PAN AND THE NIGHTMARE being the onty English Translation (rom the German by A.V. O'Brien, M.D.) of EPHIALTES: ‘A PATHOLOGICAL-MYTHOLOGICAL TREATISE ON THE NIGHTMARE IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY by Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (1900) together with AN ESSAY ON PAN serving as a Psychological Introduction to Roscher’s Ephialtes by James Hillman 1972 an DUNQUIN SERIES « Spring Publications New York City 10016“an Essay on Pan” Copyright © 1972, James Hillman “Ephiltes” Copyright © 1972, Spring Publications ‘The Analy tal Peychology Club of New York, Ee. BG, Tevet, 7 Stn 80, Gemasy, iho Compose, Powe end Naren a Stern by Buchdruckere Soka, #2 Romane Zatch {fo Seine Pubeatons Postfck 190, 8026 Zach CONTENTS PART ONE AN ESSAY ON PAN James Hillman ‘The Text i Roscher: Life, Work and Contribution to Psychology i The Dream in 1900 xii Pan, Goat-God of Nature xvi “Instinet’ xxl Panic wi Pan and Masturbation xxi Rape roxy Pan's Nymphs xiv Spontaneity — Synchronicity wi Healing our Madness tix PART THO EPHIALTES, Wilhelm Heinrich Roseher Preface 1 |. The Nature and Origin of the Nightmare from the Modern Medical Aspect 3 Il, The Nature and Origin of the Nightmare ‘According to the Ancient Physicians 18 IIL, The Old Designations of the Nightmare 45 LY, The Most Important of the Greek and Roman Nightmare Demons 58 Abbreviations used in the Present Work 82 Sources and Notes 83 Bibliographical End Note 88ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ‘This mansation wasmade by A.V, O’Brien in Viewna {in 1963-64 and edited there by AK. Donoghue, who, although foreseing the dfficlies ahead, nevertheless ftko foresaw the value of the undertaking. He together ‘vith Renate Welch, grappled with most ofthe references “Ta final version was prepared for publication by Mamay Sten; James Fenwick asusted him with the tarsterations fof Greck words, tricia Berry eited my essay, Valens Donleavy designed and supervised the book's production, ‘Tam grateful to Rafael Lopez for conversations on the Fan tteme and to Jemes Redfield who, atthe Univerty of Chisgo in 1968, red through the tration and an ear sketch of the essay suggesting improvements fr is revised fon. Twi els to acknowledge my debt to books (mentioned below in appropiate places) by Emest Jones, Reinhard Herbig snd Patel Meriva fa whose essential works fortis theme the necessary scholarly references ean be found, and, of course, my debt to Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher 1H. AN ESSAY ON PAN ‘A PaychologicalIntoduetion to Roschers phates Soertes: Beloved Pan an ly other Ges wo ane tips, here bs in the var su nd my he omar ad iar mane ato Pinto, ae, 298 For the te sgteaneof the Nita be opel specter byte leaned pote ‘opinion ena consequences, both scetiicand ‘til fo which thee enmentue ight wel the wry meas aio tl, res Jones, On he Nshinae, 1931 ‘The monopraph by Roscher which follows this ess fa ean ex ample of ninetezth-centary European scholarship. Here we can follow 4 significant problem ~ both fr scholasship ad for ite ~mphied and analysed by aman of masse leering, This monograph it leo an example of neglected leaning. Like a pre‘istorc creature, the bulk and complestyof its appendages made it not viable for trasation Into another time and culture, so that thas remained an untead relic preserved inthe Bogs of acedemi libraries snd only refered t0 footnotes a1 pre formation of later works, Inasmuch a my esay is one of chose “ater works” depending upon his esearch ts appro- priate to begin with an introduction to that text ad he man who wrote it ‘Owing to the fick thet this monograph was written in a morelei surely age when th cost of printing dete Footnotes in Greek was ‘ot as ihbiing ast 10, soars would Hberlly backup any statement made in 2 text wth a wealth of quotes in Greek of similar ‘examples. Sometimes this ostentation went beyond the useful, becom: ing moce a mannerism which academic publications in this century too stl at times affect. In preparing this translation it was necessary fistto choose betwsen the exzential andthe merely curiows. The ideal choice, fo include every note i tral exactitude, was no real cogs fatal since it would hive meant abandoning the project sltogether. Instead, we have decided to print an accurate transition ofthe text ‘with ample notes, 0 that the non-specialist reader in Engish might profi rom an esentia work, yet without the exorbitant footaote Sppacatus supplied by Rosch, Those footnotes that in our view ae ‘elevant have been maily woven into the body ofthe text, which has boon faithfully and completely rendered into English. The reader is ths not obliged to move his eyes both horizontally eros the page au vertically vp an dow between Toomotes and text. Por this ‘same reason, easier reading, sll Greek tems have ben transliterated into familiar letters even in Chapter Thee whichis an etymatogicl investigation, An Eid Note on page 88 of this volume describes the lay-out ofthe orginal monograph as vel as giving fll biographical information “Anyone with enough expert knowledge to follow the mater beyond what is ven here WOU of couse also be able to pursue his intrest