THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA OCCUPATION STANDARD OF ELECTRIC POWER P DL/T 5016—1999 Design code for concrete face rockfill dams ISSUED ON 1999—02—24 ENFORCED ON 2000—07—01 ISSUED BY STATE ECONOMIC AND TRADE COMMISSION, P.R.CHINAContents Applicable soope - Quoted standards ++ General Terminology and symbols Dam layout and zoning Dam materials and filling standard ++ Plinth: Concrete face slab = Joint and water stop 145 148, 152 + 154 ssssseeseess 156 Dam foundation treatment see seetsetensenatsenetstnetisessees 16Q Dam calculation ~ - 162 Anti-eerthquake measures *** 163 164 Heightening of dam and stage construction Safety monitoring ~ 7 sia1 Applicable scope This code covers design of the concrete face rockfill dam (hereinafter referred to as CFRD) of srades 1, 2, 3 and that of 4, 5 whose height exceeding 70 m in water conservancy and hydroelectric projects. It includes the layout of dam and plinth, dam materials and zoning, face slab and its water stop system, dam foundation treatment, dam computation, damming and flood protection and stage construction, ete. For the design of CFRD of grade 4 and 5 whose height is less than 70m, this code can be taken as reference, ‘Special studies are needed for the CFRD with height over 200m. 2 Quoted standards ‘The articles included in the standards listed below constitute pert of the Code hereof when quoted. The listed standards were valid when this Code is issued. All the listed standards will be revised, and the users of this Code shall inquire into the possibility of using the latest edition of them. DL/T 5055-1996 Technical standard of flyash concrete for hydraulic structures DL/T 5057—1996 Design code for hydraulic concrete structures DL 50731997 Aseismatic design code for hydraulic structures DL/T $082—1998 Design specifications of hydraulic structures against ice and freezing action DLJ 204—1981 Codes of rock test in water conservancy and hydroelectric project, DLJ 5006~1992 Supplement to codes of rock test in water conservancy and hydroelectric project HG 2288-1992 Rubber water stop SDJ 12—1978 Grading and design standard of water conservancy and hydropower projects in ‘mountainous and hilly regions and supplementary regulations SDJ 17-1978 Codes of natural construction material investigation in water conservancy and hydropower projects ‘SDJ 217—1987 Grading and design standard of water conservancy and hydropower projects in +splain and sea-side regions SDJ 218-1984 Design code of roller compacted earth-rock fill dam and supplementary regulation SL 60-1994 Technical criterion on earth-rock fill dam safety monitoring SL 169-1996 Regulations of data compilation for earth-rock fill dam safety monitoring SL 237-1999 Specification of soil test 3 General 3.0.1 Grade of a CFRD shall be determined in compliance 10 SDJ12 and supplementary regulation, SDJ217. ‘The grade of dam whose height exceeding what is specified in table 3 of the code SDJ12 may keep unchanged. 3.0.2 The design of CFRD shall be executed observing this code and those not defined in this code shall be compliant to SDJ218 and supplementary regulation and other relevant codes. 4 Terminology and symbols 4.1. Terminology 4.1.1 Concrete face rockfill dam ‘The dam built with rockfill or sand/gravel and compacted layer by layer, with concrete slab used as water-tight face on the upstream side. 4.1.2. Height of dam ‘The height between plinth foundation and crest path. As for the dam on inclined foundation, the height may measure from the lowest point of foundation along the dam axis. 4.1.3 Embankment ‘The embankment filled with zoning materials downstream of the face slab. 4.1.4 Cushion zone The fills direct supporting the face slab and evenly transmits water pressure to the rocklill and assists to seepage control. 4.1.5 Special cushion zone Les in the cushion zone downstream of peripheral joints and acting as a filter for sealing material of peripheral joints and adjacent joints of face sll +146 +4.1.6 Transition Lies between the cushion zone and main rockfill zone and is a filter of the cushion aone and helps the seepage control. 4.1.7 Main rockfill zone Lies on the upstream side of embankment, which is a major part to bear the water pressure. 4.1.8 Downstream rockfill zone Lies on downstream side of embankment, which helps the maintaining of dam stability together ‘with the main rockill zone and whose deformation has little impact on face slab. +9 Drainage zone ‘Comprises a vertical drainage system in main rockfill zone and a horizontal drainage system at dam base. It is a uniform and highly pervious rockfill zone with sand gravel material or soft rock. 4.1.10 Rip-rap zone A zone of large hard stones dumped directly from dumping lorries at the downstream toc of dam. 4.1.11 Downstream slope protection A smooth slope formed by lange stones placed at downstream face of dam. 4.1.12 Upstream blanket zone Lies at lower part of upstream face slab and is placed with silty clay of low liquid limit or other similar soils covering the face slab and the periphery joint to help seepage control. 4.1.13 Weighted cover zone Random materials dumping on the upstream blanket to maintain its stability. 4.1.14 Concrete face slab Acts as impervious concrete structure on the upstream face of embankment. 4.1.15) Plinth ‘The concrete plate connecting foundation grouting curtain and the face slab. 4.1.16 Plinth line ‘The cross line of the extension plan of face slab base and the designed foundation plan for plinth 4.1.17 Flat plinth ‘The plinth perpendicular to the plinth line and has a horizontal top face. 4.1.18 Toe wall ‘The concrete wall, which is arranged on plinth line and connecting the face slab. 4.1.19 Wave wall ‘The concrete wall, which connects the top of face slab and is designed to reflect waves. 4.1.20. Periphery joint ‘The joint between face slab and plinth or toe wall. sare4.1.21 Vertical joint ‘The joint built between face slabs. 4.1.22. Flexible filling element ‘The material mixed by bitumen, rubber and fillers and used as water stop. 4.1.23 Hard rock “The rock whose unconfined compressive strength at the saturation state is greater than 30 MPa. 4.1.24 Soft rock ‘The rock whose unconfined compressive strength at the saturation state is equal to or smaller than 30 MPa. 4.2. Symbols 4.2.1 1A: Upstream blanket zone. 4.2.2 1B: Dumging cover. 