned with a digital
object identifier (doi) then you should
indicate it. Otherwise, use the URL of the
article preceded by a signal phrase
“Retrieved from”. Include volume number,
issue number enclosed in parentheses (if Guthrie, K., & McCraken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy:
available), and page number/s.
Book Sections
 Include page number/s and place it/them at
the end of the entry.
Books
 Single author
 Two authors
 Multiple author (with seven authors)
 Format of book with two or multiple
authors applies to all sources.
Conference Proceedings
Internet Sources
Journal Articles
 Italicized the journal title. Include volume
number, issue number enclosed in
parentheses (if available), and page
number/s.
 Single author
 Two authors
Examples
Barrot, J.S. (2013). A macro perspective on key issues in
English as a second language (ESL) pedagogy in the
postmethod era: Confronting challenges through
sociocognitive-transformative approach. The Asia-Pacific
Education Researcher. Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-
4.
Making meaning in experiential based online courses.
Journal of Educators Online, 7(2), 1-21. Retrieved from
http://www.thejeo.com/Archives/Volume7Number2/
GuthriePaper.pdf.
Antonio, L. C. (2010). Study on recyclables collection trends
and best practices in the Philippines. In M. Kojima, (Ed.),
3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. ERIA Research
Project Report 2009-10 (40-70). Jakarta: ERIA.
Friedman, T. L. (2009). Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need
a green revolution- and how it can renew America. NY:
Picador.
Dryzek, J. S., & Dunleavy, P. (2009). Theories of the
democratic state. NH: Palgrave Macmillan.
Plata, S. M., et al. (2006). Research, process and product
workbook. Laguna: Trailblazes Publication.
Sipacio, P.J. (2013). Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic
waste initiatives in Philippine cities: A policy review with
recommendations for innovation and sustainability.
Proceedings from the 2nd Hong Kong International
Conference on Education, Psychology and Society, Hong
Kong.
OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). APA style.
Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/
owl/section/2/10/
Magno, C. (2010). The role of metacognitive skills in
developing critical thinking. Metacognition Learning, 5,
137-156.
Barrot, J. & De leon, K. (2011). Accuracy order of the
grammatical morphemes in the oral production of
preschool pupils. Indonesian Journal of Applied
Linguistics. 3 (2), 63-76.
  Multiple authors Barrios, A. Bolanos, E., Cequena, M., Barrot, J., & Gabinete,
K. (2013). Investigating the relationship between college
students’ self-perception and actual performance in
reading and writing. Philippine ESL Journal, 11, 23.

Personal Communication S. Tabiola (personal communication, November 30, 2014)

 Personal Communication or interview should (S. Tabiola, personal communication, November 30, 2014)
not appear in the reference list. However,
you should cite this in-text using the sample
format on the right.

Same author in the same year Barrot, J. S. (2013a). A macro perspective on key isues in
English as a second language (ESL) pedagogy in the
postmethod era: Confronting challenges through
sociocognitive-transformative approach. The Asia-Pacifc
Education Researcher. Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-
4.

Barrot, J. S. (2013b). Revisiting the role of linguistic

complexity in ESL reading comprehension. 3L: The
Southeasth Asian Journal of English Language Studies.
Retrieved from http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/
download/pdf/11494958.pdf

Thesis and Dissertation Tiu, G. (2013). Toward an internationalization model for De

La Salle University (DLSU): An assessment of current
approaches in two Asian institutions (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). De La Salle University, Manila.

