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Ese Mock Free Test 1 PDF
Ese Mock Free Test 1 PDF
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. Analytic approach follows which type of process _______.
Explanation:
Option(b)
2. You are the program level manager with several project activities underway. In the
executing process group, you begin to become concerned about the accuracy of progress
reports from the projects. What would BEST support your opinion that there is a problem?
(A) Quality Audits
(B) Risk Quantification Reports
(C) Regression Analysis
(D) Monte Carlo Analysis
EXPLANATION
OPTION (A) quality audits. If you read the second sentence again, it says that you are
concerned about the accuracy of progress reports from the project. In order to check whether
the standards of your organization have been applied in the projects that you are responsible
of, you can conduct a quality audit and find out whether there is really a problem. Therefore,
here the best answer is A, Quality Audits.
3.The earliest date and the latest date of events 3 and 10 are given in the figure below.
Activity E is connecting both the events and its duration is 10 weeks. The independent float
of the activity is
(a) 5 weeks
(b) 10 weeks
(c) 15 weeks
(d) 20 weeks
Explanation:
Option(a)
Independent Float:
4. At what stage in the project life cycle would costs be the lowest?
(a) Concept
(b) Development
(c) Implementation
(d) Close out
Cost and staffing level are low at the start of the project.
Option(d)
Qualitative techniques:
1. Jury opinion
2. Delphi technique
3. Nominal group techniques
4. Collective opinion survey
5. Survey of customer intention
Quantitative techniques:
6.If ‘a’ is the optimistic time, ‘b’ is the pessimistic time, and ‘m’ is most likely
time of an activity, then what is the expected time of activity?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Explanation:
Option(c)
Option(a)
In project management, a critical path is the sequence of project network
activities which add up to the longest overall duration, regardless if that longest
duration has a float or not. This determines the shortest time possible to complete
the project.
Option(a)
Explanation:
Option(d)
Basically, the Triple Constraint states that the success of the project is impacted by its
budget, deadlines and features.
Cost: The financial constraints of a project, also known as the project budget
Environment
Option(a)
11. Which of the following level possess the greatest amount of free energy?
(a) Decomposers
(b) Secondary Consumers
(c) Producers
(d) Tertiary Consumers
Explanation:
Option(c)
With each successive trophic level energy is being lost. So, at the producer level
the energy is maximum.
(1) Absolute humidity is the amount of water vapor per unit volume.
(3) The dew point is the temperature at which the relative humidity is 75%.
Which of the above statements are correct?
Option(a)
Absolute humidity is the measure of the water vapor in the air, regardless of
temperature. It is expressed as grams of moisture per cubic meter of air.
The dew point is the temperature at which a given sample of air will have a
relative humidity of 100 %; hence, the saturation temperature.
13. Which of the following statements regarding Coral Reefs in India is/are
correct?
(1) All three types of coral reefs Atoll, Fringing and Barrier found in India.
(2) Coral reefs are built by and made up of thousands of tiny animals.
(3) Coral reefs formed in segregated forms; they do not combine together.
(a) 1&2
(b) 1&3
(c) 2&3
(d) 1,2,3
Explanation:
Option(a)
Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine water that
contains few nutrients.
Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consists of polyps that
cluster in groups.
14. Tropical orchids use trees or their branches for support without harm or
benefit to the tree is an example of:
(a) Commensalism
(b) Mutualism
(c) Ammensalism
(d) Competition
Explanation:
Option(a)
Mutualism { +,+}
Commensalism{+,0}
Ammensalism{-,0}
Parasitism {+, -}
+ indicates benefit
- indicates loss
0 indicates unaffected
15. Which among the following is the coldest layer of Earth’s atmosphere?
(a) Mesosphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Troposphere
(d) Ionosphere
Explanation:
Option(a)
Directly above the stratosphere, 50 to 80km above the earth’s surface, the
mesosphere is a cold layer where the temperature generally decreases with
increasing altitude.
16. Which of the following statements is/are correct about Ecological Pyramid?
(a) Pyramid of number can be either upright or inverted.
Explanation:
Option(a)
1. Pyramids of number
2. Pyramid of biomass
3. Pyramid of energy
17.
(b) Biomagnification
(c) Bioremediation
Explanation:
Option (c)
Bioremediation: the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced
microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental
pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.
1. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable
energy, including geothermal energy
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
Option(c)
19. Which one of the following Greenhouse gases is used to compare Global Warming
Potential (GWP) of other gases?
(a) Methane
Option(B)
The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global
warming impacts of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the
emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions
of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2).