4.2.3 2A: Cushion zone. 4.2.4 2B: Special cushion zone. 4.2.8 3A: Transition zone. 4.2.6 3B: Main rockfill zone. 4.2.7, 3C: Downstream rockfill zone. 4.2.8 3E: Rip-rap zone. 4.2.9 Fs Face slab. 4.2.10 P: Pownstream slope protection. 5 Dam layout and zoning 5.1 Layout 5.1.1 Dam axis shall be selected as per topographic and geological condition at the dam site area, convenient to arrange plinth and other structures, easy to be constructed and after technical and economic comparison. 5.1.2. Dam axis is preferably arranged in a straight line. 5.1.3 Embankment is allowed to be constructed on dense riverbed alluvium. When the alluvium contains layers of silty sand or clayey soil, economic viability and safety shall be confirmed with the consideration of dam stability and deformation znalysis. 5.1.4 In case of the spillway arranged on dam abutment, the connection between the face slabs and the spillway’s guide wall or side wall shall be well designed: 148 -5.1.5 When determining the type and the size of hydraulic structures, a comprehensive comparison shall be carried out for balancing the volume of excavation for structures and of embankment fill. 5.2 Dam crest 5.2.1 Dam crest width shall be selected to meet the requirement of operation, crest equipment and construction. The crest is normally 5~ 8m wide and appropriately widened where the dam height is over 100m, When crest traffic is required, the crest width shall be selected in compliance with relevant regulations. 5.2.2 A4—6m high wave wall, 1— 1.2m higher than the crest, shall be provided on the upstream side of s dam crest. A0.5~1.0m high guard rail shall be provided on the downstream side of high dam crest while curb stones be provided on the downstream side of medium or low dam. ‘The wave wall of a low dam may adopt the type of monolithic low wave wall linking face slab. 5.2.3 The elevation of horizontal joint between wave wall and the top of concrete slab is preferable to be higher than the normal pool level of reservoir. 5.2.4 The dam crest shall be built with a freeboard for settlement its value shall be determined through calculation or with reference to other similar works. 5.2.5. The embankment above the elevation of wave wall base shall be built with fine rockfill and paved. Where the crest is served for public road, the roadway shall be designed in comply ‘with public road design design code. 5.2.6 A.0.6—0.8m wide inspection access path shall be provided on the upstream side of the wave wall floor plate. 5.2.7 The wave wall shall be made rigid and water tight, and shall subject to stability and strength check computation. Wave wall shall be provided with construction joints with a copper or PVC water stop inside which are connected to the water stop in horizontel joints between the ‘wave wall and the face slab. 5.2.8 The dam crest shall be built into economical and practical structure with a pleasing appearance and well-performed lighting and drainage facilities. 5.3 Dam slope 5.3.1 When the embankment is built with hard and good quality rock, its slope on both upstream and downstream sides may adopt 1:1.3— 11.4, while built with good quality sand and gravel material, the slope on both sides may use 1:1.5~1:1.6. When soft rockfill are used or dom is rested on soil foundation, the slope shall be fixe«! through stability computation. +149 +5.3.2 When public road is arranged on the downstream slope of dam, the slope on both sides of ‘the roadway can be locally adjusted, but average slope of dam shall not be steeper than the stipulation in Section 5.3.1. 5.3.3 Downstream slope of the dam shall be built with big rocks and with a smooth pleasant appearance. 5.3.4 Upstream slope of cushion zone during construction shall be provided with timely protection with measures in compliance with Article 13.2.4. 5.4 Dam zoning 5.4.1 Zoning of dam shall be executed according to the resources and requirement of dam materials on permeability, compressibility, construction convenience and economic viability. The zoning of dam built with hard rockill is indicated in Fig. 5.4.1. from upstream to downstream Fig. 5.4.1. Zoning of embankment built with hard rockfill 1A—vpsream blanket; B—dumping covert 2A~cuion snes 2B~special cushion zones 3A~transion sone; 38min rockfil zane: 3C—dowatream rckfil zone; SE—ripmap nme: P—downstreun spe protections decided depending on dam maria feature and dam heights, F—fce slab fare the zones of cushion, transition, main rockfill and downstream rockfill. A special cushion zone is required beneath periphery joint. Far dams over 100m high, earth blanket and dumping cover shall be provided on the upstream side of lower part of face slab. The permeability of fills in various zones increases from upstream to downstream to satisfy the need of hydraulic transition. This is not applicable to the dam materials placed above the downstream water level in the downstream zone of embankment. ‘The upstream part of embankment shall have a low compressibility. ‘Duraped Rip-ray: of hard rock may be provided at the dam toe under water, and may form a part of downstream cofferdam. Embankment can have additional zoning in view of the excavated materials from construction work and other available material source adjacent to the dam area. +1505.4.2. Zoning of a high CFRD of grade | and II shall be determined following dam material test, technical and economic comparison, while that of other size be done through projects analogy method. 5.4.3 The horizontal width of cushion zone shall be selected according to dam height, topography, construction workmanship and economic comparison. The horizontal width of cushion zone shall not be less than 3 m when materials are dumped from dump trucks and spread by bull dozers. When special measures are taken for spreading materials, the width of cushion zone can be reduced and the width of transition zone shall be expanded accordingly. “The cushion zone is appropriately expanded downstreamwards along the contact face to bedrock with the expansion depending on the topography, feature of rock and height of the dam A special cushion zone compacted in thin layors shall be provided at the downstream side of peripheral joint. 