CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The Industrial and Information today, has caused a lot of changes to nature
and people's lives at local,national and global levels. There has been a change in
mindset and people's behavior in human life. The change has affected for many
things, including the use of gasoline-powered engine vehicles for human mobility
and the use of machinery in production for the production of goods.
From time to time, the use of these machines is increasing and various
types of usage are due to human creativity in meeting their needs and satisfying
themselves. Unfortunately,people do not compensate the increasingofthe machine
usage and their self-awareness towards natural environment. Human activities that
use these kinds of engines without their awareness of the the environment and
nature will change significantly their environment.
The use of these engines produce waste mostly in the form of gases, such
as, Carbon dioxide(CO2), Carbon monoxide(CO) and methane.Increasing amount
of gas is directly proportional to the use of fossil fuel. These gas is have indirect
and direct impacts on environment and human life. One of them, is to release
amount of pollutants to the air which will disrupt human respiratory system when
the pollutants in the earth's surface mix with rain drops,they can form acid
rain.The acid rain can rust metalic infrastructures in a city.The rain also can
damage agriculture which will cause substantial material losses by increasing soil
acidity.
At the same time, if the air pollutants are in the atmospheric layer or the
protosphere layer,they will form a blanket that will warm the earth's surface.It is
called greenhouse effect because heat of the sun is trapped on the surface of the
earth, thus it will raise temperature significantly. This effect will change
significantly climate,such as a longer dry season or a longer rainy season.It will
automatically affect human life and ecosystems on the earth.By making changes
in the ecosystem and the climate permanently. The worst case is the destruction of
the ozone layer caused by Chloro Fluoro Carbon(CFC)gas which causes

1
ultraviolet light to enter the earth's surface freely. It can support death of
various,plant and animal species on the earth.
Photosynthesis process will convert Carbon dioxide(CO2) and water(H2O)
into Adenonsi Trifosfat(ATP).This process captures CO2 from the air, so it will
reduce by adsorbing amount of Carbon dioxide(CO2)in the air. The use of
ornamental plants in large cities is to decorate the room and air purifier in the
room.

1.2 Problem Formulation

Based on the problems set out above, then the formulation of the problem
in this study is : “Can plant of Clorophytum comosum adsorb the smoke?”

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this scientific research based from the problem formulation
is to study whether of Clorophytum comosum plant can adsorb the smoke.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Signifacance of the study,as follows.
1.Significance for the author,this research will provide knowledge
especially biology.
2.Significance for the school,Clorophytum comosum plant can placed in
the classrooms.
3.Significance for the society,this research knowledge about important of
the plants in reducing air pollution and this plant provide fresh if the
people plant this plant.
4.Significance for the world,this plant can reduce air pollution in this
planet.

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 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Clorophytum comosum (Lili Paris)

According to Melissa Petruzzello in https://www.britannica.com, the
plants is from Chorophytum genus in Asparagaceae family.The plants are native
to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa,Asia, and Australia, and some grown
as ornamental.Chorophytum comosum is a common houseplant and typically
features long grasy green and white stripped leaves.This Plant generally less than
60 cm of height.The roots are fleshy and tuberous.The long narrow leaves are
usually arranged basally.
According to Erns van Jaarsveld in http://pza.sanbi.org, Chlorophytum
comosum is a perennial lily-like plant with tuberous roots, bearing spreading to
recurved soft leaves from a central rosette and an elongated raceme with small
white flowers. This is probably the most cultivated house plant in the world,
especially the cultivars.Perennial evergreen herbs up to 1 m tall and 1 m in
diameter from a decumbent (spreading horizontally at first but then growing
upwards) rhizome up to 150 mm long, often covered in old leaf bases. Roots
fleshy and tapering at both sides (fusiform), succulent, up to 10 mm in diameter.
The linear leaves grow in a dense basal rosette, are bright green, smooth
(glabrous) with a prominent mid-vein, and channelled, about 300 mm long and 20
mm broad, end in a soft point, and the margins are entire and sheathing at the
base. The inflorescence is lax, longer than the leaves, spreading, arises from the
centre of the rosette and is up to 1 m long. The peduncle (stalk of the
inflorescence) is 2-4 mm in diameter and has linear-lanceolate bracts tapering to a
point.The flowers are often replaced by vegetative leafy buds (propagules), which
root and serve for vegetative reproduction. The flowers grow in axillary fascicles.
The individual flowers are star-shaped (stellate), white and up to 20 mm in
diameter with 6 stamens. The floral leaves (tepals) are oblong, up to 10 mm long,
becoming reflexed. The style is smooth and small with a minute point (stigma).
The fruit is a 3-angled capsule and its seeds are flattish, black and shiny.
Flowering period is during the summer months.

