H|$Ð cmoH$godm Am`moJmMo narjmWu d

nXdr d nXì`wÎma narjm§Mo {dÚmWu `m§Zm Cn`wŠV Ago

S>m.° nr. Or. Omoer `m§À`m ì`mg§Jr coIUrVyZ AZ²
coIUrÀ`m ì`mg§JmVyZ gmH$macoco

"Aä`mg{eën'
 Published By
Sau. Shobhadevi Kshirsagar
K’Sagar Publications
‘Suvarna Shilpa’, 444/1 Shaniwar Peth,
Adjacent to Rajmachikar Flour Mill,
Near Dakshinabhimukhi Maruti Temple,
Pune - 411 030
! : 24450125, 24455435 Fax : 91-020-24453065
Email : customer@ksagar.com
sales@ksagar.com
website : www.ksagar.com
❖
© K'Sagar Publications, Pune : 2010
Thoroughly Revised Second Edition : 2017
❖
Printed at
Shiva-samartha Printers
Dhayari, Pune
❖
Typesetting
K'Sagar Publications, Pune
❖
Cover Design
K'Sagar Publications, Pune
❖
Price : Rs. 355/-

K'Sagar's House of Books, O K'Sagar Book Centre,

‘Durga Chambers’ 39/1, Budhwar Peth, u ‘Nutan Classic’, 639, Narayan Peth,
Jogeshwari Temple Marg, Appa r Opp. N.M.V. Primary School, Appa
Balwant Chowk, Pune - 411 002 F Balwant Chowk, Pune - 411 030.
! (020) 24483166 i ! (020) 24453065
Mob : 9923906500, 8087722277 r Mob : 9823121395, 9545567862/63
Email : hob@ksagar.com m Email : kbc@ksagar.com
Due care has been taken to ensure that the information provided in this book is correct.
However, the authors and the publishers bear no responsibility for any damage resulting from
any inadvertent omission or inaccuracy in the book.
 H|$Ð cmoH$godm Am`moJmÀ`m _w»` narjoÀ`m d¡H$pënH$ {df`m§da Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma aMZm
Ho$cocr _amR>r _mÜ`_mVrc nwñVHo$ H$mc-nadmn`ªV CncãY ZìhVr. Aem nwñVH$m§À`m A^mdr
`m {df`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm {dÚm{W©{_Ìm§Zm H$moUH$moUË`m AS>MUtMm gm_Zm H$amdm cmJVmo,
`mMm AZw^d _r ñdV… AZ² Vmohr AZoH$ df} KoVcocm Amho. _hm{dÚmc`rZ ñVamdarc VWmH${WV
"Q>oŠñQ>' åhUyZ g§~mo{Ycr OmUmar nwñVHo$ H|$Ð cmoH$godm Am`moJmMr narjm XoUmè`m
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mÑîQ>rZo A{Ve` VmoH$S>r nS>VmV. AZoH$Xm g§~{§ YV nwñVH$mÀ`m coIH$m§Mo kmZhr
nXdr dm nXì`wÎma narjm XoVmZm Ë`m§Zr Omo H$mhr Aä`mg Ho$cocm AgVmo {VVHo$M _`m©{XV
amhVo Am{U VoWM o Wm§~coco AgVo; Ë`m_wio Am`moJmMr narjm XoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr JaO nwar
H$aÊ`mg Am{U Ë`m§Mr kmZjwYm ^mJ{dÊ`mg Vr Anwar nS>VmV, hr ~m~ cjmV KoD$Z àH$meZmZo
H|$Ð cmoH$godm Am`moJmÀ`m _w»` narjoVrc A{Zdm`© VX²dVM d¡H$pënH$ {df`m§da
Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma aMZm Ho$cocr EH$ J«W§ _m{cH$m gmH$maÊ`mMm àH$ën hmVr KoVcm Amho.
B{Vhmg `m d¡H$pënH$ {df`mÀ`m Xþgè`m nona_Yrc Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma aMZm Ho$cocm
àñVwVMm g§X^© ho `m _mcoVrc EH$ nwîn hmo`.
`m g§X^m©Mr aMZm gmH$maVmZm àñVwVMm g§X^© H|$Ð cmoH$godm Am`moJmÀ`m _w»` narjogmR>r
Va Cn`wŠV R>amdmM nU nXdr dm nXì`wÎma narjm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZmhr Vmo
Cn`wŠV R>amdm d Amnë`m narjoMr V`mar H$aVmZmM H|$Ð cmoH$godm Am`moJmÀ`m _w»` narjoMrhr
V`mar H$aUo Ë`m§Zm ghOJË`m eŠ` ìhmdo, Agm g_Ýd`rV ÑpîQ>H$moZ A§JrH$macm Amho.
S>m.° nr. Or. Omoer `m§À`mgma»`m `m {df`mVrc JmT>çm ì`mg§Jr d Aä`mgy gwöXmÀ`m
coIUrVyZ àñVwVMm g§X^© gmH$macm Amho. S>m°. Omoer `m§Zr ho nwñVH$ {c{hVmZm KoVcoco
n[al_, Ë`m§Mm àXrK© AÜ`mnZ AZw^d Am{U Aì`mhV ì`mg§J `m§Mm àË`` AmnUmg
nwñVH$mÀ`m nmZmnmZm§VZy Am{U R>m`r R>m`r Amë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr. AÜ``Zmer Agcocr
Ë`m§Mr Zmi AÚm{n VwQ>cr Zgë`mZo àmÜ`mnH$mÀ`m R>m`r AgUmar àJë^Vm Am{U {dÚmÏ`m©Mr
{Okmgm `m§Mm _Zmok {_cm\$ AmnUmg S>m.° Omoer `m§À`m coIZmV AmT>iVmo.
OmñVrV OmñV narjm{^_wI aMZm; nyduÀ`m àíZn{ÌH$m§_Ü`o H$moUË`m àH$aUm§Zm {H$Vr
_hÎd {Xco Joco Amho, ho {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m Ë`m àH$aUmcm {Xco Jocc o o _hÎd; _hÎdmÀ`m
àíZm§À`m CÎmam§À`m Jmä`mer pñWamdUmar àH$aUaMZm d Zoh_rMr gmYr, gmonr ^mfm hr `m
nwñVH$mMr d¡{eîQ>ço _mÂ`m {dÚm{W©{_Ìm§Zm {ZpíMVM ^mdVrc, `mV e§H$mM Zmhr.
AmncmM,
ìhr. Eg. jragmJa
(K’Sagar)
 coIH$ n[aM`

coIZ, g§JrV, ì`m»`mZ, àdmg, AÜ``Z

d AÜ`mnZmV gX¡d {cßV AgUmao àm. àH$me
JOmZZamd Omoer ñdmV§Í` goZmZr ñdm_r am_mZ§X
VrW© ñWm{nV (1950) nrnëg H$m°coO_Ü`o
B{Vhmg {d^mJ à_wI åhUyZ Jocr nñVrg df©o
H$m`©aV AmhoV. Vo JmoXmVra B{Vhmg g§emoYZ
S>m.° nr. Or. Omoer _§S>imMo CnmÜ`j AgyZ, JwO § H$a g§JrV ñnYm© d
^mJdV _hmoËgdmMo Am`moOH$ AmhoV. ñdm. am.
Vr. _. {dÚmnrR> B{Vhmg Aä`mg_§S>i gXñ`, JwO § H$a OÝ_eVmãXr
_hmoËgd g{_Vr H$m`©dmh d `ed§Vamd MìhmU _wŠV {dÚmnrR>r` g{_Vr
gXñ`ËdmMr nXo Ë`m§Zr gm§^micocr AmhoV. ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, A_o[aH$m,
`wamon d OJmMm B{Vhmg `m§da Ë`m§Mo n§Yam J«W§ AgyZ Vo {dÚm àH$meZ
ZmJnya; Ho$'gmJa npãcHo$eÝg, nwU;o A^` àH$meZ, Zm§XSo > d _ram
npãcHo$eZ, Am¡aJ § m~mX `m _mÝ`da g§ñWm§Zr àH$m{eV Ho$coco AmhoV.
E_.E., E_.{\$c., ZoQ>-goQ>, E_.nr.Eg.gr. d `y.nr.Eg.gr.Mo {dÚmWu
AmJ«hmZo S>m.° OmoetÀ`m J«W§ m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmV. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m H$sV©Z
na§naoMo d¡^d gm§JUmam H$sV©Za§J, ñdm_r am_mZ§X VrW© M[aÌH$m`©,
_wpŠVJmWm!! _wpŠVXmVm!!! d g§JrV _h{f© S>m.° AÊUmgmho~ JwO § H$a
M[aÌH$m`© ho Ë`m§Mo AÝ` ì`mg§JnyU© J«W§ AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m JwO § H$a M[aÌ
J«W§ mMr H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m {ejU _§Ìmc` d ^mfm g§ñWmZZo ({Xëcr)
{ZdS> Ho$cocr Amho. g§emoYH$ d {M{H$ËgH$d¥Îmr, Mm¡\$o a ì`mg§J, AmoKdVr
àm¡T>cIo Ze¡cr d ^mdJ^© {dídgZr` Ame` `m J«W§ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr
AZw^Vy r Ë`m§À`m H$moUË`mhr EImÚm J«W§ mdcmoH$ZmZo `oV.o S>m.° OmoetZr
ñdV:Mr ñdV§Ì coIZe¡cr {Z_m©U Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m§Mo {dÛVmàMwa J«W§
Aä`mgH$m§Zm Cn`wŠV R>aVmV.
 A Zw H«$ _ {U H$m
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1. AmYw{ZH$ {dMmaYmam d à~moYZ 11
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
✯ àmñVm{dH$ ✯ B_°Ý`wAc H$mÝV
✯ O°PH ° $ ê$gmo ✯ g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mm CX` d {dH$mg
✯ H$mc© _mŠg©Mo VÎdkmZ ✯ ãcm{X{_a B{cM `w{cZm°ìh- "co{ZZ'
✯ \«$o {S´>H$ E§Oëg ✯ Zd_mŠg©dmX
✯ AÝVm{ZAmo J«m_gr d g~mëQ>Z© {gÕmÝV
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
2. AmYw{ZH$ amOH$maUmMo _ycòmoV 56
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

✯ àñVmdZm ✯ dgmhVtMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg

✯ g_mOOrdZ (Zdg_mOaMZm) ✯
✯ A_o[aH$Z dgmhVH$ma d B§JO « g§~Y
✯ amîQ´>dmXmMm CX`
✯ A_o[aHo$Mm ñdmV§Í`cT>m
✯ A_o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í``wÕmMo _yë`_mnZ
✯ A_o[aH$Z KQ>Zm - B{Vhmg
✯ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr
✯ {dMmad§Vm§Mo H$m`©
✯ H«$m§Vr \«$mÝg_Ü`oM H$m Pmcr? ✯
✯ _yc^yV ZmJar hŠH$mMm OmhraZm_m
✯ KQ>ZM o r {Z{_©Vr
✯ amîQ´>r` n[afX d XheVdmXr amOdQ>
✯ \«$| M H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_ Am{U _hÎd
✯ Zonmo{c`Z ~moZmnmQ>©
✯ Zonmo{c`Z-Am°pñQ´>`m g§Kf©
✯ ñnoZ-nmoVJ©w mc ÛrnH$ënr` `wÕ ✯
✯ g_«mQ> Zonmo{c`ZMo AY:nVZ
✯ H«$m§{VnwÌ Zonmo{c`Z
✯ g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMm {dH$mg ✯
amOH$s` OrdZ (àemgZ ì`dñWm)
§
✯ A_o[aH$Z H«$m§VrMr H$maUo
✯ ñdmV§Í``wÕmVrc `emn`emMr _r_m§gm
✯ B. g. 1789 _Yrc \«$| M H«$m§Vr
✯ Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
✯ \«$| M H«$m§VrMr H$maUo
\«$| M H«$m§VrMm B{Vhmg
✯ amîQ´>r` g^oMr BVa H$m_{Jar
✯ B{OßVMr _mohr_ (1798)
✯ Zonmo{c`Z-B§½c§S> g§~Y §
Zonmo{c`ZMr a{e`Z ZrVr
✯ Zonmo{c`ZMo A§VJ©V YmoaU- gwYmaUm
✯ {~«{Q>em§Mo cmoH$gÎmmË_H$ amOH$maU
_wŠV ì`mnmaZrVr (Free Trade Policy)
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
3. OmJ{VH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr 172
✯ àmñVm{dH$ ✯ B§½c§S>_Yrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMr nmíd©^_
y r
✯ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMo _mJ©H$« _U
✯ A_o[aHo$Vrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr (1865-1900)
✯ A_o[aH$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMr dmQ>Mmc
✯ O_©ZrVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr ✯ _oBO
© r H«$m§Vr d OnmZ_Yrc Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU
✯ MrZ_Yrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr ✯ a{e`mMo Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU
✯ OmJ{VH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
4. dgmhVdmX, gm_«mÁ`dmX d amîQ´>amÁ`o 211
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
✯ gm_«mÁ`dmX ✯ A_o[aHo$Mm A{^Zd gm_«mÁ`dmX
✯ gm_«mÁ`dmXmMr nyVV © m ✯ B§S>mZ
o {o e`mVrc `wamo{n`Z S>M gm_«mÁ`dmX
