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IN-Situ Replica Metallography - Replicas

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In-situ Replica Metallography is an on-site, non-destructive technique

employed for observing and documenting the microstructural integrity of

many engineering metal parts, castings, forgings, welds and brazed joints,
equipment, components and steel structures. The abovementioned

technique employs cellulose acetate foil to replicate the microstructure of

equipment or components that cannot be moved or cut up, so as to
conduct the conventional microscopic laboratory examination.

It has been proven that In-Situ Metallography (REPLICAS) is a very

powerful technique for addressing many metallurgical problems,

particularly when conducting failure investigations. There are many
applications for the use of this technique. It can be employed as a non-
destructive method for identifying materials and their microstructures,

without having to remove or cut out samples for chemical analysis i.e., to
distinguish between cast iron, cast steel and any other type of metallic
material etc. The technique can also be employed as a quality control
tool, in order to verify whether the heat treatment of various components
or equipment is in the normalised, annealed, or quenched and tempered

condition. Recently it was utilised to inspect many tons of defective

“Laminated” steel plate beams, at the site - in the stores and stacked on
top of each other. Some were also in transit to their destination and many
were still in the fabrication during the fabrication workshop.

The major advantage in this case, was that it saved costs and time, by not
having to cut out samples and also the subsequent patching / repair
welding, etc and that the sides of the plates were examined, thus saving
on handling costs, etc. This technique can be employed for quality control

and investigational purposes of brazed tungsten carbide percussion drills

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and bits, i.e the integrity of the brazing can be evaluated in a non-
destructive method, without having to cut op the drilling component.
With regard to the replication and examination of High Temperature
Materials, used for power plants, boilers, furnaces, pressure vessels, etc.

It can be utilised for the following purposes.

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Applications :

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➤ The identi cation and sizing of surface defects or cracks in the Parent
Material, HAZ and the Weld Deposit
➤ To establish the cracking characteristics / morphology of the
components and of welds. Example: Cracked Turbine Casings.
➤ The microscopic assessment of the microstructural degradation of high
temperature materials in service i.e. establishing the microvoiding and
the creep status of the components / equipment material and the welds.

In-situ Replica Metallography is an on-site, non-destructive technique

employed for observing and documenting the microstructural integrity of

many engineering metal parts, castings, forgings, welds and brazed joints,
equipment, components and steel structures. The abovementioned
technique employs cellulose acetate foil to replicate the microstructure of
equipment or components that cannot be moved or cut up, so as to
conduct the conventional microscopic laboratory examination.
With regard to the last point mentioned above, it has been found to be a
very cost e ective and a well-proven technique. However, the most
signi cant application for In-Situ Replica Metallography to date is related
to the estimation of residual life of components and equipment operating

at high temperatures. The assessment of actual accumulated creep

microscopic damage, as a component reaches the end of its design life i.e
for large power plants or re neries. This is also referred to as
“Predicting the Components Remnant Life and the Planning of Future
Maintenance Requirements”.

The replicas, once lifted from the polished surface, are correctly identi ed
for traceability purposes and stored for future reference. They do not
degenerate if stored correctly in specially designed slide boxes. This
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sequence of events allows a metallurgist to observe time-dependent

phenomena, such as creep initiated cavities (voids), or the rate and type
of crack propagation on any type of part, component or equipment.

The Advantages and the Facts of Replica Taking :

• To characterise the present microstructural condition of a material that

has operated at high temperatures, short term or long term overheating
can also be identi ed.
• To identify and characterise cracks in-situ - prior to them being ground,

excavated or cut out.

• To establish the soundness of material prior to repair welding. (Creep
Exposed/Exhausted Material).
• To identify the degree of graphitisation on carbon steels normally used
in the older industrial boilers and plants, which are still operating.
• To determine the type and percentage of the spheroids, in Spheroidal
graphite iron and Austenitic castings, in order to meet the requirements

of SABS 936/937-1969.
• The determination and possible quanti cation of retained austenite, in

hardenable materials.
• It is a non-destructive and very cost e ective technique. No samples are

cut out.
• It is employed for the microscopic examination of the microstructures of

large castings and forgings.

• The area that is replicated varies in size from 20 x 20mm to 75 x 75mm.

depending on the size of the object tested.

• It is a portable mobile technique that can be taken anywhere. “Take the

Laboratory to the Problem and not the Problem to the Laboratory”.
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• The reproduction quality of the microstructures is excellent.

• It is quick and results can be made available within hours of taking the

replicas. This trait has thus made this technique very attractive, especially
during plant shut down’s and failures.

• Our Chief Metallurgist has had extensive training at MAB – Germany and
also has many years of practical experience.

• All our replica metallographers are code compliant and in-house

approved.
• We can be regarded as one of the handful of the “pioneers” that were

trained, brought and developed this technique to and for the South
African applications and the market.

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Plot No. PAP-A-257, T.T.C Industrial Area,
Mahape, Behind K.C.Power,
Navi Mumbai-400710,
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