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2.2 Adsorption
According to Anne Marie Helmestine in https://www.thoughtco.com,
adsorption is defined as the adhesion of a chemical species onto the surface of
particles. German physicist Heinrich Kayser coined the term "adsorption" in 1881.
Adsorption is a different process from absorption, in which a substance diffuses
into a liquid or solid to form a solution.
In adsorption, the gas or liquid particles bind to the solid or liquid surface
that is termed the adsorbent. The particles form an atomic or molecular adsorbate
film. Adsorption may be used to extend the exposure time of specific drugs.
Adsorption is used to cool water for air conditioning units.
Isotherms are used to describe adsorption because temperature has a
significant effect on the process. The quantity of adsorbate bound to the adsorbent
is expressed as a function of pressure of concentration at a constant temperature.
Several isotherm models have been developed to describe adsorption, including
the linear, Freundlich, Langmuir, BET (after Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller), and
Kisliuk theories.
Adsorbtion depends on surface energy. Surface atoms of the adsorbent are
partially exposed so they can attract the adsorbate molecules. Adsorbtion may
result from electrostatic attraction, chemisorption, or physisorption.
There are many types of adsobtion are following.
1. Adsorbents are used to increase the capacity of carbide-derived
carbons.
2. Adsorbents are used to produce non-stick coatings on surfaces.
3. Activated charcoal is used for aquarium filtration and home water
filtration.
4. Silica gel is used to prevent moisture from damaging electronics and
clothing.
5. Zeolites are used to remove carbon dioxide from natural gas, remove
carbon monoxide from reforming gas, for catalytic cracking, and other
processes.

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 The process is used in chemistry labs for ion-exchange and
chromatography.

2.3Adsorbents
According to Anne Marie Helmestine in https://www.thoughtco.com,
typically, adsorbents have small pore diameters so that there is a high surface area
to facilitate adsorption. The pore size usually ranges between 0.25 and 5 mm.
Industrial adsorbents have high thermal stability and resistance to abrasion.
Depending on the application, the surface may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
Both polar and nonpolar adsorbents exist. The adsorbents come in many shapes,
including rods, pellets, and molded shapes. There are three major classes of
industrial adsorbents,are carbon-based compounds (e.g., graphite, activated
charcoal), oxygen-based compounds (e.g., zeolites, silica), polymer-base
compounds.

2.4 Air Pollution

According to A. Tresna Sastrawijaya (2009:180) air pollution is the entry
of chemicals and particles into the atmosphere that can harm organism on the
earth.
According to Dantje.T (2015:44) definition of air pollution is presence of
substances in the atmosphere that are toxic, disturbing, or even harmful to humans
or destructive to vegetation, animals or soil.This air pollution material can be
divided into two forms, namely those originating from man-made sources and
sources derived from natural ingredients.
Based on the Decree of the State Minister of Population and Environment,
what is meant by air pollution is entering or entering living things, substances,
energy and other components into the air and changes in the composition
(composition) of air by human activities or natural processes, so that air quality
becomes less or cannot functionagain according to the designation.(Keputusan
Menteri Negara Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup No. 02/MENKLH/1988)
Principal static pollution sources include chemicals derived from plants,
steam vapor, natural hot springs, coal combustion, oil refining, petro chemistry,

5
nuclear waste, incinerators, wear of large pertasang, PVC factory factories,
metals, plastics and other large industrial industries.This type of pollutant is
usually in the form of gas. This gases can be in the form of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2)
and Carbon Monoxide (CO).

