eee SOV - HANGHAI El NHA XUAT BAN GIAO THONG VAN TAITRAIBAT, TOA BO, PHUONG V] VA KHOANG CACH Ll Traiadt 1.1.1 Hinh déng tréi dift theo trdc dia hge Trde dja L_mén Khoa hoc nghién cau vigc xc dink vj uf cde diém wen bé mat wards bao gdm nghién cau sy bién ddi cla sitc hip din ca tréi dit va vige 4p dung sy bién 46i 46 vao vie do dac hinh dang va kich thyéc chinh xfc cia tréi dt. BOi véi cdc nha hang hii c3 ign, cfc y€u tS may khéng quan trong, vi céc phuwng phép hang hii cé dién khong duge chinh xéc. Neay nay, cfc link vc kink té, ky thudt va quan sy ddi hdi phai o6 vi tf chinh xc tréo bida, yéu cdu céc nha hang hii phai c6 kign thitc vé the dia hoc dé hiéu nguyén ly xc dinh vj tri én bé mit ti ddt bing céc phung phip dinh vj hign dai voi 46 chinh x4c cao. ‘Trai d&t c6 hinh dang Khdng quy tc, khOag phi 18 hinh edu; nhung dé xdy dung mé-hinh ton hoe cho trai dat, ofc nha tre dia coi trai dat Elipsaid ny Hin edu 66 dang Ellipsoid det véi d6 det nh vé phia hai ‘cfc, quay quanh true nhd (b) cia clip ( truc PsP), day TA hinh dang géa ding cha wai dt (Doh LOL). Ngubi ta dé do dac kich thudc cia ti dat bing hé quy chiéu dya ten tri dit hinh déng ‘ellipsoid va xéc dinh chnh xéc kich thuge cla n6. Cho mgt mit phang cdt tréi dt Bltipsoid qua tye P,P, cla né, duding giao obau git bé mat tri dat vA mit phing 1a mt kinh tuy€n dang elip o6 bén tryc Idn a va ban truc nbd b. BO det cila cla elip me, Hinh 1.01, 7 a 6 lech tim aba elip kinh tuyén (e): fof H aH a(usd fd) as a ef = 2F (gin ding) ‘Néu xem trai dat o6 hinh cdu thi bin kinh cia n61aR-=Va"b 1.2 Hé quy chiéu toan cdu WGS 84 (World Geodesis ‘System 84) 3711 Km SO TAY HANG HAI 3Nhigu quéc gia 44 4p dung hé quy chi€u cla riéng minh. Cac hé quy chiéu duge 4st én gubi thigt lfp ra hé quy chiéu 46. Hé quy chi€u cba mot s6 quéc gia xiy dung dua én che s6ligu say day: Ban kis Sit f ip dun Krasowsky (1940) 6 378 245m 1298.3 Nga, Bong Au, Trung quée International 6 378 388 1097, Chau Au (1924) Clarke (1866) 6 378 206 129498 My, Canada, Méhicd Bessel (1841) 6377397 1729.15, Nhft, Bifc, Thuy si Airy (1830) 6377563 1299.32, Anh WGS 72(1972) 6378 135 1298.26 USA/DoD GRS 80(1979) 6378 137 1298.26 Australia. WGS-84,(1984) 6378137. __1/298.257223563 He théng hing bai vé tinh GPS (My) HG quy chiéu que tf do Hayford thi€t 14p vao nim 1910 va Guge International Union of Geospatial Sciences Division (IUGG) phé chudn va khuy€n nghi 4p dyng rng ri cho toan edu, n6 trd thanh mt phin cia GRS (Geodetic Reference System) duige phé chudn va thong qua vio nim 1971 tai hi nghi IUGG 8 Moscow. Sau 46 GRS duge edi tién va phe chun, thOng qua tai h6i nghi ciia IUGG 6 Canberra (Wc) vao ndm 1979 goi la GRS-80. Kinh qua né Ive nhidu ndm lin, nhd sy phét tin cba Khoa hoc laser, v6 tuyén, thién van, vé tinh nhfin tgo va dc bigt 1a méy tinh dién tt gidp phan tich va tinh toda, ti hé théng quy chiéu WGS 66 ban dau cia BO Quéc phdng MY, Uy ban WGS cla Mj da nhiéu lan chon Iya, efi in va hodn chinh dé phat trién thanh he quy chiéu toda chu WGS 84 dang dp dung hign nay. WGS 84 duide dp dung ring rai trén thé gidi, 14 h€ quy chiéu diye ding vao vige xy dung Hé thong dink vi roan cdu GPS. 1.1.3 He quy chia vi he tog 46 quée gia Vigt nam ‘HE quy chi€u va bé toa 46 quéc gia VN -2000* 6 céc tham $6 chinh sau day, (Nghy 12 théng 7 nun 2000 Thi audng chish ph i ra quyét sinh s6 83/2000QD-TTe st dang HE quy chie ‘A bb ton &5 que gia mai gos A VN-2000 thay thE cho HE quy chi v2 HE toa qué gia HA n-72) 1. Ellipsoid quy chiéw Ap dung Hé quy chiéu quéc t€ WGS-84, o6 kich thuée, B4n tye lén a = 6.378.137,000 km DS det —«F= 1298,257223563 SO TAY HANG HAt 42. Diém g6c toa 46 quéc gia Dim NOO 43t trong khuén vién Vign nghién citu dja chinh dung Hoang Quéc Vier, thi 48 FA nd, 3. Lu6i chi toa 46 phing co bin Lu6i chigu hinh tre ngang dng g6c UTM qué té. 4. Chia méi va phin minh bé thong bin dé co ban theo hé théng ludi chiéu hinh tru ngang éng g6c UTM quéc té. 1.1.4 He quy chiéu 4p dung cho hang hai 1. HG quy chiéu phing ‘rong whe dia, 46 ban va hing hii n6i chung thing 4p dung hai hé quy chi€u, hé quy chigu phdng va hé quy chiéu thdng ating. Hé quy chiéu phdng ding lam co sd cho vie xAc inh vi tr tn mit phiing ‘shu vi tr ten bin trong hang hdi. H@ quy chi€u thing ding ding € Lam cg s8 tham chi€u cho vigc do a6 cao va d6 sau. 2. Sudich chayén cia he quy chiéw ‘Mot trong nhting nh huGng nghiém tong trong viee xéc dinh vi tei én bién 1A che he théng dinh vj hing hai ding xéc dinh vj tri duce xay dung tren co 88 hé quy chiéu khéc voi hé quy chiéu 4p dung tren hdi 48 gidy. Vi vay két qua d3 gidi vi ui theo cdc hé théng hang Adi khdc vOi vi ti trén hai 43, sy Khe biét dé goi IA su dich chuyén hé quy chiéu (datum shift). Cée méy thu hé théng hing hai dién tt hign dai ahd c6 sn cc phn mém cai dat trong méy nén c6 thé cung cép 8 déu ra vj trf chinh xc mc da d Adu vao nhfn dugc thong sO clia céc hé thOng 6 hé quy chiéu khéc nhau. Vi vay khi st dung hi ¢ phdi biét m6i quan hé gitta thong sO tham chi€u cla hé thong x4c inh vj ti (Loran, GPS,.. vdi hdi 48 dang ding. GPS va céc he thOng xéc djnh vj ti hign dai déu ding WS, néw bai d8 c6 thong s6 tham chiéu khéc WGS thi phai dat lai chuong tinh cho thiét bi theo théng so tham chi€u cla hai 46, bode [8 phdi higu chinh khi the aghigp vi ti GPS lén hai 48 Hii 48 dign w cba NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency - Mf) xdy dufug trén co s6 WGS cho nén khéng bj anh hung bai sf dich chuyén bé quy chiéu chi clin dau ra cia may thu GPS dua qua he théng hia thi hE quy chiéu WGS. Tuy mbién hign nay van cdn mot sO hai dS gidy cia NIMA va mot vai quéc gia dude thiét K€ khée v6i thong s6 tham chiéu cba WGS. Céc hai d8 nay thu®ng 6 ghi chi théng sO tham chi€u “ Datum note” wén 6 tiéu 48 hodc phin trén mép tréi cia hai dé. Tuy theo nim ti ban, t) 16 hai 46, ndi dung ghi chi nhv sau: “World Geodetic System 1972 (WGS-72)", "World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS- 84)", ho&c "World Geodetic System (WGS).” “World Geodetic System 1972 (WGS-72)". “World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS- 84)", bokc “World Geodetic System (WGS)." ‘MOt hi 6 c6 ghi chi thing sO tham chiéu ma cé thé t4c nghiép vi orf vé tinh lén 46 khong fa higu chinh thuting ghi nb sau, SO TAY HANG HAT 5“Positions obtained from satellite navigation systems referred to... (Reference Datum) can be pplotied directly on this chart.” {Vi ti nhdn ty hg thdng v@ tinh hang hdi tham chiéu... théng ‘36 tham chiéu) c6 thé t4c nghiép tryc tiép én hai 46 nay). Che hai 46 v6i thong s6 tham chiéu khéc vi WGS cé ghi ché nhu sau: “Positions obtained from satellite navigation systems referred to the... (Reference Datum) must be moved XXX minutes (Northward’Souhward) and XXX minutes (Eastward! Westward) to agree with this chart.” (Vj tei nbfin diige tit hé thdng vé tinh hang hai tham chiée ... (thong s6 tham chiév) cdn phai dich chuyén X.XX phiit ( B&c/Nam) va X.XX phot (eng/Tay) 4 pha hop voi hai 46 nay) Mét s6 hii d@ khong lién quan dén hé tham chi€u WGS vi thiéu ofc dit ligu tric dia gdn abit hoc mét s6 hai 43 xay dung dya trén céc s6 lieu tre dja qué eB khéng thé tham chi phi hgp v6i hé thong tee dja hien dai, trong truting hop nhu vay. trén hai dé 06 ghi chi: “adjustments to WGS cannot be determined for this char.” (Hai 48 nay khOng thé diéw ‘hinh theo WGS). Hign nay vin e6 mt s6 quéc gia ké cd. My (NIMA) va Amb thiét lip hai 43 gify dua rén hé quy chiéu khéc voi WGS. NEu én m6i hai 46 c6 ghi chii hE quy chié khdc voi WGS tiie thé chinh di ddu ra cia may thu GPS (WGS) vé vi ti hé quy chiéu phi hgp dé han ch€ sy dich chuyén hé quy chiéu. NEw trén hai d8 giy khong c6 ghi cho hE quy chiéu thi din phi dic bigt cht ¥, bing céch so sénb véi vit thie t€ duge xée din 48 chfnh xéc, ¢6 ‘thé fim duge mot lugng higu chinh 4€ higu chinh khi dé gidi vj wi GPS én hii 43. Tuy hién cfin luv # ring long higu chinh nay 1a phi tuyén tinh nén chi ép dung tai Khu ve 66 ma thoi. ‘Mét dnb hing khéc ciing cin ch 9, khi chuyén vi tr tir mot hai d6 nay sang hii 46 khéc ‘ma bai hii dé lai dp dung céc bé quy chi€u khéc nhau. Trong trading hgp 46 néu 48 gid vi tri ty hdi 48 nay sang hii dé kia bing kinh vi dO th vi tf s€ chiu Anh bung cia sy dich cchuyén hé quy chiu, cach tt nhat 18 chuyén vi tf gif hai hdi d8, bing ev ly vB huong ‘aghm cia cing myc tiéu. _Vitef 48 higu chinh hai d8 cho trong Théng bdo hang hai (NTM) }8 vi uf cho theo he chigu cla nhiing hai dé ring biét véi dn bin xéc dinh. Vi hai a6 6 thé die chuyén d6i tit hné quy chi€u cit sang hé quy chi€u hién dai hd, hon nila e4c qudc gia c6 thé dp dung c&e ay chiéu khéc nhau, cho nén théng béo hang hai 4p dung cho an ban hai dé nay 06 thé ‘hong 4p dung dé hiéu chinh cfc hai d6 kfc. 1.2 Top 46 dia ly 1.2.4: Chuyén &dng cia tréi aft ‘Trong thai duong hg, Tréi dt chuyén dong quanh mit trdi theo quf dao hinh elip. ‘Ngoai chuy€n dhng quanh mat tei, trai dt cdm ty ‘quay quanh truc oBa n6,,goi 18 dia trye, Dia truc 8 mot dudng thing twdng tung xuyén qua tim O cha irdi d€t, vudng’g6e vdi mit phdng xich dao va i qua hai diém wen bé mat tréi dét goila Bde Cite Pa va Nam Cie P, (Minh 1.02), Bia true khong SO TAY HANG HAI 606 dinh ma c6 dao ding trong khong gian goi 1a dao déng dia trac. Déu mst cia trye quay (ai Bde cue va Nam cue) vach nén ohiing dao dng Binh sin voi mét chu ky khodng 18,6 1nd va trong vong 25 800 nam thi né hodn think mt vong khép Kin. ' ‘edi dét quay quanh dia tryc ti Tay sang Déng, cho nén ta nkin thy mat troi moc @ phia Dong va ign d phia Tay. NEw d€ m&t nhin vao Bdc eyc, sé thdy tai d&t quay nguge chiéu kim déng hd. 1.2.2. Vj tritrén bign -Toa d6 dia ly, kinh a6 va vid 1. Vong tia Ién vi vong tron nhd : 1) Vong tron idn ( Great circle) 1A mot vong tn vé én bé mat hioh cdu ma mit phdng chia né di qua tim hah cdu. BG 18 vong tron 1én'nhdt c6 thé VE tren bé mgt hinh edu. Qua hai digm én bé mgt Hinh cdu chi c6 thé ve mot vong (edn I6n, ex ly nga abft gita hai diém 46 nim trén cong ng&n nbit wén vong 16n, trit ruding hyp hai diém nim trén hai du mit cia dutng kinh qua cu, truding hdp nay c6 thé vé dugc v6 sO vong ton én, 2) Vang won nhé ( ( Small circle) la nhiing vong tron vé trén bé mat qua cau ma mat phing chia né khOng i qua tam qua clu. 2. Bde ban cdu, Nam ban cu va Xich dao (Cho mét mat phing M ct qua tam O cla tri dat dng thai vudng g6c véi dia trac (Fin 1 2), mat phng dé c&t tréi dt ra hai phdn b&ng nhau goi la Nam Ban cdu va Bde Ban cdu Mit phing M néi én cdt bé mat tréi dit tgo thanh mot vong tn goi la Xich dao. Dé chi mt vi tri chioh xc tén bé m§t tr4i dat (cd trén dién) phai sit dung dén toa dé dia 'y, tao thinh man ludi kinh tyén va vi tuyén, 3. Kinh tyén va vi myén 1) Vituyéin, vid6 dia ly Céc vong tron chay quanh b& mat tdi dt Spheroid (gin ging Hinh cdu), song song véi duting xich dao goi 18 che wi tuyén, c&c vong vituyén nhé hyn vong xich dz0 va abd dn vé phia hai cyc Bc va Nam inh 1.03), Vi tuyén duge do bing dén vi 46, goi la vi dé ky higu la g hode Lat. (Latiute). Vi ds dia ty tai mOt dia diém ndo a6 tren be mat trdi dat Spheroid 1a gée phap tuyén do tai tim ai dit git mat phdng vi tuyén di qua diém 46 va mit phing xich dao hod gid ti cung kinh tuyén tir vi tuy€n di qua diém 46 d€n xich dao. ‘Vi-d6 tai xich dao 1a 0” va tang din dén 90° tai hai cyc tri dat, & béc ban cu goi la vid} bée (9, ) mang déu (+), 3 nam ban céu goi la vi d6 nam (g,) mang d&u (2). VI wyén di ua ngudi quan sét thi due goi 18 Vi muyén ngudi quan sd 2) Kinh tuy€n dja ly, Kinh tuy€n a6, Kinh 49 dia ly. SOTAYHANG HAI = 7Céc nita vong tron chay qua bé mit tli dit Spheroid gta hai cuc Py va Ps, véi chiéu di ‘lng obau Ia cfc kinh tuyén dia lf. Kinh tay€n cling duge do bing don vi 40 goi la kink 46 (inh 1-03). ‘Nam 1884 tai cudc hop quéc t€ 6 New York ngudi ta 44 thita nhin kinh tuyén di qua dai thién vin Greenwich (London, Anh) [a kinh tuyén sO “0”, goi la kink myén gd. Kink tuyén dia b) tai mt diém ndo 46 trén b& mat wai At 8 gbc mhi dién gitta mat phing kinh tuyé'n gc va mat phing di qua kinh tuyén dia ly chifa diém 46, hoac gi tri gée clu d ‘eve gita 2 kinh tuyén 46, hodc 1a gid tri én cung xich dgo tinh ww kinh tuy€n g6c d€n kinh tuyén dia ly di qua diém 46. Kinh tiyén dia IY c6 ky higu Ahogc Long. (Longtitude) do bang 46, tinh ti kinh tuyén g6c 0-180" vé phia déng goi lA kink d6 déng 2g mang.diu'+”; tinh ty 0-180? vé phia tay goi la Kink 46 tay doy. mang d&u (-). Kinh wy€n di qua ngudi quan sit thi duge goi IA Kink tuyén ngudi quan sit. Nhu vay mi mot diém trén bé mét ti df, wen bién duge xe dinh bang toa 46 dia ly gdm kinh 6 (E,W) va vi d6 (N, S) cba diém 46. an vi tinh kinh dQ va vrd6 18.40, ph, gidy: 1°= 60! (phit), 60" (eidy) Dai lugng nhd hon philt d6i khi duige tinh bing s6 thép phin, 0,1°( phit) = 6° (gity) Vidu, Vj wi cda Ving tau gy = 10°19°N A= 10P 0S'E ‘Higu vi 66 va higu kink 49 1) Hig vt d9 (d.lat. Ag ho¥e De) cha 2 diém ten mit dt 1& gid wi phén cung ahd cla kinh tuyén nim gitta 2 vi tuyén g va 91 chtfa hai diém 46, fae -o [92 = 9+ De Nguyén thc gan tén khi tinh ton: N dau (+), S diu (-) , De bién thién tir 0° dén 180°. ‘Dg 20 thi tau chay vé phia Bac, néu Dp <0 thi tau chay vé phia Nam. 2) Higu kinh dé ( 42, D2 hose D.long) cila 2 diém trén mat aét 1a phn cung nhd hon wen vvong xich dao nim gifta 2 kinh tuy€n Aa va Aa di qua 2 