Sample Format:
References
Barrot, J.S (2013a). A macro perspective on key issues in English as a second language (ESL) pedagogy in the
postmethod era: Confronting challenges through sociocognitive-transformative approach. The Asia-Pacific
Education Researcher. Doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.
Barrot, J. S. (2013b). Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading comprehension. 3L: The Southeast
Asian Journal of English Language Studies. Retrieved from http://core.kmii.open.ac.uk
/download/pdf/11494968.pdf.
Barrot, J. & De leon, K. (2011). Accuracy order of grammatical morphemes in the oral production of preschool
pupils. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 3(2), 63-76.
Dryzek, J. S., & Dunleavy, P. (2009). Theories of Democratic State. NH: Palgrave Macmillan.
Guthrie, K., & McCraken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy: Making meaning in experiential based online courses.
Journal of Educators Online, 7(2), 1-21. Retrieved from http://www.thejeo.com/Archives
/Volume7Number2/GuthriePaper.pdf. OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (n.d). APA style. Retrieved
from https://owl.english.purdue. edu/owl/section/2/10/
Tiu, G. (2013). Toward an internationalization model for De La Salle University (DLSU): An assessment of current
approaches in two Asian institutions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). De La Salle University, Manila.

Important: If the type of information you need to include in your reference list is not included as an example in this
lesson, refer to the APA formatting and Style Guide by the University Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University at
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01.

2. MLA Handbook, 7th edition

 Place the reference list on a new page separate from the content of your text; label your list “Works
Cited” and align it on the center at the top of the page. Do not use bold face, underline, or quotation
marks for the title.
  Just like in APA format, the lines following the first line in an entry should be indented from the left
margin.
 All entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor’s
names).
 Follow the Last Name, First Name format when listing author names. If the middle initial is available,
place it after the first name.
 Do not cut or add to the titles.
 Italicized the titles and capitalize the first letter of each major word in the title.
 For web sources, you opt not to include the URL of your source. However, if you will include one,
enclose it in brackets and end it in a period.
 Place a period at the end of all entries.
 For articles and book sections, provide the page numbers of sources. Use a hyphen to indicate the
range of pages.

Sources
Articles from an online journal
 Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal
Volume. Issue (Year): pages. Medium of
publication. Date accessed.
 Put “n. pag.” To indicate no page. Otherwise,
include the page range. Indicate “Web” for Guthrie, Kathy and McCracken, Holly. “Reflective Pedagogy:
online access and the date of access.
Examples
Barrot, Jessie. “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English
as a Second Language (ESL) Pedagogy in the Postmethod
Era: Confronting Challenges Through Sociocognitive-
transformative Approach.” The Asia-Pacific Education
Researcher (2013): n. pag. Web, 8 November 2014
Making Meaning in Experiential-Based Online Courses.”
Journal of Educators Online (2010): 1-21. Web. 8
November 2014.

A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection Kojima, Michi. “The Role of Literature in Societal Progress.”
Society and History. Ed. Michael Dunham. Jarkarta: Two
flower Publications, 2010. 49-74. Print.

Books
 Last name, First name. Title of Book. City
of Publication: Publisher, Year of
Publication. Medium of Publication.

 Single author Friedman, Thomas. Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a
green revolution- and how it can renew America. NY:
Picador. 2009. Print.

 Two authors Dryzek, John and Dunleavy, Patrick. Theories of the

democratic state. NH: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. Print.

 Multiple author (with seven authors) Plata, Sterling, et al. (2006). Research, process and product
workbook. Laguna: Trailblazes Publication. 2006. Print.
 Format of book with two or multiple authors
applies to all sources.

Presentation from a Published Conference
Proceedings
 Last name, First name. “Conference Paper
Title.” Conference Title that Includes
Conference Date and Location. Ed.
Conference Editor(s). City of Publication:
Publisher, Date of Publication. Print.
Levitt, Ramsay. “A Comparative Structural Analysis of Political
Ads from the 50s and the 90s.” 25th International
Conference on Advertising, July 8, 2013, Puerto Princesa.
Ed. Vilma Esguerra. Manila: Kalatas Publishing Inc., 2015.
Print.

Internet Sources OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab. APA style. Web. 8
 Editor, author, or compiler name (if November 2014.
available). Name of Site. Version number.
Name of Institution/organization affiliated
with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of
resource creation (if available). Medium of
publication, Date of access.
 Journal Articles
 Authors(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal
Volume. Issue (Year)” pages. Medium of
publication.