5.4.4 A transition zone shall be provided between the cushion zone and the major rock{ill zone when the majorrockfill zone is composed of hard rock. The horizontal width of the transition zone shall not be less than 3m for the convenience of construction. 5.4.5 A vertical drainage zone shall be provided in the upstream part of the dam and a horizontal drainage zone provided elong dam bese when soft rockfill are used in the major rockfill zone of a low or medium dam, due to the permeability of soft rockfill incapable of meeting free draining. ‘The drainage capacity shall be sufficient to drain off all seepage water freely downstream. A filter may be provided on the upstream side of the vertical drainage zone when necessary. The rockfill placed in the drainage zone shall be hard and not easily weathered. 5.4.6 Reliable vertical and horizontal drainage systems shall be provided when sand gravel materials are used in dam body. The case that a draining system is not provided shall be specially proved. The crest elevation of vertical draining system shall be higher than the normal pool level of the reservoir and the drainage capacity shall be sufficient to drain off all seepage water freely downstream. ‘The necessity to provide a transition zone is determined by the gravel gradation. ‘A downstream slope protection or a downstream rockfill zone composed of excavated rockfill shall be provided. 5.4.7 A horizontal filter shall be provided on the dam foundation surface when dam foundation is composed of sand/gravel material and the relationship between dam body and the slam foundation materials can not meet filter demand. sist6 Dam materials and filling standard 6.1 Investigation and test of dam materials and planning of quarry 6.1.1 The quarry shall be investigated to make clear its reserve and quality in accordance with SDJ17. When rock material excavated from hydraulic structures is to be used exploration and tests of construction material shall additionally performed. Attention shall be paid to the gradation of the send/gravel material in investigation. 6.1.2 The quarry and the dumping area of excavated rock from structures shall be well planned according to the layout of key structures, construction planning and scheduling and quality standard of dam materials. Suitable ways for excavating, transporting, processing and dumping shall be properly proposed. Dumping and spoiling areas shall be well planned and the corresponding environmental protection measures shall be well designed. 6.1.3 Physical mechanical laboratory test shall be conducted for dam materials in accordance with DLJ204, DLJ5006, and SL237. 6.1.4 Laboratory rock test for a high CFRD of grade I and grade Il shall include such items as specific weight, density, absorbtance, compressive strength and elastic modulus. Rock mineral composition and chemical analysis shall be conducted for dam higher than 100m. 6.1.5 Laboratory test on dam materials for high dams of grade I and grade II shall cover grain gradation, relative density, shear strength, modulus of compressibility, seepage and seepage deformation for cushion material, sand/gravel and soft rock material. Stress-strain parameters shall be tested for dams higher than 100m. 6.2 Cushion material and transition material 6.2.1 Cushion material in a high dam must be well graded with the largest allowable grain size of 80mm~ 100mm. ‘The content of particles below Smm in diameter should be 30% - 50% and that below 0.075mm is preferably controlled at about 8% . The cushion material must have a low ‘compressibility and a high shear strength after compaction and has an excellent construction feature. The cushion material in a middle or low dam may be demanded at a lower level. ‘When sand/gravel material is used in dam filling, the cushion material shall be graded continuously and has sound internal structure, having permeabili:y coefficient of 1x 10-8 ~ 1x 10° ‘cm/s after compaction. ‘The gradation of the cushion material of CFD for pumped-storage station or CFRD in cold area shall meet draitaye demand. +i6.2.2 The cushion material may come from natural sand gravel material or crushed sand gravel materials or their combination. Crushed sand gravel materials shall be processed using sound rock with good anti-weathering capability. 6.2.3 The filter material used in special cushion zone shall have the largest allowable grain size of 40mm, sound in internal structure and having self-healing function against fly ash, silty sand or slurry on top of joints. 6.2.4 The transition material shall have allowable maximum grain size of 300mm with continuous gradation. After compaction, the material shall has low compressibility, high shear strength and free draining function. The transition material shall come from fine rockfill materiel, screened and processed natural gravel/sand materials or materials from underground excavation. 6.3 Rockfill 6.3.1 The main hard rockfill shall has good gradation after compaction with the largest grain size no more thin the thickness of compacted layer. The particles below Smm shall not be more than 20% and that below 0.075 mm not more than 5% . Low compressibility and high shear strength of the rockfill are required. Necessary blast design and test shall be exercised before excavation starts. 6.3.2 Major rockfill may come from hard rock excavated from quarry or the excavation of structures foundation and underground work or sand/gravel material-Any how. the dam zoning shall meet the requirements stated in Subelause 5.4.6. 6.3.3 Hard and well anti-weathering rockfill shall be used in downstream rockfill zone below the downstream water level and the particles below 0.075 mm shall not be more than 5%. The fill is required to be capable of draining freely after compaction. The requirement on dam material for the downstream rockfill zone above the downstream water level can be lowered somewhat. 6.3.4 Compacted soft rockfill shall have a low compressibility and certain shear strength. It can be used either in the dry area downstream the axis of the high dam or the min rockfill zone of a idle or low dam, but it shall conform to the stipulations in Subclause 5.4.5. 