STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

GRAVITY FORCE RESISTING ELEMENTS

LATERAL FORCE RESISTING ELEMENTS
• VERTICAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• SHEAR WALLS
• BRACED FRAMES
• MOMENT FRAMES
• HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• DIAPRAGHMS
• COLLECTOR OR TIE BEAMS
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS
VERTICAL ELEMENTS: SHEAR WALLS, BRACED FRAMES, & MOMENTS FRAMES
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS: DIAPHRAGMS AND COLLECTOR OR TIE BEAMS
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS: DIAPHRAGMS AND COLLECTOR OR TIE BEAMS
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS
HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS: DIAPHRAGMS AND COLLECTOR OR TIE BEAMS
SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS
BUILDING’S CONFIGURATION
BUILDING CONFIGURATION

“ A great deal of a building’s inherent

resistance to lateral forces is determined by
its basic plan layout”

“ If we have a poor configuration to start with, all the

engineer can do is to a provide a band-aid – improve a
basically poor solution as best he can.”
EFFICIENT BUILDING’S FORM
• SHAPE : ROUNDED + TRIANGULAR
• REFLECTING THE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
EFFICIENT BUILDING’S FORM
• A ROUNDED SHAPE
A rounded shape in plan allows wind to flow more easily around a tall building. Building Codes allow the wind pressure for octagonal and
hexagonal shapes to be reduced 20% while circular and elliptical shapes may be reduced by 40%.

MARINA CITY TOWER THE 360 ELLIPSE TOWER THE 360 ELLIPSE TOWER
CHICAGO TAIPEI TAIPEI
EFFICIENT BUILDING’S FORM
• REFLECTING THE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
effects a large reduction in wind loads and therefore drift. The profile of the tall building is shaped to reflect the bending moment diagram. The
wider base provides a larger resisting moment to overturning without too large of an increase in stress.

JOHN HANCOCK CENTER, TRANSAMERICA BUILDING, FIRST NATIONAL CITY BANK,

CHICAGO SAN FRANSISCO CHICAGO
BUILDING CONFIGURATION

SIZE & NATURE, NATURE,

SHAPE SIZE & SIZE &
LOCATION OF LOCATION OF
ALL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SINIFICANT
NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
PROPORTION
THE SLENDERNESS RATIO (HEIGHT/DEPTH] : 3 OR 4

“The more slender a building, the worse the

overturning effects of an earthquake and the
greater the earthquake stresses in the outer
columns, particularly the overturning
compressive forces, which can be very difficult
to deal with”
PROPORTION
COMPARATIVE SLENDERNESS RATION
PROPORTION
PROBLEMS IN EXTEREME DIMENSIONS
PROPORTION
PROBLEMS IN EXTEREME DIMENSIONS

• Function of planning
• Constricted site

• High overturning forces

• Large drift  non structural damage

• Revise proportion
• Special structural system
PROPORTION
PROBLEMS IN EXTEREME DIMENSIONS

• Building typology (school, residential)

• Build-up of large lateral forces in

perimeter
• Big difference in resistance of two axes

• Revise proportion
• Special structural system
SIMPLE – COMPLEX

CONVEXITY CONCAVITY
(SIMPLE SHAPE) (COMPLEX SHAPE)
It is impossible to connect any two point Two points within the figure can be
within the figure by a line which passes connected by a line which passes across the
across the figure’s boundary figure’s boundary
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
PLAN

CONVEX
(SIMPLE)

CONCAVE
(COMPLEX)
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
ELEVATION

CONVEX
(SIMPLE)

CONCAVE
(COMPLEX)
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
MATRIX OF BUILDING SHAPE
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
SIMPLE PLAN – SIMPLE ELEVATION
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
SIMPLE PLAN – COMPLEX ELEVATION
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
COMPLEX PLAN – SIMPLE ELEVATION
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
COMPLEX PLAN – COMPLEX ELEVATION
COMPLEX CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS IN COMPLEX SHAPE

COMPLEX PLAN COMPLEX ELEVATION

PROBLEM : RE-ENTRANT CORNERS PROBLEM : VERTICAL SETBACKS & REVERSE SETBACKS
SIMPLE – COMPLEX
VERTICAL
BUILDING’S CONFIGURATION
 VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS

VERTICAL & REVERSE THE “SOFT” STORY DISCONTINUOUS VARIATIONS IN WEAK COLUMN,
SETBACKS SHEAR WALLS COLUMN STIFFNESS STRONG BEAM
 VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS

VERTICAL & REVERSE THE “SOFT” STORY DISCONTINUOUS VARIATIONS IN WEAK COLUMN,
SETBACKS SHEAR WALLS COLUMN STIFFNESS STRONG BEAM
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : VERTICAL SETBACKS

• Program requirements
• Image requirements “fashion”
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : VERTICAL SETBACKS

1. The notch problem / vertical re-entrant corner.

The smaller the steps or notches in a setback or inverted setback  the smaller the problem
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : VERTICAL SETBACKS

2. Inverted setback : the lever arm – center of mass

with an inverted setback, the lever arm (2L), acting through the venter of mass (cm), is twice as long as in
a setback,  the overturning forces are double
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : VERTICAL SETBACKS

Separate the building

 Shear Dilatation & Seismic joint
 VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS

VERTICAL & REVERSE THE “SOFT” STORY DISCONTINUOUS VARIATIONS IN WEAK COLUMN,
SETBACKS SHEAR WALLS COLUMN STIFFNESS STRONG BEAM
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : THE “SOFT” STORY

1. Programmatic : need for open first floor plazas or large spaces at any floor
2. Image requirement (fashion)
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : THE “SOFT” STORY

Soft Story :
Buildings whose ground level story is weaker than those above

• The interruption of vertical elements (walls and columns) of the structure has
been the cause of partial or total collapses in buildings subjected to earthquakes,
especially when this occurs in the lower floors (see photographs 9-11). The level
on which the elements are interrupted is more flexible than the others, which
increases the problem of stability, but also because the abrupt change in stiffness
causes a greater accumulation of energy on the weaker story. The most common
cases of interruption of vertical elements, which occur generally for spatial,
formal, or aesthetic reasons, are the following:
• Interruption of the columns
• Interruption of structural walls (shear walls)
• Interruption of partition walls (erroneously conceived as nonstructural
walls) aligned with frames

• Differences in height between stories arises frequently because of the need for
greater space at certain levels of the building, generally for technical (equipment
requirements, etc.) or aesthetic reasons (image of the building at the access
levels). This results in lessened stiffness of the stories in question, due to the
greater height of the vertical elements.
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : THE “SOFT” STORY

1. AVOID THE DISCONTINUITY THROUGH

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN (UNIFORM)
2. ADDED COLUMNS
3. SUPER BAY
4. BRACED
 VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS

VERTICAL & REVERSE THE “SOFT” STORY DISCONTINUOUS VARIATIONS IN WEAK COLUMN,
SETBACKS SHEAR WALLS COLUMN STIFFNESS STRONG BEAM
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : DISCONTINUOUS SHEAR WALLS

1. Programmatic : planning restricts use of shear walls on entrance floor

2. Image requirement : “floating cube” (fashion)

Discontinuitues in load path and stress concentration for most heavily loaded elements

BIG NO NO !
 VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS

VERTICAL & REVERSE THE “SOFT” STORY DISCONTINUOUS VARIATIONS IN WEAK COLUMN,
SETBACKS SHEAR WALLS COLUMN STIFFNESS STRONG BEAM
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : VARIATION S IN COLUMN STIFFNESS

1. Programmatic : need for variety of spaces and ceiling heights

2. Image requirement (fashion)

Change of stiffness, much higher forces in stiffer columns

VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : VARIATION S IN COLUMN STIFFNESS

Redesign structural system to balance stiffness

Kolom langsing
(gagal akibat tekuk)
Kolom pendek  Diperbesar
(gagal akibat tidak kuat)  diperpendek (dengan menambahkan balok
 VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS

VERTICAL & REVERSE THE “SOFT” STORY DISCONTINUOUS VARIATIONS IN WEAK COLUMN,
SETBACKS SHEAR WALLS COLUMN STIFFNESS STRONG BEAM
VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
PROBLEMS : WEAK COLUMNS, STRONG BEAMS

1. Common in building with large window area (schools, hospitals, offices)

2. Wide span beams

Column failure occurs before beam

BIG NO NO !