diém 46. (Di =, —A, A, =4,+DA Nguyén tdc gn tén khi tinh todn: E difu (+), W dau (-), DA bién thién ty 0° dén 180°. Khi DA> 06 nghia JA tau chay vé hung déng, D2. < 0 tau chay vé huidng ty. SO TAY HANG HAI 8Trong 46, 9,4, = Toa dé dia ly diém xudt phat y,4, ~ Toa dd dja ly diém dich 1.3. Do phuong hwéng trén bién. 1.3.1 M6t s@ dinh nghia vé cdc mat phing trén tré Mat phdng thang diing tai mot diém trén tréi dit 8 mat phing di qua day doi tai diém 46 va vudng g6c v6i bé mat tri dat. ‘Mat phang ndm ngang 1a mat phang vudng g6c véi mat phdng thing dting. Mat phéng chan trai that (mat phiing chan ard ngudi quan sd) 1A mat phing nim ngang di qua m4t gui quan sét. : Mit phing chan trdi di qua tm tréi dat got la mat phdng dia tdm hoc chan trot thin vein. Mat phdng kinh tyén la mit phdng c6 chifa tryc trai dt. Néu mat phdng kinh tuy@n di qua ngudi quan st th goi A mat phng kinh tuyéin ngudi quan sdt. Mat phing thing ding taj vi uf ngudi quan st, vudng g6c voi mat phdng kinh tuy€n ngudi quan sat goi 1a mér phdng dong tay. Duong chin trai that 1a giao tuyén gitta mat phdng chan trai char va bau trdi tung twong, 1.3.2 Hg théng dinh huéng trén mit phang chin trdi that ‘Teen tdi dat Ghinh 1-04) tai dim A , qua B&c cye va Nam ce vé ding kiah tuyén, efing tai A vé duttng vubng géc vai kinh twy€; ngui quan shove s4t difog tai A, mft hung vé Bde Cyc 46 ka Hudng Bde (N), phia sau lug ngutii quan sdt 18 Huding Nam (S), phia tay phai la Hudng Bong (E) va phia tay trai 1h Huéng Tay (W). Bé khong nhim Hin v6i céc hung Bde Khée sé n6i 5 sau nay, ta goi hung Bde dia Iy 1a Huang bic shat, Ki hiéw Nr. Tren thnfe t€, ta khOng nha thy BAe Cue (46 1a mot im ting wong) nhung ob thé xéc dinh bing Ia ban, hodec bing quan sdt. Trén cd s8 bdn hung co bin ding tay nam ble, c6 Hinh 4.04 thé xéc dinh cc hung khéc abu’, + Huong Bong-Bée (NE) la hung nim gita huéng Bong va hudng Bic, + Hung Béng-Nam (SE) la huting nim gidta hung Dong va hudng Nam + Hung Tay Béc (NW) 2 hudng aim gita huting Tay va hudng B&c. + Huéng Tay -Nam (SW) la hudng nim gita huéng Tay va hudng Nam. Tit céc hufGng od ban trén c6 thé suy ra nhidu hutGng khéc. 133 Cécedch biéuthjhugng —” SO TAY HANG HAI 9BE do hudng, ngudi ta chia mat phdng chdn trdi thanh 360? (Hinh 1-05), Huong duge biéu thi theo cfc céch nhut sau, 1. He nguyén vong Hu6ng dude tinh wy huéng Bac (000°) ting dan theo chiéu kim ddng hé cho dén 360°. 2. Hg bén vong Chin wi that duge chia ra 2 phn bing duong kinh ty€n N-S. Lay diém N hode S im dim géc, gi tri géc chi hung tinh tir diém ge O° d6n 180° vé 2 phia Bong hose Tay. ‘Céch viet phudng vj theo hé bin vong duge quy dink, nhu sau, chit edi dau tring véi tén diém g6c (N hoac 8), tiép theo 12 gid tri phudng vi, cu6i cing Ia huSng ly phuting vi E hoac W. Vi du, cing mét diém tren ‘bién 6 thé biéu thi phuong vi theo hé ban vong: NATE hoic $1338 3. HE V4 vong Dem hé nguyén vong chia ra thinh 4 phn bing céc udng N-S va E-W, N va S duge lay lam diém g6c, giGi han g6c chi hung tinh tr diém N hoje S v2 2 phia E,W gidi han ty 0 én 90°. Vi du: S30°W , N3S°E. Cec hg nguyén vong, bin Vong va vong déu o6 thé chuyén di Win nhau theo yeu clu tinh todn. 4. He ca (Point) HG ca duge sit dung trong hang hai thé gidi tit xa xifa, theo d6 hé nguyén vong duge chia 32 phin bing nhau, m6i phén bing 11,25° goi 18 1 ca (Point). Hign nay hé “ca” it duge sit dung. 13.4 Huléng di, hudng mA tau, hudng thie t€; huéng ngim, géc man 1, Huiig di - (Course -C), 18 hung dich chuyén hoe du dinh dich chuyén cia tau trén mit phing chan wi, c6 thé biéu thi blag 3 céch, 1) Hung 4i thét TC (True course), la g6c kep gitta hung be that véi duting di chuyén cba thu. 2) Hung di la ban tit CC (Compass course) 18 g6c kep gita hudng bac ta bin voi duting di cuyéncta thu, 3) Hudng 4i dia tir MC (Magnetic course), 18 g6c kep gilta hung bic dja ti véi dung di chuyén cia thu. 2. Hung mii (tau) - (Ship's Heading), fa g6c kep gitfa hung Bfc that vA dung mai tau, 3 m6t thdi diém no 46 (Minh 1-06). Do anh hudng cia diéu kién ngoai cinh, hudng mdi oé thé tring hodc khéng tring véi hudng di (Course) cla tin. SOTAYHANGHAT 10‘HuOng moi @u (Ship's Heading) cling duge biéu thi bing 3 céch, Hi 1.05 1) Hung mili that - (True heading), 1a géc kep gita hung bic that véi dvong mii tu. 2) Huéng moi la ban - (Compass heading ) la'g6e kep gitta hung bic la ban v6i dung moi au 3) Hung mai dja tir - (Magnetic heading), la g6c kep gifta hudng béc dia ti véi dung mai ofa thu. 3. Hudng di thyc ‘Huténg thy t (Course Made Good - CMG) 1a huting di thyc té ( Actual track) cia tau so V6i déy bién khi chiu dnh hung cia cfc yéu tS bén ngoai. |. Hung ngdm ( Bearing) Hung agdm cia mOt myc tiéu 1a g6c kep gita hung Béc va huGng myc tiéu 46 tésh bing 46 theo chiéu kim dng hd ( ngudi quan s4t 6 trén tau), xem hinh 1-06. Gée nay 46i khi con gei 1a phucng vi (Azimuth) cla myc tieu, (Trong thién vin thugt ng “Azimuth” dé chi phuong vi cia thién thé trén thién cu) Hudng ngdm di&n dat theo 3 cach, + Huong ngim thgt—TB (True Bearing), 1a géc kep gitta hung b&c that voi duting kéo ei dén myc tiga. + Hung ngém la ban - TB (Compass Bearing), 1& géc kep gia hudng béc la ban véi diving kéo dai dén mye tiéu. + Hung ngdm dia t-MB (Magnetic Bearing) la g6c kep gitta hung bc that v6i dutmg 60 dai dén myc tien, - Géc man ~RB ( Relative Bearing), Géc man cia mot muc tiéw ia g6c kep gita duting mi tau v6i dung kEo dai dn myc tiéu 46, xem hinh 1-6. Géc man tinh ttt miti tau 0" dén 180° theo hé ban vong, néu myc tiéu nim & man phai tau thi gol la gc man phdi (mang du +), nim 6 man tréi thu thi ta goi la géc man trdi (mang iu. Géc man cting ¢6 thé tinh theo hé nguyén vong tiy 0~360? theo chigu kim déng hd. SOTAYHANGHAI 114 BO lech dja tit, 46 Tech la ban va sai s6 la ban. 1.4.1 Dung cu do huféng - La ban La ban Ia dung cy dé do phuong yong tren ign, trén céc tau bién hién nay tang bi hi Tosi la ban truyén thong, la ban tir ya la ban ‘con quay. Ngoai ra hign nay edn ¢6 loai loai la ban GPS. Hinh 1-07 1a mit phan anh cba la ban con quay trén d6 06 dat du xich (biéu xich) 8 do phucng vi. La ban con quay ding nguyén If con quay vat 1y 4€ chi hung, van anh bang dign. La ban ‘con quay ¢6 sai 86 goi T& sai sO con quay ‘AG (Gyro Compass Error), xem Chisong 16 - La ban con.quay. La ban ox 1a dung ou sit dong cde dung ste t tf nhién o6 dinh hung bao quan wi dit é chi hung, n6 Vin la dang cy di bign truyén thOng, xem Chung 15 - La ban th 1.42 BO lech dint Hai ove tir Nam B&e khong nm wing v6i hai cu dia ly Cue bale va Cye nam, cho nén kim Ta ban tit chi hung Béc cia cuc dja t Khng tring vdi huéng Bde that (eye Bac dia 19), Sy chénh léch gia huOng Bc dja tt va