20. Which of the following fuels is usually produced by Steam Reforming Process?
(a) Uranium
(b) Charcoal
(c) Hydrogen
Explanation:
Option (c)
Steam methane reforming is the most widely used process for the generation of hydrogen.
This is largely due to its cost-effectiveness in obtaining a high level of purity in its produced
hydrogen. The hydrogen obtained from SMR can be used in industrial processes and in fuel
cells because of its purity.
(a) Oxygen
(b) Heat
(c) Fuel
(d) Flame
Explanation
Option(d)
Fire Triangle
24.Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
I. Type A is preferred over type B of lettering since no. Of divisions of height in type, A
lettering is more of than that of type B.
II. Vertical letters are preferred over sloped letters because of easy execution.
III. The line width of type A lettering is always less than that of type B lettering.
(a) Only I
(d) All
Explanation
Option(b)
Lettering type A: Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts.
Lettering type B: Height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation
Option(b) Triangular Development: This is used to develop transition pieces. This is simply a
method of dividing a surface into a number of triangles and transferring them into the
development.
26.The commands Erase, Copy, Mirror, Trim, Extend, Break etc. belongs to which toolbar?
(a)Layer toolbar
(b)Style toolbar
(c) Modify tool bar
(d) Draw tool bar
Explanation
Option(c)
Explanation: The commands Erase, Copy, Mirror, Trim, Extend, Break, Join, Scale, Array etc.
belongs to ‘Modify tool bar’. The commands Donut, Block, Spline, Hatch, Rectangle, Ellipse,
Polygon, and Arc etc. belong to ‘Draw tool bar’.
27.A curve generated by a point fixed to circle (within or outside its circumference, but in the
same plane) rolling on the outside of another circle is
(a) Epicycloid
(b) Hypocycloid
(c) Hypotrochoid
(d) Epitrochoid
Explanation
Option(d)
Epitrochoid is a curve generated by a point fixed to circle (within or outside its circumference,
but in the same plane) rolling on the outside of another circle.
Epicycloid is the curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, which rolls
without slipping along another circle outside it.
28. A line segment AB has its end ‘A’ 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. This line is
inclined at 60 degree to HP and parallel to VP. If the plan length is 25 mm, the true length of
the line AB is
(a) 25 mm
(b) 30 mm
(c) 50 mm
(d) 75 mm
Explanation
Option(c)
Plan length, PL = 25 mm
Cos 60 = PL / TL = 25/TL
TL = 25/ cos 60 = 25/ (1/2) =50 mm
29.
A cone resting on its base on the H.P. is cut by a section plane parallel to the V.P. and has its
sectional front view as
(a) ellipse
(b) parabola
Explanation:
Option©
30. One solution to the problem of how you can gain the cost benefits of standardization
without losing the market advantages of product variety is
Explanation:
Option(d)
The issue is how can you maintain the benefits of standardized parts without losing flexibility
in larger product variety. Modular design, or "modularity in design", is a design approach that
subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids, that can be independently
created and then used in different systems. Modular design is common in the electronics and
automobile industries as a way of producing a wide variety of products from a set of
standardized modules.
Explanation:
Option(c)
Explanation:
Option(c)
Appraisal Cost: these are the cost to determine conformance with quality
standards.
Cost of internal failure: when the results of work fail to reach the required
quality standards and are detected before transfer to the customer takes place.
Cost of external failure: external failure costs include costs associated with
returned products, unhappy customers, warranty claims, processing of
customer complaints.
Option(d)
Explanation:
Option(d)
35. Which of the following will not lead to total productive maintenance?
(a) Planned maintenance (b) Reactive maintenance
(c) Integrated approach (d) Continuous improvement
Explanation
Option(b)
36.
Match the following:
A. Re-inspection and investigation
B. Handling of return items
C. Quality planning
D. Cost of materials and supplies used in the inspection
1. Appraisal cost
2. Internal failure cost
3. External failure cost
4. Prevention cost
(a) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(c) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(d) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
Explanation
Option(a)
Re-inspection and investigation cost come under the internal failure cost.
When a product is returned because they are not acceptable then in addition to the cost of
the replacement cost of handling comes under external failure cost.
Quality planning cost incurred in pre-production activities comes under prevention cost.
The cost of materials and suppliers used in inspection comes under appraisal cost.
39.Which of the following methodology was devised in Motorola in the year 1987 to track
and compare performance against customer’s requirements and to achieve near-perfect
quality?
(a) TQM (b) Kaizen
(c) Six Sigma (d) Control Charts
Explanation
Option(c)
The Six Sigma methodology was born in 1987 in Motorola’s communication sector as an
approach to track and compare performance against customer requirements, and to achieve
the ambitious target of near-perfect six sigma quality, in the products produced.
