Arsitektur Teknologi Informasi

Aditya Wikan Mahastama

1
Arsitektur Server
 Server
● A system which provides certain services to
another system, manages the use of resources
for the service, and responsible for the
computing
- File server
- Print server
- Network server
- Database server
● The “other system” can be in another computer
system, or in the same computer system
 Server – Hardware Architecture
● There is no “real” limit for a server's hardware
specification
● Among all things, server is limited by microprocessor
performance
● Usually a hard working server employs
multiprocessors to serve its tasks
● Multiprocessor servers fall into one of two two major
classes:
a. Symmetrical Multiprocessor (Tightly coupled)
b. Loosely coupled
 Server – HWA – Tightly Coupled
(SMP) Characteristics
● A computer system with many processors
● Each processor can access every resources of
the system (symmetrical)
● Access is managed by one operating system,
which must support multiprocessors, memory
sharing and threads (ex. Windows Server 2003)
● Creating a thread is running a different task for
the same process
Server – HWA – Tightly Coupled
Server – HWA – Tightly Coupled
Server – HWA – Tightly Coupled
Software Execution
 Server – HWA – Loosely Coupled
Characteristics
● A collection of computer systems with
resources, interconnected
● Tasks are distributed among these collection of
hardware resources
Server – HWA – Loosely Coupled
Server – HWA – Loosely Coupled
Software Execution
 Server – HWA – Performance
● Processor performance
● Memory capacity
● Throughput in connections within the system
(bus)
● Performance of storage peripherals
● Network troughput
 Client
● A client system is a system which uses
service(s) of the server
● Relies on server for files, devices, processing
power
● “Clients” are applications that run on client
(user) systems, for example: an e-mail client.
 Client – Server Computing

Client system Client system Client system

Server
 Client – Server Computing
● Advantages:
- Easy to maintain
- Data consistency
- Resource efficiency
● Disadvantages:
- Single point of failure
- Possibility of data bottleneck
Generic Client–Server Architecture
 Multiple Servers

Client system Client system

Server Server Server

● For extra computing power or data storage

● Uses data replication or distributed database
● Viewed by clients as a single service
 Client-Server Models
● Fat clients
- The bulk of the application is running on the client
- The client knows how the data is organized and where it is
● Fat servers:
- The clients are less complex
- More of the codes runs on the server
- Network interaction and synchronization is minimised
Client-Server Models
Client-Server Interaction
Dumb Client-Server Model
True Client-Server Model
Distributed Client-Server Model
Distributed Client-Server Interaction
 Diskless Node
● Variant of thin client
● Using network boot to load the OS
● Uses PXE (Preboot Execution Environment)
protocols to find the server and load the kernel
● Distributed load, but still uses a lot of
bandwidth!
PXE Setting
 Types of Servers
From A to Z

• Application Servers • List Servers

• Audio/Video Servers • Mail Servers
• Chat Servers • News Servers
• Fax Servers • Proxy Servers
• FTP Servers • Telnet Servers
• Groupware Servers • Web Servers
• IRC Servers
 Karakteristik CS
• Service : Menyediakan layanan terpisah yang
berbeda
• Shared resource : Server dapat melayani beberapa
client pada saat yang sama dan mengatur
pengaksesan Resource
• Asymmetrical Protocol : antara client dan server
merupakan hubungan one-to-many.
• Mix-and-match : tidak tergantung pada platform
• Encapsulation of service : message memberitahu
server apa yang akan dikerjakan
 Karakteristik CS
• Transparency Location : proses server dapat
ditempatkan pada mesin yang sama atau terpisah
dengan proses client. Client/server akan
menyembunyikan lokasi server dari client.
• Message-based-exchange : antara client dan server
berkomunikasi dengan mekanisme pertukaran
message.
• Scalability : sistem C/S dapat dimekarkan baik
vertikal maupun horisontal
• Integrity : kode dan data server diatur secara
terpusat, sedangkan pada client tetap pada
komputer tersendiri
Push Technology – Push Mail
Pull Technology - SMTP
 Peer-to-Peer Computing
• Another model of distributed system

• P2P does not distinguish clients and servers

– Instead all nodes are considered peers
– May each act as client, server or both
– Node must join P2P network
• Registers its service with central lookup service on
network, or
• Broadcast request for service and respond to requests
for service via discovery protocol
– Examples include Napster and Gnutella
 The Client Side
• Today’s clients can perform more roles than
just forwarding users requests
• Today’s clients have:
– more computing power
– more storage space
• As the Internet usage grow, more and more
PCs are connecting to the global net
• Most of the time PCs are idle
• Thin client Fat client
 Decentralization
• A key feature of peer-to-peer networks is
decentralization.
• This has many implications:
– robustness: handal
– availability of information: selalu ada & tersebar
dimasing2 client
– fault-tolerance tends to come from redundancy
=> satu down yg lain bisa handle
– and shared responsibility: tugas dibagi
 Technology Transition