Get (othe orginal ~ not only the Genman of Roser but the Greek on which Rosehe’s work is based, Therefore this ransation is tes forthe pilolgist than it for us whose ride interest in dreams, myths and the terors ofthe sou is ramped by the contemporary mal: tise of litle Latin and less Greek”. We need not thereby be cutoff totally from Knowedge of antiquity, ands tis translation ams to re-connct us to that ration, but in our ow Tanguage ROSCHER: LIFE, WORK AND CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOLOG Witheln Heincch Rosshor was the so ofthe famous German tionsk-eonomist Wien. Roscher, who resires more space in the biographical ditions than does is son. Roscer senior was one of the founders ofthe histvcal school of political economy, which played Its pare inthe development of modem Germany under Bismarck. Rocher june war born in Gottingen, February 12,1845, an he family moved to Leipzig three years late. He was educated there atthe Nikol ‘Gymnasium and at St. Afr’ school neas Messen, moving onto study Classes for thie semesters t Gattingen, receiving his doctorate back in Leip in 186 During the cond half ofthe nineteenth century, Leiprig was Ingjr focus of Geman seientfic and scholaly activity. Te wasimpoc tant not only fr is economic expansion, but it grew also a publish ing center and asthe seene of new sthitetural achievements iacuding its Famous art museum. Robert Schumann and Richard Wegner had studied in Leipzig, s did Pav Inter; Theodore Momnmien held a chai, ‘wile in the medical sciences, there was His in anatomy, Flecsig in brain research, Strimpell in neurology, and Wunderlich, 2 reformer of German medicine and the msn to whom we ove the foundations of clinical thermometry. Ostwald’ work in physi! chemistry took place in Leipeig which was also where Fechner had his laboratory. Paycho- ply can be sid to begin with Fechner, as experimental peychology begins with Wundt, who Founded his institute in Lapin 1878, which soon became the desired sanctuary of American graduate students in paychology “This was Leipzig intellectual background of Rossher’s youth and ‘mid-life, and he too was a pioneer imvestgator and indefatigable assem Der of data inthe ninetenth-century’ style. Its only now that we ean se hi achivernents in scholarship as equalling those of his contempor- ules inthe natural sionces. He more than any other cari is espon- sible for having collected int one place tha myths) ad eigiont material ofthe ancient wodd, proving the growad forthe sont study of mth and symbol. Among his fellows atthe University of Leipig were Fried Nietasche and Fovin Rohe, te lassi known to us pethapa best for his work Pyche, or the Cult of Sol. With themn Rescher founded ‘the Philology Chub. Roscher and Rohde tavelled tether to Kaly, and oscher visited Greve and Asa Mino in 1873/74, In 1876 he merced Eveline Koller, wit, according to Roser’ obituary in the Neue Zurcher Zeitung (Zcite Morgenblett, March 20,1923) was a Swiss fons Hes sa. They had dre children. Roscher’s only son (again @ Wiel) ant his son-nsnw served on the Western Front ding the 19143918 war, 1nd Roscher fund in his esearch solace from anxiety over them and the war, which his father bad log before predicted. He ssid to have had a quiet and contained nature, working nto old age a his table ax long as che day ight lasted, Fis external career was entirely aan educational, He taught Csscs at his oldschool St. Aft’ for eleven Years, and den unt he ‘was sicty (1905) he tight a¢ the Gymnasium at Warzen, He rosethrough various ranks inthe secondary school system: Oberle, ‘Obersudienrat, Koncektor, Resto, Geelrat. The bene tof a his reaming went to pupils inthe equivalent of the Senior Hig School, This points toa diference between the selective Continental and the democratic American notions of eduction. It lo points toa difer- ‘ence regarding the role ofthe Clases between the end of the lst ean tury andthe latter par of this. Roscher lived snother eighteen years after etirment, dying at seventy-cight in Dresden on March 7, 1923, Reacher devoted the major part of his schokaly life to an eneylo pedi, the tide of which in English would read The Detaled Dictionary Greek and Roman Mythology (Aufituihes Lexfhon der grechsehen und mischen Mythologie), Pobiction began in 1884, and it had boen completed under Roscher’seditorsip through the letter “7 when he tied. Each of his siht volumes contains abou sixteen hundred claims fof small (8 poin) print, which, i re-sttoday Would ive us at Last twee thousand pages. Yet, the articles —not each authored by Roscher, ten if al under his sperssion — are wettn lost in a shorthand, thbreviatng and condensing everything possible. The Lexikon surveys not only the entire corpus ofthe Classical authors, but reviews che later literature, makes comparisons, offers comments and aswel i ichly Austrate, for Rocher was completely Farafiae with the at rhite: ture and archeological finds relevant to hissubjeet. The work isi basic and sil valle: recent printing oft, 3s completed by other hands inten volumes has bsen reproduced photorestanically by Olns ‘of Hildesheim, It continves to provide the sof for countless rites fon