UNIT I TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING 9

Tacheometric systems - Tangential, stadia and subtense methods - Stadia systems -

Horizontal and inclined sights - Vertical and normal staffing - Fixed and movable hairs - Stadia
constants - Analytic lens - Subtense bar
UNIT II CONTROL SURVEYING AND ADJUSTMENT 9
Horizontal and vertical control- Methods - Triangulation- Base line - Instruments and
accessories –Corrections - Satellite station – Traversing. Concepts of measurements and errors-
erros propagation and linearization – adjustment methods – least square methods – angles,
lengths and levelling network – simple problems.
UNIT III ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYING 9
Astronomical terms and definitions - Motion of sun and stars - Celestial coordinate
systems- different time systems - Nautical Almanac - Apparent altitude and corrections - Field
observations and determination of time, longitude, latitude and azimuth by altitude and hour
angle method
UNIT IV TOTAL STATION SURVEYING AND GPS 9
Basic Principle – Classifications-Electro-optical system: Measuring principle,
Working principle, Sources of Error, Infrared and Laser Total Station instruments.
Microwave system: Measuring principle, working principle, Sources of Error, Microwave Total
Station instruments. Comparis on between Electro-optical and Microwave system:GPS Basic
Concepts - Different segments - space, control and user segments - satellite configuration - signal
structure.
UNIT V HYDROGRAPHIC AND ADVANCES IN SURVEYING 9
Hydrographic Surveying - Tides - MSL - Sounding methods - Location of soundings and
methods - Three point problem - Strength of fix - Sextants and station pointer –river surveys –
measurement of current and discharge.