hudng Bde tht got lk dd lech da tt ky Bieu Var (variation), xem hinh 1.08. Néu hudng Bac dia t) Ete we oe Iéch phfa Déng cba hung Béc that thi goi lA dia tir wt at au Mt téch Déng (E) mang dai (+), binh 1.08, nguse lai Nw - We Ga huag Béc dia ti léch vé pha Tay cita hutng Bc thét goi la dia ti léch Tay (W) mang df (>), i tinh 1.08. € Ww D6 léch ja ty bign 46i theo nhiing yéu 15 sau day, i 1, Bién d6i theo ving dia ly DG léch dia tuong d6i nhd 3 vi d6 thi, va tang én Va bién 43; khd 16nd vi dO cao, vi dy 6 ving bién nude ta 46 lech dia gin bing khéng, nhuing 3 ving bin dong bée Trung Quéc 46 léch dja ti ting len 4W dEn PW. G ven bo bign Canada, 46 1éch dia tit khodng 25°E. Ly do cia nhtng bién 446i 46 1a vi cue dia tty Bac Ich khdi cife Bac that cba tri aft 3 nbimg vi tri Khéc nhau sé 6 66 Iéch Khe shan NNgoti ra vi tye dia ta khong di qua tim ti 4, eh ring én bE mat si dit phn bs Khdng 42u, nén lam cho d6 Ich dia ny biéo 46i chng phife tap. 2, BB léch dia tir bien d6i hang nam Can od vio quan sét liu dii nha thy vi tf eye dia ti Nam Bae khong phi 18 8 dinh ma dich chuyén m6t céch chim chap quanh oye dia Iy. Nguei ta tinh ring cif 960 nim eve dja wr ich chuyén quanh cuc dia IY mot vong. Sif dich chuyén cia cufe dia tir tft mhién sé kéo theo sir bién di cla 49 1éch dia tt. BO lech dja ti bién 46% hang nfm khodng OF dén 0,2”, sy bién 46: dS gai lA “Nin sai” ca 46 lech dia ti SOTAYHANG HAT 123. BO lech dia tdi chung va bao tir BO lech dja ti 6 mot vai Khu vue tn wri d&t so voi ving chung quanh o6 sy bid d6i batt thuting, hién tubing nay o6 lién quan dn mot kh6i lugng kbosng san c6 t tinh nm s&t trong, long dit trong ving, c6 thé chinh n6 da gay nén su bign ddi dj thuding d6. Trén hdi 48 hose trong céc tw ligu hang hai 4&u 06 ghi chd “ving d Iéch dia ti dj thu@ng”, 6 nhing khu vue 46, cin bét site ch ¥ hoat d0ng ca Ia bin t khi thu thuyén di qua Bao ti gay nén bdi hién wong ove quang va sy bign déi ahong b6 den trén mat wei, n6 gay ‘én ohiing bign dong ngdu ahién d0i vdi voi dO léch dja WW. Khi c6 bao ti, 4 Iéch dia ti thay di trong mot ngay dém c6 thé ti vai 49 dn vai chue 46. 4, Tinh toan d9 lech dia tir [Var] (variation). Dé lech dia tir da duge khdo sét va théng ké d€ Sp dung cho khoa hoc vi d¥i sng. Trong hang hii, c6 hai cdch Lay 49 Iéch dia tix var., 1) Lay urligu 46 léch dia ty ghi trong hai dé. Trén bai 48 déu c5. ghi d6 léch dia ti cho khu ‘vue hai d6 tai cdc hoa la ban trong 46 gém c6 : nim, d6 lech dja ti (E hay W), nién sai va ky higu (B hay W ). Hinh 1.09 1a hinh thite hai loai hoa 49 Jéch dia tw wén hai dd. ‘Trén Hinh 1.09a ghi: 4°30°W 1998 (9°E) 06 nghia 1a trén hai d6 46 Iéch dia ty nim 1998, 4°30 W (hoa la ban léch vé bén trdi) thay di hang nam 9" éch dong,, te gidm hing nam’, Vi vay khi mun tim 49 léch dia tiY vao nm 2005 thi tink nh sau SOTAYHANG HAI 13Var. (2005) = 4°30" W — 9° x (2005 - 1998) = 4°30 W -63'E = 3°27" W ‘inh 1.096 la mét hinh thete Khéc cla hoa la bln, Céch ghi chi va tinh ton efing giSng mht trén,4°30°E 1998 (9"E). ‘Vay 66 lech dja str nam 2005 tinh mbit sau: Var.(2005) = 4°30°E + 9°x(2005-1998) = 4°30°E+ 63'E = 5°33°E Cain chi $ Khi sit dung hoa la ban, + Néu tén hi 48 c6 mot vai hoa la bln thi Ify 0 1éch dia ttn hoa la ban 3 gén vi tri suy tinh ota tau. + Trén mot so hai 48 06 oY I€ Idn, dO lech dia tiy thudng thige ghi trén 42 muc cba hai 6, hu vay c6 nghta 1a cd tdm h&i dé déu ding chung mét 46 léch dia tt 6 BAN 06 BO LECH DIA TU THE GIO SS Hinh 1.10 + Trén ede hAi d8 dai dudng ty 1é nhd, wf ligu vé dQ ech dja ti thudng duige ve thinh dung cong goi 1a duding dng 46 lech dia wW, Trén dung cong d2ucé ghi chi ti s6 cba 46 lech va ni +6 Iéch E hay W, nién sai va du cba n6 ghi trong du ngoic. Nam cba 46 lech dja rit ghi én 48 muc cia hai 48. Céch tinh cling gidng ahu phutcng phép vita trinh bay ten, ri sau d6 cn cif vao vi ti thu ma n6i suy. 2) Dang “Ban 48 6 Iéch dia ty thé gi6i", Hioh 1.10 1a bin 48 66 lech dia er he gigi thu ahd tf Ig. Teégloai bin €8 nay ve ede duting cong dng dé lech da ty én tobe edu, ‘Tren mBi dung cong ding 45 lech dia tw déu c6 ghi dd 1éch dia ti cla nim quan sét va bign 48i hing nim. 1.4.3°.D6 lech la ban tit 1, Anb hung cia tiy rung cia tau SOTAYHANG HAT 14Tau thiy dugc d6ng bing sft thép, trong qué trinh déng efing nhu Khai thc con tu chju cdm ding cia ti trvdng tri dt va mang Wy tinh goi la ti tring thu, La ban ti dat trén tu chiu thc dung ola ti truting tri dt d€ chi bung bc dia ti, ngodi ra cdn chju te dung cla ty trudng ‘4u va gay ra 0 Ich cho kim la ban goi la dé léch la ban d (Deviation) khién cho kim la ban Jéch va chi vé hung Bdc la bin Ne. BO Iéch la ban lim cho kim la ban léch vé phia Bang hung Bie dia ti Nw goi la dé léch dong, ky hieu 1a E (+), ngugc lai lech vé pha Tay hung. Bc dia ti Nx goi IA dd lech tay, kf higu 1k W (), (Hinh 1.11), ‘Dé lech la ban to biéa 44i trong nhing diéu kign nhuf sau, 1) Hung di cila tau thay déi thi 48 léch la ban cing bign dé. ‘Trén Hinh 1.11, gid sift tudng ofa tau la do mét thanb nam chm 16n at theo chiéu doc tau tao ra, khi tu thay Ne tw Ne 448i cde hung khée nhaw thi doh hung cla thank nam chim 46 46i véi kim la ban phat sinh ra cdc d6 Iéch 6 sid tri va dau kid nhau, 2) Te trudng thu thay di thi d9 Iéch la. ban cing thay asi. Ti trudng tau thay d6i khi tau vio xuGng sifa chia, nlm béc va dO hang qué ldu, hanh tinh theo mét huing cof inh tren mot doan duting dai, tau chuyén ché sét thép va quang sdt mang t tinh v..v, Ti trung tau thay d6i sé Hinh {41 am cho 46 lgch la ban eding bin d6i. Vi vay, sau khi tau Wao da hay sau mot thoi gian khai thc nbét dinh cn phai tién hanh khif d9 1éch la bin va lp bang d6 lech la ban com lai (xem Chucng 15 - La ban wi). Bé dim bio an toi hang hai, sau Khi thu rdi cing ra biéa, st quan hing hii cS g&ng tim co ‘pi dé kiém tra lai 49 lech la ban, it hii 1a én mgt s6 hung abdt dinh dé xem bang d} lech la ban ¢6 chinh xéc hay kh6ng. 3) Tau hinh trinh qua nhitng khu vc khée nhau hay tau chay gi trén mOt hutiag khé lau fing lim cho 5 léch la ban thay 46i. Digu 46 thuting chi xy ra 46i véi nbiing hank trinh ai trén ahitng vi d9 cach xa nhau hode di qua xich dao. Vi vay viéc kim tra dé léch la ban hai tiéh hank trong ting ca tric. Bing 49 lech la ban ta Sau khi ura a, va hing nim phai tin hinh lap bing dg léch la ban vé thinh dung cong 40 lech la ban dé sit dung hang ngAy khi thu hah hi, Dudi day a mgt vi du " Bang d6 1éch la ban” cia tau ZZZ. Bang 46 Iech duiye lap cho huéng di la bin céch nhau 10°, dé léch & he hung di khéc phi n6i suy. Tau:2Z2___ BANG BO LECH LA BAN. j Huong di a La bin CC. (Deviation) 000) +25 010 +30 020 433 030 +36 SOTAYHANG HAI 156 léch Ja ban dude vé thanh d6 thj va treo d budng Idi, Finh 1.12 14 vi du d8 thi a6 lech la an ca tau XXX. ‘86 THI DO LECH LA BAN TAU XxX Hint 1.12, 1.4.4 -Sai sf la ban tit BO lech dia tir va 46 lech la ban chng téc dung 1én la ban tir Khién cho la ban ti Khong chi ing butng bc that ma chi Iéch mét g6c AC goi Id sai sla ban tir aCe=var.