 Single author Magno, Carlo. “The Role of Metacognitive Skills in Developing

Critical Thinking.” Metacognition Learning, 5 (2010): 137-
156. Print
 Two authors Barrot, Jessie and De leon, Kristine. “Accuracy Order of te
Grammatical Morphemes in the Oral Production of
Preschool Pupils.” Indonesian Journal of Applied
Linguistics. 3.2 (2011): 63-76. Print.
 Multiple authors Barrios, Aireen, et. al. “Investigating the relationship between
college students’ self-perception and actual performance
in reading and in writing.” Philippine ESL Journal, 11,
(2013): 23.

Personal Communication In a personal interview dated Novermber 8,2014. S. Tabiola

stated that/S Tabiola (phone interview, Novermber 8,
 Personal Communication which includes 2014) argued that…
interview or email should not appear in the
reference list. However, you should cite this
in-text.

More than one work by an author
Barrot, Jessie, “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English
as a Second Language (ELS) Pedagogy in the Postmethod
Erar: Confronting Challenges through Sociocognitive-
Transformative Approach.” The Asia-Pacific Education
Researcher (2013): n. pag. Web. 8 November 2014.

----- “Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading

comprehension.” 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of
English Language Studies (2013): n. pag. Web. 8
November 2014.

Thesis and Dissertation Tiu, Giendora. Toward an internationalization model for De La

Salle University (DLSU): An Assessment of current
 Cite as you would a book, but include approaches in two Asian Institutions. Diss. De La Salle
whether it is a Dissertation, MS/MA thesis, University, Manila, 2013. Print.
and others after the title.

Sample Format:

Works Cited
Barrot, Jessie, “A Macro Perspective on Key Issues in English as a Second Language (ELS) Pedagogy in the
Postmethod Erar: Confronting Challenges through Sociocognitive-Transformative Approach.” The Asia-Pacific
Education Researcher (2013): n. pag. Web. 8 November 2014.
---------- “Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading comprehension.” 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal
of English Language Studies (2013): n. pag. Web. 8 November 2014.
Barrot, Jessie and De leon, Kristine. “Accuracy Order of te Grammatical Morphemes in the Oral Production of
Preschool Pupils.” Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 3.2 (2011): 63-76. Print.
Dryzek, John and Dunleavy, Patrick. Theories of the democratic State. NH: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. Print.
Guthrie, Kathy and McCracken, Holly. “Reflective Pedagogy: Making Meaning in Experiential-Based Online
Courses.” Journal of Educators Online (2010): 1-21. Web. 8 November 2014.
Magno, Carlo. “The Role of Metacognitive Skills in Developing Critical Thinking.” Metacognition Learning, 5 (2010):
137-156. Print
OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab. APA style. Web. 8 November 2014.
Tiu, Giendora. Toward an internationalization model for De La Salle University (DLSU): An Assessment of current
approaches in two Asian Institutions. Diss. De La Salle University, Manila, 2013. Print.
Important: If the type of information you need to include in your reference list is not included as an example in this
lesson, refer to the MLA Formatting and Style Guide by the University Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University
at https://owl.english,purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01.

3. IEEE Editorial Style Manual, 2014

 Place the reference list on a new page separate from the text of your writing, label this
“References” centered at the top of the page. Do not use bold face, underline, or quotation marks
for the title.
 All entries should be single-spaced.
 The entries are listed according to the order in which they were cited in the text. Therefore, the
reference numbers in the in-text citation must match the entry in the Reference page.
 Do not cut or add to the titles.
 For articles, enclose the titles with quotation marks.
 Use capitalization in all major words in the titles.
 Include URL if the article has not been assigned with a DOI.
 Place a period at the end of all entries.
 Provide page numbers of sources. Use a hyphen in a span of pages.

