Historical Sources

An artifact, document, diary, manuscript,

photograph, autobiography, recording, book,
certificate, cinema film, television program or
any other source of information that was
created at the time under investigation are
important in the study of History.
 Two main types of historical sources
A. Primary Sources are immediate, first-
hand accounts of a topic, from people
who had a direct connection with it.
Primary sources can include:

 Texts of laws and other original

documents.
 Newspaper reports, by reporters
who witnessed an event or who
quote people who were involved.
 Speeches, diaries, letters and
interviews – what the people
involved said or wrote
 Original research
 Datasets, survey data, such as
census or economic statistics
 Photographs, video, or audio that
capture an event.
B. Secondary Sources work that comments
on the past. Typically, recently written book
that describes past events, often written by a
historian or trained scholar familiar about the
time period and civilization in question. They
can cover the same topic, but add a layer of
interpretation and analysis. Secondary
sources can include:

 Most books about a topic

 Analysis or interpretation of data
 Scholarly or other articles about a
topic, especially by people not directly
involved
 Documentaries (though they often
include photos or video portions that
can be considered primary sources).
 When is a Primary Source become a
Secondary Source?
Primary
Secondary Sources
Sources
Article critiquing the
Artwork
piece of art
Book about a specific
Diary
subject
Interview Biography
Letters Dissertation
Performance Review of play
Treatise (trēdis- a written
work dealing formally and
Poem systematically with a
subject) on a particular
genre of poetry
Treaty Essay on a treaty
 Content Analysis

Source: Internal and External Criticism (from Neuman, 2003, p.421)