The Client/Server Model

The Peer-to-Peer Model

 Pure P2P
Masing-masing peer berstatus setara (egaliter),
setiap peer berstatus sebagai client juga server.
Tidak ada server pusat yang mengatur jaringan.
Tidak ada router yang menjadi pusat jaringan.
Bisa terdiri dari > 2 komputer
 Why P2P?
• Information - Hard to find, impossible to
catalog and index all of the information
• Bandwidth - Hot links get hotter
– Makin bagus informasi, makin laris dan makin tak
terbendung
– Makin banyak juga yg “memilikinya” dan tersebar
dimana-mana
• Computing resources - Heavily loaded nodes
get overloaded, idle nodes remain idle
 P2P Goals/Benefits
• Cost/data sharing
• Reduce cost: operasional murah
• Resource aggregation (penggabungan) dari berbagai
sumber
• Improved reliability : kerja jaringan tidak tergantung
pada satu server
• Increased autonomy (kebebasan) pada masing-masing
peer
• Anonymity/privacy masing2 peer
• Scalability : since every peer is alike, it is possible to
add more peers to the system and scale to larger
networks.
 P2P Computing Applications
• File sharing
– Improves data availability
– E.g., Napster, Gnutella, Freenet, KaZaA
• Process sharing
– For large-scale computations
– Data analysis, data mining, scientific computing
– E.g.: SETI@Home, Folding@Home, distributed.net
• Collaborative environments
– For remote real-time human collaboration.
– Instant messaging, virtual meetings, shared whiteboards,
teleconferencing, tele-presence.
– E.g.: talk, IRC, ICQ, AOL Messenger, Jabber, MS
Netmeeting, NCSA Habanero, some of Games
 Dangers and Attacks on P2P
• Poisoning (files with contents different to its description)
• Polluting (inserting bad packets into the files)
• Defection (users use the service without sharing)
• Insertion of viruses (attached to other files)
• Malware (spy originally attached to the files)
• Denial of Service (slow down or stop the network traffic)
• Filtering (some networks don’t allow P2P traffic)
• Identity attacks (tracking down users and disturbing them)
• Spam (sending unsolicited information)
 What is Cluster ?
• A cluster is a type of parallel and distributed processing system,
which consists of a collection of interconnected stand-alone
computers cooperatively working together as a single,
integrated computing resource.
• A node
– a single or multiprocessor system with memory, I/O facilities,
& OS
• A cluster:
– generally 2 or more computers (nodes) connected together
– in a single cabinet, or physically separated & connected via
a LAN
– appear as a single system to users and applications
– provide a cost-effective way to gain features and benefits
 Cluster Architecture
Parallel Applications
Parallel Applications
Parallel Applications
Sequential Applications
Sequential Applications
Sequential Applications Parallel Programming Environment

Cluster Middleware
(Single System Image and Availability Infrastructure)

PC/Workstation PC/Workstation PC/Workstation PC/Workstation

Communications Communications Communications Communications

Software Software Software Software

Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface

Hardware Hardware Hardware Hardware

Cluster Interconnection Network/Switch

 Clustered Systems
– Usually sharing storage via a storage-area
network (SAN)
– Provides a high-availability service which
survives failures
• Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-
standby mode
• Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running
applications, monitoring each other
– Some clusters are for high-performance
computing (HPC)
• Applications must be written to use parallelization
Clustered Systems
Grid Computing
Grid Architecture
 What is a Grid?
• Many definitions exist in the literature
• Early defs: Foster and Kesselman, 1998
“A computational grid is a hardware and software
infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent,
pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end
computational facilities”
• Kleinrock 1969:
“We will probably see the spread of ‘computer
utilities’, which, like present electric and telephone
utilities, will service individual homes and offices
across the country.”
 Why do we need Grids?
• Many large-scale problems cannot be solved
by a single computer
• Globally distributed data and resources
 Background: Related technologies
• Cluster computing
• Peer-to-peer computing
• Internet computing
 Cluster computing
• Idea: put some PCs together and get them to
communicate
• Cheaper to build than a mainframe
supercomputer
• Different sizes of clusters
• Scalable – can grow a cluster by adding more
PCs
 Some Grid Applications
• Distributed supercomputing
• High-throughput computing
• On-demand computing
• Data-intensive computing
• Collaborative computing
 Example of Grid Computing
• SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence)
@Home project
• BOINC (Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network
Computing)
• Folding@home (abbreviated as FAH or F@h)
• Einstein@Home
• GIMPS – Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
• LHC@home
• World Community Grid
 Next
• Web Architectures