mythology today a the Lesion i standard in footnote apparatus. Dost of his ales exerches and those done contemporary with the pro- Auction ofthe Lexikon ~ Apollon und Mars (1873), Juno wnt Hera (1875), Hermes der Windgtt (1878), le Gorgome und Verwandies (1879), Wektar snd cmbrosta(1878),Selome und Verantes (1890) fas ell his works on Pan ~ were integrated int the larger Lexicon. ‘As the ties indice, he was partculaly interested in comparative mythology, which in hie later works extended beyond the Greek and Reman sources. So we fin, for instance inthis study on the nightmare, that Rosser tums to Byzantine works, psychological studies of his day fon deep and dreams, and expands upon material from other mythalo tes and lore of Northern Europe and Asa. In 1897 he examined the role of dog and wolf in the eschatology ofthe Greeks trying 0 dover connections between religious ideas of these animals in antiquity and the problem of the worewolF, eynanthropy and lyeanthropy. He pub: lished on these svjoct before thie monograph onthe nightmare ap peared in 1900, wher he was fify-ive years ol. Later he became Fascinated with more abstract topics: numbers in Greek medicine, the numbers seven, nine and fort, snd the concept of an imginay mide point, the omphalos or world-nvel, a recurrent theme in Greek, Roman ‘nd Semitic mythology. He published sao on these subjects. We can se a biographical pattem in his writings, which move from »stdy ofthe separate archetypal pousonifcations ofthe Gods through an interest in the more tesfying psychological forces (nightmare, sexuality, Were wo, lyeanthropy) to subjects typical for senex consticusess when Satur rues, e.g, numbors and the idea of the center. But Rescher was move than a compiler and eneyelopedist. is rain sought out unusual pects of his subjects, going beyond the historical and philological. His scholarship was, in a vay, touched by the Roma tic currents which flowed through late ninetecnh-centuy rationalism, warming iad breeding within it unpisng new kinds of Iie, the most Important of which was the payshology ofthe unconscious, Roschers ‘workin mythology belongs a much to the sources of depth psychology 2s does the work of Tylor, Fuazer, and other early snthropologiss, or the work of the Grime and the foliorists, or in another ine, Rose's contemporaries in the medical field: Charcot, Berns, and Freud ‘The exploration ofthe background of the rational mind, whether through ‘he diszpined investigation of hysterical dissociation, of the thought habits of primitive peoples or of te belies of the past through Hing tic, mythological, or archeolgial vestigation, all eulmiated ia what is today the psychology ofthe unconscious. Jung's concept of the tree ston th renee sesame byte ie din we see only one ofthe intertwined root of Tang's work ~ for example, Freud or Bluler or te bassin Wundianatexiation exper ‘ents, o the early interest in parapsychology and occult, or the problems of Christan theology and its heresies alchemy) —we are likely to miss any ther aspects of the background to modern depth psychology. Moreover, since modem depth paychalogy ws emerging bby means of these new nineteent-eeatuy dssplines (psychiaey, a> "vopoogy and folsore, spirivakam, comparative religion and mt logy), we must read the history of thes old also fam the pryeho-tesicet pont of view. They did not deserve in tele hypothess and their Findings merely atrial from thei especie fields; they were aswell speaking of what was soon tobe called the pychology ofthe uncon ius “These pnesr works therefore preside at only the historia back ound for their modem descendents a cient" psychiatry, nthop ‘logy and mythology, they ae well contain psychological ferment, Sveling many oftheir hypotheses prepostercusly beyond what today ‘would be allowed by the ‘sts. We thussmay noe blame Roser for the wide casting of his et a for some ofthe odd fh he comes up with, Clase! studies of his century hv pt ight critical restrictions ‘pon nieteenthcentry scholarship, questioning ts method and ev dence, doubting its conclusions, and wore — laughing at is ambition. Mocern academe sehoarship frowns upon the spe and conjecture ‘of Roser and especially i aiaporove ofthe comparative stay of| ‘mot which last isa basi tenet of depth psychology and a buske rnethod employed hy al pyshoanalyi investigations from Rosin through Neumann, Te academe insist upon ther departments: tnyth or motor fgae sal beste within its histor, colt, text lingisc, economi, Forms, satlogal or whathaveyon context, but anahetna itis f0compare the myths! moti or figure ‘vith thee of another period, are or culture o to regard a myth, motif ‘efigreasaevant primary forthe human psyche and ts imagination. For depth psyehology, however, the themes and personages of yt ology ae not mere subjects of knowledge. They ate living asain of the human being, having existence as spec realities in ado to and pethaps even prio to thei historia and grogephical manifestation Depth psycelogy tums torythology less ofarssbout others in he past than to undetstand ourselesin he present. Roscher's investi tion of ancient Pan in connection with the contemporary nightmare isjus care in point. “The