42. Which of the following is responsible for the management of small six
sigma/quality improvement projects?
(a) Black Belt (b) Green Belt
(c) Yellow Belt (d) None of the above
Explanation
Option (b)
Six sigma green belts are project leaders capable of forming and facilitating Six
Sigma teams and managing Six Sigma projects from concept to completion. The
Six Sigma Green Belt operates in support of or under the supervision of a Six
Sigma Black Belt, analyzes and solves quality problems and is involved in quality
improvement projects.
ETHICS
43. Which of the following are the "ethical" issues related to "Media" in India?
1.Paid News
2.Yellow journalism
3. Media trial
4. Advocacy
Correct Answer Codes:
(a) 1, 2, 3 only
(b) All of the above
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above
Explanation:
Option(a)
Advocacy is the positive work of media, like raising demands of the people who are not able
to do so.
In Plato’s Republic, the four cardinal virtues are wisdom, temperance, courage and justice.
These reflect the nature of the soul.
47. Which of the following is/are a relevant factor (s) in interpersonal skills?
1. Positive attitude
2. Preparedness to listen
3. Ability to manage emotions
Correct Answer Codes:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) All of the above
Explanation:
Option(d)
48. Consider the following statements:
1. Ethics and morality have same meaning.
2. Ethics helps us to decide what is right and wrong.
3. Ethics is just a theoretical aspect of philosophy.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 only (d) 2 only
Explanation
Option(D)
Ethics and Morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct. While they are sometimes
used interchangeably, they are different: ethics refer to rules provided by an external
source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions. Morals refer to an
individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong.
52. Trademark
(a) is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one person from those
of others
(b) Is represented graphically
(c) May includes shapes of goods or a combination of colors.
(d) All of the above.
Explanation
Option(d)
A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a
combination of these elements. There is also a range of non-conventional
trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories, such as those
based on color, smell, or sound.
(a) homogeneous
(b) heterogeneous
(c) ductile
Explanation:
Option(b)
Explanation:
Option(b)
(c) It deals with the meaning of the terms associated with ethics.
Explanation:
Option(b)
Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. It is the branch of philosophical ethics that
investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally
speaking.
(b) One who asks bribe for not performing official duties.
Explanation:
Option(c)
All the first three are current, but providing wrong information will do bigger damage to the
public interest.
57. Consider the following statements with respect to the code of ethics for engineers given
by NSPE (National Society of Professional Engineers).
agents or trustees.
(a) 1 and 2
(d) 3 and 4
(c) 2 and 3
Explanation:
Option(a)
Fundamental Canons
Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:
ICT
58. The acronym SMART in the word 'SMART Governance' stands for
Explanation:
Option (a)
Smart governance or good governance are two sides of the same coin. The use of the internet
and digital technology is creating a progressive government- public partnership,
strengthening government institutions and integrating all sections of society.
59. Which one of the following is a cross-platform free and open-source software for the
design of steel structures created under Free and Open Source Software in
Education?
(a) Python
(b) DWSIM
(c) Osdag
(d) OR-TOOLS
Explanation:
Option (c)
Osdag is a cross-platform free and open-source software for the design (and detailing) of steel
structures. It allows the user to design steel connections, members and systems using a
graphical user interface. The interactive GUI provides a 3D visualization of the designed
component and creates images for construction/fabrication drawings. The design is typically
optimized following industry best practices.
(a) The Government wants to make a common market at Delhi as centre and
Explanation:
Option (c)
The Government wants to make a common electronic platform which will allow farmers to
sell their produce to buyers, anywhere in the country. The Centre has set aside Rs. 200 Crore
for the creation of this National Agriculture Market online trading portal. The platform was
launched on April 14 and will tackle the problem of distress selling. It aims to connect 585
mandis in the country
61. Which one of the following threats is NOT covered under M-KAVACH?
Explanation:
Option (d)
M-Kavach is a comprehensive mobile device security solution for Android devices addressing
various threats related to mobile phones. It addresses threats related to misuse of resources
such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Camera & Mobile Data by preventing unauthorized access to these
resources and protects against JavaScript Malware. Users can restrict access to critical
applications like mobile wallets, media apps, etc. and also block unwanted Calls & SMS. It also
helps the users in tracking SIM card changes on the device in case of device loss/theft and
provides an option to remotely wipe Contacts/Call-Logs & Factory Reset the device
62. Consider the following statements about Optical Mark Recognizer (OMR):
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
Explanation:
Option(c)
Short for optical mark reading or optical mark recognition, OMR is the process of gathering
information from human beings by recognizing marks on a document.