2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

According to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. in https://www.airprodu
cts.co.id, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a liquid gas that is colorless, odorless, non-
flammable, and slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is heavier than air and
dissolves in water.
According to Wendy McDougal in https://study.com, Carbon dioxide
(CO2) is produced in industry using sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) obtained
through various processes in the petrochemical industry, or by burning natural gas
in the cogeneration process.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) comes from factories, machines that use fossil fuels
(coal, petroleum), also from cars, ships, airplanes, and wood burning. Increased
levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air are not immediately converted to oxygen
by plants because many forests throughout the world are cut down.it came from
burning process of carbon.

2.4.2 Carbon Monoxide(CO)

According to Kristanto (2002:99-103), carbon Monoxide (CO) is a
colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas component.This component has a weight of
96.5% of the weight of water and is not soluble in water.
In conditions where the amount of oxygen is sufficient to make complete
combustion of carbon, CO is sometimes formed. This condition is caused by high
temperatures of carbon dioxide (CO2) which will be dissociated into carbon
monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O).
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are present in
equilibrium at high temperatures through the following reaction.
CO2 CO + O

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 The exposure of carbon monoxide (CO) to the atmosphere as a result of
human activities appears more evident, for example from the transportation sector,
oil, gas, charcoal or wood burning, iron, petroleum, paper and wood industry
processes, solid waste disposal, and sources others include forest fires.
The reaction that converts carbon dioxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2)
that occurs in the lower atmosphere layer is only able to decrease about 0.1% of
carbon monoxide (CO) that exists for each hour with the help of the sun. Various
microorganisms contained in the soil can remove carbon monoxide (CO) in the
soil can remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air quickly.
Although soil with microorganisms in it can function in the cleaning of
carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmosphere, but the increase in carbon monoxide
(CO) in the air is still happening. This is because the available land is not spread
evenly, even in areas where production of carbon monoxide (CO) is very high
sometimes the supply of land is very limited.Because motorized vehicles are the
main source of carbon monoxide (CO) pollution (around 60%), densely populated
areas with busy traffic show high levels of carbon monoxide (CO) pollution.
The concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in the air at a particular place
is influenced by the speed of emission (release) of carbon monoxide (CO) in the
air and the speed of dispersion (cleaning) of carbon monoxide (CO) from the air.
In urban areas the dispersion speed of carbon monoxide (CO) from the air is very
slow. The speed of dispersion is directly influenced by meteorological factors,
such as wind speed and direction, air turbulence, and atmospheric stability. In
large city cities, although turbulence arises due to vehicles moving from the air
flow above and around the building, but due to space limitations the air movement
becomes very limited so that the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in the
air can increase.
The effect of carbon monoxide (CO) on the body is mainly due to the
reaction between carbon monoxide (CO) and hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood.
Haemoglobin (Hb) in the blood normally functions in the transport system to
carry oxygen in the form of oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) from lungs to the cells of the
body, and carry carbon dioxide (CO2) in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin
(CO2Hb) from the cells of the body to the lungs. With the presence of carbon

7
monoxide (CO), hemoglobin can form carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). If such a
reaction occurs, the ability of the blood to export oxygen is reduced.
An important factor that determines the effect of carbon monoxide (CO)
on the human body is the carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) concentration found in
the blood, where the higher the percentage of bound hemoglobin in the form of
carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb), the more severe the effect on human health.
Normally blood actually contains carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in an
amount of about 0.5%.This amount comes from carbon monoxide (CO) produced
by the body during metabolism of the breakdown of the hemoglobin
component.The rest comes from carbon monoxide (CO) which is found in the air
in low concentrations.

