2.

Telangana-A brief historical overview

2.1 Geography

The new State is formed as 29th State of the Indian Union with 10 districts. The new State
is situated in between Northern latitudes of 15 degrees 55’ and 19 degrees 56’ and in
between Eastern Longitudes of 77 degrees 15’ and 80 degrees 47’. Telangana State’s
geographical area is 1,14,863 Square Kilometers and it is in 12th place in area wise. The
State is also in 12th place with regard to population with 3,51,93,978 people but it stands
28th place in literacy rate with 66.29%.

Telangana State is part of the Deccan Plateau and it is at the height of

approximately 480-600 meters with mean sea level. The height of the area located at
Hyderabad-Warangal-Khammam is up to 730 meters.

The State has Godavari and Pranahitha Rivers on the North, Krishna and
Tungabhadra rivers on the South, Coastal Andhra districts in the East and Karnataka and
Maharashtra States as borders in the West (Hanmanth Reddy, 2014, p.5.).

2.2 History

Telangana region has centuries old history. The region has been ruled by many great
dynasties like Sathavahanas, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Mughals, Qutubshahis, Asafjahis. Of
which the Kakathiyas impressions on architecture are found in these days too
(http://www.telangana.com).

Sathavahanas ruled over the Telangana for about 400 years from the 2nd century
B.C. to beyond the 2nd century A.D. They were also called Salivahanas and Satakarnis.
In the 3rd century B.C., Simukha, the founder of the Sathavahana dynasty, unified the
various Andhra principalities into one kingdom and became its ruler (271 B.C. -- 248
B.C.). Satakarni II, the sixth ruler of the dynasty (184 B.C.) extended his kingdom to the
west and ruled for a period of 56 years. Pulumavi-I had brought renewed strength and
glory to the kingdom. Gathasaptasati, of Hala, the 17th Satavahana king is a major
literary work of the period. Dharmapuri in Karimnagar was the capital city for many
years.

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 Among Kakathiyas, Prataparudra, grandson of Rudramamba succeeded his
grandmother in A.D.1295 and ruled till A.D.1323. He pushed the western border of his
kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms and divided the
kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Vijayanagara
Rayas.

Telangana came under the rule of the Bahamani Sultans in the 16th century and
the Mughals in the 17th century.

The State of Hyderabad was founded by Mir Qamruddin Chin Qilich Khan. He
was the son of Aurangzeb's general Ghazi-ud-din Khan Feroz Jang, who traced his
ancestry to Abu Bakr, the first Khalifa. By 1724, Mir Qamruddin had made himself
virtually independent of Delhi, although he and his successors continued to profess a
nominal allegiance to the Moghul emperor right up to 1858, when the British Crown
assumed the governance of India (http://www.telangana.com/history.htm).

Geographically, Hyderabad occupies a pivotal position in the heart of the country

and in Telangana. In population, revenue and importance it was the premier State in the
country. Hyderabad had its own coinage, paper currency and stamps during the Nizam
rule. Hyderabad was treated by the British no differently from other Indian States.
(http://www.telangana.com/history.htm). The then Viceroy Lord Chelmsford ascertained
that the sovereignty of the British Crown was supreme in India. He pointed out that it was
the right of the British Government to intervene in the internal affairs of Indian States,
including Nizam.

In March 1946 the cabinet mission advised the princely states on the future of
their merger after the formation of independent India, and separate Pakistan for Indian
Muslims. This was further clarified in May 1946 referring to the lapse of paramountncy
and formation of federation. The Congress opposed the independent states outside the
Federal Union, but the Muslim league encouraged the states to remain independent. The
Nizam of Hyderabad was under the influence of Ittehadul Musulmin under Kasim
Razvi, declared his intention to remain as independent state.

Soon after the announcement of His Majesty's Government's plan of 3 June 1947,
the Nizam issued a firman (order) declaring his intention not to send representatives to the

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Constituent Assembly of either Pakistan or India, and making it clear that on 15 August
he would be entitled to resume the status of an independent sovereign. It had been his
ambition to secure Dominion Status for his State, on the withdrawal of the British and
treatment then henceforth as a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. When
he saw that clause 7 of the Indian Independence Bill did not permit the grant of Dominion
Status to an Indian State, the Nizam sent a delegation to Delhi on 11 July headed by the
Nawab of Chhatari, President of the Executive Council, to meet Lord Mountbatten.