academe treatment oF myth in tems of departments of know edge results ina plethora of theories of myth and in various explanatory fallacies, We have each been tated to many ofthese. Iti hardly posible to finda myth recounted tay without having to suffer within fhe same beat ats teling an interpretation of its meaning, Prarnount mong the various lces is simpliiation “The complexity ofa mytheme, or of pesonag in iis presented a an account ofa soca, esonomis or histrzal proces, ora preraional Witness to some phidsophizal contention ce movie instruction. Myths are assumed tobe metaphorical (ad primitive) expositions of natural ‘iene, metaphves, psychopathology or rion. But before each of these applictions of mythical meng thers the myth sel? an its raked effet within the human sul, whi, in the firs place, eeated the ‘myth, adi the cond place, perpetuated it with embelishments; and the soul stil e-dveams thee theme int fantasy, behaviour and thought sievetutes. The primary approsch tomyth ths fst ke psycholopeel since te payshe provides both its original source and is continually living context Her, however, a psychological approach does not mean ‘simplified exchange of terms exots metaphors cased in forthe cm ‘mon cuereney of familiar concep, the big sade snl For easy appice 'A psychological approach, as understand it, does not mean ap holegca interpretation, Tt Joes aot meant take myth over in the ‘department of pychologyor into a schoo of depth araly, preparing ‘anew sere of payehotogialdnetions equa a their acrowness 10 the other depatvental simplifications (couched in technical conceit) that T would challenge, As myth belongs more to rari than to pray ‘mates, ts undoatanding Dlongs o exegesis and hesmeneutis, not to interpretation ‘pavchologial approach means what ity: away through the iyehe into myth, x connection wih nyt chat proceeds via the sou, including especialy ts bizare fantasy and its sufTexing (psychopath ogy). an unwrapping and leading cut ofthe sul into mythical seni icance and vite versa. For only when the psyche raza isl os enacting rmythemescan it understand” nyt, so that a psychological exes of myth begins withthe exegesis of oneself, soul-making. And, from the ther ie: only wen myth it ed back tothe sol, oly when mya has paychoogiesgafcance does it become sing reality, necessary for life, rather than a iterany, philosophical or religious aie. Scola ship belong within this proces as pat ofthe paychological approach how else approximate hic reality than by armersion i is fk, the contexts whieh bred tthe enagery It has shown throughout hie tory. But scholar inthe paychoogieal approach becomes a method of soul making rater than ainly «method of knowing. Fo te there peste reviifetion ofthe psyche and forthe renascene of myth —two iesepaable prceses which may be one and the same —insighting what we know iss importants knowing The valu of scholarships thus tobe judged not only fr its eon tsbution to intellect but a well for ie contsbution to imaginatio, “Ths shuld be borne a snd when reading Rossher Leal the so ‘kinds of contribution show! to etch ther, but etn moder Cla seal cholate the exorbitant fantasies of thee forbear in the fl ‘i nllctoal feulte, They do not ste tat the rove is aking place in ‘thamseles the poverty of fantasy, the peychological snplsks, the very dynes of thet couch in the mist ofthe intlectus accompli ‘ents expose ign fits no less serious. When this te ase, we readers should not torn avay fiom scholarly books, but nse Tarn how to cea them. We cn ead them ae part of the paychologcal ap roi, both expesincing the effet cn isgiation of he intellect data and noting the imaginative Fantasy within whish dhe author oop izes and by which he imply interprets the data. No matter who eae with myth nd no mater how unimaginative the approach, te imaginal worl is tock and i achooe in what beng sid, We cannot ‘ouch myth without i touching us. Though wo mey query the soculative nature of nneteenth-century sori, and take ota for an adventrouaoes which the sophisticated, septal ~and maybe cynical ~ mind obtaining the field today woul hardly date, we ould not forge thatthe te rineteenthoentury paycharis, archeologists, ethnolgists and mye ‘logaphers were carried by vemendous pasion, They were nt mete ‘worker, Nor was their drive mere obsesion with Krowledse, and through knowledge, athorty and from there to eminence and pow. Ther tems to have boon vrething ele breaking ito eu age though ther, some vision sme sss querion about the nature ofthe depths of man, (0, was thers search for Tost Gos? Perhaps the fascination with ‘he unknown depths indicated something fertor than the secular hu- mania of thelr atntions reaching into impersonal, inaran dimen sions of the soul where heathen, pagan and mythic ies sill moved and sll drew ther devotees een ifn the aademic grb of inprta scholarihip. Psychology may not take the septs of scholars at thei Ite face value only; we regard thee passion for discovery as archer typelly governed. Like the alchemists, the explorers and the crusaders in eae entries who alo took tei sie and gale erly, he Investigators of the nipteeathvceniry were engaged not ony sien