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Typhoid is another bacterial infection that can lead to a high fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. It can
be fatal. It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The infection is often passed on through
contaminated food and drinking water, and it is more prevalent in places where handwashing is
less frequent. It can also be passed on by carriers who do not know they carry the bacteria.
During an acute infection, Salmonella typhi multiplies in mononuclear phagocytic cells before
being released into the bloodstream. After ingestion in food or water, typhoid organisms pass
through the pylorus and reach the small intestine. They rapidly penetrate the mucosal epithelium
via either micro fold cells or enterocytes and arrive in the lamina propria, where they rapidly
elicit an influx of macrophages that ingest the bacilli but do not generally kill them. Some bacilli
remain within macrophages of the small intestinal lymphoid tissue (Gal-Mor, (2014: 391).

Other typhoid bacilli are drained into mesenteric lymph nodes where there is further
multiplication and ingestion by macrophages. It is believed that typhoid bacilli reach the
bloodstream principally by lymph drainage from mesenteric nodes, after which they enter the
thoracic duct and then the general circulation. As a result of this silent primary bacteraemia the
pathogen reaches an intracellular haven within 24 hours after ingestion throughout the organs of
the reticuloendothelial system (spleen, liver, bone marrow, etc.), where it resides during the
incubation period, usually of 8 to 14 days (House, 2001: 573 - 578). The incubation period in a
particular individual depends on the quantity of inoculum, i.e. it decreases as the quantity of
inoculum increases, and on host factors. Incubation periods ranging from 3 days to more than 60
days have been reported. Clinical illness is accompanied by a fairly sustained but low level of
secondary bacteraemia (1 - 10 bacteria per ml of blood).

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that can cause a variety of illnesses through suppurative or
non-suppurative (toxin-mediated) means. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin and
skin structure infections as well as osteoarticular infections in the human population.
Staphylococcus aureus is also identified in cases of septicemia, infective endocarditis,
pneumonia, ocular infections, and central nervous system infections. To design appropriate
empirical therapy, physicians should be knowledgeable about the disease caused by of
Staphylococcus aureus in their communities, including toxic shock syndrome, Staphylococcal
food poisoning and etc.

Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the most common foodborne illnesses as a result of the
presence of toxin in food and not due to infection. In other words, instead of being an infection,
it is a kind of poisoning; therefore, instead of direct effect of the organism on the individual, the
illness is due to the bacterial toxin in the food. The toxin produced is an enterotoxin, which is
produced in about one-third of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Staphylococcus enterotoxins are a
family of nine major serotypes of heat-resistant enterotoxins (A-E and G-J). Enterotoxins A and
C are the major causes of food poisoning.

Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of most cases of primary osteomyelitis. This disease is
predominantly occurring in boys under the age of 12, and is often followed by the diffusion of a
primary hemorrhage (ulcer or furuncle). The organism penetrates the diaphysis of long bones;
this feature is probably due to the fact that arterial blood flow in this area is the type of capillary
rings. With the progression of infection, the pus is accumulated and leaks into the bone surface;
it lifts the bone crust and creates an abscess under the crust. Clinical complaints of acute
osteomyelitis include fever and chills, bone pain and muscle spasm around the affected area
(Fitzgerald, 2014: 542–547).

Therefore, to control or prevent these diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, the

treatment/prevention of choice for Staphylococcus aureus infection is penicillin. An antibiotic
derived from some Penicillium fungal species, penicillin inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan
cross-linkages that provide the rigidity and strength in a bacterial cell wall. The four-membered
β-lactam ring of penicillin is bound to enzyme DD-transpeptidase, an enzyme that when
functional, cross-links chains of peptidoglycan that form bacterial cell walls. The binding of β-
lactam to DD-transpeptidase inhibits the enzyme's functionality and it can no longer catalyze the
formation of the cross-links. As a result, cell wall formation and degradation are imbalanced,
thus resulting in cell death.

Lastly, Gonorrhea is an infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It not only
affects the reproductive tract, but can also affect the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat,
eyes, and rectum. The infection is transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person
involving the penis, vagina, anus, or mouth. Men do not need to ejaculate to transmit or acquire
gonorrhea. Gonorrhea can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during delivery.
Although all sexually active individuals are at risk for acquiring gonorrhea, the highest rates of
infection occur in teenagers, young adults, and African-Americans.

However, there are many ways to prevent acquiring or passing on gonorrhea; they include:
abstinence from sex, using condoms for vaginal or anal intercourse, using condoms or dental
dams for oral intercourse, and having sexual activity with a mutually monogamous, unaffected
partner. Individuals should speak with their doctor if they or their sexual partner have been
exposed to gonorrhea or if they are experiencing any symptoms of infection.

In conclusion, there are many diseases that caused by micro-bacterium such as Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MT), leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae, vibrio cholera, bacilery dysentery,
authracis bacilli, Treponema pallidum, salmonella typhili, Neisseria ghonococco, streptococcus
pyogens and staphylococcus aureus. And thses micro-bacterium affects an organism in different
ways as highled above. The success ofdisease intervention efforts are directly related to the
availability of adequate resources. The greatest impact on disease incidence is achieved when
intervention personnel are effectively mobilized before resistant strains become thoroughly
"seeded" in the above diseases core areas. Therefore, people with symptoms related to one of
these micro-bacteriums seek early diagnosis and control/preventive measures in order to be at the
safe side.

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