+d 4 =aC-var. ‘Trong 46, ss rong 6, See oe th AC - (Compass error) - sai s6a ban wy map mse ay ye TT Var. (Vartion) - 46 Ich dia tr 4 4 ~ Deviation) ~¢6 lech la ban t vy Na MBi tri s6 du mang ten va dfu ung tng: EC), WO. » i Hin 1.13 m6 td méi quan he gita AC, var. va d inh 1.13 SOTAYHANGHAI 161.4.5 Chuyén déi cde loi hudng di va cdc logi hugng ngdm Do 46 lech dja tir va d6 Iéch la bin biéu thi cfc loai huting di va céc loai hudng ng&m khic nhau, cho nén cin xc dinh méi lién hg chuyén 48 gitta ching véi nhau. 1, Cackg higu quy vée xem Hinh 1.14) + NC~( Compass North) - Hudng bécla ban + NM-(Magnetic North) - Hung bic dja tir + Nr+ (Truc North) - Hudng bfe that + TC. (True Course) - Hung di that + MC ~( Magnetic Course) - Hung di ia we = CC ~ (Compass Course) ~ Hudng di la ban. = GC ~ (Gyro compass Course) - Hudng ila ban con quay - TMG ~ ( Track Made Good) - Hudng tng hop wW diém xudt phét d€n diém dich vao thai diém nao 46. + COA, CA - ( Course Of Advance) - Hudng du dinh tin t6i én dy, huting dike hoach. + COG - (Course Over Ground) - Hudng ‘dng di vei day finn 1.44 + CH~ (Compass Heading) - Huéng mai aban + TH ~( True Heading) — Huéng mai that + MH ~ (Magnetic Heading) - Hung mti dia wr + CH—( Compass Heading) ~ Huéng mili la ban - TB ~ (True Beating) - Hung ngfn that - MB (Magnetic Bearing) ~ Hudng ngdm dia tt + CB ~ (Compass Bearing) — Hung ngfm la ban ~ RB (Relative Bearing) - Gée man 2. Chuyén gita 461 hudng di (hoac hung ngém) la ban, huOng di (hodc hung ngdm) dia te, MC = cC+d MB = CB+d ‘Trong 46, ~45 lech la ban tt, Ich dng (E) 06 du (+), d léch tay (W) 06 du (-) SO TAY HANGHAI 17‘TircOng thife trén suy ra : cc = MC-d CB = MB-d d= MB-CB + deb dau (-) 18 lech tay (W), + de6 dau (+) 18 léch dong (E). 3. Chuyén dG: gitta hutng di (huiéng ngém) that va huGng di Chwdng ngdm) ta ban Huong di , TC = CC+AC cc =TC -ac Huong ngém, = TB = CB+ AC CB =TB -AC + Trong 46, AC - sai sta ban, (E)~ (+), (W) - ©. 4, Méilién bé gitta hung di, hudng ngéim va g6e man TB=TC+RB hode TB = TH+RB ‘Trong 46, RB tinh theo hé nguyén vong. NEw RB tinh theo hé ban vong thi phai chuyén di in6 sang hé nguyén vong triée Khi thyc hién phép tinh, 1.4.6 Phuong php ding la ban thye hinh do hung ngém trén bién é thnfe Hah do hung ngém trén bién phai ding d&a vong phuong vj (Cdn goi la du xich). ‘Vong phung vi la mot dung cu gém c6 vong tn bing dng, guamg doc so’ va m9t vai chi tit phy khdc nh mé té 8 Minh 1.07. Vong phuong vi c6 thé quay ns do én mat la ban. Khi muéin do hudng ngém cla mét myc tiéu nao 46, tién hah ahu sau, (xem Hinh 1.15), Hinh 1.15 + Ngu®i quan sét dttng phfa 66i dién myc tiéu qué la ban, mét nhin vé phia muc tiv. + D&t vOng phucng vi lén mat la ban (la ban phn dnh hodc la ban tt). Xoay vong phuong vi cho gudng doc s6 quay vé pha muc tiéu ( ching han mét hii ding), SOTAYHANG HAI 18«Ned bing mét con mét nx diém chudn trén yong phuong vi (A6i digm guong doc $6) aqua khe nbé chit" V" uén guog doc s6 46x muc tiéu, hai tay xoay chinh vong phuong 3i cho dén khi mat ngudi quan sit, khe hep chit “V" va myc tiéu nm tren mot dung thing. + Doc biting ngim cia myc tiéu trén guting ( hung ngdm phan chiéu len gung), BS 1a hung ng la ban. 1.5. Cc phutong phap xéc dinh sai séla ban tir 1.5.1 Sitdung mot mye tidu dxa dé xac dinh dé lech la ban tit pling mét phuitng phip xéc dink vj trfchinh xée nao 46, ching ben phuong Phdp hai adc kep ba muc tiéu, a xic dinh mot vi ti tau, Cling mot lic véi vie do gée kep, dng la bin do hndag ng la bia CB cba mot myc tiéu S 6 xa. Trén hai dt vi tt chink xée vita xde din do bung ngdm that cia myc tiéu S 1a TB. Tinh sai s6 la bin AC abut sau, AC=TB-CB (TB - CB) 06 du (+) ~ AC (B), 06 du (2) ~ AC OW) C6 thé tinh ngay d6 igch fa ban, (Var - ldy ten hai 48) d= AC-Var 1.5.2 Quan sét budng ngim ba myc tiéu dé xc dinh sai sla bam tit Chon 3 muc tiéu theo yéu cdu cia phép inh vi bing myc tiéu, do ‘hung ng4m cia ching duge CB, CBz, CBs, dng be hing ngim dé tinh g6c kep timg cép hai muc tu én ke, sau 46 ding phép 8 gidi hai g6c kep muc tiéu dé xée dink vj wi tau wen hai 66. Trén hai 48, tY vi tr hu vita xée dinh do huGng ngdim that cba 3 mye leu TB), TB, TBs. Cust ebng sai s6 fa ban SC tinh theo cng thife sat _ (1B,-CB,)+ (7B, ~CB,) + (TB, ~CBs) 3 1.5.3 Ding mot muc tigu ba don de & xa 42 xéc djnh 49 ech la ban tit ch la ban edn Iai sau khi tién hank khit 46 lech. ac Phuong phép nay ding dé xée dinh 46 Myc tigu duge Iya chon phii 1a m&t mye tu ddn d@e that x8 rang @ ech xa tha ching 10 hii Ip. Cong viec phi dugc tim hamh trong didu kign thoi wet t0t, s6ng nhd, gi6 nhe. Vong bign phia ngoai Vinh Ha long va Vang bign Vang Tav [a mot nai thuda Idi cho vige aay. Vi dy sau day tinh bay winh Uy thye bién xée dinh 49 Igch Ia ban bing myc tiéu don Ge X (Hiab 1.16). SOTAY HANG HAI 19Cho tau chay theo hudng Béc la ban CC = 000", va céc huGng di CC khée nhau 045°, 090°, 13, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315°, dang la ban chudn do hung ngdm la ban CB ca muc tiéu X. ‘Vi dy k6t qua nhén dutge CB tung tng céc hnudng di 1a 293°, 296”, 300°, 305°, 310°, 306°, 301°, 297°. Tinh dé léch la ban cba cac hudng di 46 nhu sau Hutdng di la ban CC Hudng ngdm la ban CB 000° 293° 04s? 296° 090° 300° 135° 305° 180° + 310° 23° 306° 270° 301° 315° 297 2408" Huong ngim diet MB = a = 301° (Can cif vao nguyén ly cia la ban ti va ly thuyét Khir 46 lech, c6 thé xem 301° 18 hung ned dja tieMB cita myc tiéu X, xem Chuong 15 - La ban ti) Dua vao cOng thie, d= MB-CB tinh duge 46 léch la ban trén cfc hutng nh sau : ‘Hung di la ban CC ‘DG léch la band ‘000° 301°-293° =8E 04s? 301°- 296° = 5E 090? 301°- 300°= 1B Bs? 301° - 305° = 4W 180? 301°. 