6.3.5 When sand and gravel material is used in dam, the dam zoning shell meot the requirements stated in Subclause 5.4.6. When the particles below 0.07Smm is more than 8% , the sand and gravel material shall be used in dry area of dam. 6.4 Compaction standard 6.4.1 Compaction standard for cushion materirl, fine rockfill in ansition zone, main rockfill and downstream rockfill zone shall be determined in the light of the grade and height of the dam, shape of the river valley, seismic intensity and the experience of campletrd rockfill dam with +153 +similar rock properties. 6.4.2 ‘The compaction standard for various zones may be prelimiarily selected according to experience. Porosity, relative density, parameters of compaction and gradation of dam materials shall be determined in design. For the design porosity and relative density, please refer to Table 6.4.2. ‘The value of design dry density is obtained from the conversion of rock density and rockill porosity. Design porosity and relative density Table 6.4.2 De averial | Cushcr merial [Sand gravel material) Transition materal| | Major rckfil | Downstream refill Poroscy (6) 15-25 [wn 20-25 23-28 Relative density 0.75-0.85 ‘The average dry density shall not be less than the conversion value of design porosity or relative density, whose standard difference shall no more than 0.1g/em?. ‘The compaction standard for special cushion zone shall not be lower than that for cushion zone. 6.4.3. The compaction standard shall be reviewed and modified through compaction test, and the parameters of compaction shall be fixed accordingly Both the compaction parameters and the porosity or relative density shall be used for quality control in construction and the compaction parameters shall be the main control tool. 6.4.4 The design parameters and compaction standard for soft rockfill shall be fixed through test. 6.4.5 Water shall be sprayed while placing rockfill and its quantity can be determined experience or test. After verified through compaction test, the rockfill having higher softening coefficient may not be sprayed with water. When placement i area and addition of water is not feasible, measures shall be taken to satisfy the design conducted during winter in cold requirement. 6.4.6 For ultra high dams or the dam materials are =pecial in nature which are never covered by the existing experiences, the standards for filling and compaction should be specially demonstrated. 7 Plinth 7.1 Alignment ind layout of plinth 7.1.1 The plinth shall be rested on sound, stable, non-erusive and groutable slightly-weathered ‘or fresh bed rock. ‘The plinth to be rested on the intensively weathered or geologically deficient + st +rock, needs special treatment. 7.1.2. The plinth for a medium or low dam may be rested on sandy gravel foundation while that for a high dam shall be specially proved. 7.1.3. The layout of plinth on rock foundation is determined by geological and topographical conditions and a flat plinth is recommanded. Other types of plinth can be arranged where the bank slope is steep. 7.1.4 If the geological and topographical conditions are unfavorable, additional tie plate and concrete backfill etc. shall be used and the plinth can be locally replaced by @ high toe wall following a careful study. 7.1.5 After completion of stage 1 excavation of the plinth foundation, new alignment of the plinth shall be conducted and the dam axis should be adjusted if necessary. 7.2 Plinth dimension 7.2.1. The width of plinth is figured out eccording to allowable hydraulic gradient of foundation rock and foundation treatment measures. The minimum width shall be 3m and the allowable hydraulic gradient of the bed rock under the plinth is shown in Table 7.2.1. Allowable hydraalc gradient of the bo rock under the plinth Table 7.2.1 Fresh & slighly | Madey Tntenively Corley Weathering degree here vented weathered vwemthared wstherd Allowable cae gradient 320 10-20 5-10 as Once the width of plinth can meet the requirement on layout of grouting holes, a anti-seepage plate (reinforced conerete plate or reinforced mesh shotcrete plate) shall be provided downstream of the plinth to extend seepage path to meet the requirement on hydraulic gradient and filter material is employed to cover the top of anti-seepage plate and downstream rock face. 7.2.2 The thickness of plinth may be less than that of the adjacent face slab, but in any case no fess than 0.3m. 7.2.3 The plinth rested on sandy gravel foundation shall be downstream «-ctions. The upstream section shall be poured prior to first impoundment of the reservoir, Lut efter the completion of diaphragm wall. ided into upstream and 7.2.4 The downstream face of the plinth shall be perpendicular to the face slab. The height of plinth under the face slab should be 20.‘Im and for the higher part of the dam on both banks this requirement could be loosened. 5 ‘Th width and thickness of plinth in high dam may be varied vs the elevation. +1557.3 Plinth concrete and reinforcement 7.3.1. The requirements on plinth concrete are same as that for slab concrete, please refer to subelause 8.2.1-8.2.3. 7.3.2 The crack control measures for plinth conerete are same as thst for slab concrete, please refer to subclause 8.3.1 and 8.3.3-8.3.5. 7.3.3. Single layer and two-way reinforcement shall be adopted for plinth concrete, the reinforcement ratio ranging at 0.3% — 0.4% for each way. The rebars for plinth rested on bed rock is protected by @ 10cm~15em thick cover. The rebars for plinth on soil foundation shall be arranged in the middle of the plinth eross section. 7.3.4 The plinth is anchored to bedrock by anchor bars their parameters can be drawn up by experience, Where there exists gently dipped structural plan adjacent to plinth foundation suface, the parameters shall be fixed through stability analysis and the resistance against grouting pressure. 8 Concrete face slab 8.1 Dimension of face slab and jointing 8.1.1 The face slab shall be so designed with necessary thickness to sustain the hydraulic gradient of not more than 200. The thickness of face slab in a high CFRD is gradually increased from 0.3m.At the top to the maximum at bottom according to the expression (8.1.1) below: # = 0.3 + (0.002 - 0.0035)H (8.1.1) Where: 1 thickness of face slab in meter. H— vertical distance from calculated section to top of the slab in meter. Face slab of even thickness 0.3m~0.4m may be adopted for a middle or low CFRD. 8.1.2 Joints of the face slab may be determined in view of the deformation and construction requirement of the dam. Vertical joints shall be provided every !2m~ 18m. 8.1.3 The crest elevation of the face slab placed in stages shall be about Sm lower than the elevation of the placement platform all the horizontal joints shall be treated as construction joints. 