Table 2.1
Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) In the Blood And Its Effects On Health
Carboxyhaemoglobin(COHb) Its influence on health
concentration in blood (%)
< 1,0 There is no influence.
1,0 – 2,0 The appearance is rather abnormal.
2,0 – 5,0 Affect the central nervous system, the
senses are not normal, the vision is
blurred.
>5,0 Changes in heart function.
10,0-80,0 Headache, nausea, fainting, difficulty
breathing and death.

2.5 Photosynthesis
According to A.Campbell (2015:175), photosynthesis is the process of
forming organic matter (glucose) from inorganic substances such as water and
carbon dioxide with sunlight. Plants can photosynthesize because of the presence
of organelles called chloroplasts in plant cells.( Hedd, 1990:129)
Equation of photsynthetic processaccording to A. Campbell (2015:175)
1. Sulfuric bacterial process : CO2 + 2 H2S [CH2O] + H2O + 2 S

8
 2. Plants : CO2 + 2 H2O [CH2O] + H2O + O2
3. General Equation : CO2 + 2 H2X [CH2O] + H2O + 2 X
The photosynthetic equation is a simple summary of a very complex
process. Actually, photosynthesis is not a single process, but two processes, each
of which consists of many steps.Both stages of photosynthesis are bright reactions
and the Calvin cycle.
The Calvin cycle was named by Melvin Calvin who together with his
colleagues began to express the steps of the cycle in the late 1940s.The Calvin
cycle begins with the incorporation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air into the
organic molucle that is already present in the chloroplast.The incorporation of
carbon into organic compounds at the beginning of this cycle of carbon
fixation.The Calvin cycle then reduces carbon fixed to carbohydrates through the
addition of electrons.Reducing power is provided by NADPH, which receives its
electron charge in a bright reaction. To convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into
carbohydrates, the calvin cycle makes sugar, but the cycle can do so with the help
of NADPH and Adenosphosphate (ATP) produced by bright reactions.The step
metabolism step in the Calvin cycle is sometimes referred to as a dark reaction, or
a light-independent reaction, because none of the steps requires light
directly.However, the calvin cycle in most plants occurs during the day, because
only at that time the bright reaction can provide NADPH and Adenonsin
triphosphate (ATP) which are needed by the calvin cycle. Basically, chloroplasts
use energy to make sugar by coordinating both stages the photosynthesis. (A.
Campbell,2015: 175)

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Operational Definitions

There are several terms that exist in this research as follows.
1. Lili Paris (Clorophytum comosum)
The plants is from Chorophytum genus in Asparagaceae family.The
plants are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and
Australia, and some grown as ornamental.Chorophytum comosum is a
common houseplant and typically features long grasy green and white
stripped leaves.The plant generally less than 60 cm of height.The roots are
fleshy and tuberous.The long narrow leaves are usually arranged basally.
In this research leaves of clorophytum comosum will used because the
process of the adsorbtion of the smoke will look to presence of the glucose
in the leaves because glucose formed by CO2 by photosynthesis process
because leaves of the clorophytum comusum have cell that can perform
photosynthesis process.
2. Air Polution
Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are
toxic, disturbing, or even if not harmful to humans or destructive to
vegetation, animals or soil. This air pollution material can be divided into
two forms, namely those originating from man-made sources and source
sources derived from natural ingredients.
3. Adsorption
Adsorption is defined as the adhesion of a chemical species onto the
surface of particles. (https://thoughtco.com)
4. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process of forming organic matter (glucose)
from inorganic substances such as water and carbon dioxide with sunlight.
Plants can photosynthesize because of the presence of organelles called
chloroplasts in plant cells.
5. Air Adsorbent

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 Air Adsorbent is substances with capability to attract gases in the air
to its surfaces.

3.2 Research Method

Research method used in this research is qualitative method and waterfall
method. Where qualitative method is to know clorphytum comosum adsorb
smoke with color changes with leaves and smoke changes in the box.Waterfall
method is research method is carried out in one direction from part to another part
but cannot repeat the research so that it must do new research if it wants to repeat
the research.