tle sessarch’ but as wll in psychologial ques ito new tetain of “dep ‘These depths were projected, as we now would say, nto the vote ps, to nytology, nto Foreign dark wibes and exotic eustoms, ito the simple fx snd theo, an into the mentally alienated. The orough exploration of any ofthis lds of scholarship isalso 8 ‘thorough exploration of human personality in its obscure reese, where it merges with the impersonal background of if at ite initio eval ‘n the dood of thought and language, of man and society. Roscher’s thoroughness a¢ Frazer's or Cook's or Kiepelin's in psychisty, may better Be seen asa driven atempt to encompass man's depts, to chart ‘what hasbeen called the neanscious. Like Evan in Crete or Sehliement at Trey they were deve bythe pavate fantasies oF Imagination £01 icone an inapnal word, Even if pefocming in a sleni, sober and setolaly manner these towering profesor figuesof the at pst century with their massive writen output ther sstematzations and ‘hel unger for work eincorporated into Westers consciousness that ‘which had ben exclude since the Reaisance: the imaginal and its power in fe, Their rearch led to the recogtion tha nan was nat ‘only Western, moder, scl, civilized and sane, but alo primitive, ashaic, mythical, mgial and mad. Paradoxically, they used the most ‘advanced methods of reason to establish the reality ofthe irational— ‘or that whic had tobe ead the atonal Bocase ofthe shrunkon Asfiiton of raion determined by the contury’s pest, mechanism and utara the peyetatey ofthe period didnot produce new ee or ins. ity despite (or because of ite clasificatory zal, neither ai the history ‘of eliglon linguistics, anthropology and Classical studs awaken the yng tals and beliefs of other cultures or tansform thee aspects fof ours. But acute,» reavakeniag did come about aba reconsiiction ‘of West consciousness, which, becasse of the rediscovery ofthe imaginal function of the sou, could no Longe ienty itself with its former one-ded peychicsrture, The mind with en ogo at its center tnd lot ite moorings things were iting up, and payshiatry discovered schizophrenia a the century came to it close A naw elatnsm was at hand there were oer myths thas the Bible, other Gods than Chit,‘other peoples chan white, and, within each indvdaa, dere were other Kinds of conscowsnes with diverse intentions and ves, Rocher it would sem, id not intend his work to hasten this ro (contact, The mediate reaction i demonic emotion, We are by instinct instinct. ansrINcr Like many pyshalogcal words we us ly — cou, umn, eo- tion, prt, consciousness, feeting~ instloct snore a metaphor, even ifm conceptal dress, than a concept. Pezhapsit isan ee inthe ‘orginal sense of that term where meant “ose, thst by means ‘of thls word ‘insti! we ae abl to se certain kinds of behaviour,both Hooking upon i san absense and ooking int it, sighting it asa participant There i much spilled ink, and ilk, about instinct, some regarding it sw primerdalntligence knowing moe about ie ‘than we can err lear, others taking it asthe opposite of intligence, ‘omethiagsneshanial, tcc and without any posit for tan formation, To ithas been ascribed the best a the worst in aman ature ~ an this ge the hint for how we sal spprosch ihee For Panis the Goa of natoe ‘in her’ ther hee ou instinct. Again, singe all Gods partake of nature and have their mimesis in human nature, in oarmodes of fantasy, thought and behaviour, of courte Pan is not all inte any more than ho al the Gods, Which aspects of isin hes, like which aspects of nature he can only be dicerned from the study of his phenomenology, (One major line of though hols tha instinctual Behaviour is chat ‘scteriged mainly by compulsion, by what hasbeen called he “lho ‘bone easton”. Beyond th primary bogies! procerss tops, ingestion an elimination, reproduction, cll rowth division and death, ot, ~ animal life as behaviour moves astray between the two polesofapproich and retreat. base polarity of oreaie rhythm has boon presented again and again through the entries. One andthe same atchetypal idea about the vbythin of natura life coca in thse rs clled at different times and by diferent thesia: acer ‘esa, attraction epson, Lus/Unbs,dastoeeyetoe, toner sionfextaersion, compulsonjinhibition, fusion separation, aller none, te. Under the domination of "inborn release mechanisms” (instinct. ‘snow often cae), patterns approach and retreat become comp sve, undifleretited, unrest ‘The two opposing positions regarding instinct ~ that ti intelient and that it snot ~ have Been combined in Jan's theony. He deseibes ‘wo endo istnetal Behaviour: atthe one compulsive archaic ‘havior pattern at ho other, archetypal images, Thus instinct acts and tthe same time forms an ope of ts action. The images rigger the ations; the actions te pttemed by the images. Ths any tans formation of tho imagesaeets the patterns of behavior, so that what we ‘bo within oat inapination i of instinctual xgtcane. Te dossalec the word as alchemists, mystes and Neoplatnists believed, but not ‘uit in the magical way they believed. Because the images belong to the same continuum as asinet (and are not sblinatons of), aghe- xxv typal ings ae parte of nature