8.2 Face slab concrete design and reinforcement 8.2.1 Face slab concrete shall have a good durability, permeability, crack resistance and workability. The strength of face slab concrete shall not be lower than C25, anti-seepage xrade +156 +not lower than W8 and frost-resistant grade in comply with DL/TS082. 8.2.2 525* Portland cement or ordinary Portland cement shall be used for face slab concrete. For other kinds of cement, they must go through comparison tests. Fly ash not lower than grade II or other high quality aditives shall be added in face slab concrete. The fly ash to be added shall be 15% — 30% of the cement content. Lower value is applied in severe oold region and higher valve is applied in warm region. The cement will be replaced by excessive fly ash when coarser sand is used. The quality of fly ash shall be in accordance with Technical standard DL/T 5055. ‘Air entraining agent and water reducing agent shall be added in face slab concrete, or add other kkinds of admixture which can regulate concrete setting time when necessary. The kinds and quantity of additives and admixtures shall be determined through test. 8.2.3 Two-grades aggregete shall be used for slab concrete. The water-absorbing capacity of the sand materials shall not exceed 3% , silt content not more than 2% , fineness modulus ranging from 2.4- 2.8. The water absorbing capacity of stone material shall nor exceed 2%, the silt content not more than 1%. 8.2.4 The water-cement ratio of the face slab concrete shall not be greater than 0.50 in warm area and not more than 0.45 in cold and very cold areas. When the concrete is chuted, the slump at the entrance shall be 3em— Tom. The air content of concrete is kept at 4% ~ 6% . 8.2.5 Single layer and two-way reinforcement shall be adopted for slab concrete, rebars are located in the middle of the face slab, reinforcement ratio is 0.3% ~ 0.4% for each way. The reinforcing ratio in horizontal direction may be lower than that in vertical one. Rebars for resi ‘compression shall be provided on both sides of the peripheral joints and nearby vertical joints of a ‘ing high dam. Two-layer reinforcement may be adopted in face slab at certain portion through verfication| 8.3 Crack-prevention measures for face slab 8.3.1 Optimization of gradation design shall be prepared for face slab concrete. In the design, additives and admixtures of good quality shall be employed, cement content shall be reduced so that temperature rise due to hydration heat and contraction can be minimized. Aggregates with comparatively small thermal expansion shall be used to produce face slab concrete in accordance with actual condition of the project 8.3.2 Measures shall be taken to lessen the constraint of cushion zone to the face slab. The cushion zone may be protec'rd with roller compacted mortar or emulsified asphalt, both of which have 28 days compressive strength of SMPa. In case of shoterete, flyash of Grade [lor above may be mixed in the shoterete. The surface of cushion zone shall be smooth without lange unevenness or locally formed hvps or depression. The side formwork shall be straight 1ST8.3.3 Face slab concrete is preferably to be poured in cold season: the placing temperature shall be controlled and measures shall be taken to reduce the pouring temperature when necessary. 8.3.4 After removal of formwork, face slab concrete shall be immediately covered to keep proper moisture; afterwards, the concrete shall be cured continuously and shall be protected ‘against sunshine, strong wind and cold wave, the curing water shall not produce cold shock. The above operations for curing shall not be interrupted until impounding of the reservoir or at least 90 days after removal of formwork. Measures shall be taken to keep efficiently the proper temperature of face slab concrete surface until the impounding of reservoir in cold areas. 8.3.5 When face slab crack is over 0.2 mm in width or judged as through crack, special treatment shall be conducted; for the concrete faced rockiill dam in cold arces or for pumped ‘storage stations, the treatment of face slab crack shall be strictly controlled. 9 Joint and water stop 9.1 Water stop material 9.1.1 Copper water stop shall be made of rolled pure copper with fairly good ductility no less then 20% ; it shall be shaped at site.Speciel-shaped joint shall be specially processed: copper water stop shall be 0.8mm ~ Imm thick. 9.1.2 Tension strength, rumpture elongation rate, Sao’s hardness and brittle temperature of PVC sealing strip shall meet the design requirements. 9.1.3 The feature of rubber waterstop shall conform to the regulations specified in HG 2288. 9.1.4 Flexible filler material shall not flow under high temperature, and not harden under low temperature and be easily injected into joints under water pressure. 9.1.5 Maximum particle of cohesionless material shall be 1 mm in diameter its permeability coefficient shall be 1/10 or less of that of the filter material in the special cushion zone. 9.2 Peripheral joint 9.2.1 For dams less than 50m high, copper water stop shall be put at the bottom side of the joint. 9.2.2 For dains higher than 0m but lower than 190m, certain kin of water stop shall be put at the middle or top side of joints in addition to the copper water stop placed st the bottom side The water stop placed at the middle of joint are PVC oF rubber, one while the water stop at the top are cohesionle- or flexible fillers. +1589.2.3 For dams higher than 100m, water stops shall be placed at the bottorn, middle and top of joints, or the joints may be placed with flexible filler under flyash or fine sand; in this case, the water stops at the middle may be omitted. For dams over 100m, the peripheral joints shall be placed with cohesionless material to avoid seepage and sel(-healing. 9.2.4 Copper water stop at the bottom, PVC or rubber water stop at the middle and flexible filler at the top shall form enclosed watertight system respectively: or water stop at the middle and flexible filler at the top shall connect to the copper water stop of vertical joint to form enclosed water tight system. 