3.3 Variables of the Research

1. Independent Variable
The independent variable in this study plan is the initial condition of
Clorophytum comosum.
2. Dependent Variable
Dependent Variables in this research, if amount of the smoke left.
3.Controled Variables
Control Variables in this research were used as a comparison in this
research is Clorophytum comosum plants which are not given any
treatment and without air pollution.

3.4 Time and Place of Research

The place and time for conducting this research will be held on January
2019 and will take place on Jalan Mesuji, Blok L number 10, Pakjo, Palembang,
South Sumatra.

3.5 Objects of the Study

The Material will be use in the research are.
1. Benedict solution.
2. Lili Paris (Clorophytum comosum).
3. Water.

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 4. Cigarettes.
The Tools will be use in the research are.
1. 3 Transparent boxes with a small hole on it side.
2. Match.
3. Scissor.
4. Pasteur pipette.
5. Transparent Plates.
6. Plant’s pots.
7. Spoon.
The procedure of this research are.
1. Clorophytum comosum plants are not given water for 5 hour before put
it into the box.Cut small parts of Clorophytum comosum leaves with
scissor,than put in to transparent plate. Mash thesmall parts of
Clorophytum comosum leaves, than give 5 drops of benedict solution
and 10 drops of hot water.
2. Note any color changes of the leaves.
3. Clorophytum comosum plant put in the tranparent box,each one
tranparent boxes has one Clorophytum comosum plant inside it.Seal the
the transparent boxes and put the cigarette in the small hole.
4. Lit the cigarrette and than observe the boxes.Leaves it 6 hour and than
observe the tranparant boxes.Note any changes with the smoke in the
transparent boxes.
5. Take out The Clorophytum comosum plant from the transparent
box.Cut a small parts of Clorophytum comosumleaves, than put it on
the tranparent plate.Mash the small parts of Clorophytum comosum
leaves, than give 5 drops of benedict solution and 10 drops of hot
water.
6. Note any color changes of the leaves.

3.6 Technique of Collecting Data

In this matter the author uses the method of direct observation and
experiment. The method of observation is carried out directly by naked eye and is

12
used to observe the clorophytum comosum in absorbing smoke and observing the
color changes of Clorophytum comosumleavesby using benedict solution. The
experiment is carried out by performing experiment to clorophytum comusum
leaves to know presence of the glucose in the leaves using benedict solution.

3.7 Technique of Analyzing Data

Data anylysis will be carried out using qualitive data,where qualitative
data obtained by recording the changes of color of Clorophytum comosum leaves
by using benedict solution and changes of the smoke in the transparent boxes. The
analyze data will perform with table.

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 REFERENCES
Campbell, A. Neil. 2015.Biologi.Jakarta:Penerbit Erlangga.
Heddy, Suwasono. 1990.Biologi Pertanian.Yogyakarta:Rajawali Pers.
According to Melissa Petruzzello in https://www.britannica.com /plant
/Chlorophytum. Retrieved 2018-11-23.

According to Erns van Jaarsveld in http://pza.sanbi.org/chlorophytum-

comosum. Retrieved 2018-11-26.

According to Anne Marie Helmestine in https://www.thoughtco.com

/definition-of-adsorption-605820. Retrieved 2018-11-27.

According to Wendy McDougal in https://study.com/academy

/lesson/what-is-carbon-dioxide-definition- lesson-quiz.html.
Retrieved 2018-11-27.

According to Melissa Petruzzello. http://www.airproducts.co.id

/Products/Gases/Carbon-Dioxide.aspx. Retrieved 2018-11-28.

Sastrawijaya, A. Tresna.2009.Pencemaran Lingkungan.Jakarta:Rineka

Cipta.

Sembel, Dantje T.2015.Toksinologi Lingkungan.Yogyakarta:Andi

Publisher.
Tristanto, Philip.2002.Ekologi Industri.Yogyakarta:Andi Publisher.

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