anos meray subjetv Fantasies “inde mn The figute of Fan both represen instinctual compulsion an offers the medium hy which the compulsion con be modified though imagination. By working on iragiation, we ae taking pat in nature in hore, The method of this work, however, nota simple si might| seem, for it Snot merely an aetity ofthe conseious mind o: wil though they play their ole. ‘The modification of eompulsve behaviour equzes another psychic funtion which we sll discus below in regard to Pan's loves. Fst, we mst lok more closely at somplson Alseady in the Osphi Hyann (Taylor) we find compelson inthe dee cripton of an where hei vie en the epithet “Tanabe, and tho Horesc Hyma (Chapa) e ean read tht he climbe eter higher “and ever ets The sume fanatlecompalston appears in the behaviour t- truted toh: pane, ape —and the nightmare. ‘The poles of sexuality and pani, which can tastanl switch into ach other or rleie eachother, exhibit the most rassy compulse textremesofwtraction and spsion, Inthe lttr we blindly Ne lt ‘lier the focmer, just a blindly we close upon te object wth which ‘we would copulate, Pan, a ruler of atu in ers, dominats sexual sed pane rections and islocated in these extiemes. His slf-dvision Ispresatd in the Homeric Hymn by his two ‘regions! ~ snowy, eragay ‘mountaintops and soft valloys(and ces) ~ and mythological by the chasing phallic Pan and the fosing panicked nymph. Both belong tothe se archetypal pattern sn age its uel. Thee two foci of Pans be bavi, representing the inherestanbialence of instinct also appear ‘nhs irags, somamented upon ever since Mac's Craps 408C, which ‘sna, mute an filthy below, smaoth and spitully horned above ‘Yet forall hie ratursinest, Pon iea monster. He a erature that ‘doesnot ext nthe natural word. His nature together imaginal, {6 that we mast understand instinct to a an imaginal fore and not oncelve [iterate in the manner of natural scence oof apy: chology that wonld base tse upon sence or meta blalogy. Pa Aoxialy, the moat natura tes are non-natural, and the st instinetuilyconcete of our experiences is imaginal. Iie a sFhuman ‘nistenet, een at his bas vital level isa metaphor. If psychological behaviour i metaphorical, then we must run the dominant met hore ofthe pyshe to understand ts behaviour. Therefore, we may Inara ae mich about the paychology of stint by occupation with itsarchetypal images as by physiological, animal und experimental research might be well at ths point interpose something on the nature cof fear. That itis sosalled primary affect hasbeen sated by pay ‘logs since St. Thomas and Deserts and ie il confirmed by piysio- ogists and by biologists specialising in animal bohaviou Canon hs asone ofthe four fundamental reactions that he investigated, and Lorena regards it as one ofthe four base drive complexes. The traditional Western approach to fac negative. In keoping with the attudes of our heroic eo, far, like many other affects and cir liages fst of al egazded amore] problems, to be ovevcone with, ‘courage a8 Emerson might say, or Ties “courage tobe" in a “age of anxiety". Pear is to Beimet and managed bythe hero on his path 0 a hood aan encounter with fer plays « major part initiation cere ‘monies. Because our fist reflection upon the psyche is habitually mors, the psychological evaluation of fear tends tobe prejudiced if not ove ded from our perspectives altogether, So entresched i the moral ap- proach to psychological evens that psychology has had to goto phy ology and t0 the study of animals in order to fad path fee of moral In physiology, although the protective effects offer are recognizes, the emotion of fears generaly regarded tobe ether an accompaniment of instinctual fight patterns othe same patterns blocked or etained within the oxganism. This inhibition of motorie behavior tether ‘wth ineessed and protonged excitation ofthe oxganism (vesetatne nervous system and neurohormonal-cemical astvation) ie ensety. ‘Sinply, there are two faces to panic: lived ou in tlaion to stimulus and called fer; held ia with no know stmuls and called enxlety. eer hasan object anxiety has none. There can be panicky fear, astriped, says there can be panicky anxiety asia dean I cither condition owth can cesult.Paychoanalytic and paychoscmatic ease reports, as well dream research and anthropological stule,Gor instance, on ‘Voodoo death) provide instances of the fatal consequences of anxiety. ‘The anxiety dream canbe distinguished from the nightmare inthe classi sense, The classical nightmare fw dreadful visitation by a dee mon who foribly eppresss te dreamer into paralysis, outs off his ‘reat, and cess comes through movement. The enxity dream is loss proving, in that there ig no demon, no dyspnea, but there is the same inhibition of movement. (Aclletion ofthese dreams is pen by M. Weidhorn, “The Anxiety Dream in Literature fiom Homer to icon”, Studies Piology 64, pp. 6S-82, Unit. N, Caroling, 1967.) ‘A literary prototype ofthe anxiety dream, emphasizing a inhibited ‘ecullanty of movement, oceurs in the Mad xx, 199-201 (Achilles in pursuit oF Hector) Asin dream a man i not abe to fellow one Who rus from him, nor can the runner escape, forthe other rave