✯ X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrc${~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`dmX
✯ gm_«mÁ`dmXmMo n[aUm_ ✯ O_©ZrVrc amîQ´>dmX (EH$sH$aU)
✯ O_©ZrÀ`m EH$sH$aUmMr nyVV © m ✯ BQ>crMm ñdmV§Í` g§Jm« _ d EH$sH$aU
✯ BQ>crMo amîQ´>dmXr ZoVË¥ d ✯ BQ>crÀ`m EH$sH$aUmMr nyVV © m
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
5. n{hco _hm`wÕ (1914-18); Xþgao _hm`wÕ (1939-45) 262
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
✯ n{hë`m _hm`wÕmMr nmíd©^_ y r ✯ n{hë`m _hm`wÕmMr H$maUo
✯ _hm`wÕmMo g§Kf©nd© (1914-18) ✯ `wÕmMr n[aUVr
✯ n{hë`m _hm`wÕmMo n[aUm_ ✯ Xþgao _hm`wÕ (1939-45)
✯ Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmMr nmíd©^_y r ✯ Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmMr H$maUo
✯ _hm`wÕmMo aUH§$X ✯ Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmMo n[aUm_
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
6. H«$m§Vr Am{U à{VH«$m§VrMo nd© 305
✯ àmñVm{dH$ ✯ a{e`Z H«$m§Vr• 1917
✯ a{e`Z H«$m§VrMr H$maUo ✯ ~moëeopìhH$ H«$m§VrMr nyVV
© m
✯ a{e`Z H«$m§VrMo _hÎd d n[aUm_ ✯ co{ZZMo H$m`© (1870-1924)
✯ hþH$y _emhrMm CX`mñV ✯ hþH$y _emhrÀ`m CX`mg H$maUr^yV KQ>H$
✯ ~o{ZQ>mo _wgmo{cZr (1922-45) ✯ A°S>më° \$ {hQ>ca (1932-45)
✯ {hQ>caMr naamîQ´>r` ZrVr ✯ MrZ_Yrc amîQ´>dmXr Midi
✯ S>m.° gZ²-`oV- ² goZMo H$m`© d ^y{_H$m
✯ gmå`dmXr njmMm CX` d {dH$mg ✯ B. g. 1949 Mr H$å`w{ZñQ> H«$m§Vr
✯ _mAmoMo {dMma d H$m`©
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
7. OmJ{VH$ _wpŠVg§Jm« _ 370
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345

✯ _wpŠVcT>çmMo ñdê$n
✯ Bòm`cMm _wpŠVg§Jm« _
✯ Aa~-Bòm`c g§Kf© (1948-75)
✯ X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrc d§e^oX{damoYr _wpŠVcT>m d ZoëgZ _§S>ocm
✯ pìhEVZm_Mm _wpŠVg§Jm« _
✯ S>m.° hmo-{M-{_ÝhMo H$m`©
✯ B§S>mZo {o e`mMr amîQ´>dmXr Midi
✯ B§S>mZo {o e`m-S>M g§Kf©
✯ amîQ´>mÜ`j S>m.° Ah_X gwH$mZm} (1901-70)
✯ H§$~mo{S>`m d cmAmog_Yrc _wpŠVcT>o
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
8. erV`wÕmMm CX`mñV 405
1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
✯ erV`wÕmMr nmíd©^_y r ✯ erV`wÕmMo ñdê$n d ì`mßVr
✯ erV`wÕmMr ì`mßVr d à^mdjoÌ ✯ erV`wÕH$mcrZ BVa OmJ{VH$ KS>m_moS>r
✯ erV`wÕmMm A§V ✯ OmJ{VH$sH$aU
✯ _hm`wÕmoÎma KS>m_moS>tMo qghmdcmoH$Z