9.2.8 A pad shall be placed under the botiom of copper water stop. The interior of peripheral joint shall be filled with bituminized plank or other board with necessary strength. 9.2.6 The protective cover of water stop for peripheral joint shall be provided in construction period. 9.3. Vertical joint 9.3.1 Tension vertical joints shall be placed in the face slabs near two abutments, and compressive vertical joints placed in the other face slabs. The number of tension vertical joints shall be determined in accordance with the topographical and geological conditions, stress and strain analysis as well as engineering practice experience. 9.3.2 In normal case, vertical joints shall not be placed with fillers the joint face shall be covered with a thin coating of esphalt emulsion or other anti-binding material. The vertical joint at a distance of 0.6m to peripheral joint in normal direction shall be perpendicular to the peripheral joint. 9.3.3 A compressive vertical joint shall be placed with a copper water stop at its bottom 9.3.4 For lower and medium height dams, the tension vertical joint shall have the seme structure with that of the compressive vertical joint. For high dams, in addition to the copper ‘water stop placed at the bottom of the tension vertical joint, water stop of same material as that of peripheral joint shall be placed at the top of the joint. 9.3.8 Pad and mortar ped shall be placed under copper water stop. The strength of mortar shall be equal to that of face slab concrete 9.4 Other joints 9.4.1 Expansion joints shall be provided for the plinth located on bedrock according to the topographics! and geological conditions after excavation; the expansion joints shall be st-ggered from the vertical joints. The expansion joint shall not be filled with fillers the joint place shall be +159coated with a thin coat of asphalt emulsion or other anti-binding material. Water stop shall be placed in expansion joint and to connect the water stop of peripheral joint and bedrock, forming an enclosed water-tight system. 9.4.2 Expansion joints shall be provided for plinth located on alluvium or bedrock with geological defect; the structure of expansion joint shall be the same with that of the plinth on bedrock. 9.4.3 The joint between wave wall and face slab shall be provided with @ copper water stop at its bottom, with flexible plastic filler filled in the joint. In the case of the joint located above the normal pool level, bituminized board may substitute for the flexible plastic filler at the middle and bottom of the joint. 9.4.4 In case the face slab connects the side wall of spillway or other structures, the joint shall bbe designed same as the peripheral joint; besides, measures shall be taken to reduce the displacement of the rockfill at the bottom of joint. 9.4.5 Construction joints shall be provided if required by the stage placement technique of face slab or in case failure occurs during placement of face Slab. 9.4.6 The construction joints for the plinth shall be placed according to the construction conditions. 10 Dam foundation treatment 10.1 Foundation excavation 10.1.1 The plinth foundation face shall be in comply with Subelause 7.1.1. 10.1.2 Excavated face for plinth foundation shell be made smooth and shall avoid scarps and adverse slope. The adverse slope and scarps which interfering the compaction of cushion material shall be cut off or backfilled with concrete, or the plinth may even be relocated, if necessary 10.1.3 The upstream bank slope ahove the plinth elevation shall be designed as permanent slope. 10.1.4 When excavating upwards-slope immediately downstream the plinth area, the excavation slope shall be flatter than thu of face slab; when cutting downwards-slope immediacely downstream the plinth area, the slope shall not be steeper than 1:0.5. 10.1.5 A rockfill dam may be built on weathered bedrock whose deformation modulus shall not be less than that of the rockfill dam. ‘The rockfill foundation at a distance equal to 0-3 ~ 0.5 of the dam height downstream of the plinth shall be of low compressibility. Neither adverse slope nor scarp of steeper than 10.25 is allowed on the foundation. The compressibility for «her + 160+downstream foundation is less strictly required. ‘The excavation for downstream foundation shall censure the stability of excavated slope. 10.1.6 When the river valley bank slopes are rather steep, excavated slopes on both banks Upstream of the dam axis shall be specially studied together with arranging low compressibility area in the rockfill embankment. 10.1.7 The excavation of sand/gravel in dam foundation shall be investigated, tested and evaluated carefully and then determined. 10.2 Dam foundation treatment 10.2.1 When adverse geologic phenomena are identified in the bedrock where plinth is located, such as fault, crushed zone or weak intercalation, their percolation and infiltration erosion and impact on dam foundation due to corrosion shall be studied in the light of their strike and dip, magnitude and the nature of composed materials. Hydraulic gradient allowable for bedrock under plinth seepage Eomtrol and corresponding treatment shall also be worked out, such as concrete plugging, extension of plinth width or put filter protection plate at its downstream end, ete. 10.2.2 Consolidation grouting and curtain grouting shall be carefully exercised on bedrock on which the plinth is rested. 2 to 4 rows of consolidation grouting holes are proper with the depth of not less than Sm. It is proper for the curtain to be placed in the center of the plinth with one row of curtain grouting holes. The curtain depth of Grade 1, 2 or high dam shall be Sim enter into impervious rock whose seepage rate is below 3Lu~5 Lu; the curtain depth for other dams shall be Sm enter into the rock whose seepage rate is below SLu— 10Lu, or equal to 1/3 - 1/2 damn height. Besides, the seepage through two abutments shall be well controlled. When hydro geological conditions are complicated, or relatively impervious layer is deeply buried, the grouting curtain shall be specially designed with reference to similar projects. 