Q.63. A computer hardware device much like an ordinary printer that is used for printing
vector graphics is known as
(c) Plotter
Explanation:
Option (c)
A plotter is a computer printer for printing vector graphics. Plotters draw pictures on paper
using a pen.
(a) Compiler
(b) Linker
(d)Word Processor
Explanation:
Option(d)
(a) Hyper-Threading
(c) Erasers
(d) Sandboxing
Explanation:
Option (d)
Sandboxing is a computer security term referring to when a program is set aside from other
programs in a separate environment so that if errors or security issues occur, those issues will
not spread to other areas on the computer.
Q.66. A computer device that captures images from photographic prints, posters,
magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and the display is known as
(a) Printer
(b) Scanner
(c) Photocopier
(d) Web-cams
Explanation:
Option (b)
A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages,
and similar sources for computer editing and display
1. It is an online platform that makes accessible content available to print- disabled people.
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation:
Option (d)
MATERIAL SCIENCE
68. Consider the following crystallographic planes (shaded) using a cube of size
'an' as shown in the diagram
Which one of the following gives miller indices of the above plane?
(a) (100)
(b) (110)
(c) (101)
(d) (001)
Option(b)
(d) None
Option(c)
In a Hall effect experiment, the sign of Hall voltage will change if:
changed.
(a) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Option(c)
71. For a family of directions in the unit cell, which of the following must be
same?
Option(b)
Option(a)
73.Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct regarding the ionic bond.
Option(b)
2. Halogens are just one electron short to achieve the stable inert gas
configuration
(a) 1,2
(b) 1,3
(c) 2,3
(d) All
Option(a)
75. Which of the following statements are true regarding nimonic alloy?
1. Nimonic alloys consist of nickel more than 50% and chromium 20% with
Option (a)
Q.76. Which of the following steel is used for making bulldozer tip?
(b) Inconel
Explanation:
Option (d)
Steel with 12% manganese is exceptionally very strong and known as Hadfield steel.
Q.77. Which of the following is/are true for fibers in composite material?
1. For most of the materials, a small diameter fiber is weaker than the bulk metal.
(a)1 only
(b) 2 only
Explanation:
Option(b)
For most materials a small diameter fiber is much stronger than the bulk material. The
probability of the presence of a critical surface flaw that can lead to fracture diminishes with
decreasing specimen volume.
Q.78. What will happen if a fully filled can of soda is placed in the freezer?
Explanation:
Option (b)
After the freezing volume of water increases, around 9%, Hence soda can may explode in
the freezer.
ENGINEERING APTITUDE
79. A boatman can bow certain distance downstream in 2hrs and upstream the
same distance in 3hrs. If the stream flows at the rate of 4km/hr. Find the speed
of the boat in still water?
(a) 35km/hr.
(b) 8km/hr.
(c) 6km/hr.
(d) 20km/hr.
Explanation:
Option(d)
(B+4) *2=(B-4) *3
2B+8= 3B-12
B= 20km/hr.
80.Find the no. of sides of polygon in which the no. Of diagonals are 27.
(a) 6
(b) 9
(c) 12
(d) 7
Explanation:
Option(b)
No. Of diagonal =
27= {n(n-3)}/2
54= n(n-3)
No. Of sides, n =9
81. How many three digits numbers can be generated from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 such that
the digits are in ascending order.
(a) 9
(b)9C3
(c) 9P3
(d) 81
Explanation:
Option(b)
In the given below the underline digits indicates how many ways the particular place can be
filled.
127= 1*7=7
236= 2*6=12
345= 3*5=15
454= 4*4=16
563= 5*3=15
672= 6*2=12
781=7*1=7
Q82. The product of three numbers is 1620. If the H.C.F of any two out of three number is 3,
(a) 180
(b) 240
(c) 360
(d) 480
Explanation:
Option(a)
3a*3b*3c= 1620
ABC=1620/27
LCM = 3abc=3*(1620/27)
LCM = 180
Q83. Four milkmen rented a pasture. A grazed 18 Cows for 4 months, and B 25 cows for 2
months, C 28 cows for 5 months and D 21 cows for 3 months. If A's share of rent is Rs. 360,
the total rent of the field (in rupees) is:
(a) 1,500
(b) 1,600
(c) 1,625
(d) 1,650
Explanation:
Option(c)
72x = 360
X= 5
= 360+250+700+315
= 1,625(in rupees)
84. 8 men and 3 women finished a piece of work in 8 days. 2 men and 12 women can finish
the same work in 8 days. How many days will 6 men and 6 women take to finish the same
work?
