AIM

TO STUDY ABOUT DIABETES MELLITUS

 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?

DIABETES MELLITUS(DM), COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS

DIABETES,IS A GROUP OF METABOLIC DISEASE IN WHICH
THERE ARE HIGH BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS OVER A
PROLONGED PERIOD. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A CHRONIC
,LIFELONG CONDITION THAT AFFECTS OUR BODIE’S
ABILITIES TO USE THE ENERGY FOUND IN FOOD.OUR
BODY BREAKS DOWN THE SUGARS AND
CARBOHYDRATES WE EAT INTO SPECIAL SUGAR CALLED
GLOCOSE. GLUCOSE FUELS THE CELL IN OUR BODY. BUT
THE CELL NEED INSULIN, A HORMONE,IN YOUR
BLOODSTREAM IN ORDER TO TAKE IN GLUCOSE AND
USE IT FOR ENERGY.WITH DIABETES MELLITUS,EITHER
OUR BODY DOES’NT MAKE ENOUGH INSULIN,IT CAN’ USE
THE INSULIN IT DOES PRODUCE,OR A COMBINATION OF
BOTH.
SINCE THE CELL CAN’T TAKE IN THE GLUCOSE,IT BUILDS
UP IN OUR BLOOD. HIGH LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
CAN DAMAGE THE TINY BLOOD VESSELS IN OUR
KIDNEYS,HEART,EYES OR NERVOUS SYSTEM.THAT’S WHY
DIABETES—ESPICIALLY IF LEFT UNTREATED—CAN
EVENTUALLY CAUSE HEART,DISEASE,STROKE,KIDNEY
DISEASE,BLINDNESS,AND NERVE DAMAGE TO NERVES IN
FEET.
COMMON TYPES OF DIABETES

THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF

DIABETES MELLITUS,
1.TYPE 1 DM RESULTS DROM THE PANCREASE FAILURE TO PRODUCE
PREVIOUSLY REFERRED TO AS INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES
MELLITUS(DDM) OR ‘’JUVENILE DIBETES’’.THIS CAUSE IS UNKNOWN.

2.TYPE 2 DM WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE, A CONDITION IN WHICH THE

CELLS FAIL TO RESPOND THE INSULIN PROPERLY.AS THE DISEASE
PROGRESES A LACK OF INSULIN MAY ALSO DEVELOP.THIS FORM WAS
PREVIOUSLY REFERRED TO US ‘’ADULT-ONSET DIABETES’’.THE PRIMARY
CAUSE IS EXCESSIVE BODY WEIGHT AND NOT ENOUGH EXERCISE.

3.GESTATIONAL DIABETES,IS THE THIRD MAIN FORM AND OCCURS

WHEN PREGNANT WOMEN WITHOUT A PREVIOUS HISTORY OF
DIABETES DEVELOP A HIGH BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL.

GENERALLY,TYPE 2 DIABETES IS MORE COMMON IN PEOPLE OVER AGE

40 WHO OVERWEIGHT. HOWEVER,THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY
AMONG PEOPLE IN NORTH AMERICA HAS INCREASED THE NUMBER OF
PEOPLE UNDER THE AGE 40 WHO ARE DIAGNOSED WITH TYPE 2
DIABETES. NINE OUT OF 10 PEOPLE WITH DIABETES HAVE TYPE 2.

TYPE 1
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS CHARACTERIZED BY INSULIN
DEFICIENCY.THIS TYPE CAN BE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS IMMUNE-
MEDIATED.THE MAJORITY TYPE 1 DIABETES IS OF THE IMMUNE-
MEDIATED NATURE LEADS TO THE LOSS OF BETA CELLS AND THUS
INSULIN . IT CAUSES APPROXIMATELY 10%OF DIABETES MELLITUS
CAUSES IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE.MOST AFFECTED PEOPLE
ARE OTHERWISE HEALTHY AND OF A HEALTHY WEIGHT WHEN ONSET
OCCURS.SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSIVENESS TO INSULIN ARE USSUALY
NORMAL,ESPECIALLY IN THE EARLY STAGES.TYPE 1 DIABETES CAN
AFFECT CHILDREN OR ADULTS,BUTWAS TRADITIONALLY
TERMED”JUVENILE DIABETES”BECAUSE A MAJORITY OF THESE
DIABETES CASES WERE IN CHILDREN.
TYPE 2
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IS CHARACTERIZED BY INSULIN
RESISTANCE,WHICH MAY BE COMBINED WITH RELATIVELY REDUCED
INSULIN SECRETION.THE DEFECTIVE RESPONSIVENESS OF BODY
TISSUES TO INSULIN IS BELIEVED TO INVOLVE THE INSULIN RECEPTOR
.HOWEVER,THE SPECEFIC DEFECTS ARE NOT KNOWN.

DIABETES MELLITUS CASES DUE TO A KNOWN DEFECT ARE CLASSIFIED

SEPARETELY. TYPE 2 DIABETES IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE. IN THE
EARLY STAGE OF TYPE 2,THE PREDOMINENTABNORMALITY IS REUCED
INSULIN SENSITIVITY. IT IS DUE PRIMARILY TO LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND
GENETICS.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM) RESEMBLES TYPE2 DIABETES

OCCURS IN ABOUT 2-10%OF ALL PREGNANCIES AND MAY IMPROVE OR
DISSAPEAR AFTER DELIVERY.HOWEVER,AFTER PREGNANCY
APPROXIMETELY 5-10% OF WOMEN WITH GESTATIONALDIABETS ARE
FOUND TO HAVE DIABETES MELLITUS,MOST COMMONLY TYPE 2 .
GESTATIONAL DIABETES IS FULLY TREATABLE, BUT REQUIRES CAREFUL
MEDICAL SUPERVISION THROUGHOUT THE PREGNANCY.
MANAGEMENT MAY INCLUDE DIETERY CHANGES , BLOOD GLUCOSE
MONITORING,AND IN SOME CASES INSULIN MAY BE REQUIRED.

THROUGH IT MAY BE TRANSIENT,UNTREATED GESTATIONAL DIABETES

CAN DAMAGE THE HEALTH OF THE FETUS OR MOTHER.RISKS TO THE
BABY AND SKELETAL MUSCLE MALFORMATIONS.INCREASED FETAL
INSULIN MAY INHIBIT FETAL SURFACTANT PRODUCTION AND CAUSE
RESIPRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME . IN SEVEE CASES PERINATAL
DEATH MAY OCCUR,MOST COMMONLY AS A RESULT OF POOR
PLACENTALPERFUSION DUE TO VASCULAR IMPAIMENT LABOR
INDUCTION MAY BE INDICATED WITH DECREASED PLACENTAL
FUNCTION