10.2.3 Special measures shall be ruled in the grouting design to increase the durability of grouting curtain and the grouting pressure on the upper layer of bedrock, both of which shall be verified by grouting test. 10.2.4 In case the plinth is built on alluvium, concrete anti-seepage wall may be employed to prevent seepages the bottom of diaphragm shall be intercalated into moderately weathered bedrock the filter design for seepage emerging arca and the design for connecting plinth and anti- scepage wall shall be worked out. 10.2.5 In case of a plinth standing on karstie formation, seepage control shell be undertaken the same way as th am foundation treatment in karst area besides additions! provision of a grouting gallery on the plinth. + 16t +11 Dam calculation 11.1 Stability analysis 11.1.1 The CFRD dam slope may be selected according to clause 5.3.1, dam stability analysis should be executed in any of the following cases: (1) Weak intercalation exists in the dam foundation or fine sand/silty sand/clay formation exists in the alluvium of the dam foundation. (2) The dam is designed with design seismic intensity of Grade VIII ~ IX, (3) During construction there is a need of overflowing the embankment or using cushion zone in the embankment to retain water in flood season with high retained water depth. (4) There is a soft rockfill zane in the dam. (5) The topographical condition is unfavorable. 11.1.2. ‘The shear strength of dam material can be measured by a triaxial apparatus in the case of a high dam. In the case of a middle or lower dam, it can be achieved by making reference to similar works. The material used in the specimen shall reflect the mechanic nature of the dam material, and the operation condition of the dam shall be simulated in the test method. Non: linearity relationship is shown between the shear strength and normal stress of dam material, which shall be taken into account when conducting calculation. 11.1.3. Stability analysis on rockfill dam shall conform to SDJ218, the safety factor shall meet the requirements of supplemented regulations of the said design codes. In case there is a dam slope supported by steel bar network, it is proper to calculate the most dangerous slop-circle location of the dam slope before being reinforced by steel bar network at first, then to calculate the counter force of anchor bar in conformity to the safety factor, and then based on which to obtain the parameters for design of anchor bar. 11.1.4 Stability computation and stress analysis of plinth shall be conducted when the plinth is ‘over 2m in thickness or high toe wall is employed. Rigid limit balance method shall be adopted to calculate the stability of plinth. In the calculation, the effect of the plinth anchor bar and the transfer of force between face slab and plinth inay not be considered, however, the active earth pressure of the rockill embankment upon the plinth, or the side pressure deducted by reservoir water acted on face slab shall be taken iso account 11.1.5 Seismic stability computation shall Le in conformity to DL 5073. 102+11.2 Stress and deformation calculation 11.2.1 Dam stress and deformation calculation for grade 1 and 2 and over 100m high dam can be calculated by finite element method, and the parameters shall be measured through test. The deformation of other dams may be estimated based on the similar works. ‘The material used on the specimen and loading method shall reflect as far as possible the mechanic nature of the dam materials. 11.2.2 In finite element analysis on stress and deformation, the mechanic nature of the interface between materials shall be interpreted, and the conditions for stage loading of dam shall be simulated according to the placement and impounding process. 11.2.3 Dynamic analysis and computation shall be conducted according to DL $073 for the high damn with design seismic intensity of grade VIII or IX} and dynamic model test shall be performed for the grade I dam of over 100m. 11.2.4 For a dam of over 100m high, it is needed during construction to. timely analyze the reasonableness of the calculation results, check and modify the computation mode and parameters, and revise the design if necessary. 12. Anti-earthquake measures 12.0.1 The safe dam freeboard shall include seismic surge height. The seismic surge height shall be determined in conformity to DLS073.. 12.0.2 The following anti-seismic measures are appropriate when design seismic intensity is of grade VII or Ke (1) To design the crest with fairly large width and the dam slope with smooth upper part and steep lower part, and to provide a berm at the point between the smoother upper part and steeper lower part (2) To take measures to enable the top of downstream face to fit the deformation during earthquake. (3) To employ lower wave wall and 10 take measures to increase the stability of wall. (4) To teke into account the :«!ditional settlement of dam and foundation due to earth uake when determining the safe dam frecboard. (5) ‘To make rockfill more compacted, especially that at locations with sudden topographical mutation. +163 «(6) To expand the width of cushion area. When the bank slope is very steep, it is necessery to properly extend the contact length between cus! of cushion material and bedrock and to reduce the maximun size (7) To fill bituminized boards or other boards with certain strength in several vertical joints selected in the central part of the face sleb. (8) To increase the reinforcement ratio of the face slab at the top of central valley, especially that along the slope. 12.0.3 Drainage capacity for drainage area shall be enlarged in case the dam embankment is constructed with sand/gravel material; Boulders shall be employed to press the downstream face. 13 Heightening of dam and stage construction 7 13.1 Stage construction 13.1.1 Schedule of placing can be reasonably drawn up in view of topography of damsite, ‘construction progress, river diversion, the requirement of damming in flood season and filling the reservoir. Face slab can be constructed in stages, if necessary. 