Sources Examples

Articles from an online journal
 [x] Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of
Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev.
Month, year. [Online] Available: site/path/file.
Accessed on: Month, Day. Year.
[1] J. Barrot, “A macro perspective on key issues in English
as a second language (ESL) pedagogy in the postmethod
era: confronting challenges through sociocognitive-
transformative approach,” The Asia-Pacific Education
Researcher. Doi: 10:1007/s40299-013-0119-4. 2013.
Accessed on: Oct. 27, 2015.

[2] K. Guthrie and H. McCracken, “Reflective pedagogy:

making meaning in experiential based online courses,”
Journal of Educators Online. Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-21.
[Online] Available: https://www.thejeo. com/Archives
/Volume/Number2/GuhtriePaper.pdf. Accessed on: Oct.
27, 2015.

Book Sections [3] L. Antonio, “Study on recyclables collections trends and

 [x] Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in
Title of His Published Book, xth ed. City of
Publisher, (only US State), Country: Abbrev.
Of Publisher, year ch. X, sec. x, pp. xxx-xxx
best practices in the philippines” in 3R Policies for
Southeast and East Asia. ERIA Research Project Report
2009-10. M. Kojima, Ed., Jakarta: ERIA, 2010, pp. 40-70.

Books
 [x] Author, Title of His Published Book, xth
ed. City of Publisher, (only US State),
Country. Abbrev of Publisher, year.

 Single author [5] T. Friedman, Hot, flat and crowded: Why We Need a
Green Revolution- and How It Can Renew America. NY:
Picador. 2009.

 Two authors [6] J. Dryzek, J. and P. Dunleavy, Theories of the

Democratic State. NH: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009.

 Multiple author (with seven authors) [8] S. Plata, et al. (2006). Research, Process and product
 Format of book with two or multiple authors Workbook. Laguna: Trailblazers Publication. 2006.
applies to all sources.
 Conference Proceedings
 [x] Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated
Name of Conf., (Location of conference is
optional), year, pp. Xxx-xxx.
[9] P. Sipacio, “Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic waste
initiatives in Philippine cities: a policy review with
recommendations for innovation and sustainability
“presented at the 2nd Hong Kong International
Conference on Education, Psychology and Society, HK.
2013.

Internet Sources [7] OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab. APA style.
[Online] Available: https://owl.english.purdue.edu
/owl/section/2/10, Accessed on: Oct. 27, 2015.

Journal Articles
 [x] J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev.
Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx,
Abbrev. Month, year

 Single author [4] C. Magno, “The role of metacognitive skills in developing

critical thinking.” Metacognition Learning, vol. 5, pp. 137-
156. 2010.

 Two authors [10] J. Barrot and K. De leon, “Accuracy order of the

grammatical morphemes in the oral production of
preschool pupils.” Indonesian Journal of Applied
Linguistics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 63-76. 2011

 Multiple authors [11] A. Barrios, et. al. “Investigating the relationship between
college students’ self-perception and actual
performance in reading and in writing.” Philippine ESL
Journal, vol. 11, p. 23. 2013.

Personal Communication In a personal interview with political analyst, S. Tabiola, he

suggested that/S. Tabiola in a phone conversation,
 Personal Communication which includes claimed that…
conversations, letters, interviews, e-mails,
and telephone conversations should not
appear in the reference list. However, you
should cite this in-text.

Thesis and Dissertation Basic Formats [12] G. Tiu. “Toward an internationalization model for De La
Salle University (DLSU): an assessment of current
 [x] Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. Thesis, approaches in two Asian institutions,” Ph.D. Dissertation,
Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev Univ., City of Univ., Dept., Linguistics, De La Salle Univ., MLA, 2013.
Abbrev. State, year.
 [x] Author, “Title of dissertation, “Ph.D.
dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev Univ., City
of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.