310° = 9W 225° 301°- 306" = SW 270° 301°- 301° = 0” 3s 301°- 297° =4E ‘Vichi sit dung mot mye tiéu, nén khi chay cfc bung khéc nhau 4é do huéng ngém eta myc Liu 06 thé sinh ra sai s6 do céc hudng ngim-46 khong duige do trén cing huOng ngdm that cla myc tiéu. Dé dim bdo cho sai sO ndy nbé hon 0,5° phii o gng thyc hién cdc yéu clu sav day, 1. Tau phai & xa myc tiéu trén 10 bdi ly, d6i véi thu cang én thi khodng céch nay 16n hon cng tt (10 480-15 hai Ig), dieu kign thi thiét wi, gi6 nhe, sng nh, dong chay khng dng ké. 2. Nén cho tu quay trd v6i dung kinh bling khong 4 dén 5 lén chiéu dai thin tau, Chon tc 6 va géc bé I6i sao cho thdi gian quay tr8 mot vong Khoang 15 4én 20 phét. Mudin c6 ket qua tt hoa, sau Khi hodn thanh vige do dac trén mot vong quay t,t cho tau quay tr3 mgt vvong nifa theo chiu ngude Iai v6i fan do ban du va do lai lén thi hai. Bi chiéu, so sénb, dy gid tr} trung bin. 3, Vige do dac do hai ngudi phdi hgp tiéa hanb, mot ngudi doc buGng di la ban va mot ngudi do mue tiéu, cng vigc cAn phi tién hinh déng thei nb& nhitng tin hiu phot hp ty quy dinh vi ahau. SOTAYHANG HAI 201.5.4 Ding chép tiu dé xdc dinh dé lech la ban C6 thé ding mot chap tiéu nbn tao hay mét chap tiéu thign nhiGn 4é xée dink 46 éch la ban d bing cfch cho thu quay 3 theo ahtng hudag khée nhau, wén mbi hong di, Khi Wu que huOng ned thét cia chép tidy, ta dang la ban chudn do hung ngfm la ban cla chgp tiéu 18i tin hanh mot vai tinh todn nhé sé duge 46 Ich la ban uén cdc hutng 46. Phugng phép nay cling 4€ xéc dinh d9 Ich cdn lai cla la bin sau Khi Khif &9 t¢cb. Hinh 1.173, A va BB chip tiGu tr nhién ogc nhan tao wn Gét liga, hinh vE mo 1 cdch do va doe sO trén biéu xich la ban. Hinh 1.170 m6 t tun ny cho tau quay trd 6 cdc hnidng cén thiét hdc nhau. 7 Vidu, inh 1.172 ‘Mot chiée tau nao 46 xée inh d6 Iéch la ban bing m@t chép tiéu ¢6 hudng nem that TB = 273° (dy tren hii d8). Cho tu quay trén cc hung la ban CC: 000°, 045°, 090°, 135%, 180°, 225°, 270°, 315°. Trén bi hung di khi tau di qua dudng kéo dai ota chap tiéu (ede lite hai tiéu chép v6i nhav), do hung ngda la ban CB cia chép tiéu va lan lust duce ede két qua wong ‘ing nh sau : 280°, 286°, 293°, 284°, 275°, 269°, 264°, 273°, Tit teen hai d6 tinh 46 1éch dia tir “Var.” Ovi ui tu la S°W, Hay tinh d6 léch la band? Gidi, Voi hung di fa ban CC = 000° ta 6, | SC = TB -CB = 273° -280"=- 7? = 7W d= AC- var. = PW ~5°W = 2°W = Tuong ty, 06 thé tinh d 8 cc hutdag di khéc nur sau, q ‘be: Z weea ate vat 7 tia cha ie Hin 1.17 6 Huong di ta ban CC d 000? aw 04s? ow 090° isw Bs ow 180? YE 25° SE 210° WE ae SE SOTAY HANG HAI 21Cu6i cing nén ghi chép 46 léch la ban va ngay thing do vao quyén sé ghi chép riéng. C6 thé so sinh cfc tinh toSn v6i Bang dé léch wén tau dé xem 46 chinh x4c cla 46 1éch cia la ban, 1.85 Xéec dinh 49 Ich 1a ban tit bing céch so sinh véi huéng la ban con quay C6 thé xéc dinh 46 lech la ban ti bing céch so sénh huGng di eile la bin con quay GC véi hung di cia Ia ban tit CC. Phuong phip nay ding dé kiémm tra 49 1éch la ban ti Tién hanh bang céch cho tau quay ted thinh vong tron v6i te a6 nhd, véi hai ngudi thyc hign, mOt ngui quan s4t én la ban tir va mot ngudi quan sét la ban con quay. Cho tau quay 4€n cdc hudng di CC chin 10?, 20°, 30°... ca la ban ty (cong 6 thé am trén cc IhuOng thia hon nhu 000°, 045°, 090°, mdi khi dén mor huréng di quy dinh thi ra hig cho ngubi tht hai dang quan s4t trén Ja ban con quay. Ngudi quan sét trén la ban con quay theo do higu quy u6c cila nguBi kia, 18p tte ghi lai huténg di la ban con quay GC. Cu6i cing dye vao céng thifc sau day € tinh d trén ting hudng. MC = GC+AG-var. d = MC-cC Trong cong thife, var, - Bé lech dia ti (ldy trén hii 46 va tinh tosn) AG - Sai sé la ban con quay GC - Hudng di la ban con quay ‘Sai s6'la ban con quay AG tra trong Bing shigu chinh LBCQ (trong Instruction cla nha ché 1g0). $6 higu chinh LBCQ phy thude vio t8e d va vi d§ cia tu, vi vay phi chinh cho te 46 va vi 46 trén bo phan hiéu chinh ca la ban con quay phd hop véi t6e 46 va vi dg thntc 1€ ofa en. Bay gid ta ly m6t vai s6 ligu 4€ minh hoa cfch tinh toén. Vidu, Cho thu quay 1rd va do duge cée s6 liu nhur sau, ‘Trén cfc hung di la ban ti CC... .., 110°, 120°, 130°, 140°... doc duge huéng di la ban ‘con quay tung ting GC..., ..., 119°, 128°, 137°, 146° ... SO hiéu chinh la ban con quay AG = + 1,5% var. = 1°W Gidi, Dia vio cong thie 8 tén ta tinh dug, MC = GC+AG-var.= 119° +1,5°- 1,0? = 121,5° = 411,5°= 11,5°E Tuong ty, c6 thé tinh d cho c&c hung di la ban ty cdn Iai 1.5.6 Xéc dinh va kim tra 49 Iéch la ban ti trén mot hudng di bing chép tiéu ty nhién @ = MC-CC=121,5°- 110° SOTAYHANG HAI 22Phutong php nay o6 thé ép dung hang ngby trén hu6ng di trong ca teye. Chon m6t chap tiéu 15 ring tén bai 6 va wén thye dia, vi du, mot mom néi va mot mép do (Hinh 1.18) c&eh xa ching 2~5 hai ly hode xa hon m van r6 ring cng t6t (chip tiu cdng xa thi 49 chink xéc cang cao), Khodng céch gitta hai myc tiéu cia chap cling phdi dt xa. Khi tu chay qua chap tiéu, 1p tfc dng la ban wr chuén do huting ngdm cia chép tiéu 46, ta 06 huGng ngém la bin CB. Do huéng ngém that TB cila cing chap tiéu trén hai dd . Vay. AC = 7B - CB d= AC-var, Chi ¥ (E) 06 du (4), (W) 6 du ), war. lay wém hai 48. ‘Trong d6, dla 46 léch Ja ban tén hung di la ban CC. Dem 4 d6i chiéu trong “Bang 46 léch Ta ban tit" cia tu trén huGng di dé xéc nhin sy chinh xéc cia bang d6 Iéch la ban th, Ghi chép AC vao trong s6 “ Sai sé Ja ban “ eda tau va trong Nhdt ky hang hii tén hung di la ban CC, 1.5.7 Ding cdc phutdng phép thién vin dé xée dinh 46 lech la ban ta, A é % . 5 \2 \ went tinh 1218 Trén nguyén te c6 thé ding céch so s4nh phuong vi quan sét (b&ng la ban) va phuong vi tinh todn cia céc thién thé 06 46 cao thip 4€ xée di ban, sai sO la ban, tit 46 tinh 6 léch la Chon thién thé 06 46 cao thap nhim lam tng 45 chinh xéc trong tinh ton do vi tel ngudi quan sét la 4 ut suy tink, khOng phii la vj tri thuc té. Mat kde v6i d6 cao th'p khi ding la ban dé do thién thé khéng cdn lam nghiéng mit la ban nhd 6 gidm sai sO quan sét. Du6i day wah bay vai phuong phép dé 4p dung trong thy tién. 1, Ce cng thite tinh phuoing vi 1) Cong thife ed baa tinh phudng vi Ig5cosp So _ cigtsing ctgd = BA Sin LHA ‘Trong a6, A Phucing vj bin vOng cia thién thé, mang tén kj oy thi nbat cling tén vi @ ky ty tht hai cling tén voi g6c phuvng vj bin ving LHA cia thién thé, khi cIgA 6 gid tri (+) thi ly A<90?, ctgA 6 gid wi (-) thi ly A>90". 