Passive Transport

Jeff Andrian pariente

Is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cells to

exert any of its energy to accomplish the movement.

Substance move from one are to an area of higher concentration to an

area of lower concentration.
TYPES OF DIFFUSION
A movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across
cell membranes without need of energy input
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
CONCENTRATION -higher concentration to lower concentration.
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
GRADIENT FACILITATED DIFFUSION
A physical space in which there is a range of concentration of a single
substance. -substance (glucose) that can’t cross the liquid bilayer due to its size
and polarity
OSMOSIS
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
-The diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane down its
Primary carrier of energy in cells. concentration gradient.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS

FACTORS THAT AFFECTS DIFFUSION
Substance move from one are to an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
EXTENT OF THE CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
 The greater the difference in concentration the
more rapid the diffusion will be. The closer the
distribution of materials gets to equilibrium, the
slower rate of diffusion.
MASS OF MOLECULES DIFFUSING
 Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore,
they diffuse more slowly. The reverse is true for
lights molecules,

A. SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
-allows some substance to pass through but not others  TEMPERATURE
- the capacity to filter molecule transport.

-Higher temperature increase energy that accelerates the

movement of molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion. Low
temperature decreases the energy of molecules, thus
decreasing the rate of diffusion.

DIFFUSION
 A passive process of transport.
 A single substance tends to move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration until the
concentration is equal across a space.
 It occurs that particles gasses or dissolve substance are
mobile of free to move as they spread from where they are in
high concentration to the region where they are in low
concentration.
 SOLVENT DENSITY
-as the density of a solvent increase the rate of diffusion
decrease, the molecules slow down because they have a more
difficult time getting through the denser medium. If the
medium is less dense, diffusion increase.
 SOLUBILTY
non-polar or lipids-soluble materials pass through plasma
membranes more easily than polar materials flowing a faster
rate of diffusion.
 SURFACE AREA AND THICKNESS
OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Increased surface area increases the rate of diffusion,
whereas, a thicker membrane reduces it.
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 Channel proteins transport much more quickly than center

 DISTANCE REVEALED
 Channel proteins facilities diffusion at a rate of millions of
-the greater the distance that as substance must travel, the
molecules per second, whereas carrier proteins work at a
slower the rate of diffusion.
rate of thousands to a million molecule per second.

FACILITATED TRANSPORT OSMOSIS

Presence of membrane proteins which aid in the diffusion of
MATERIALS.
 Particularly water molecules at charged ions which
have a hard time naturally diffusion.
 CHARGED IONS an atom or molecules that has
gained at least one or more of its valence electron.
Movement of water from higher water concentration to lower
concentration through a SEMI-PERMEABLE
MEMBRANE.
SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE allow some
(water) and does not allow some (solutes)

TRANSPORT PROTEIN  If equal concentration, the probability of going left to right and
right to left is equal.
 CHANNEL PROTEIN  Higher concentration of solutes causes interference or blocks
water molecules
-some specialized in water

AQUAPORINS
TONICITY
-SOME SPECIALIZED IN IONS
-the ability of an cellular solution to make water move into or out of a
-Have hydrophilic channel through there cones that provides a
cell by osmosis.
hydrated opening through the membrane layer.
Note: can be open and closed gate based on different
conditions

OSMOLARITY-describes the total solute concentration of the solution

HYPOTONIC- the extra cellular fluid has lower osmolality than the fluid
inside the cell.
Note: water molecules moves into the cell
ISOTONIC- the extra cellular fluid has EQUAL osmolarity of fluid inside
AND OUTSIDE the cell
CARRIER PROTEINS
Note: water molecules move freely in and out of the cell.
-attach HYPERTONIC- the extra fluids have the higher osmolarity than the cell’s
-change shape cytoplasm.
-typically specific for a single substance Note: water molecule move out of the cell.
Note: can change shape

MAJOR DIFFERENCES
 Channel and carrier proteins transport material at different
rates.
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The combined gradient of concentration and

electrical charge that affects an ion.
THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT LEVEL OF A CERTAIN CHEMICAL AFFECTS
AN ION.
EXAMPLE:
The electrical gradient of k+ tends to drive it into the cell. However,
because of its concentration gradient tends to drive it out of the cell.