Sample Format
References
[1] J. Barrot, “A macro perspective on key issues in English as a second language (ESL) pedagogy in the
postmethod era: confronting challenges through sociocognitive-transformative approach,” The Asia-Pacific
Education Researcher. Doi: 10:1007/s40299-013-0119-4. 2013. Accessed on: Oct. 27, 2015.
[2] K. Guthrie and H. McCracken, “Reflective pedagogy: making meaning in experiential based online courses,”
Journal of Educators Online. Vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-21. [Online] Available: https://www.thejeo.com/Archives
/Volume/Number2/GuhtriePaper.pdf. Accessed on: Oct. 27, 2015.
[3] L. Antonio, “Study on recyclables collections trends and best practices in the philippines” in 3R Policies for
Southeast and East Asia. ERIA Research Project Report 2009-10. M. Kojima, Ed., Jakarta: ERIA, 2010, pp.
40-70.
[4] C. Magno, “The role of metacognitive skills in developing critical thinking.” Metacognition Learning, vol. 5, pp.
137-156. 2010.
[5] T. Friedman, Hot, flat and crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution- and How It Can Renew America. NY:
Picador. 2009.
Important: If the type of information you need to include in your reference list is not included as an example in this
lesson, please refer to the IEEE Editorial Style Manual at http://www/ieee.org/documents/style_manual.pdf.

4. AMA Manual of Style, 10th edition

 Place the reference list on a new page separate from the text of your writing, label this “References”
centered at the top of the page. Do not use bold face, underline, or quotation marks for the tile.
 List your references based on numerical order reflecting the order of your in-text citation, not in
alphabetical order.
 The reference number in the in-text citation must be written before the corresponding bibliographic
entry.
 Do not apply hanging indention.
 All entries should be single-spaced, left justified (flush left).
 Do not cut or add to the titles.
 For book titles, capitalized all the first letters of the major words.
 Place a period at the end of all entries.
 Provide page numbers of sources. Use a hyphen to denote the range of pages.

Sources Examples

Online journal articles 1. White J. A qualitative study on anemia. Med Quart.

2013(2);19-29. doi: 12.1235.
(with doi)
x. Lastname FN. Title of the article. Abbreviated
Journal Title. Year; Volume(issue): Inclusive page
numbers. Doi: xx-xxxx.

(without doi) 2. Guthrie K, Robb J. Analysis of prion cases in Wests India.

Online Med Journ. 2010; 7(3);1-21.
x. Lastname FN. Title of article. Name of Journal.
www.onlinemedicaljournal.org/ananlysis_prion_
Year;vol(issue);pages. URL Published date.
cases_GuthrieRobb.pdf. August 5, 2010. Accessed March
Updated date. Accessed date.
14, 2015.

Books Sections. 3. Antonio W. Study on Trends and Medical Practices in the

Philippines. In M. Stewart, ed. Medical Practices Around the
x. Lastname FN. Title of the chapter. In: Editor’s
World. California: Morpheus Publishing Inc.; 2010: 40-70.
name(s), ed(s). Book Title. Edition number [2nd
edition and above]. City, State (or Country) of
publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year;
Chapter or page numbers.

Books
 Single author 4. Friend T. Contemporary surgical procedures. 4th ed.
x. LastName FN. Book Title. Edition number (2nd Manila, Philippines: Hermes Publications Inc.; 2010.
edition or above). City, State (or Country) of
publisher: Publisher’s name; copyright year.

 Multiple authors. 5. Turing JL, Turner A, Helders MA, Miyamoto R. Practical

Physical Therapy. 3rd ed. California: Paper Publishing
x. First Author, Second Author. Book Title. Edition
Company; 2012.
number [2nd edition or above]. City, State (or
Country) of publisher. Publisher’s name; copyright
6. Plata S, Sy RP, Garcia KK, et al. Medical Plants in Southeast
year.
Asia. Quezon: Mountain Publication; 2015.
NOTE: If there are more than six authors, uses “et
al.” after the third author
 Conference Proceedings 7. Chu NA. Assessing the effectiveness of vaccination in six-
month-old babies. Paper presented at: Conference on
x. LastName FN and MI. Title of paper. Paper
Child Development; March 7, 2015; Boston, MA.
presented at: Name of Conference; Date of
conference; Conference Location.