5 - Xich vi ciia thién thé, cling tén voi g lay dau (4), khic tén ldy difu (>). © = Vid6 ngui quan sit, bt ky be hay nam déu ldy @ mang di (+) LHA~ Gée gid dia phuong ban vong cia thin thé 2) Cong thie phudng vi moc lin that cba mat ti SOTAYHANGHAI 23cos. 4 = 58S cosy Trong 46, ‘A~Phuong vi ban vong cia mat trdi mang tén ky ty thi nhit cing tén véig , ky wy thi hai moc (E) , Hin (W). cosA 6 du (+) ly A <90°, cos 06 dély (-) lay A>90”, p ~ Vidb nguéi quan sit, bit ky bée hay nam déu ldy p mang du (+) + Xich wicla mat w8i, chng tén voi g My di (+), khde ten fy dé (>) 3) COng thtte phucng vj mép tén cila mat trdi moc lin biéu kién sind cos A= ———___ cosgcos(-55") —tegig(-55') Trong 46, A--Phugng vi bin vOng cba mét woi, mang ten kf ty thi nhdt cing tén voi p ky tg tho hai moc biéu kién c6 dau (E) , ln biéu kién mang d&u (W), cosA o6 déu (+) ly A 24k am (Khi do tc 4§ bing rada nén cin cif vao yéu cdu ny dé chon phao tiéu va thang tm xa rada thich hgp) (4) Hugng di ‘Vudng géc vei hudng céc chap tu. 2) Thdi dim ghi gid va ghi sO doc tc 46 ké Khi chp hai tiéu du tin vita chép mot thi bai déng hd bam gify vA ghi s& doc tc 45 ke 1L;, chp tiéu thi hai chap m6t lai cho dimg dng hé bm gidy va ghi dugc La 3) SO dn tap lai Khi do te 49 (1) Khi khong c6 anh hudng cha dong.chay, thyc hién mt Hin 1a di. ¥,-V 36008 rs «100% t v, Trong &6, $—Khodng céch gitta hai duding chap tiéu hoc Khodng céch gitta hai vong cufly rada oS inh 1 thoi gian can thiét dé chay doan duttng S (s) SOTAYHANGHAI 32p ~T3 86 slip cia chan vit ¥, - Tée 46 tau theo If thuyét (2) Khi 06 dong chay ngang, phai cho thit ngugc xudi 2 ldn lfy gid tri rung binh, » pelt, 52 At yy Ata ate are 2 (3) C6 anh hudng cia dong chay gia tc bién Adi déu, phai chay xudi nguye do 3 lan, lay gid tri binh quan trung binh, Ee Ve fe ;AL= at2Ah Ms (4) Cé anh hung cia dong chy gia te bin 46i khong du, phdi chay xudi nguigc do 4 Hin, dy gid tri binh quan trang binb, HAW, +e +Ve yp Aly #3, +3AL, + AL, 8 7 8g Xéc dinh te do tau va sual igu chinh 16 46 ké bling rada v 1) Diu kién ‘DG sdu vA song gid gidng nbu trong trudng hop 6 teudng thi n6i én. 2) BO dai dutng thir Yeu edu gidng nhur d truting thi, cin cd vao yéu edu ndy dé chon phao tiéu va thang tim xa/vong oily o8 dinh rada thich bop. 3) Huéng di (14) in nbn thdng vd phao teu, 4) Thoi dic Ki séng d9i cia phao tiéu én man hinh rada tip xiic vOi vong cy ly 6 dinh lam aiém ‘khoi du thi khéi déng hé bam gidy vA ghi lai sO doc te 49 ké Ly, khi vOng of ly 06 dink Jam diém cu6i trang khép véi séng doi thi ditng ddng hd bm gify vA ghi lai Ly. 5) SOlén lap lai va tinh tod te d6 gidng nbs wen trong thi. im ghi gid va ghi sO doc t6c d6 ke SOTAYHANGHAI 33HANG HAI SUY TINH VA XAC DINH VI TR{ BANG MUC TIEU LUC BIA 2.4 Hang hii suy tinh ‘Hang hii suy tinh thuc chft la cng viée tde nghiép hdi dé (chart work), dufa trén c&c yéu 15 hu hung di, t6c 45, thdi gian, hudng va te db gié va dong chiy, k& dung di va xéc diah vj tri tu suy tink EP (Estimated Position). 2.1.1. Hang hai khi khéng c6 anh hung ciia gié va dong chy N6i khOng c6 anh hung cla gi6 va dong chy voi ham ¥ Ja gié va dong chy anh hung dén ‘husOng di khéng J6n hon 1°, 06 thé bd qua khong xét t6i, Trung hgp nay, hing hai suy tinh rt don gidn, ten bai dé chi cdn vé mot duttng di ké hoach, 46 cling sé Ia vét di. Hinh 204 ‘Trong didu kign khéng c6 anh hudng cia gi6 va dong chdy, chi cn My huGng di that TC ten dung di k& hoach (CA — Course Advance) chuyén thanh hudng di la ban tir CC hoac la ban. ‘con quay GC, cho thu chay theo hung 46. L6 tinh cila thu dutge tinh bing, S.=CpL)(l+aL) ‘Trong Gidu kign khdng c6 anh hudng cia gié va dong chdy, trén hdi 48 vét tau di nim trong én duting di k€ hoach, L6 winh S (tinh bing tc 46 nhdn cho thai gian hanh trink) do tén hai 48 chinb Ia vj tf suy tinh cba tau tai thdi dim doc t6c 46 KE. Hinh 2.01 mé td c&ch tic aghitp hai d8 bidu thi duéng di va vét tau cing céc vi ti suy tinh lic 0800 va 1000, Céc con 6 ghi dudi git 1a s6 doc t6c 46 ké . CA 1a hudng di ké hoach, GC 18 hung i la ban con quay, sai 6 AG = 2.1.2 Anh hudng cita gid, khong c6 dong chay 1. Gée dat gid Hu6ng gié Ia hudng shdi 16; cia gi (Khi thu dang chay d6 la hung gi6 biéu kign). Géc tg0 thanh bdi hudng gi6 véi dudng moi 1éi tau goi 8 gée man gid. Gc man gi6 c6 thé tinh theo phia man phai ho&c phia man tréi tt 0? dén 180°. SOTAYHANG HAI 34é dim bio cho tdu di ding theo dung di ké hoach, phi higu chink cho hung mili ola thu léch vé phia trén gi6 mot g6e 46 nhft dinh so véi dudng di ké hoach. Géc kep gia hutng mii thu (4uttag mii I4i k6o dai) vi dung di kE hoach goi 8 géc chink dat gid, kf higu .. 6 cling Ia hiéu s6 g6c git hudng di that v6i dung di kE hoach hay dung di thuc té. Dud Anh hung cia gi6, vi tri tau bao gid cling léch pha dudi gid, Géc dat gi6 chiu Anh hung cia nhitng yu t6 sau day, 1) T8e 49 gi6: tSe dO gis cang 16m thi a. cang ln, 2) Géc man gid: géc man gié gn 90" thi « 16n nha. 3) Mén nude eba tau: tau nhe tai o 16n, dy tdi a nhé. 4) Téed6 cba tau: te 46 nhd ot In, 16-46 16n 0 nbd. 5) Hinh déng tiu: dign tich chiu gis trén m&t née, hinh déng d4y thu du6i mit nu6c, Oi chung, d@ x4c dinh chink xéc g6c chinh det gi6 18 mot viéc kh khan, 481 b3i si quan ‘hang hii phai tan dung moi co h6i x4c dinh vi tri thu 48 c6 thé x4c dinh géc chinh dat 46i véi con tau cia minh trong mot diéu kién nhit éinh, ghi chép ofa than 8 &p dung trong nhitng trading bop tung ty vé sau. Cén tich Ioy kinh nghiém méi c6 thé chon huiéng di pha bgp dé hit g6c dat gi6. Hang hAi suy tinh khi chay trong gi6 ‘Cain od vao 15¢ 46 gi6 va g6c man ola gié tra trong bing g6c dat gi6 o cila tau (méi tau tt ap bang g6c dat gi6), hodc cin off vio huBng vét tau dé tinh géc dat gi a, ‘Duting di ké hogch CA = TC+a. Vét di CMG, =TC+ao ‘Theo quy uéc, + Tau nho gid é man tri , a 06 dau (+) + Tau nhgn gié & man phdi, a 06 dé) @°=CMG, -TC 1) Tim hung di la ban con quay chinh dat gid, TC=CA-a@ GC=TC-AG Trong 46, CMG, ~ Huéng véi rau trong gi6 CA - (Course Advance) Hung di ké hoach ‘TC ~ Hung di that chinh dat gid GC ~ Hudng di fa ban con quay chinh dat gid. ‘AG - Sai s6'la baa con quay 2) Huténg di la ban tiv chinh dat gid SOTAY HANG HAI 35C=TC- Ac ‘rong 46, CC~ Hung di la ban ti chinh dst gié AC~ Sai s6la ban ty Khi chay trong gid chi s6 te 46 kE 45 phin anh Anh hung cia dat gi6 46i véi 19 tinh cho én c6 thé ding s6 doc 1c d6 ké S, 8 thoi diém nao 46 do ngay trén duting di KE hoach a c6 vi tri suy tinh tuong ing. Hinh 2.02 Hinh 2,02 m6 td céch téc nghiép trén hai d8 Kkhi 06 dat gid, 21.3 Cin cit vao hé s6'dp lye gi6 Isp bang géc chinh dat gi6 Téc d6 tau bi dat do gid bao gid efing nhd bon t6c 46 gid, hung tau di chuyén do gi6 cing khng song song v6i hung gié ma phu thuge vao huting di, 16c 46 tau... Vi vay khong thé ding phuong phép gii tam gidc vectd a€ tim géc chinh dat gid ma cén phdi lap mot bang ‘g6c chink dat gié theo diéu kin thuc té cla tau dé 4p dung trong nhiing tntdng hdp cin thiét, dc bigt khi tdim nhin xa kém, (Qua thie nghiém va thing ké ngudi ta Iép duige cOng thie kinh nghi€m g6c dat gi6 nh sav, at = KLE sinQy y, ‘Trong 46, a° - g6e dat gis (49) Vw - 15e 68 gio Vi. We d6 tau K*-hé sO dat gi6 (40) Qu gée man gis (Céng thife trén chi thich hop cho géc dat gié khong vugt qué 10°~15°. Cac cOng thie Kin nghiém da dugc nghién ctu 4p dung rong rai hon nhersau, sinQ, +0,15sin2Q,) (Cich dang tin cdy nhit d€ lap bang géc hieu chink dat gid 1a cn oft vio cfc dibu kign khéc hau eda thu, tric tiép do géc chinh dat gié lap thnb bang theo tc d6 va g6c