Meanwhile, Laik Ali was pressing that the Hyderabad issue should be taken to the
United Nations Organization (http://www.telangana.com/history.htm). On 17 August, he
wrote to Jawaharlal Nehru that Hyderabad had decided to urge the United Nations
Organization to resolve the dispute between Hyderabad and India.

2.3 Razakar Movement

The Nizam was against the merger of Hyderabad Samsthan into Indian Union. Sukhdev
Singh (2011, October 21) states that after Indian independence on August 15, 1947, the
then Nizam of Hyderabad refused to join the Indian Union. He tried to achieve this goal
with the help of the Razakars, the private army led by Khasim Razvi of the Ittehadul
Muslimeen. (http://www.telangana.com/History/razakar.htm). The Razakars resorted to
loots and rapes of people of the Hyderabad Samsthan and created turmoil with the help of
landlords.

The State Congress supported the merger of the Hyderabad State into Indian
Union and launched a movement against the Razakars. The Communists on their part
organized village defense squads against the Nizam Police and Razakars.

The negotiations between the Nizam Rulers and the Indian Union failed. The
Nizam Government did not agree to the accession to the Indian Union. Majlis Ittehadul
Muslimeen representing Muslims and the Razakars within the Samsthan posed a serious
threat to peace, law and order and harmony. Razakars tried to give an impression that the
people of the region were against the accession of the Hyderabad Samsthan to Indian
Union through violence against the people.

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 The Government of India persuaded the Nizam to sign the Instrument of
Accession with India. After tortuous negotiations, the Nizam finally entered into a "Stand
Still Agreement" on November 29, 1947, with India for one year to maintain status quo.

This agreement gave Nizam time to procure military hardware from different parts
of the world and smuggle them into Hyderabad. In the meanwhile the Nizam sent a
delegation to the United Nations organization to refer the Hyderabad case to the Security
Council.

2.4 Police Action

With the spurt in violence by the Razakars and the Nizam's attempts to be independent,
the Government of India on September 13, 1948 launched “Operation Polo” – Police
Action against the Nizam led by Major-General J.N.Chaudhuri. The Nizam's forces
surrendered to the Indian army within only five days on September 18, 1948 and Mir Laik
Ali, the Prime Minister of the Nizam, and Khasim Razvi were arrested. On September 23,
the Nizam withdrew his complaint to the Security Council. The merger of Hyderabad
Dominions into the Indian Union was announced.

Thus the merger of Hyderabad with the Indian Union was completed with an
official announcement after Hyderabad had remained under the rule of Nizam for 1 year,
1 month and 4 days. Major-General J.N.Chaudhuri took over as Military Governor of
Hyderabad till the end of 1949. In January 1950, M.K.Vellodi, a senior civil servant was
made the Chief Minister of the State and the Nizam was designated "Raj Pramukh". After
the 1952 General Elections, the first popular ministry headed by Burgula Rama Krishna
Rao took charge of the State (http://www.telangana.com/History/razakar.htm).

Telangana Jana Parishad’s convener Prof. Keshavarao Jadhav, who witnessed all
the movements of Telangana region, states that “from 1948 to 1956, Telangana passed
through several phases- military rule, Velodi’s rule and the induction of a popular
government after elections in 1952 with Burugula Ramakrishna Rao as Chief Minister
(http://www.telangana.com/Articles/article6.htm).

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2.5 Formation of Andhra Pradesh State

According to Sukhdev Singh (2011, October 21), before independence, the regions of
coastal Andhra and the Rayalaseema were a part of the Madras Presidency which was a
province of the British India then. The Telangana region was the part of the independent
native state ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad under British protection. Though there were
568 Indian native states ruled by the erstwhile royal dynasties, Hyderabad State was the
most important and a rich native State which was administered directly by the Governor
General of India. After the announcement of first General Elections in India both for the
Centre and the States, Hyderabad State was considered a separate State for the elections
whereas the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema went to elections as part of the Madras
State. Hyderabad remained a separate State till it was split in 1956 to form the Andhra
Pradesh State on November 1, 1956.

Sukhdev Singh (2011, October 21) states that the idea of creating States in the
country on the linguistic basis had been brewing in the minds of the Indian leaders since
independence. The Congress party constituted a committee comprising Pattabhi
Sitaramaiah, Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhai Patel to reconsider the reorganization of
States. The committee in its report of April 1949 recommended that creation of States on
linguistic lines be postponed for a few more years. The delay caused unrest among the
Telugu speaking people of erstwhile Madras State and their leader Potti Sri Ramulu went
on a fast unto death on October 19, 1952 for the creation of a separate Andhra State. His
death in the fasting camp on December 15, 1952 led to violence in Andhra region. This
made the Government to yield to the demand of the agitators and a separate State of
Andhra was created on October 1, 1953. The State of Hyderabad which also included
about nine Telugu speaking districts still remained as a separate State. The Government
of India constituted the States Reorganization Commission (SRC) under the States
Reorganization Act consisting of Syed Fazal Ali, KM Panikker and HN Kunzru.

The then Prime Minister of India, Pt Jawaharlal Nehru was forced to create an
Andhra State on October 1, 1953 with 11 Telugu speaking districts of coastal Andhra and
Rayalaseema areas which were hitherto part of the Madras state.

Later, the nine Telugu speaking districts were merged with 11 districts of Andhra
State which was created on October 1, 1953 to form a bigger State of Andhra Pradesh.

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The four Kannada speaking districts in Gulbarga division of Hyderabad State were
merged with Karnataka while the four Marathi speaking districts of Aurangabad division
of Hyderabad State were merged with Maharshtra. The remaining two districts of Medak
and Nizamabad also became part of the Andhra Pradesh.

A new state of Andhra Pradesh thus came into being on November 1, 1956
merging all the districts of coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. Neelam Sanjiva
Reddy became the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and CM Trivedi was appointed
Governor.

2.6 Gentlemen’s Agreement

According to Telangana Political JAC leader and Kodanda Ram (2009, August12) the
Gentlemen’s Agreement of Andhra Pradesh was signed between Telangana and Andhra
leaders before the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The agreement
provided safeguards to prevent discrimination of Telangana by the Government of
Andhra Pradesh.

2.7 Agitation for Separate Telangana (1969)

Since there was opposition to the merger, discontentment among the people of
Telangana triggered the Telangana agitation in the first week of January 1969 in
Khammam when students demanded the implementation of the Gentlemen's Agreement.
The students were divided into two groups: one demanding the implementation of
safeguards and the other demanding a separate Telangana state.

The Telangana agitation was leaderless in the beginning. Madan Mohan, a lawyer,
formed a forum known as the Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS) in February 1969 with the
support of journalists. Marri Chenna Reddy was sympathetic to these leaders. The TPS
organized conventions in many towns across Telangana and soon got strengthened.
Chenna Reddy came out openly in support of a separate Telangana and K.V. Ranga
Reddy blessed the movement. Protests intensified and there was deterioration in law and
order as there was firing.

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 The Prime Minister announced an Eight-Point Formula on April 11, 1969 to
ensure the development of Telangana. In consonance with this formula, the Centre
appointed two committees:

1. Committee of Jurists under former Justice K.N. Wanchoo to suggest measures to

provide constitutional safeguards for the Telangana people in the matter of public
employment

2. Committee under Justice Bhargava to assess the revenue surpluses of Telangana.

The TPS contested all the 14 seats to Parliament from Telangana and won 10 out of 11
MP seats in 1971 General Elections. The TPS merged with the Congress party in Centre
on the following terms:

1. Continuation of Mulki Rules

2. Separate budget and accounts for Telangana

3. Separate Pradesh Congress Committee for Telangana

4. Resignation of Brahmananda Reddy in favor of a Chief Minister from Telangana.

Non-Gazetted Officers threatened direct action on January 11, 1969, if their

demands were not met. At the outbreak of the agitation, the Chief Minister of Andhra
Pradesh called for an All-Party Meeting and announced that there was a perfect unanimity
among the leaders to 'achieve full integration of Andhra Pradesh State.

Two issues were discussed and agreed upon:

1) The appointment of a senior civil service officer to decide the question of Telangana
surpluses.

2) Relieving of all domicile persons from Telangana posts and providing jobs for them in
the Andhra region.

Following the all-party accord of January 1969, the State Government issued
orders for the transfer of non-domicile public employees from Telangana. The

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Government order on these transfers was the Public Employment Act of 1957. The rules
were challenged by Andhra employees in the Andhra Pradesh High Court. The High
Court struck down the Public Employment Act and the Rules. The Government appealed
to the division bench of the High Court.

A few other Andhra employees led by A.V.S. Narasimha Rao filed a separate
writ petition in the Supreme Court on February 4, 1969, challenging the validity of the
Government Order and also the Public Employment Act of 1957 and the Rules. The
Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court gave its judgment on March 28 quashing the
Government Order.

As a follow-up measure of the All-Party accord, the Chief Minister of Andhra

Pradesh arranged for the accounting of Telangana surplus funds. Kumar Lalith, Deputy
Comptroller and Auditor General, assessed the surplus funds as Rs.34.10 crores.

The Telangana agitation did not achieve for a separate state, but secured assurance
of safeguards for the region. Its achievement was quite significant. It wrested for the first
time the Chief Ministership from the politically dominant Andhras. However, the new
Chief Minister, P.V. Narasimha Rao (former Education Minister in the State Cabinet) was
an integrationist and politically a light weight in the Reddy dominated Telangana politics.
Ten portfolios in his ministry went to Telangana, three of them belonging to the erstwhile
TPS (http://www.telangana.com/History/telagitation.htm). Bramhananada Reddy resigned
on June 27.

2.8 Six-Point Formula (Presidential Order)

On 21 September 1973, the Government of India came up with a Six-Point Formula. It

was agreed upon by the leaders of the two regions to prevent any recurrence of such
agitations in the future. To avoid legal problems, the Constitution was amended (32nd
amendment) to give legal sanctity to the Six-point formula (2012, October 25, IBN
Live.in.com).

In 1985, when Telangana employees complained about the violations to Six Point
formula, the Government enacted government order 610 (GO 610) to correct the
violations in recruitment. As Telangana people complained about non implementation of

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GO 610, in 2001, government constituted Girglani commission to look into violations
(2011, July 10, Times of India).

2.9 2004-2010

After a lull, the demand for a separate Telangana State was raised when K Chandrashekar
Rao quit Telugu Desam Party (TDP) to form the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) on
April 27, 2001. In the 2004 elections, TRS forged an alliance with Congress as the latter
included the creation of Telangana in the Common Minimum Program (CMP) after
consultations.

In the 2009 elections, the TRS managed to win 10 out of the 45 Assembly seats
and only 2 MP seats. Some media analysts thought Telangana sentiment faded (2013,
September.3, Times of India).

Within few months of getting re-elected as popular CM, YS Rajashekar Reddy

(YSR) died in a helicopter crash in September 2009. This resulted in a leadership crisis
within the Congress party and also created a political vacuum in the state (2004, March
18, Deccan Herald). At this point in time, TRS president K Chandrashekar Rao (KCR),
on 29 November 2009, started a fast-unto-death, demanding that the Congress party
introduce a Telangana bill in Parliament (2004, March 5, The Hindu).

2.10 Bifurcation announcement & Rollback

On 9 December 2009, Union Minister of Home Affairs P Chidambaram announced that

the Indian government would start the process of forming a separate Telangana state,
pending the introduction and passage of a separation resolution in the Andhra Pradesh
Assembly. This resulted in protests across both Andhra and Rayalaseema. Students,
workers, lawyers and various organizations in the regions launched the Samaikyandhra
Movement demanding that the state be kept united (2011, Nov.15, NDTV.Com).

On 23 December, the Government of India announced that no action on

Telangana will be taken until a consensus is reached by all parties and groups in the state
(2009, November 17, The Hindu).

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 A Joint Action Committee (also known as JAC or TJAC) comprising political and
non-political groups was formed to lead the demand for separate Telangana with Osmania
University Professor M Kodandaram as its convener (2011, March 12, Times of India).

On 3 February, the government appointed a five-member committee headed by

Justice SriKrishna to look into the issue (2009, Dec.19, The Hindu). The committee
elicited opinions of various sections of the society and submitted its report with certain
recommendations.

2.11 Million March, Sakala Janula Samme and Telangana March

Mean while, the Telangana Political Joint Action Committee (JAC) organized a Million
March on March 10, 2010 where around 50,000 people reached to Tank Bund of Hussain
Sagar located at the heart of the Hyderabad City. During this March, agitators desecrated
the statues of the eminent personalities from Seemandhra region erected on Tank Bund by
the former Chief Minister late NT Rama Rao (2011, March 10, Fullhyderabad.com).  

Million March followed by the TRS party organized Sakala Janula Samme strike
by a all sections of the people on September 13, 2011 employees throughout Telangana
stayed away from work, Lawyers boycotted courts and 60,000 coal miners of Singareni
Collieries (SCCL Ltd.) also joined the strike.

After setting September 30, 2012 as the deadline for the Centre to announce the
formation of Telangana, the T JAC threatened to organize a Telangana March in
Hyderabad on the lines of the Dandi March. T JAC organized Telangana March in the
name of Sagara Haram on September 30, 2012 as it announced earlier. Lakhs of people
across the Telangana region reached the spot to make it a huge success.

2.12 All Party Meeting

On 28 December 2012 an all party meeting was organised by Sushilkumar Shinde, Home
minister of India to discuss the Telangana issue which was attended by eight political
parties. In the meeting, MIM and CPI (M) reiterated their strong opposition to division of
the state. YSR Congress remained neutral and requested the central government to take a
decision. Congress representatives gave conflicting views, one supporting the division
and one opposing it (Asian Age), (2012, October 1, The Hindu) & (Times of India).

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2.13 Chalo Assembly

In May 2013, the TJAC gave a call to lay siege to the State Legislative Assembly in
Hyderabad on 14 June 2013. The Government refused permission fearing violence like in
past despite assurances by the TJAC. Police made pre-emptive arrests of activists through
the region which led do stalling of the assembly proceedings by opposition parties (2013,
June 28, Times of India).

2.14 CWC resolution on bifurcation

On 30 July, the Congress Working Committee (CWC) unanimously passed a resolution

for the creation of Telangana within a definite timeframe (2013, June 30, Outlook). The
committee also assured that the concerns of people from the remaining regions regarding
sharing of water and power resources will be addressed. The bifurcation decision sparked
off fresh protests as part of the Samaikyandhra Movement.

2.15 Cabinet approval of Telangana State

On 3 October 2013, the Union Cabinet approved the creation of a new State of Telangana
by bifurcating the existing State of Andhra Pradesh. The Union Cabinet has also
approved the setting up of a Group of Ministers (GoM) to go into the various issues
which concern both the States including setting up of a new capital for the residuary State
of Andhra Pradesh (2013, July 30, yahoo news.com). Hyderabad will start out as a shared
capital for 10 years, after which it will belong to Telangana, said the Home Minister
(2013, July 13, times of india.indiatimes.com) & (2013, July 30, IbnLive.in.com).

On December 5, 2013, the Cabinet approved the Telangana draft bill prepared by
Group of Ministers (GoM) for approval by the Parliament. Later the bill was sent to the
President who in turn sent it to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly. The Assembly passed it by
voice vote (2014, February 5, Times of India).

On February 18, the Telangana Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha amidst protests
of Seemandhra region MPs irrespective of their political affiliations (2014, February 18,
timesofindia.indiatimes.com).

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 On February 20, the Telangana bill was passed by Rajya Sabha with the support
from the BJP (2014, February 7, Hindustan Times). Later, the president gave his assent on
March 1, 2014 (2014, February 14, timesofindia.indiatimes.com) and the new State was
formed on June 2, 2014.

2.16 Political Map of Telangana

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References

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 • Telangana bill to face RS test on February 12, cabinet says no to UT status for
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