ae B sopenaix V ! Safety i Fig. 38a of chapter 1 shows that the maximum amount of energy in a microwave beam is located at @ point 0.58 times near the field edge out from the rim of the parabolic reflector. Since safety standards are ex- ceeded if the energy density is greater thn 10 miliwats per square centimeter of area, this point is the location most likely to be dangerous. its maximum must not be greater than 10 miV/cm? American standards are that 0.010 watt of energy I per square centimeter is the maximum amount of power which can be radiated into an area and not create bio- logical hazards, and that 0.001 watt of energy per square centimeter is the maximum amount of power which can I be radiated into an area for no longer than 1/10 of an hour and not cause mental hazards. See Fig. 1. £ ob. ET esaanemenes ay irr] US. mitiary| i <1 i The standard doesn’t stipulate the time interval re- quired for 0.001 wat to create biological harm but makes the definite statement: one hour of a constant 0.01 watt/cm? will cause mental discomfort. There is 2 pro: posel to reduce the allowable level by @ factor of 10 to + mW/en. The Russians place a limit of 0.000001 watt of energy per square centimeter as the maximum amount of power which can be radiated into an area and not create biological hazards. This indicates their limits are 1000 times stricter than the American standard. ‘The American standards are concerned about the heating effect to tissue, while the Russian standard is concerned with the psycological effects ‘The microwave density in a typical microwave oven used for cooking is 1.2 W/cm? or over 10,000, times greater than the maximum density allowed under the safety standards for microwave radio, It should be noted the average density of radiation, from the noonday sun is 100mWicm? or 100 times as i i 199greet as the permissable American standard. The dif- surface. Therefore, 50% of 0.005, or 10 mW/eme, ference boing microwave energy is absorbed inside the _ sidered a safe level since this is'an amount which coy body and sunlight by the skin be dissipated under normal conditions Astron microwave signal could cause a spark The thermal energy absorbed by the body can cate to jump between two conductors such es a gasoline damage to the eye, testes and the whole body. Table 1 fuel tank and the hose used to fill it. The power density shows the exposures required for Gamage to the various heeded to cause a spark is many times that produced by parts ofthe body. The following chart shows the sce 2 typical microwave antenna. A radar search antenna densities in accordance to the time that is required for could produce such a strong signal. This hazardous level damaging of the eye, testes and body. The eyes and testes is computed in the equation: Power density to cause a are most sensitive to heat damage since they have limited spark as measured in GBw/M «35 +log,, (frequency in _ circulatory ability. Exposure of 180 mWicm? for one hour gigahertz.) The answer is given in so many watts per per day for 20 days can form cataracts. ‘square meter. The power density 250 ft. above a deep space earth station antenna pointed at the stars can be 50 mW/cm. This assumes a 64 meter dish, which is a typical size, Small aircraft flying at a height of 250 ft or slightly higher could be entering a hazardous area when the antenna was transmitting at space probes. This is why a rule has been made that small aircraft will fy at 1500 meters or higher above deep space earth sation antennas Thermal energy absorbed by human body ‘The human body has a surface area of 20,000 cm*, Due to the high water content of the body it can dissipate 100 watts of thermal energy, or 0.005 W/em?. Because cr the body is only 50% flesh and bone, the remainder be- TIME IN SECONDS ing water, it can't absorb all the energy that strikes its __Tuseswovo LeveLs vs, TiMe FOR THREE SENSITVE STAUCTURES ee = WHOLE BODY HUNAN) TESTES (006) WA DENSITY. MWC smn sna spay Tablet ‘ ‘Some Data on the Expose on Man and Animas fo Microwave | | Power Senay Went Eye caarace m dogs aw opener Sh 00 600 ai senetion ding esa SE ees bs ree the ZOO mn mas cee xt ath. 200 Matormaton of conng ster expoeue fr 1015 min (encvon esse h = 12 cm death cds and rabacs (f= 2580 mr) Feoueon 6 eda Wn tae 100 Sineastem baad prenare wih suboneuet marked decronn, case of eee exaonute— entent ‘stb typona, Sable motrSageal Cages me creorseusr acum Sutera caarece 40 Incase lod peas wes sutseaet matkad decease: mute remormagee 0 = 210 gq ive Galavon ol esa an herertheges k= 10 9) evens aoe pressure ot £35.20 mm Hg (exposure & 0510) eae 10 Changes condones retex actin. mexphobogeal changes in cerebral cotex). Vague : ied nese rosie tre 00h eigen id capes. yeraats 9 oroals k= 3 10.em (avon enpoaie, ECG cuarges (mavens er hen TeV ‘Spanson hel gen) Chage mn ecapar tober 5 Tveshld tency at wen here are cungesih ha ets and on pressure cnangee (mu pe expose) Brel lagen and expncpena Oaianing ote cystine Bee 3 beteas in bod presuse tendency 0 quckenng of use, Fucus of eae blood mie? soln : Decrease in bood pres, tenancy quichering of pulse. insgfcart varatons in cr gg2 bead voume. Geseas f bioas preset, cebreasa nfortnamonne (= Say 53 month Dansanauon csordes of mrunaioges! oleeion cosrel mecsonsm (0), 400 Depression of sereons dogs eat 300 Some anges the neous sytem cata of exporure for S10 years 200 Rewosrim doe : 100 _‘Tendenoy to decease Dood pressure wih cone exposure. ; 1d —_Tendeny tp decrease n bond pressure wih vane exDesste es ier 2) Ths ie, encore lors cecease mare’ pressure Cases f203y saci obser 2 Wel exposed ease n Sam lope persone ene enpoees