him, 0 he could not ua ‘him down in is speed, nor the other get cleat, Some thors of emotion would se he aniety dream a erence foe thir iw that xt sie er, a ht pattern ened ‘within th orn, asi instinct were died into two pices: ation an emotion. Dang theater dream, ection beg impeded eme- tion intensifies. Ansel, whether in dreanor no, remains inthis tater pois and behaviours peropactiea subsite, secondary, inadequate easton. Could we take arm against tho sao roubles we ‘would nat be Sled ve. Cntesiporay existential philosophy gies anxiety red or Angst 4 more inte, moe fallaomefterpetation. Ang eels man's Tundanienal ontological stston ns connection with no being 0 hat A fea snot us en f se, ut of he noting on which ll being is based. Fear thas becomes the reflection in consciousness of a univers sy ‘Budhinn goes yet further: fer more than a sbjetv,hsman phsnoiteno. All the world isin ee: te, tone, everything, And the Budaha ithe redeemer ofthe wold fom fee. Hence the sige cance ofthe mada (hand psu) of feat, which isnot merely a sie of comfort bt of total redemption of the word Fam its “Tear and trembling”, ts thaldom to Ang. Bad's perfect ve in the woes of the Gospels, “rth ut fear. “To further mix the contexts et usy that the world of nature, Pan's worlds ina coninal tte of bina panic usa isin a contin State of wblinal sexual excitation, As the woe imate by Eros, eld together y that coumogoie fore and charged with te iin dese that Fay, an archetypal wisn mos recently pewented by WielReich ~ so its other sie, pani, rezogazed by the Buda belongs 10 the same constellation. Again, we come BACK to Pan andthe two exe ‘seme of nein Brinkmann has already pointed tothe bankruptcy ofall theories oF panic tht attempr to des with i sociologically, psychologically or hnitrially ar notin its own tems. The right terms, Brinkmann ays, are mythological, We must fllo the path cleared by Nictsche whose investigation of Kinds of coawciousnes and behaviour trough Apollo ‘and Dionysos canbe extended to Pan, Then panic wl no Tonge be regarded asa pysiologial defense mechanism or an inadequate ezction fran ebaisment univ mental, bu wil be sen a he rght response to the muminous. The headlong ght thes becomes a breaktlrough, ut ‘of protected security into the “uncanay wilderness of elementary exe tence". Panie wl always exist hoeanse its rooted in human nature as such, $0 is management, Brinkmann says, must lo follow a ritual rnythologial procedure of gestures and music. (One ie reminded of| the pipes in battle and that P's nstument in many paintings, f nota syrinx but more trumpet.) (D. Brinkman, “Neve Gesihstpunkte ‘ur Psychologie der Pai, Schwets, Zeiten. Petal. 3.1944, pp.315) Roscher's enumeration of anal panies does indeed remove the Aiscusion from the level ofthe only human and psychological in dhe natrow snie to more universal hypotheses such as offered by the.) cistemilists, the Buddhist and the archetypal paychology exhibited In Pan. Ifwe take the evidence that Roscher cites of Fan's terror «© [ bea foum of psychic infection attacking both man snd sins, thes, we would seem to have an acetypal event dat transcends the only human psyehe, thereby placing the nigtzace panic in 2 profound realm of instinctal experience which man shee at east witharimals ‘Wi tes, stones and the cosmos at Large this sharing remains spect luton M panic in animals not substantially diferent from panle in man ad if pane isat the root of the nightmare, then the Jones nightmare Inypotheis isnot enough. For even the boldest Freudian har not ex tended the universality ofthe Oedipus complex and of repressed incset recognize the presence of Pan in the obseurest caverns ofthe psyche and that he belongs toi. Tt means further that selknowseagerecop- izes that Pan's onto” and he mral deprviies also belong 10 the sul Thisnsight, by giving the gat its due, may bring the beauty for ‘which Soerates prays. And by recognizing Pan so completly Pun may provide the blessing Soorates seeks, where inward and outward ae one. ‘Socrates’ prayer to Pan even more relevant today. We shall not be able to find our way back to harmony with nature dough the study of it alone. Thou our major concem is ecological, it eannot be solved though eoology alone. The importance of technology and scientific knowledge for protecting nature's proces goos without saying, but pat of the ecological field is human nature, in whose piyche the archetypes dominate. 