B. MOVING AGAINST A GRADIENT

Active transport mechanism uses energy to be pump to go against
gradients

PLASMOLYSIS- happens in hypertonic solution, wherein the cells water

will leave out of the cell.

MOVING AGAISNT GRADIENT

Two mechanisms exist for the transport of small-molecular weight
OSMOREGULATION- the process of maintaining salt and water balance
material and macromolecules. The Primary Active Transport and the
(osmotic balance)
Secondary Active Transport.
Example: fresh water fishes

C. CARRIER PROTEINS FOR ACTIVE

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
Uses ATP to move a substance, such as an ion, into the cell, and often at
the same time, a second substance is moved out of the cell.
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Describes the movement of material using the energy of the
electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of

lower concentration to a region of higher concentration-
against the concentration gradient. This requires cellular
energy to achieve this movement.
Active transport do just this, expanding (often in the form of
ATP) to maintain the right concentrations of ions and 1. UNIPORTER
molecules in living cells. -Carries one specific ion or molecule
2. SYMPORTER
A. ELECTOCHEMICAL GRADIENT -Carries two different ions or molecules, both in the
same direction.
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3. ANTIPORTER
Carries two different ions or molecules, but in
different directions.

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT &

SECONDARY TRANSPORT
The ACTIVE TRANSPORT of molecules across cell membranes is
one of the major factors on molecular level of keeping
homeostasis within the body. This kind of transport requires
energy as they transport molecules against their concentration SODIUM GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER
gradient. It is divided into two types according to the source of The energy utilized by the Na+ glucose comes from the energy
energy used, called primary active transport and secondary produces by the electrochemical gradient that is created
active transport. through the excess sodium constantly trying to diffuse to the
In PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT, the energy is derived from the interior.
breakdown of ATP. In the SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT, the This co-transporter uses the energy mentioned to transport
energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored Na+ glucose back into the cell.
in the form of ionic concentration differences between the two
sides of a membrane.

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A type of active transport which utilizes energy in the form of

ATP.
It functions to transport molecules across the membranes
against this concentration. ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
Refers to the chemical gradient of an ion or molecule.

sodium potassium pump

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Transport is also a type of active transport which utilizes energy in other

forms of ATP, it then again functions transports molecules across the ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
cell membrane.
Complex organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes
Example: the sodium glucose co-transporter in living cells.

sodium glucose co-transporter

SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP Bulk Transport

Maintains the electrochemical gradient in living cells. It moves
potassium(k+) into the cells while moving sodium(Na+) out at Endocytosis
the same time at the ratio of 2 potassium (k+) for every 3
Process by which materials move into the cell.
sodium (Na+).
An active transport that moves particles, such as large
This result in the interior being slightly more negatively relative
molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell.
to the exterior. This differences in change produces energy that
allows for the secondary active transport to happen. DIFFERENT VARIATIONS:
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Clathrin - Stabilizes the membrane
Independent (is not needed to form a vesicle.
-common characteristic of the both is the plasma membrane of the cell
invaginates, forming a pocket around the target particle.
- Designed to bring specific substances that are normally
found in extracellular fluid into the cell, substances may
gain entry into cell at the same site.

PHAGOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
- “CELL EATING’’
EXOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH LARGE PARTICLES, SUCH AS CELLS OR
RELATIVELY LARGE PARTICLES, ARE TAKEN BY A CELL. - Reverse process of moving material into a cell.
- Its purpose is to expel materials from the cell into the
extracellular fluid.

PINOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS

- cell drinking
- the process that takes in molecules, including water, which
the cell needs from the extracellular fluid.
- A result in a much smaller vesicle than does phagocytosis,
and vesicle does not need to merge with lysosome.

POTOCYTOSIS

- A variation of pinocytosis
TRANSCYTOSIS
S
- Used to bring small molecules into the cell and to transport
these molecules through the cell for their release on the
other side of the cell.
- Function similar to clathrin.
CAVEOLIN

- A coating protein used in potocytosis.

CAVOLAE

- This is where vacuoles or vesicles are formed that smaller

than those in pinocytosis.
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS