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Chapter.3
Matrices
Class–XII
Subject–Mathematics
Exercise- 3.1
1.
� 2 5 19 -7 �
� �
5
In the matrix A = � 35 -2 12 � , write:
� 2 �
� �
� 31 1 -5 17 �
Sol.
� 2 5 19 �7 �
� �
5
A = 35 �2
� 12 �
� 2 �
� �
� 31 1 �5 17 �
Number of columns = 4
(iii) a13 = 19
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
a21 = 35
a33 = �5
a24 = 12
5
a23 =
2
2.
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it
has 13 elements?
Sol.
Order of a matrix = m � n
The ordered pairs are: (1, 24), (24, 1), (2, 12), (12, 2), (3, 8), (8, 3), (4, 6), and
(6, 4)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
3.
If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it
has 5 elements?
Sol.
Order of a matrix = m � n
The ordered pairs are: (1, 18), (18, 1), (2, 9), (9, 2), (3, 6,), and (6, 3)
1 � 18, 18 � 1, 2 � 9, 9 � 2, 3 � 6, and 6 � 3
(1, 5) and (5, 1) are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 5
4.
Construct a 2 � 2 matrix, A = ��aij �� whose elements are given by:
( i + j)
2
(i) aij =
2
i
(ii) a ij =
j
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
( i + 2j)
2
(iii) aij =
2
Sol.
� a11 a12 �
A=� �
� a21 a22 �
(i)
( i + j)
2
� ij =
2
(1 + 1)
2
a11 = =2
2
(1 + 2)
2
9
a12 = =
2 2
( 2 + 1)
2
9
a21 = =
2 2
( 2 + 2)
2
a22 = =8
2
� 9�
� 2 �
2
A=� �
�9 8 �
�� 2 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
i
(ii) aij =
j
1
a11 = = 1
1
1
a12 =
2
2
a21 = = 2
1
2
a22 = = 1
2
� 1�
1
A=� 2�
� �
�2 1 �
(iii)
( i + 2 j)
2
aij =
2
(1 + 2)
2
9
a11 = =
2 2
(1 + 4)
2
25
a12 = =
2 2
( 2 + 2)
2
a21 = =8
2
( 2 + 4)
2
a22 = = 18
2
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�9 25 �
A = �2 2�
� �
�8 18 �
5.
1
(i) aij = -3i + j (ii) a ij = 2i - j
2
Sol.
(i)
1
aij = �3i + j
2
1 1
a11 = �3 � 1 + 1 = � 2 = 1
2 2
1 1
a12 = �3 � 1 + 2 =
2 2
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
1
a13 = �3 � 1 + 3 = 0
2
1 1
a14 = �3 � 1 + 4 =
2 2
1 5
a21 = �3 � 2 + 1 =
2 2
1
a22 = �3 � 2 + 2 = 2
2
1 3
a23 = �3 � 2 + 3 =
2 2
1
a24 = �3 � 2 + 4 = 1
2
1
a31 = �3 � 3 + 1 = 4
2
1 7
a32 = �3 � 3 + 2 =
2 2
1
a33 = �3 � 3 + 3 = 3
2
1 5
a34 = �3 � 3 + 4 =
2 2
� 1 1�
� 1 0
2 2�
� �
� 5 3 �
A= 2 1
�2 2 �
� �
�4 7 5�
3
� 2 2�
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
(ii)
aij = 2i � j
a11 = 2 � 1 � 1 = 1
a12 = 2 � 1 � 2 = 0
a13 = 2 � 1 � 3 = �1
a14 = 2 � 1 � 4 = �2
a21 = 2 � 2 � 1 = 3
a22 = 2 � 2 � 2 = 2
a23 = 2 � 2 � 3 = 1
a24 = 2 � 2 � 4 = 0
a31 = 2 � 3 � 1 = 5
a32 = 2 � 3 � 2 = 4
a33 = 2 � 3 � 3 = 3
a34 = 2 � 3 � 4 = 2
�1 0 �1 �2 �
�
A = �3 2 1 0 � �
��5 4 3 2 ��
6.
� 4 3� � y z �
(i) � � =� �
� x 5� � 1 5�
� x + y 2 � �6 2 �
(ii) � � =� �
� 5 + z xy � �5 8 �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� x + y + z � �9 �
� x + z � = �5�
(iii) � � � �
�� y + z �� ��7 ��
Sol.
(i)
� 4 3� � y z �
� x 5� = � 1 5 �
� � � �
x = 1, y = 4, and z = 3
(ii)
�x + y 2 � �6 2�
�5 + z � =� �
� xy � �5 8 �
x+y=6
xy = 8
5+z=5
�z=0
Now,
� (x � y)2 = 36 � 32 = 4
� x � y = ±2
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�x = 4, y = 2, and z = 0 or x = 2, y = 4, and z = 0
(iii)
� x + y + z � �9 �
� x + z � = �5�
� � � �
�� y + z �� ��7 ��
x + y + z = 9 … (1)
x + z = 5 …..... (2)
y + z = 7 …..... (3)
y+5=9
�y=4
4+z=7
�z=3
�x+z=5
�x=2
� x = 2, y = 4, and z = 3
7.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� a - b 2a + c � �-1 5 �
� 2a - b 3c + d � = � 0 13�
� � � �
Sol.
� a � b 2a + c � � �1 5 �
� 2a � b 3c + d � = � 0 13�
� � � �
a � b = �1 … (1)
2a � b = 0 … (2)
2a + c = 5 … (3)
3c + d = 13 … (4)
b = 2a
From (1)
a � 2a = �1
�a=1
�b=2
From (3)
2 �1 + c = 5
�c=3
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
3 �3 + d = 13
� 9 + d = 13 � d = 4
�a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, and d = 4
8.
(A) m < n
(B) m > n
(C) m = n
Sol.
We know that,
A given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the number of rows is equal to the
number of columns.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
9.
Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal
� 3x + 7 5 � �0 y - 2 �
� y + 1 2 - 3x � = �8 �
4 �
� � �
-1
(A) x = ,y = 7
3
-2
(C) y = 7,x =
3
-1 -2
(D) x = ,y =
3 3
Sol.
�3 x + 7 5 � �0 y � 2�
� y + 1 2 � 3 x � = �8 4 ��
� � �
3x + 7 = 0
�7
x=
3
5= y�2
y=7
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
y +1 = 8
y=7
2 � 3x = 4
�2
x=
3
We find that on comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we get
two different values of x, which is not possible.
10.
The number of all possible matrices of order 3 � 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:
(A) 27
(B) 18
(C) 81
(D) 512
Sol.
Elements of a 3 � 3 matrix = 9
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Exercise- 3.2
1.
�2 4� � 1 3� �-2 5�
Let A = � � , B=� � , C=� �
� 3 2� �-2 5 � � 3 4�
(i) A+B
(ii) A-B
(iii) 3A-C
(iv) AB
(v) BA
Sol.
(i)
�2 4 � � 1 3�
A+ B = � � +� �
�3 2 � � �2 5�
�3 7�
=� �
�1 7�
(ii)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 4 � � 1 3�
A� B = � � �� �
� 3 2 � � �2 5�
�1 1 �
=� �
�5 �3�
(iii)
� 2 4 � � �2 5�
3A � C = 3 � � �� �
�3 2� � 3 4�
�6 12 � � �2 5�
=� � �� �
�9 6 � � 3 4�
� 6 + 2 12 � 5�
=� �
�9 � 3 6 � 4 �
�8 7 �
=� �
�6 2�
(iv)
� 2 4 � � 1 3�
AB = � � � �
� 3 2 � � �2 5�
� 2 � 8 6 + 20 �
=� �
� 3 � 4 9 + 10 �
� �6 26 �
=� �
� �1 19 �
(v)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 1 3� � 2 4 �
BA = � � � �
� �2 5� � 3 2 �
� 2+9 4+6 �
=� �
� �4 + 15 �8 + 10 �
�11 10 �
=� �
�11 2 �
2.
� a b� �a b�
(i) � � +� �
�-b a � �b a �
2
�a + b 2
b + c � � 2ab 2bc �
2 2
(ii) � 2 2�
+� �
�a + c
2
a + b � �-2ac -2ab �
2
�-1 4 -6 � �12 7 6 �
� 8 5 16� + � 8 0 5 �
(iii) � � � �
�� 2 8 5 �� �� 3 2 4 ��
Sol.
(i)
� a b � �a b �
� �b a � + � b a �
� � � �
� 2a 2b �
=� �
� 0 2 a �
(ii)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�a 2 + b2 b 2 + c 2 � � 2ab 2bc �
� 2 2�
+� �
�a + c a +b � � 2 ac 2 ab
2 2
� � �
� a 2 + b 2 + 2ab b 2 + c 2 + 2bc �
=� 2 �
� a + c � 2ac a + b � 2ab �
2 2 2
� ( a + b )2 ( b + c )2 �
=� �
�� ( a � c ) ( a � b ) ��
2 2
(iii)
� �1 4 �6 � �12 7 6 �
� 8 5 16 � + � 8 0 5 �
� � � �
�� 2 8 5 �� �� 3 2 4 ��
� �1 + 12 4 + 7 �6 + 6 �
�
= � 8 + 8 5 + 0 16 + 5 � �
�� 2 + 3 8 + 2 5 + 4 ��
�11 11 0 �
= ��16 5 21��
�� 5 10 9 ��
(iv)
�1 1�
=� �
�1 1�
3.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� a b � � a -b �
(i) � � � �
�-b a � �b a �
�1 �
(ii) � � [ ]
� 2� 2 3 4
�� 3��
�1 -2 � �1 2 3 �
(iii) � � � �
�2 3 � �2 3 1�
� 2 3 4� �1 -3 5�
� 3 4 5� �0 2 4�
(iv) � �� �
�� 4 5 6�� �� 3 0 5��
� 2 1�
� 3 2� � 1 0 1�
(v) � � �-1 2 1�
��-1 1 �� � �
� 2 -3�
� 3 -1 3� � �
(vi) � �� 1 0 �
� -1 0 2 ��
� 3 1 ��
Sol.
(i)
� a b � � a �b �
� �b a � � b a �
� �� �
� a +b
2 2
�ab + ab �
=� 2 �
� � ab + ab b + a �
2
�a + b
2 2
0 �
=� 2�
� 0 a +b �
2
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
(ii)
�1 �
� �[ ]
�2� 2 3 4
�� 3 ��
�1 � 2 1 � 3 1 � 4 �
�
= �2 � 2 2 � 3 2 � 4� �
�� 3 � 2 3 � 3 3 � 4 ��
�2 3 4 �
�
= �4 6 8 � �
�� 6 9 12 ��
(iii)
� 1 �2 � � 1 2 3�
�2 3 � �2 3 �
1�
� ��
�1 � 1 � 2 � 2 1� 2 � 2 � 3 1� 3 � 2 � 1�
=� �
�2 � 1 + 3 � 2 2 � 2 + 3 � 3 2 � 3 + 3 � 1�
�1 � 4 2 � 6 3 � 2 �
=� �
� 2 + 6 4 + 9 6 + 3�
� �3 � 4 1 �
=� �
� 8 13 9 �
(iv)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 3 4 � �1 �3 5 �
� 3 4 5 � �0 2 4�
� �� �
�� 4 5 6 �� �� 3 0 5 ��
� 2 � 1 + 3 � 0 + 4 � 3 2 � ( �3 ) + 3 � 2 + 4 � 0 2 � 5 + 3 � 4 + 4 � 5 �
= � 3 � 1 + 4 � 0 + 5 � 3 3 � ( �3 ) + 4 � 2 + 5 � 0 3 � 5 + 4 � 4 + 5 � 5 �
� �
�� 4 � 1 + 5 � 0 + 6 � 3 4 � ( �3) + 5 � 2 + 6 � 0 4 � 5 + 5 � 4 + 6 � 5 ��
� 2 + 12 �6 + 6 10 + 12 + 20 �
�
= � 3 + 15 �9 + 8 15 + 16 + 25 � �
�� 4 + 18 �12 + 10 20 + 20 + 30 ��
�14 0 42 �
�
= �18 �1 56 � �
�� 22 �2 70 ��
(v)
� 2 1�
� 3 2 � � 1 0 1�
� � � �1 2 1�
�� �1 1 �� � �
� 2 � 1 + 1(�1) 2 � 0 + 1� 2 2 � 1 + 1� 1 �
= �� 3 � 1 + 2 � (�1) 3 � 0 + 2 � 2 3 � 1 + 2 � 1 ��
�� �1 � 1 + 1 � (�1) �1 � 0 + 1 � 2 �1 � 1 + 1 � 1��
�2 �1 2 2 + 1�
�
= �3 � 2 �
4 3 + 2�
�� �2 2 0 ��
�1 2 3�
�
=�1 4 5� �
�� �2 2 0 ��
(vi)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 �3�
� 3 �1 3 � � �
� �1 0 2 � �1 0 �
� � �3 1 �
� �
� 3 � 2 � 1 � 1 + 3 � 3 3 � (�3) � 1 � 0 + 3 � 1�
=� �
� � 1 � 2 + 0 � 1 + 2 � 3 � 1 � ( � 3) + 0 + 2 � 1 �
� 6 � 1 + 9 �9 + 3�
=� �
� �2 + 6 3+ 2 �
�14 �6 �
=� �
�4 5�
4.
�1 2 -3 � � 3 -1 2 � �4 1 2 �
If A = �5 0 2 � , B = �4 2 5 � , and C = �0 3 2 � , then compute (A+B)
� � � � � �
��1 -1 1 �� �� 2 0 3 �� ��1 -2 3��
and (B-C). Also, verify that A + (B – C) = (A + B) - C
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
LHS = A + ( B � C )
�1 2 �3� � � 3 �1 2 � � 4 1 2 � �
� � �� � � � �
= �5 0 2 � + � � 4 2 5 � � � 0 3 2 � �
��1 �1 1 �� �� �� 2 0 3 �� ��1 �2 3 �� ��
�1 2 �3� � 3 � 4 �1 � 1 2 � 2 �
� � �
= �5 0 2 � + � 4 � 0 2 � 3 5 � 2 � �
��1 �1 1 �� �� 2 � 1 0 + 2 3 � 3 ��
�1 2 �3� � �1 �2 0 �
= ��5 0 2 �� + �� 4 �1 3 ��
��1 �1 1 �� �� 1 2 0 ��
�1�1 2 � 2 �3 + 0 �
�
= �5 + 4 0 �1 2 + 3 � �
�� 1 + 1 �1 + 2 1 + 0 ��
� 0 0 �3�
�
= �9 �1 5 � �
�� 2 1 1 ��
RHS = ( A + B ) � C
� � 1 2 �3� � 3 �1 2 � � � 4 1 2�
� �
= � ��5 0 2 �� + �� 4 2 5 �� � � �� 0 3 2 ��
�� ��1 �1 1 �� �� 2 0 3 �� �� �� 1 �2 3 ��
� 1 + 3 2 � 1 �3 + 2 � � 4 1 2�
= ��5 + 4 0 + 2 2 + 5 �� � �� 0 3 2 ��
��1 + 2 �1 + 0 1 + 3 �� ��1 �2 3 ��
�4 1 �1� � 4 1 2 �
= ��9 2 7 �� � �� 0 3 2 ��
�� 3 �1 4 �� �� 1 �2 3 ��
�4 � 4 1 � 1 �1 � 2 �
= �� 9 � 0 2 � 3 7 � 2 ��
�� 3 � 1 �1 + 2 4 � 3 ��
�0 0 �3�
= ��9 �1 5 ��
�� 2 1 1 ��
Hence,
LHS = RHS
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
5.
�2 5� �2 3 �
�3 1 1�
3� �5 5
� � � �
� 1 2 4� � 1 2 4�
If A = , and B = then compute 3A - 5B .
�3 3 3� �5 5 5�
� � � �
�7 2
2� �7 6 2�
�3 3� �5 5 5�
Sol.
= 3 A � 5B
�2 5� �2 3 �
�3 1 � � 1�
3 5 5
� � � �
� 1 2 4� �1 2 4�
=3 -5
�3 3 3� �5 5 5�
� � � �
�7 2
2� �7 6 2�
�3 3� �5 5 5�
�2 3 5� �2 3 5�
�
= �1 � �
2 4 � � �1 2 4 ��
��7 6 2 �� ��7 6 2 ��
�0 0 0�
�
= �0 0 0� �
��0 0 0 ��
6.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Sol.
7.
Find X and Y, if
�7 0� �3 0�
(i) X + Y = � � and X - Y = � �
� 2 5 � � 0 3 �
� 2 3� � 2 -2�
(ii) 2X + 3Y = � � , and 3X + 2Y = � �
�4 0� �-1 5 �
Sol.
(i)
�7 0�
X +Y = � � ......................(1)
� 2 5�
�3 0�
X �Y = � � ........................(2)
�0 3�
On adding both equations
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�7 0� �3 0�
2X = � � +� �
�2 5 � �0 3�
�10 0�
2X = � �
�2 8�
1 �10 0 �
X = � �
2 � 2 8�
�5 0 �
X =� �
�1 4 �
(ii)
� 2 3�
2 X + 3Y = � � .........................(1)
� 4 0�
� 2 �2 �
3 X + 2Y = � � .....................(2)
� �1 5 �
On multiplying equation (1) with 3 & equation (2) with 2
� 2 3�
3 � ( 2 X + 3Y ) = 3 � �
� 4 0 �
� 6 9�
6 X + 9Y = � � .................................(4)
�12 0 �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 �2 �
2 � ( 3 X + 2Y ) = 2 � �
� �1 5 �
� 4 �4 �
6 X + 4Y = � � ..............................(5)
� �2 10 �
On subtracting equation (5) from (4)
� 6 9 � � 4 �4 �
5Y = � � �� �
�12 0 � � �2 10 �
� 2 13 �
5Y = � �
�14 �10 �
1 � 2 13 �
Y= � �
5 �14 �10 �
�2 13 �
�5 5�
Y =� �
�14 �2 �
�� 5 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 4 26 �
� 2 �2 � � 5 5�
3X = � � �� �
� �1 5 � � 28 �4 �
�� 5 ��
� 4 26 �
� 2� 5 �2 � �
5
3X = � �
� �1 � 28 5+ 4 �
�� 5 ��
� 6 36 �
� 5 � �
5
3X = � �
� � 33 9 �
�� 5 ��
� 6 36 �
�
1� 5 5 �
X = � �
3 � 33
� 9 �
�� 5 ��
� 2 12 �
� 5 � �
5
X =� �
� � 11 3 �
�� 5 ��
8.
� 3 2� � 1 0�
Find X, if Y = � � , and 2X + Y = � �
�1 4 � �-3 2�
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 1 0�
2X + Y = � �
� �3 2 �
�3 2 � � 1 0 �
2X + � � =� �
�1 4 � � � 3 2 �
� 1 0 � �3 2 �
2X = � � �� �
� � 3 2 � �1 4 �
� 1 � 3 0 � 2�
2X = � �
� �3 � 1 2 � 4 �
1 � �2 �2 �
X = � �
2 � �4 �2 �
� �1 �1�
X =� �
� �2 �1�
9.
�1 3 � � y 0 � � 5 6 �
Find x and y, if 2 � � +� � =� �
�0 x � � 1 2 � �1 8�
Sol.
�1 3 � � y 0 � �5 6 �
2� � +� � =� �
� 0 x � � 1 2 � � 1 8 �
�2 6 � � y 0 � �5 6 �
� 0 2 x � + � 1 2 � = �1 8 �
� � � � � �
�2 + y 6 � �5 6 �
� 1 � =� �
� 2 x + 2 � � 1 8 �
on comparing elements
2+ y =5
y=3
2x + 2 = 8
x=3
� x = 3, y = 3
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
10.
�x z� �1 -1� � 3 5�
2� � + 3� � = 3� �
�y t � �0 2 � �4 6�
Sol.
� x z� �1 �1� � 3 5�
2� � + 3� � = 3� �
�y t � �0 2 � � 4 6�
� 2 x 2 z � � 3 �3� � 9 15�
� 2 y 2t � + �0 6 � = �12 18�
� � � � � �
� 2 x + 3 2 z � 3� � 9 15�
� 2y � =� �
� 2t + 6 � �12 18�
On comparing elemnets
2x + 3 = 9
x=3
2 z � 3 = 15
z =9
2 y = 12
y=6
2t + 6 = 18
t =6
x = 3, z = 9, y = 6, t = 6
11.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2� � �1� �10�
x� � + y� � = � �
� 3� �1� �5�
� 2 x � � � y � �10�
� 3x � + � y � = � 5 �
� � � � � �
� 2 x � y � �10 �
�3x + y � = � 5 �
� � � �
On comparing elements
2 x � y = 10................(1)
3x + y = 5.................(2)
On adding both equations
5 x = 15
x=3
2 x � y = 10
2 � 3 � y = 10
y = �4
x = 3, y = �4
12.
�x y � � x 6 � � 4 x + y�
Given 3 � � =� � +� � , find the values of x, y, z and w.
� z w � �-1 2w � � z + w 3 �
Sol.
�x y � � x 6 � � 4 x + y�
3� � =� � +� �
� z w � � �1 2 w � � z + w 3 �
�3 x 3 y � � x + 4 6 + x + y�
� 3 z 3w� = � �1 + z + w 2 w + 3 �
� � � �
on comparing elements
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
3x = x + 4
x=2
3y = 6 + x + y
3y = 6 + 2 + y
3y = 8 + y
y=4
3w = 2 w + 3
w=3
3 z = �1 + z + w
3 z = �1 + z + 3
2z = 2
z =1
x = 2, y = 4, w = 3, z = 1
13.
�cosx -sinx 0 �
If F(x) = � sinx cosx 0 � , show that F(x)F(y) = F ( x + y ) .
� �
�� 0 0 1 ��
Sol.
� cos x � sin x 0 �
�
F ( x) = � sin x cos x 0 � �
�� 0 0 1 ��
� cos y � sin y 0 �
F ( y ) = �� sin y cos y 0 ��
�� 0 0 1 ��
� cos ( x + y ) � sin ( x + y ) 0 �
F ( x + y ) = � sin ( x + y ) cos ( x + y ) 0 �
� �
�� 0 0 1 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
LHS = F ( x) F ( y )
�cos x � sin x 0 � �cos y � sin y 0 �
� � �
= � sin x cos x 0 � � sin y cos y 0 � �
�� 0 0 1 �� �� 0 0 1 ��
� cos x cos y � sin x sin y � sin y cos x � sin x cos y 0 �
�
= �sin x cos y + cos x sin y � sin x sin y + cos x cos y 0 � �
�� 0 0 1 ��
�cos ( x + y ) � sin ( x + y ) 0 �
= � sin ( x + y ) cos ( x + y ) 0 �
� �
�� 0 0 1 ��
= RHS
14.
Show that
�5 -1� � 2 1 � � 2 1� � 5 -1�
(i) � � � � �� � � �
�6 7 � � 3 4� � 3 4� � 6 7 �
�1 2 3� �-1 1 0� �-1 1 0 � �1 2 3�
(ii) �0 1 0 � � 0 -1 1 � � � 0 -1 1 � �0 1 0 �
� �� � � �� �
��1 1 0 �� �� 2 3 4�� �� 2 3 4 �� ��1 1 0 ��
Sol.
(i)
�5 �1� � 2 1 �
LHS = � � � �
�6 7 � � 3 4�
� 10 � 3 5 � 4 �
=� �
�12 + 21 6 + 28 �
�7 1�
=� �
�33 34 �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 1 � �5 �1�
RHS = � � � �
� 3 4� �6 7 �
� 10 + 6 �2 + 7 �
=� �
�15 + 24 �3 + 28�
�16 5 �
=� �
�39 25�
LHS � RHS
(ii)
�1 2 3 � � �1 1 0 �
LHS = �� 0 1 0 �� �� 0 �1 1 ��
��1 1 0 �� �� 2 3 4 ��
� �1 + 6 1 � 2 + 9 2 + 12 �
= �� 0 �1 1 ��
�� �1 1�1 1 ��
� 5 8 14 �
�
= � 0 �1 1 � �
�� �1 0 1 ��
� �1 1 0 � � 1 2 3 �
RHS = �� 0 �1 1 �� �� 0 1 0 ��
�� 2 3 4 �� ��1 1 0 ��
� �1 �2 + 1 � 3 �
= �� 1 �1 + 1 0 ��
�� 2 + 4 4 + 3 + 4 6 ��
� �1 � 1 � 3 �
= �� 1 0 0 ��
�� 6 11 6 ��
LHS � RHS
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
15.
�2 0 1�
� �
Find A - 5A + 6I if A = � 2 1 3 �
2
��1 -1 0 ��
Sol.
�2 0 1�
�
A = �2 1 3� �
��1 �1 0 ��
�2 0 1� �2 0 1�
A2 = �� 2 1 3�� �� 2 1 3��
��1 �1 0 �� �� 1 �1 0 ��
� 4 +1 �1 2 � � 5 �1 2 �
� � �
= � 4 + 2 + 3 1 � 3 2 + 3� = �9 �2 5 � �
�� 2 � 2 �1 1 � 3 �� �� 0 �1 �2 ��
A � 5 A + 6I
2
�5 �1 2� �2 0 1� �1 0 0�
�
= �9 � � �
�2 5 � � 5 � 2 1 3� + 6 �0� 1 0� �
��0 �1 �2 �� ��1 �1 0 �� ��0 0 1 ��
�5 �1 2 � �10 0 5 � �6 0 0�
�
= �9 � �
�2 5 � � �10 5 15� + �0� � 6 0� �
��0 �1 �2 �� �� 5 �5 0 �� ��0 0 6 ��
�5 � 10 + 6 �1 2�5 �
= �� 9 � 10 �2 � 5 + 6 5 � 15 ��
�� �5 �1 + 5 �2 + 6 ��
� 1 �1 �3 �
�
= � �1 �1 �10 � �
�� �5 4 4 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
16.
�1 0 2�
� �
If A = � 0 2 1 � , prove that A 3 - 6A 2 + 7A + 2I = 0
�� 2 0 3 ��
Sol.
�1 0 2�
�
A = �0 2 1��
�� 2 0 3��
�1 0 2� �1 0 2�
A = �0
2 � � �
2 1 � �0 2 1 � �
�� 2 0 3�� �� 2 0 3��
�1 + 4 0 2 + 6 � � 5 0 8 �
�
=� 2 � �
4 3 + 2 � = �2 4 5 ��
�� 2 + 6 0 4 + 9 �� ��8 0 13��
�5 0 8 � �1 0 2�
�
A = �2 4
3 � �
5 � �0 2 1 � �
��8 0 13�� �� 2 0 3��
� 5 + 16 0 10 + 24 � � 21 0 34 �
�
= � 2 + 10 � � �
8 4 + 4 + 15� = �12 8 23�
��8 + 26 0 16 + 39 �� ��34 0 55��
LHS = A � 6 A + 7 A + 2 I
3 2
� 21 0 34� �5 0 8 � �1 0 2� �1 0 0 �
� � � � � � �
= �12 8 23� � 6 � 2 4 5 � + 7 � 0 2 1 � + 2 �0 1 0 � �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 21 0 34 � �30 0 48� � 7 0 14 � � 2 0 0 �
� � � � �
= �12 8 23� � �12 24 30 � + � 0 14 7 � + � 0 2 0 � � � �
��34 0 55�� �� 48 0 78�� ��14 0 21�� �� 0 0 2 ��
� 21 � 30 + 7 + 2 0 34 � 48 + 14 �
�
= � 12 � 12 8 � 24 + 14 + 2 23 � 30 + 7 � �
�� 34 � 48 + 14 0 55 � 78 + 21 + 2 ��
�0 0 0 �
� �
= �0 0 0 � = 0
��0 0 0 ��
= RHS
17.
� 3 -2� �1 0 � 2
If A = � � , and I = � � , find k so that A = kA - 2I
� 4 -2� �0 1 �
Sol.
�3 �2 �
A=� �
�4 �2 �
�3 �2� � 3 �2�
A =�
2
� � �
�4 �2� � 4 �2�
� 9 � 8 �6 + 4 � �1 �2 �
=� � =� �
�12 � 8 �8 + 4 � � 4 �4 �
A = kA � 2 I
2
�1 �2� �3 �2� �1 0�
�4 � =k� � � 2� �
� �4 � �4 �2 � �0 1�
�1 �2� � 3k �2k � � 2 0�
�4 � =� � �� �
� �4 � � 4k �2k � � 0 2�
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�1 �2 � �3k � 2 �2 k �
� 4 �4 � = � 4k �
�2k � 2 �
� � �
on comparing elements
3k � 2 = 1
k =1
18.
� ��
� 0 -tan �
2
If A = � � and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show
�tan � 0 �
�� 2 ��
�cos� -sin� �
that I + A = ( I - A ) � �
� sin� cos� �
Sol.
LHS
=I+A
� ��
0 � tan
�1 0 � � 2�
=� � +� �
� 0 1 � � tan � 0 �
�� 2 ��
� ��
� 1 � tan �
2
=� �
� tan � 1 �
�� 2 ��
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RHS
�cos � � sin � �
= ( I � A) � �
� sin � cos � �
� ��
0 � tan �
�1 0 � � 2 � cos � � sin � �
=� � �� �� �
�0 1 � � tan � 0 � � sin � cos � �
�� 2 ��
� ��
� 1 tan �
2 �cos � � sin � �
=� �� �
� � tan � � � sin � cos � �
1
�� 2 ��
� � ��
� cos � + sin � tan � sin � + cos � tan
2 2�
=� �
� � cos � tan � + sin � �
sin � tan + cos � �
�� 2 2 ��
� 2� � � � � � �2� � ��
� 1 � 2sin 2 + 2sin 2 cos 2 tan 2 �2sin cos + � 2cos
2 2 � 2
� 1 � tan �
2�
�
=�
� � 2� � � � � � � � 2� �
� � � 2cos � 1� tan + 2sin cos 2sin cos tan + 1 � 2sin �
� � 2 � 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 �
� 2� 2� � � � � ��
� 1 � 2sin + 2sin �2sin cos + 2cos sin � tan �
=� 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
�
� �2cos � sin � + tan � + 2sin � cos � 2sin 2�
+ 1 � 2sin 2� �
�� 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ��
� ��
� 1 � tan �
=� 2
�
� tan � 1 �
�� 2 ��
� LHS = RHS
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
19.
A trust fund has Rs 30,000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The
first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per
year. Using matrix multiplication, determine how to divide Rs 30,000 among the two
types of bonds. If the trust fund must obtain an annual total interest of:
Sol.
� 5 �
�100 �
�� x ( 30000 � x )�� � � = 1800
� 7 �
��100 ��
5 x 7 ( 30000 � x )
+ = 1800
100 100
5 x + 210000 � 7 x = 180000
�2 x = �30000
x = 15000
(b)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 5 �
�100 �
�� x ( 30000 � x )�� � � = 2000
� 7 �
��100 ��
5 x 7 ( 30000 � x )
+ = 2000
100 100
5 x + 210000 � 7 x = 200000
�2 x = �10000
x = 5000
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�80 �
12 [10 8 10] � 60 �
� �
�� 40 ��
= 12 [10 � 80 + 8 � 60 + 10 � 40 ]
= 12 [800 + 480 + 400 ]
= 12 � 1680
= 20160
Thus, the bookshop will receive Rs 20160 from the sale of all these books.
20.
A. k = 3, p = n
B. k is arbitrary, p = 2
C. p is arbitrary, k = 3
D. k = 2, p = 3
Sol.
Order of matrix P = p � k
Order of matrix Y = 3 � k
Order of matrix W = n � 3
Order of matrix Y = 3 � k
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Matrices PY and WY can be added only when their orders are the same.
However,
Order of PY = p � k
Order of WY = n � k
Therefore, p = n
21.
A. p � 2
B. 2 � n
C. n � 3
D. p � n
Sol.
Order of matrix X = 2 � n
Now,
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Thus,
Exercise- 3.3
1.
�5� � -1 5 6�
�1� 1 -1 � �
� �
(i) � � (ii) � � (iii) � 3 5 6�
�2� � 2 3 � � 2
� -1� � 3 -1��
� �
Ans.
(i)
�5�
�1�
Let A= � �
�2�
� �1�
� �
� 1 �
A = �5
T
�1�
� 2 �
(ii)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�1 �1�
A=� �
�2 3 �
� 1 2�
A =�
T
�
� �1 3 �
(iii)
� �1 5 6 �
� �
A=� 3 5 6 �
� 2 3 �1�
� �
� �1 3 2�
� �
A =�5
T
5 3�
�6 6 � 1�
� �
2.
� -1 2 3 � �-4 1 -5 �
� � � �
If A = � 5 7 9 � , and B = � 1 2 0 � , then verify that
��-2 1 1 �� �� 1 3 1 ��
Sol.
(i)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� �1 2 3� � �4 1 �5�
� � �
A = � 5 7 9 � , and B = � 1 2 0 � �
�� �2 1 1 �� �� 1 3 1 ��
LHS
= ( A + B)'
'
� � �1 2 3� � �4 1 �5� �
�� � � � �
= � � 5 7 9� + � 1 2 0 � �
� � �2 1 1 � � 1 3 1 � �
�� � � ��
'
� �5 3 �2 � � �5 6 �1�
� � �
=�6 9 9� =�3 9 4� �
�� �1 4 2 �� �� �2 9 2 ��
RHS
= A '+ B '
' '
� �1 2 3� � �4 1 �5�
�
=�5 � �
7 9� + � 1 2 0� �
�� �2 1 1 �� �� 1 3 1 ��
� �1 5 �2 � � �4 1 1�
�
=�2 �
7 1 �+� 1 � 2 3��
�� 3 9 1 �� �� �5 0 1��
� �5 6 �1�
�
=�3 9 4� �
�� �2 9 2 ��
� LHS = RHS
(ii)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� �1 2 3� � �4 1 �5�
� � �
A = � 5 7 9 � , and B = � 1 2 0 � �
�� �2 1 1 �� �� 1 3 1 ��
LHS
= ( � � �)'
'
� � �1 2 3� � �4 1 �5� �
�� � � � �
= � � 5 7 9� � � 1 2 0 � �
� � �2 1 1 � � 1 3 1 � �
�� � � ��
'
� 3 1 8 � �3 4 �3�
� � �
= � 4 5 9 � = �1 5 �2 � �
�� �3 �2 0 �� ��8 9 0 ��
RHS
= � '� � '
' '
� �1 2 3� � �4 1 �5�
�
=�5 � �
7 9� � � 1 2 0� �
�� �2 1 1 �� �� 1 3 1 ��
� �1 5 �2 � � �4 1 1�
�
=�2 �
7 1 ��� 1 � 2 3��
�� 3 9 1 �� �� �5 0 1��
�3 4 �3�
�
= �1 5 �2 ��
��8 9 0 ��
� LHS = RHS
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
3.
� 3 4�
� � �-1 2 1 �
If A' = �-1 2 � , and B = � � , then verify that
� 1 2 3�
�� 0 1 ��
Sol.
(i)
� 3 4�
� � � �1 2 1 �
A ' = � �1 2 � , and B = � �
� 1 2 3�
�� 0 1 ��
A = ( A ') '
� 3 �1 0 �
A=� �
� 4 2 1 �
LHS
= ( A + B)'
'
� � 3 �1 0 � � �1 2 1 � �
= �� � +� � �
� � 4 2 1 � � 1 2 3� �
�2 1 1�
=� �
� 5 4 4 �
RHS
= A '+ B '
' '
� 3 �1 0 � � � 1 2 1 �
=� � +� �
� 4 2 1 � � 1 2 3 �
�2 1 1�
=� �
� 5 4 4 �
� LHS = RHS
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
(ii)
� 3 4�
� � � �1 2 1 �
A ' = � �1 2 � , and B = � �
� 1 2 3�
�� 0 1 ��
A = ( A ') '
� 3 �1 0 �
A=� �
�4 2 1�
LHS
= ( A � B)'
'
� � 3 �1 0 � � �1 2 1� �
= �� � �� � �
� � 4 2 1 � � 1 2 3� �
'
� 4 �3 �1�
=� �
� 3 0 �2 �
�4 3�
�
= � �3 0 � �
�� �1 �2 ��
RHS
= A '� B '
' '
�3 �1 0 � � �1 2 1�
=� � �� �
�4 2 1 � � 1 2 3�
�3 4 � � �1 1 �
�
= � �1 � �
2� � � 2 2� �
�� 0 1 �� �� 1 3 ��
�4 3�
�
= � �3 0 � �
�� �1 �2 ��
� LHS = RHS
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
4.
�-2 3� �-1 0 �
If A' = � � , and B = � � , then find ( A + 2B ) '
� 1 2� � 1 2�
Sol.
� �2 3 � � �1 0 �
A' = � � , and B = � �
� 1 2� � 1 2�
A = ( A ') '
� �2 1 �
A=� �
� 3 2�
'
� � �2 1 � � �1 0 � �
( A + 2B ) ' = � � � + 2� � �
� � 3 2� � 1 2� �
'
� � � 2 1 � � �2 0 � �
= �� � +� � �
� � 3 2� � 2 4� �
,
� �4 1�
=� �
�5 6�
� �4 5�
=� �
�1 6�
5.
�1�
(i) A = �-4 � , B = [-1 2 1]
� �
�� 3 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�0�
(ii) A = �1 � ,B = [1 5 7 ]
� �
�� 2��
Sol.
(i)
�1�
A = � �4 � , B = [ �1 2 1]
� �
�� 3 ��
LHS
= ( AB ) '
'
�� 1 � �
= � � �4 � [ �1 2 1] �
�� � �
�� 3 � �
�� � �
'
� �1 2 1 �
= �� 4 �8 �4 ��
�� �3 6 3 ��
� �1 4 �3�
�
= � 2 �8 6 � �
�� 1 �4 3 ��
= B ' A'
'
�1�
= [ �1 2 1] ' �� �4 ��
�� 3 ��
� �1�
= � 2 � [1 �4 3]
� �
�� 1 ��
� �1 4 � 3 �
�
= � 2 �8 6 � �
�� 1 �4 3 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
(ii)
�0�
A = � 1 � , B = [1 5 7 ]
� �
�� 2 ��
LHS
= ( AB ) '
'
� �0� �
= � � 1 � [1 5 7 ] �
�� � �
� �2� �
�� � �
'
�0 0 0�
�
= �1 5 7� �
�� 2 10 14 ��
�0 1 2�
�
= �0 5 10 ��
�� 0 7 10 ��
= B ' A'
'
�0�
= [1 5 7 ] ' �1 �
� �
�� 2 ��
�1 �
= � 5 � [0 1 2]
� �
�� 7 ��
�0 1 2 �
�
= � 0 5 10 � �
�� 0 7 10 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
6.
� cos� sin� �
If (i) A = � � , then verify that A'A = I
�-sin� cos� �
� sin� cos� �
(ii) A = � � , then verify that A'A = I
�-cos� sin� �
Sol.
(i)
� cos � sin � �
A=� �
� � sin � cos � �
�cos � � sin � �
A' = � �
� sin � cos � �
LHS
= A' A
� cos � sin � � � cos � � sin � �
=�
� � sin � cos � �� �� sin � cos � ��
� cos � + sin �
2 2
sin � cos � � cos � sin � �
=� �
�sin � cos � � cos � sin � cos � + sin �
2 2
�
�1 0 �
=� �
�0 1 �
=I
= RHS
� LHS = RHS
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
(ii)
LHS
= A' A
� sin � cos � � � sin � � cos � �
=� � � �
� � cos � sin � � �cos � sin � �
� sin � cos � �
A=� �
� � cos � sin � �
� sin � � cos � �
A' = � �
�cos � sin � �
� cos � + sin �
2 2
sin � cos � � cos � sin � �
=� �
�sin � cos � � cos � sin � cos � + sin �
2 2
�
�1 0 �
=� �
�0 1 �
=I
= RHS
� LHS = RHS
� 1 -1 5 �
� �
7. (i) Show that the matrix A = -1 2 1 is a symmetric matrix
� �
�� 5 1 3 ��
� 0 1 -1�
� �
(ii) Show that the matrix A = �-1 0 1 � is a skew symmetric matrix
�� 1 -1 0 ��
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
(i)
�1 �1 5 �
�
A = � �1 2 1� �
�� 5 1 3��
�1 �1 5 �
�
A ' = � �1 2 1� �
�� 5 1 3��
� A = A'
Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.
(ii)
�0 1 �1�
�
A = � �1 0 1� �
�� 1 �1 0 ��
�0 1 �1�
�
A ' = � �1 0 1� �
�� 1 �1 0 ��
� A' = � A
8.
�1 5 �
For the matrix A = � � , verify that
�6 7 �
(i)
�1 5�
A=� �
�6 7�
�1 6�
A' = � �
�5 7�
�1 5 � �1 6 �
( A + A ') = � � +� �
�6 7 � �5 7 �
�2 11�
=� �
�11 14 �
� 2 11�
( A + A ') ' = � �
�11 14 �
(ii)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�1 5�
A=� �
�6 7�
�1 6�
A' = � �
�5 7�
� 1 5 � �1 6 �
( A � A ') = � � �� �
� 6 7 � �5 7 �
�0 �1�
=� �
�1 0 �
� 0 1�
( A � A ') ' = � �
� �1 0 �
�0 �1�
= �� �
�1 0 �
9.
� 0 a b�
1 1
Find ( A + A') and ( A - A' ) , when A = � -a 0 c �
� �
2 2
��-b -c 0 ��
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�0 a b�
�
A = � �a 0 c� �
�� �b �c 0 ��
�0 �a �b �
�
A ' = �a 0 �c � �
�� b c 0 ��
�0 a b � � 0 � a �b �
�
A + A ' = ��a � �
0 c � + � a 0 �c ��
�� �b �c 0 �� �� b c 0 ��
�0 0 0�
�
= �0 0 0� �
��0 0 0 ��
�0 0 0 �
1
( A + A ') = �0 0 0 �
� �
2
��0 0 0 ��
�0 a b � � 0 �a �b �
�
A � A ' = � �a 0 � � �
c � � � a 0 �c �
�� �b �c 0 �� �� b c 0 ��
� 0 2a 2b �
�
= � �2a 0 2c � �
�� �2b �2c 0 ��
� 0 2a 2b �
1 1�
( A � A ') = � �2a 0 2c � �
2 2
�� �2b �2c 0 ��
�0 a b�
�
= � �a 0 c � �
�� �b �c 0 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
10. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
matrix:
�3 5 �
(i) � �
�1 -1�
� 6 -2 2 �
�-2 3 -1�
(ii) � �
�� 2 -1 3 ��
� 3 3 -1�
�-2 -2 1 �
(iii) � �
��-4 -5 2 ��
� 1 5�
(iv) � �
�-1 2 �
Sol.
(i)
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�3 5 �
Let A = � �
�1 �1�
�3 1 �
A' = � �
� 5 � 1�
1 1 � �3 5 � � 3 1 � �
( A + A ') = �� � +� � �
2 2 � �1 �1� �5 �1� �
1 �6 6 �
= � �
2 �6 �2 �
�3 3 �
=� �
�3 �1�
1 �3 3 �
Let x = ( A + A ' ) = � �
2 �3 �1�
�3 3 �
x' = � �
�3 �1�
x = x'
1
Thus, x = ( A + A ') is a symmetric matrix
2
1 1 � �3 5 � � 3 1 � �
( A � A ') = �� � �� � �
2 2 � �1 �1� �5 �1� �
1 � 0 4�
= � �
2 � �4 0 �
� 0 2�
=� �
� �2 0 �
1 � 0 2�
Let y = ( A � A ' ) = � �
2 � � 2 0 �
� 0 �2 � � 0 2�
y' = � � = �� �
�2 0 � � �2 0 �
y' = �y
1
Thus, y = ( A � A ') is a skew-symmetric matrix
2
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�3 3 � � 0 2 �
x+y=� � +� �
�3 �1� � �2 0 �
�3 5 �
=� �
�1 �1�
=A
(ii)
�6 �2 2�
�
A = � �2 3 �1��
�� 2 �1 3 ��
�6 �2 2�
�
A ' = � �2 3 �1� �
�� 2 �1 3 ��
� � 6 �2 2 � � 6 �2 2 � �
1 1�� �
( A + A ') = � � �2 3 �1� + � �2 3 �1� �
� � �
2 2� �
��� 2 �1 3 � �
� � 2 �1 3 �
��
�12 �4 4 �
1� �
= � �4 6 �2 �
2
�� 4 �2 6 ��
� 6 �2 2 �
�
= � �2 3 �1� �
�� 2 �1 3 ��
� 6 �2 2 �
1
Let x = ( A + A ' ) = � �2 3 �1�
� �
2
�� 2 �1 3 ��
� 6 �2 2 �
�
x ' = � �2 3 �1� �
�� 2 �1 3 ��
x = x'
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
1
Thus, x = ( A + A ') is a symmetric matrix
2
� � 6 �2 2 � � 6 �2 2 � �
1 1�� �
( A � A ') = � � �2 3 �1� � ��2 3 �1� �
� � �
2 2� �
��� 2 � 1 3 �
� �� 2 �1 3 �
��
�0 0 0�
1� �
= �0 0 0 �
2
��0 0 0 ��
�0 0 0�
�
= �0 0 0� �
��0 0 0 ��
�0 0 0�
1
Let y = ( A � A ' ) = �0 0 0 �
� �
2
��0 0 0 ��
�0 0 0�
�
y ' = �0 0 0� �
��0 0 0 ��
y = �y'
1
Thus, y = ( A � A ') is a skew-symmetric matrix
2
�6 �2 2 � �0 0 0�
�
x+y = � �2 � �
3 �1� �0 0 0 � �
�� 2 �1 3 �� ��0 0 0 ��
�6 �2 2 �
�
= � �2 �
3 �1� = A
�� 2 �1 3 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
(iii)
�3 3 �1�
�
A = � �2 �2 1 ��
�� �4 �5 2 ��
�3 �2 �4 �
�
A' = � 3 �2 �5 ��
�� �1 1 2 ��
�� 3 3 �1� � 3 �2 �4 � �
1 1�� �
( A + A ' ) = � � �2 � � �
�2 1 � + � 3 �2 �5 � �
2 2�
� �� �4
�5 2 �� �� �1 1 2 �� ��
�6 1 �5 �
1� �
= �1 �4 �4 �
2
�� �5
�4 4 ��
� 1 �5 �
�3 2 2�
� �
� 1
= �2 �2 �
�2 �
� �
�5
� �2 2 �
�2 �
� 1 �5 �
�3 2 2 �
� �
1 1
Let x = ( A + A ') = � �2 � 2 �
2 �2 �
� �
� 5
� �2 2 �
�2 �
� 1 �5 �
� 3
2 2�
� �
� 1
x' = �2 �2 �
�2 �
� �
� �5 �2 2�
�2 �
x = x'
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
1
Thus, x = ( A + A ') is a symmetric matrix
2
�3 3 �1�
�
A = � �2 �2 1� �
�� �4 �5 2 ��
�3 �2 �4 �
�
A' = � 3 �2 �5 ��
�� �1 1 2 ��
�� 3 3�1� � 3 �2 �4 � �
1 1�� �
( A � A ') = � � �2 � � �
�2 1 � � � 3 �2 �5 � �
2 2�
� �4
�
� �5 2 �� �� �1 1 2 �� ��
�0 5 3�
1� �
= � �5 0 6�
2
�� �3�6 0 ��
� 5 3�
� 0 2 2�
� �
� 5
= � 0 3�
� 2 �
� �
3
�� �3 0 �
� 2 �
� 5 3�
� 0
2 2�
� �
1 5
Let y = ( A � A ') = �
� 0 3�
2 � 2 �
� �
� � 3 �3 0 �
� 2 �
� �5 �3 �
�0 2 2�
� �
� 5
y' = 0 �3 �
�2 �
� �
3
� 3 0�
�2 �
y = �y'
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
1
Thus, y = ( A � A ') is a skew-symmetric matrix
2
� 1 �5 � � 5 3�
� 3 2 2 � � 0
2 2�
� � � �
� 1 � � 5
x+ y = �2 �2 + � 0 3�
� 2 � � 2 �
� � � �
� � 5 �2 2 � � � 3 �3 0 �
� 2 � � 2 �
� 3 3 �1�
�
= � �2 �2 1 � �
�� �4 �5 2 ��
=A
(iv)
�1 5�
A=� �
� �1 2�
�1 �1�
A' = �
�5 2 ��
1 1 � � 1 5 � �1 �1� �
( A + A ') = � � � +� � �
2 2 � � �1 2 � �5 2 � �
1 �2 4�
= � �
2 �4 4�
�1 2 �
=� �
�2 2�
1 �1 2 �
Let x = ( A + A ') = � �
2 �2 2�
�1 2�
x' = � �
�2 2�
x = x'
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
1
Thus, x = ( A + A ' ) is a symmetric matrix
2
1 1 � � 1 5 � �1 �1� �
( A � A ') = �� � �� � �
2 2 � � �1 2 � �5 2 � �
1 � 0 6�
= � �
2 � �6 0 �
� 0 3�
=� �
� �3 0 �
1 � 0 3�
Let y = ( A � A ') = � �
2 � �3 0 �
�0 �3�
y' = � �
� 3 0 �
y = �y'
1
Thus, y = ( A � A ') is a skew-symmetric matrix
2
�1 2 � � 0 3�
x+ y=� � +� �
�2 2 � � �3 0 �
�1 5�
=� �
� �1 2�
=A
11.
If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB � BA is a
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Sol.
A' = A
B' = B
12.
�cos� -sin� �
If A = � � , then A + A' = I , if the value of � is
� sin� cos� �
�
A.
6
�
B.
3
C. �
3�
D.
2
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Sol.
�cos � � sin � �
A=� �
� sin � cos � �
� cos � sin � �
A' = � �
� � sin � cos � �
A + A' = I
2cos � = 1
1
cos � =
2
�
cos � = cos
3
�
�=
3
The correct answer is B.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Exercise- 3.4
1.
�1 -1�
�2 3 �
� �
Sol.
� 1 �1�
A=� �
�2 3 �
A = IA
� 1 �1� �1 0 �
� 2 3 � = �0 1 � A
� � � �
R2 � R2 � 2 R1
�1 �1� � 1 0 �
� 0 5 � = � �2 1 � A
� � � �
1
R2 � R2
5
� 1 0�
�1 �1� �
=
�0 1 � � � 2 1 � A
�
� �
� 5 5�
R2 � R1 + R2
� 3 1�
�1 0 � � 5 5�
�0 1 � = � 2 1�
�A
� � ��
�� 5 5 ��
� 3 1�
� 5 5 �
A =�
�1
�
�� 2 1 �
�� 5 5 ��
2.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 1�
�1 1�
� �
Sol.
� 2 1�
A=� �
�1 1�
A = IA
� 2 1� �1 0 �
�1 1� = �0 1 � A
� � � �
R1 � R1 � R2
�1 0 � �1 �1�
�1 1 � = �0 1 � A
� � � �
R2 � R2 � R1
�1 0 � � 1 �1�
�0 1 � = � �1 2 � A
� � � �
� 1 �1�
A =�
�1
�
� �1 2 �
3.
�1 3�
�2 7�
� �
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�1 3�
A=� �
�2 7�
A = AI
�1 3 � �1 0 �
� 2 7 � = �0 1� A
� � � �
R2 � R2 � 2 R1
� 1 3� � 1 0 �
�0 1� = � �2 1 � A
� � � �
R1 � R1 � 3R2
�1 0 � � 7 �3�
�0 1 � = � �2 1 � A
� � � �
� 7 �3�
A =�
�1
�
� �2 1 �
4.
�2 3�
�5 7 �
� �
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�2 3�
A=� �
�5 7 �
A = IA
� 2 3 � �1 0 �
�5 7 � = �0 1� A
� � � �
1
R1 � R1
2
� 3� �1 �
1 0�
� 2� = �2 A
� � � �
�5 7 � � 0 1�
R2 � R2 � 5 R1
� 3� � 1 �
� 1 0
2 �=� 2 �
� � � �A
�0 �1 � � 5
� 1�
�� 2 �� �� 2 ��
R1 � R1 + 3R2
� 1 0 � � �7 3 �
� � 1 � = � 5 � A
�0 � �� 1�
� 2� � 2 �
R2 � �2 R1
� 1 0 � � �7 3 �
� 0 1 � = � 5 �2 � A
� � � �
� �7 3 �
A =�
�1
�
� 5 �2 �
�2 1�
�7 4 �
� �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Sol.
�2 1�
A=� �
�7 4 �
A = IA
� 2 1 � �1 0 �
�7 4 � = �0 1 � A
� � � �
1
R1 � R1
2
� 1� �1 �
�1 2 � = � 2 0� A
� � � �
�7 4 � � 0 1 �
R2 � R2 � 7 R1
� 1� � 1 �
�1 2 � � 2 0�
� �=� �A
�0 1 � � �7 1�
�� 2 �� �� 2 ��
R1 � R1 � R2
�1 0 � � 4 �1�
� 1 � = � �7 �A
�0 � � 1�
� 2� � 2 �
R2 � 2 R2
�1 0 � � 4 �1�
�0 1 � = � �7 2 � A
� � � �
� 4 �1�
A =�
�1
�
� �7 2 �
�2 5�
�1 3�
� �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Sol.
� 2 5�
A=� �
� 1 3�
A = IA
� 2 5� �1 0�
� 1 3� = � 0 �
1�
A
� � �
1
R1 = R1
2
� 5� �1 �
1
� 2� = �2 0�
A
� � � �
�1 3 � � 0 1�
R2 = R2 � R1
� 5� � 1 �
� 1 � � 0 �
2 = 2
� � � �A
�0 1 � � � 1 1�
�� 2 �� �� 2 ��
R1 = R1 � 5R2
�1 0 � � 3 �5 �
� 1 � = � 1 �A
�0 � �� 1�
� 2� � 2 �
R2 = 2 R2
�1 0 � � 3 �5�
� 0 1 � = � �1 2 � A
� � � �
� 3 �5�
A =�
�1
�
� �1 2 �
�3 1�
�5 2�
� �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
Sol.
�3 1 �
A=� �
�5 2 �
A = IA
�3 1 � �1 0 �
�5 2 � = � 0 1 � A
� � � �
C1 � C1 � 2C2
�1 1 � � 1 0 �
�1 2 � = � �2 1 � A
� � � �
C2 � C2 � C1
�1 0 � � 1 �1�
�1 1 � = � �2 3 � A
� � � �
C1 � C1 � C2
�1 0 � � 2 �1�
� 0 1 � = � �5 3 � A
� � � �
� 2 �1�
A =�
�1
�
� �5 3 �
�4 5�
�3 4�
� �
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
�4 5�
A=� �
�3 4�
A = IA
� 4 5 � �1 0 �
� 3 4� = �0 1 � A
� � � �
R1 � R1 � R2
�1 1 � �1 �1�
�3 4 � = � 0 1 � A
� � � �
R2 � R2 � 3R1
�1 1� � 1 �1�
�0 1� = � �3 4 � A
� � � �
R1 � R1 � R2
�1 0 � � 4 �5�
�0 1 � = � �3 4 � A
� � � �
� 3 10 �
�2 7 �
� �
Sol.
� 3 10 �
A=� �
�2 7 �
A = IA
� 3 10 � �1 0 �
� 2 7 � = �0 1 � A
� � � �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
R1 � R1 � R2
� 1 3 � �1 �1�
� 2 7 � = �0 1 � A
� � � �
R2 � R2 � 2 R1
�1 3� � 1 �1�
�0 1� = � �2 3 � A
� � � �
R1 � R1 � 3R2
�1 0 � � 7 �10 �
�0 1 � = � �2 3 � A
� � � �
� 7 �10 �
A =�
�1
�
� �2 3 �
10.
� 3 -1�
� -4 2 �
� �
Sol.
� 3 �1�
A=� �
� �4 2 �
A = IA
� 3 �1� �1 0 �
� �4 2 � = � 0 1 � A
� � � �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
C1 � C1 + 2C2
�1 �1� � 1 0 �
�0 2 � = � 2 1 � A
� � � �
C2 � C2 + C1
�1 0 � � 1 1�
�0 2 � = � 2 �
3�
A
� � �
1
C2 � C2
2
� 1�
1
�1 0 � � 2� A
�0 1 � = � 3�
�
� � �2
�� 2 ��
� 1�
� 1 �
A =�
�1 2
�
�2 3 �
�� 2 ��
11.
� 2 -6�
�1 -2�
� �
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 -6 �
A=� �
� 1 -2 �
A = IA
� 2 -6 � �1 0 �
� 1 -2 � = � 0 1 � A
� � � �
C2 � C2 + 3C1
� 2 0 � � 1 3�
� 1 1 � = � 0 1� A
� � � �
C1 � C1 � C2
� 2 0 � � �2 3 �
� 0 1 � = � �1 1 � A
� � � �
1
C1 � C1
2
� �1 3 �
�1 0 � �
=
�0 1 � � 1
� A
� � � 1�
� 2 �
� �1 3 �
A =� 1
�1 �
�� 1�
� 2 �
� 6 -3 �
� -2 1 �
� �
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 6 �3�
A=� �
� �2 1 �
A = IA
� 6 �3 � � 1 0�
� �2 1 � = � 0 �
1�
A
� � �
1
R1 � R1
6
� 1� �1 �
� 1 � 2� = �6 0�
A
� � � �
� �2 1 � � 0 1�
R2 � R2 + 2 R1
�1 �
� 1� � 0�
1 � 6
� 2 =�
� �A
� � �1 �
� 0 0 � � 1
�3 ��
We can see all the zeros in the second row of the matrix on the L.H.S.
� 2 -3 �
� -1 2 �
� �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 �3�
A=� �
� �1 2 �
A = IA
� 2 �3 � � 1 0 �
� �1 2 � = � 0 1 � A
� � � �
R1 � R1 + R2
� 1 �1� �1 1�
� �1 2 � = � 0 1� A
� � � �
R2 � R2 + R1
�1 �1� �1 1 �
�0 1 � = �1 2 � A
� � � �
R1 � R1 + R2
�1 0 � � 2 3 �
�0 1 � = �1 2 � A
� � � �
�2 3�
A =�
�1
�
�1 2 �
�2 1�
�4 2�
� �
Sol.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
We can see all the zeros in the first row of the matrix on the L.H.S.
15.
� 2 -3 3 �
�2 2 3�
� �
�� 3 -2 2 ��
Sol.
� 2 �3 3 �
�
A = �2 2 3� �
�� 3 �2 2 ��
A = IA
� 2 �3 3 � �1 0 0 �
� 2 2 3 � = �0 1 0 � A
� � � �
�� 3 �2 2 �� ��0 0 1 ��
R2 � R2 � R1
� 2 �3 3 � � 1 0 0 �
� 0 5 0 � = � �1 1 0 � A
� � � �
�� 3 �2 2 �� �� 0 0 1 ��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
1
R2 � R2
5
� 1 0 0�
� 2 �3 3 � � �
�0 1 0� = �� 1 1
0� A
� � � 5 5 �
�� 3 �2 2 �� �
� 0 0 1 ��
R1 � R1 � R3
� 1 0 �1�
� �1 �1 1 � � �
� 0 1 0� = �� 1 1
0�A
� � � 5 5 �
�� 3 �2 2 �� �
� 0 0 1 ��
R1 � R1 + R2
R3 � R3 + 2 R2
� 4 1 �
� 5 �1�
� �1 0 1 � � 5
�
� 0 1 0� = �� 1 1 �
0 A
� � � 5 5 �
�� 3 0 2 �� � �
� �2 2
1�
� 5 5 �
R3 � R3 + 3R1
� 4 1 �
� 5 �1�
� �1 0 1 � � 5
�
� 0 1 0� = �� 1 1
0 A�
� � � 5 5 �
�� 0 0 5 �� � �
� 2 1 �2 �
� �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
1
R3 � R3
5
� 4 1 �
� 5 �1 �
� �1 0 1 � � 5
�
� 0 1 0� = �� 1 1
0 �A
� � � 5 5 �
�� 0 0 1 �� � �
� 2 1 2�
�
� 5 5 5�
R1 � R1 � R3
� 2 3�
� 5 0 � �
� �1 0 0 � � 5
�
� 0 1 0� = �� 1 1
0 A�
� � � 5 5 �
�� 0 0 1 �� � �
� 2 1
�
2�
� 5 5 5�
R1 � � R1
� 2 3 �
�� 5 0 5 �
�1 0 0 � � �
�0 1 0� = � � 1 1 0 �A
� � � 5 5 �
�� 0 0 1 �� � �
� 2 1 2�
�
� 5 5 5�
� 2 3 �
�� 5 0 5 �
� �
� 1 1 �
A = �
�1
0
� 5 5 �
� �
� 2 1 � 2�
� 5 5 5�
16.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 1 3 -2�
�-3 0 -5�
� �
�� 2 5 0 ��
Sol.
� 1 3 �2�
�
A = � �3 0 �5��
�� 2 5 0 ��
A = IA
� 1 3 �2 � �1 0 0 �
� �3 0 �5� = �0 1 0 � A
� � � �
�� 2 5 0 �� ��0 0 1 ��
R2 � R2 + 3R1
R3 � R3 � 2R1,
�1 3 �2 � � 1 0 0 �
�0 9 �11� = � 3 1 0 � A
� � � �
��0 �1 4 �� �� �2 0 1 ��
R1 � R1 + 3R3
R2 � R2 + 8R3
�1 0 10 � � �5 0 3�
�0 1 21� = � �13 1 8� A
� � � �
��0 �1 4 �� �� �2 0 1��
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
R3 � R3 + R2
�1 0 10 � � �5 0 3�
�0 1 21� = � �13 �
1 8� A
� � �
��0 0 25�� �� �15 1 9 ��
1
R3 � R3
25
� �
�1 0 10 � � �5 0 3�
�0 1 21� = � �13 1
�
8 �A
� � �
��0 0 1 �� � 3 1 9�
�� �
� 5 25 25 �
R1 � R1 � 10 R3
R2 � R2 � 21R3
� 2 3�
� 1 � � �
5 5
�1 0 0 � � �
�0 1 0 � = � � 2 4 11 �
A
� � � 5 25 25 �
�� 0 0 1 �� � �
�� 3 1 9 �
� 5 25 25 �
� 2 3�
� 1 � � �
5 5
� �
� 2 4 11 �
A = �
�1
� 5 25 25 �
� �
�� 3 1 9 �
� 5 25 25 �
17.
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
� 2 0 -1�
�5 1 0 �
� �
�� 0 1 3 ��
Sol.
� 2 0 �1�
�
A = �5 1 0 � �
�� 0 1 3 ��
A = IA
� 2 0 �1� �1 0 0 �
�5 1 0 � = �0 1 0� A
� � � �
�� 0 1 3 �� �� 0 0 1 ��
1
R1 � R1
2
� 1� �1 �
� 1 0 � � � 0 0 �
2 2
� � � �
�5 1 0 � = � 0 1 0� A
�0 1 3 � � 0 0 1 �
� � � �
� � � �
R2 � R2 � 5R1
� 1� � 1 �
�1 0 � 2 � � 2 0 0 �
� � � �
�0 1 5 � = � �5 1 0 � A
� 2 � �2 �
� � � �
� 0 1 3 � � 0 0 1 �
� � � �
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
R3 � R3 � R2
� 1� � 1 �
� 1 0 � � � 0 0�
2 2
� � � �
�0 1 5 � = � �5 1 0 A�
� 2 � �2 �
� � � �
�0 0 1 5
� � �1 1 �
� 2 � �2 �
R3 � 2 R3
� 1� � 1 �
� 1 0 � � � 0 0 �
2 2
� � � �
� 5 � � �5 �
\ 0 1 = 1 0 A
� 2 � �2 �
� � � �
� 0 0 1 � � 5 �2 2 �
� � � �
1
R1 � R1 + R3
2
5
R2 � R2 � R3
2
�1 0 0 � � 3 �1 1 �
�0 1 0 � = � �15 6 �5� A
� � � �
��0 0 1 �� �� 5 �2 2 ��
� 3 �1 1 �
�
A = � �15 6 �5�
�1 �
�� 5 �2 2 ��
18.
A. AB = BA
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Mathematics Class 12 NCERT Solutions
C. AB = 0, BA = I
B. AB = BA = 0
D. AB = BA = I
Sol.
If there exists another square matrix B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I,
Then, B = A �1
Correct option is D
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