1FPan is spprested there, nature nd instinct wil go astsy no matter how we strain on rational levels toset things right. In order to restore, conserve ara promote nature “out there, nature “in here” must algo be restored, conserved and promoted to precisely the same degree. Otherwise our pereptions| fof ature ou here, our actions upon it and our reactions to it, vl continu to show the same mangled exaggerations of inadequate instinct as inthe past. Without Pun ovr good intentions to resty ast mistakes wll only perpetrate ther in other forms “The reeducation ofthe citizen in elation to nature gos deeper ‘han the aymph consciousness of aweand gentleness. Respect for lies ot enough, and even love puts Pan down, so that theetizen cat be reeducated through ways which re fais. These all start with Pan dead, The teeducation would have to begin atest party fom Pan's point of view, for aftr all it ishis world that we are so Intensely worved about. But Pan's world ineludes masturbation, ‘ape, pane, convulsions and nightmares. The eeducation of the citizen in relation to nature means nothing les than a wholly new si‘elasionsip with these orton” and ‘morl ceprviis” and madness” whic ae part ofthe instinctual ie ofthe citizens sou This leads us back tothe nightmare and the revelation through it of de horslying sid of the instinctoal vu. Socrates” puzztings ‘upon himelf at the opening of the Pheerut (230) have a silat focus. He considers his hkeness to Typhon, a oxerwhelming demonic ‘ant of Yoleanic eruptions, storms and underground earthquake, “ie personification of ratue’s destructive power” (Schmidt, “Typhocus,Typhon", Lexikon V, 1426). To “know thyself” in the Phaedrus begins for Socrates with insight into natures demonic aspect ‘The nightmare reveals his, pr exeellenee. There the healing recoducation might bagi because thore the instinctual soul is most real Jones (p.71) reminds us that “the vivkines of Nightmares, transcends thal of ordinary dreams”. Roscher and Laistner both observed this, and Jones (bid) quotes others who have stressed this realty “The degee of consciousness daring aparoxysm of Nightmare isso much greater than ever happens in a deam...ndeed | ‘know no way which + man has of eoseincing himself that che ‘sion which has occured during paroxym of Nightmare is sot ea. Wales) ‘Theiss whieh accu ate pethape the most extraordinary pltenomena of nightmare: and so stony are they often im pressed upon the mind, that, even on waking, we find it impos sible no fo belive them rea.(R Maris) From this kind af experience Jones dias hismain point condensed Into the second motto placed above: the vvidnes ofthe nightmare «experince ha given rt tothe bei in the objective reality of person. ied demons and Gods: the nghtnate isthe experiential base of religion. OF course, for Jones, below the manifest experience ae personal psyeho sexual dynamisms, so thatthe power of his insight nto the lation between the nightmare and the reality ofthe Gods Isolde by the theory co whic he yokes it ‘The horror and the healing eTet ofthe nightmaye takes place not because isa revolaton of sexuality as such, but ofthe funda mental nature of man who as sexual being is atone with animal being ‘with nstines, amd thus at one with nature, Pan's vision of man is ‘hat map too is pure nature ia whom the volcanic eruptions, the destructive seizuresand typhoons also reside. This reality cannot be borne home in sbstiset concepts. Nature's metaphor i concrete ‘nd shaped. I roust be felt, sensed visoned inthe act very real experience of hair and haves. We must be paralyzed and focated by this ealty avi dhete were something euphotic in consciousness that always inflight fom “the horoe”, This sense experience was onee, an stil sth vision of Pan in his various nightmare forms. Thus, indeed, Roscher and Laistnee and ‘Jones, each in diferent ways, are right in finding immense signif cance Inthe nightmare. Its numinous power requires a commons rately overwhelming idea: through the nightmare the reality of the natural God is revesed James HilaPREFACE AA detailed preoceupation for many yeats with the myth and cult of Pan ~ the old Greek god of herds and herdsmen ~ has led other investigators and myself co an enquiry into his fone: ton as Ephlaltes, the demon or evil spirit of nightmares, To attain a basic undorstending of this funetion, it now seems abso. lutely imperative to master as thoroughly as possible the whole field of the Greek end Roman presentations of nightmares and demons; I havo, therefore, sought to assemble all that antiguity has preserved for us concerning Ephialtes and to form this Into a clear picture which I now offer to the public. twas ob. liged to do this because Ludwig Laistner, the lesrned and in- ious author of The Riddle of the Sphinx, Fundamentals of a History of e Myth, did not succeed, despite his valiant efforts in dealing with and clarifying the Greek and Roman traditions and conceptions about nightmares and demons in sulficiently strict a manner for scholarly requivements, This {eficiency, in 2 work meritorious in many respects, is due to too reasons: firs, because of his understandable and excusable position as a specialist in Gormante studies, Laistner was able to draw only from the sphere of German mythology a8 4 ‘whole, inasmuch as he lacked an obvious and fundamental knowledge of the Groek and Roman sources; and secondly. because he attempted to write a work which would appeal to a very large number of people, Closely connected with this is the fact that Laistner’s style is more Hterary than scholatly His writing is always stimulating, but frequently the desirable moderation and strit self-criticism of a genuinely scholarly work is lacking. This is true not merely of his Groek and Latin words und proper names ~ at times much too daring and sometimes full of unsupported etymology ~ but also of, his total failure to elevate the dream, and in particular the 1