Web Page 8. Chang M. The long-term effects of paranoia on mental

health. The Daily Scientist. www.tds.org/long_term_
Author or responsible body. Title of item cited.
effects-mental.html. Published September 2009. Updated
Name of website [if different from the Author].
February 2015. Accessed April 11, 2016.
URL. Published date. Updated date. Accessed
date.

Journal Articles
 Single author 9. Magno C. The role of emotional quotient factors in
developing critical thinking. Meta Leaning. 2010; 5: 137-
x. Author. Article title, Abbrev Journal Title. Year; 156.
Volume:Inclusive page numbers.

 More than one author 11. Barrio A., Lee G, Bamba ER, et al. Investigating the
x. Author(s) of article. Article title. Abbreviated effects of epilepsy in metacognition. Phil Med Journal.
Journal Article. Year;Volume:Inclusive page 2013;11:23—49.
numbers.

Note: (list all authors if six or less, otherwise list

first three followed by “et. al”)
Thesis and Dissertation
X. AuthorLastName FN. Title of work [Type of Work]
12. Mariano K. Seeing double: A study of the genes of cross-
eyed monkeys [dissertation]. Quezon City: University of
the NorthWest at Quezon City; 2013.

Sample Format.

References
1. White J. A qualitative study on anemia. Med Quart. 2013(2);19-29. doi: 12.1235.
2. Guthrie K, Robb J. Analysis of prion cases in Wests India. Online Med Journ. 2010; 7(3);1-21.
www.onlinemedicaljournal.org/ananlysis_prion_ cases_GuthrieRobb.pdf. August 5, 2010. Accessed March 14,
2015.
3. Antonio W. Study on Trends and Medical Practices in the Philippines. In M. Stewart, ed. Medical Practices
Around the World. California: Morpheus Publishing Inc.; 2010: 40-70.
4. Friend T. Contemporary surgical procedures. 4th ed. Manila, Philippines: Hermes Publications Inc.; 2010.
5. Turing JL, Turner A, Helders MA, Miyamoto R. Practical Physical Therapy. 3rd ed. California: Paper Publishing
Company; 2012.
6. Plata S, Sy RP, Garcia KK, et al. Medicinal Plants in Southeast Asia. Quezon: Mountain Publication; 2015.
7. Chu NA. Assessing the effectiveness of vaccination in six-month-old babies. Paper presented at: Conference on
Child Development; March 7, 2015; Boston, MA.
8. Chang M. The long-term effects of paranoia on mental health. The Daily Scientist. www.tds.org/long_term_
effects-mental.html. Published September 2009. Updated February 2015. Accessed April 11, 2016.
9. Magno C. The role of emotional quotient factors in developing critical thinking. Meta Leaning. 2010; 5: 137
156.
10. Barrameda J, De Leon K, Guillermo T, Concepcion JI. The role of technology in medical procedures. Med Assoc
Journ. 2011;6:63-76.
11. Barrio A., Lee G, Bamba ER, et al. Investigating the effects of epilepsy in metacognition. Phil Med Journal.
2013;11:23—49.
12. Mariano K. Seeing double: A study of the genes of cross-eyed monkeys [dissertation]. Quezon City: University
of the NorthWest at Quezon City; 2013.

Important: If the type of information you need to include in your reference list is not included as an example on this
lesson, refer to the AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors at http://www/amamanua
lofstyle.com/view/10.1093/jama/9780195176339001.0001/med-9780195176339 or at
http://www/lib.jmu.edu/citation/amaguide.pdf.