13.1.2 The following shall be observed when drawing planning of stage placement of embankment; (1) Cushion material and fine rockfill at the transition zone shall be filled alongside with its adjacent part of rockfill (at least 20 m wide) (2) The temporary slope of stage construction embankment shall be no more than 1:1.3 for rockfill end no more than 1:1.5 for gravel. (3) A temporary ramp can be provided to haul dam materials in the rockfill zone when necessary. (4) The embankment will be used to dam water or to overflow embankment during flood season, the zoning for placement shall be in correspondence with the damming requirements during flood 13.1.3 Measures shall be developed for water drainage during building the rockfill dam when the elevation of foundation face of plinth is lower than the elevation of rockfill dam foundation, 13.2 Damming in flood season 13.2.1 Prior to placement of concrete face slab, it is allowed to use the embankment to retain water during flood season, but which shall ensure the embankment stability against sliding and seepage. = 164+13.2.2 Stage embankment design of water retaining shall be developed based on the data on the flood to be discharged during construction period, requirements of reservoir impounding and ‘emergency relief during flood season. 13.2.3 Estimating seepage through the embankment in flood season, the seepage flow shall be calculated and the drainage capacity of emerging area of seepage shell be checked. 13.2.4 When the rockfill dam is employed to retain water during flood season, one of the following measures shall be taken for protecting the upstream face in the cushion zone; compacted mortar of low strength, shoterete, or spraying asphalt emulsion. 13.3 Overflow protection 13.3.1 overflowing the embankment with protective measures is permissible during construction. 13.3.2 The overflowing height of the embankment during construction shall be determined through economic comparison. The dimensions of the plan and cross sections of overflow embankment shall be decided by estimation or by making reference to similar works. In developing measures for overflow protection, hydraulic parameters for various operation conditions shall be calculated. Overflow protection measures for Grade 1 and 2 dams shal be developed based ‘on hydraulic model test results. 13.3.3 When flood overflows the embankment, the embankment shall be able to resist the scouring against its dam face and foundation and the embankment stability shall be ensured. In desig of overflow protection measures, attention shall be paid to protection of the jointing points ‘between the embankment and both banks and adjacent to the downstream dam toe. 13.3.4 Proper overflow protection measures include reinforced rockfill, reinforcing cage with stone inside, ROC or their combination. Overflow protection measures for important works shall be verified by test. 13.4 Heightening of dam 13.4.1 CFRD to be constructed by stages must be designed giving consideration of its ultimate size. The plinth, face slab, peripheral joint and dam foundation treatment for the first stage shall be built as per final design section. Wave well may not be constructed at the first stage. 13.4.2 When it is intended to heighten the completed CERD, effort shall be made to evaluate the adaptability of water-tight works for dam foundation to the existing water sealing system to ake sure of the normal operation of the heightened dam. 13.4.3 Rockfill dam with earth core/inclined core may be heightened by building 2 CFRD agoinst its downstream face. The heightening design shall focus on the followings: 165 +(1) To evaluate the suitability of the watertight facilities for the original dam foundation and embankment, and to reinforce the facilities when necessary. (2) To prepare special design for the connection between the original earth core/ inclined core and face slab and the water stops. (3) To carry out stability study on the heightened dam. 13.4.4 Concrete dam at middle or lower height may be heightened by constructing a CFRD ‘against its downstream face. The following problems shall be studied in the designs (1) To choose the height of connecting point connecting face slab to the original dam body, so as ‘o ensure the original dam's stability under various loads. (2) The joint connecting concrete dam and face slab shall be designed as 2 peripheral joint, end measures shall be taken to reduce the displacement of the joint. 14 Safety monitoring 14.0.1 Necessary observation and measuring device shall be provided in CFRD according to its grade, height, topographic and geologic condition in an attempt to give a systematic observation, and to compile and analyze the measured data in no delay. The main purpose of the observation and measurement is. 14.0.2° Observation devices shall be selected in the principle of efficiency, relisbility, firmness ‘and economy, and observation automation shall be practiced where possibles they shall be frost- free when used in a frigid ares. The principles are: (1) To truly indicate the dam’s performance. (2) To enuidistantly arrange the point for measuring surface displacement from outside. (3) To arrange the internal measuring device along a cross section on the maximum dam height Measuring section can be additionally provided along other cross sections or the profile of dam axis, if required. (4) Internal measuring devices shall be located to avoid, as far as it can, disturbance of constructs activity and to be easy to operate. 14.0.3 Observation and measurement design is to determine the anticipated measuring range of observation and types of observation instruments according to the design calculation output and by making reference 10 the measurement result in a similar works. 14.0.4 The following items are necessary for a dam of grade I, Tl or over 100 m in height and they cin Le simplified to some degree for the dam of other siz: = 166+(1) Vertical and horizontal movement of dam face. (2) Internal vertical movement in dam. (3) Joint displacement. (4) Deformation, stress and temperature of the face slab. (5) Seepage flow pressure on foundation, seepage flow, transparency and water quality. 14.0.5 The following iterns can be additional if permitted or necessary: (2) Internal horizontal movement and strain of dar. (2) Seepage flow bypassing abutment(s) (3) Settlement of alluvium of dam foundation. (4) Deformation and stress of concrete anti-seepage wall (5) Strain and soil pressure of high toe wall. (6) Seismic response. (7) ‘Thrust force of ice cover upon face slab in case of a cold region 14.0.6 ‘The mounting of observation instruments, data’s observation, measurement, reading and compilation and report form shall conform to SL60 and SL169. +167