(a) 10 days
(b) 6 days
(c) 8 days
(d) 5 days
Explanation:
Option(c)
2M = 3W
= (3W + 12W)8
= 120W
6(3/2W) +6W=15W
85. A person invested a total of Rs 39000 in their different schemes of Post Office
offering simple interest at 2%, 3% and 4% per annum. At the end of the year, he
received the same interest in all three cases. The money invested at 3% is?
(a) Rs 13000 (b) Rs 12000
(c) Rs 17000 (d) Rs 16000
Explanation
Option (b)
Let the amount invested at 2%, 3%, and 4% be Rs y and Rs z resp.
Now as per question, received the same interest.
(x*2*1)/100 = (y*3*1)/100 = (z*4*1)/100
2x=3y=4z
x: y: z= 6:4:3
Therefore, money invested at 3% is
(4/13) *39000 = 12000
86. A jar full of whiskey contains 40% alcohol. A part of this whiskey is replaced
by another containing 19% alcohol and now the percentage of alcohol was found
to be 26%. The quantity of whiskey replaced is:
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3
(c) 2/5 (d) 3/5
Explanation
Option(b)
We have: strength of first jar strength of 2nd jar
87. Six bells commence tolling together and toll at interval of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12
s respectively. In 30 minutes, how many times do they toll together?
(a) 4 (b) 10
(c) 15 (d) 16
Explanation
Option(d)
LCM of 2,4, 6,8,10,12 = 120
Bells will toll together after every 120s, i.e., 2minutes
In 30 minutes, they will toll together (30/2) +1 = 16 times.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
88. Using trapezoidal rule, the area bounded by the x-axis, lines x = 1, x = 5 and
the curve that passes through the following points is
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 10 50 70 80 100
(a) 255
(b) 250
(c) 260
(d) 510
Explanation:
Option(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Explanation:
Option(c)
(a) 1
(b) 2!
(c) 0
(d)1/2!
Explanation:
Option(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Explanation:
Option(a)
(a) minima at x = 1.
(b) maxima at x = 1
(c) minima at x = -3
(d)maxima at x=-2
Option(a)
93. In a single throw with two dice, the probability that the sum is a perfect
square is
(a)1/3
(b) 1/8
(c) 2/9
(d) 7/36
Option(d)
CURRENT AFFAIRS
(a) Oracle
(b) Google
(c) Microsoft
(d) Apple
Option(a)
95. Consider the following with regards to the "Right Livelihood Award".
1. Widely, it is known as the "alternative Nobel Prize"
(a)only 1
(b)only 2
(c)both
(d)Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation:
Option(a)
The Right Livelihood Award, widely known as the ‘Alternative Nobel Prize’, celebrates its 40th
anniversary this year. The 2019 Award goes to Aminata Haidar (Western Sahara), Guo Jaimie
(China), Greta Thunberg (Sweden) and David Konawa / Hutu Kara Yanomami Association
(Brazil).
96. Which Indian institution signed MoUs Carleton University (Canada) and Montpellier
Business School (France) under Student Exchange Program?
(a)IIM Delhi
(b)IIM Mumbai
(c)IIM Chennai
(d)IIM CALCUTTA
Explanation:
Option(d)
97. India decided to not join the RCEP after it failed to address India’s key concern where
RCEP referred to
(a) Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
(b) Regional Competitive Economic Partnership
(c) Real Compensative Economic Partnership
(d) Regional concern economic Partnership
Explanation
Option(a)
Prime Minister Narendra Modi made the announcement while speaking at the 2019 RCEP
Summit in Bangkok on November 4, 2019.
98. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) has introduced which scheme
to ease the lending process and enhance loan availability for exporters.
(a) NIRVIK
(b) ANIRMAL
(c) NIRMAL
(d) NORRA
Explanation
Option(a)
NIRVIK scheme: Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC) has introduced
‘NIRVIK’ scheme to ease the lending process and enhance loan availability for exporters.
The scheme was announced by the Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on September
14 as a part of measures to boost exports.
99............. is a general term for extending financial support to a company or a country facing
a potential bankruptcy threat.
(a) Dealout
(b) Darkour
(c) Jail out
(d) Bailout
Explanation
Option(d)
Bailout is a general term for extending financial support to a company or a country facing
a potential bankruptcy threat. It can take the form of loans, cash, bonds, or stock
purchases. A bailout may or may not require reimbursement and is often accompanied by
greater government oversee and regulations.
100.The possibility of Britain withdrawing from the European Union (EU) is known as
(a) Brexit
(b) greeksit
© ulexite
(d) barlin exit
Explanation
Option(a)
Brexit refers to the possibility of Britain withdrawing from the European Union (EU). The
country will hold a referendum on its EU membership on June 23