man cia gid. [hut vay di hai phdi c6 thoi gian quan sét va tich Iuj 56 Tigo. ‘Ngoai ra, 06 thé ding hé s6 4p luc gié K dé lap bang géc chinh dat gié, phuong phép nay Khé don gidn, cdc bude tiém hnh nhu’ sav, SOTAY HANG HAI 361) Bang phuorg php thich hop, xéc dinh chinh xée gée dat gid 25~30 Ién trong cfc didu kien tau khong tai va dy ti 2) Thay cc gid tri g6c dat gi6 va Vw, Vi. Q tuOng ting vao cOng thie wen dé tinh riéng hé so K°, va K° cho hai trung hgp khéng tdi va day tdi. 3) Dua céc gid tri khéc nhau ciia cdc thong sS Vw, Vi, Q vao cong thiic cng vdi K®, hofe K, (theo diéu kign khOng tdi va day ti) dé tinh ra a" fp thanh bang theo miu dudi day, GOC HIEU CHINH DAT GI6_ ‘Min nade Gc man cla gid bid igh ‘au Khong tdi iy i Khéag tii Bay tii Khong tdi Bay tdi 4) Khi géc @° > 10” thi cOng thic trén c6 sai sf khé In, nhung hang ngay cé thé ding céch quan s4t thyc t€ dé higu chinh c4c két qua tinh trong bing sao cho c&e gié tri trong bing gay clang hoan thién, 2.1.4 Anh hudng cia ding chy khi khong c6 gié 1, G6c chinh dat nuée Huting dong chiy 1a hudng nude chdy di. Tau chay wong mét khu vue c6 dong chiy, néu tau chay xudi nut6c thi tde 5 thye té ella tau bang te 49 tu cong vi tSe 46 dong chiy, thu chay nguise nut th 18s d9 thye wf bing Se dd ela thu tr cho te d9 dng chy. Néu dong nude chay ti ¢ pha man thi thu sé bi dat vé phia dudi dng nuéc 1am cho thu dich chuyén theo duting dat nutic thc 1. T6e 49 thyc té cla tau bing tng vecto tc d9 tau va te do dong nud. Budi di thy té lech khdi dutng di ké hoach mot gée goi IA géc chink dat mide B (Drift) vine Trong 46, ; V,, - Toc d6 tau tong d6i voi nude (ghi bing tc 6 ké) TV, - T6c d9 dong chiy ¥ - T6e 46 thyc té (Speed Made Good) Burting dik€ hogch CA =TC+B VEt di CMG, =TC+B Theo quy vc, SOTAYHANGHAI 37+ NuGe chiy dap vio man tréi tau, d@y mdi tau vé ben man phai, f c6 dfu (+) + Nubc chy dap vao man phai thu, déy mii bu vé man ti, B 06 du () (Céc loai dong chay 1) Hai luu (Current, ocean current) 2) Trigw Iu (tidal stream) ‘Trigu Iau bao gém tigu lun xoay chigu (Altemating current) v2 triéu Iu quay vOng (rotary current). 3) Gi6 tao ra dong chiy (Tham khdo phan Dong chdy trong Chitong 5 - Thu} vin hang hdi) Hang hai suy tinh Khi chay trong ding chy Chay trong dong chay néu biét tc 46 V, va hung cia dong chay, hung i kE hoach CA, va 16 d6 tau do bing t6c 46 ké V; thi c6 thé vé tam gide vecto t6c 46 dé tim ra hudng di hiéu chinh g6c chinh dat nude va huidng di that TC theo nhu hinh 2.03. Tién hanh 45 gidi nh sau, 1) Trén busing di ké hogch CA bét du tw A vé vects ding chiy AB (hu6ng va t8e d5 Vc). Hinh 2.03 2) Ly ngon véctd B lam tim, t6c 46 te 46 ké V. lam bén kinh vé mot cung nhé gap duting i KE hoach tai D. NOI BD. 3) Twkhdi diém A vé mot dogn thing AC song song v6i BD, AC chfnh 1a dung i 4a higu chink dat nude, ti 46 06 thé xc dinh hudng di tht chinh dat nc TC . Nhu vay, g6c chink dat nude B=(CA-TC) (Nude dap man tr4i 8 mang du (+), man phai du ()). 4) Tim huténg @i la ban chinh dat nude, + Hung di la ban con quay chinh dat mide GC=TC-AG + Hung di la ban ty chinh dat aude CC=TC-AC Trong 46, CA — Hung di ké hoach ‘TC — Hung di that chinh dat nude GC — Huéng di la ban con quay chinh dat'nudc. ‘AG ~ Sai s6'a bin con quay SOTAYHANG HAI | 38AC~ Sai sOla ban ty 5) Gia sir ring vao thoi diém nio 46, s6 doc tc 46 ké tA a S., t’én AC do mot doan AB bing S.,, vé dung EF song song véi huéng dong chdy gép dung di k€ hoach tai F. F chinh 18 vi tri suy tinh tai thd diém néi trén. 8) Muh xéc dinh vi ti suy tinh & thdi diém tiép theo, tt F lai vé duing di chinh dat nude ‘TC song song v6i AC, tir F do dogn dung di doc trén t6c d6 ké Sia bling FG, tt G ke dutng song song v6i hung dong chiy gap dufdng di K€ hoach tai K. K chin la vj ui suy tinh moi 7) Néu bung va te d6 dong chay khong d6i thi e6 thé tiép tye im vi tr suy tinh tip theo. 8) Sau khi di qua mot quang duéng ma hudng va tc 46 dong chy thay déi thi lap tam gig véctd te d6 méi va Om vi tf suy tinh nike d& oink bay ban dau. 4, Hing hai suy tinh khi chay trong khu vite dng chy tun hoan quay vong ‘Trong ddng chdy tun ho’n quay vong néu mat bign rng, khng c6 chung ngai vat thi e6 thé higu chinh dat nuéc tng Wt hyp 4 gid mét lén theo nh hinh 2.04. Ve vects te 46 dong chay mbi gid I, I, HI, MW IV va tinh vécto tng hgp 4 gid AB, Trén We 6 kE doc $6 te a ké S. sau 4 gi8. Tién hanh dé gidi gidng nbu tinh bay 3 Hinh 2.04 phin tén dé 6 vi te suy tinh sau 4 gid ‘Sau d6 tim ding chiy tng hop trong 4 gid ti€p theo va Om vi td suy tinh. 2.1.5 Anh hudng téng hgp ciia gis va dong chdy 1. Gée chin dat téng hop gié va ding chay Gis va dong chdy khéng téc dong riéng ré tren hu6ng di cia tau ma the dong téng hop, dudi inh hudng t8ng hdp nay lam cho dug di thye t cia rau lgch Khoi dvdng di k€ hoach mot 86¢ goi lA gée chink dat ting hop gid nuddc (leeway and drift angle) 7 Buting di ké hoach CA = TC+y Vet di CMG, = TC+y yoa+B Theo quy wdc, + Mii tu léch vé bén phai duting di ké hoach, y ¢6 difu (+) + mili hu léch vé bén irdi duttng di ké hoach, B c6 du (-) 2. Hang hai Suy tinh hi chju anh hung dng thai cia gié va dng chdy Trong thy «6 si quan hang hai quan tim anh hung tng hgp clla gi6 va dong chdy, tuy theo digu kign cho sin 6 hai phutong phép dé gidi én hai dé nhwr sau, 1) Ba biét hudng di that TC, 19 winb, te d} tren t6c dG ké S, va Vi, biét cdc wr ligu vé gid vA dong chy. Tim hung di vét tau CMGy va 16 trioh suy tinh S. Trang hop nay phai 4p dung phuong phap tde nghigp "gid trade nudc sau. Céch tién han, theo hinh 2.05, nbu sau, SOTAYHANG HAI 39a) Ti khdi diém vi ti suy tinh ké hudng di that TC. b) TWTC cong thém gée dat gid a (+) a c6 hung vét di dat gié CMG., ©) Tren hung CMG, do 16 tinh doc ten t5e 43 ke, (Si=(i-L2)(1+4L)= Vi) 4) Tir ddu mit ké vecto dong chay, ta 06 vi ti suy tinh B. e) N6i khdi diém A va vj tel suy tinh B, dé 1a duting vét di tng hop CMG, voi 12) Biét hudng di KE hoach CA, 16 wink, we d6 trén te dO ké S, va Vi, bigt cdc tw itu vé gis va dng chiy. Tim hung di that va 16 trink suy tinh S. Trbng hop nay ép dung eéch téc aghiép " nude trude gid sau". Céch tin hanh theo hinh 2.06 nh sau, tinh 2 S, ws‘; a) Tit kh6i diém suy tinh ke hudng di KE hoach CA 'b) Tir khdi diém vé vectd dng chdy S.. ©) Ly mit A cia vectd dong chay lam tim, S, lim bén kinh vé mét doan tung gap duting CA gip tai B:ndi AB. SOTAYHANG HAI 404) Tirkhdi dim suy tinh tn CA, Ke duting song song v6i AB, 46 14 dung higu chinh dat snuge CMGy, ¢) Ti trén dung CMG, tin hanh chinh dat gid mot géc a, cudi cing o6 duge hung di that TC. 2.1.6 Cée phufong php thyc hamh xc dinh vét di tdng hop eiia tdu khi chiu anh hudng ééng thoi gié va dong chiy Xée dink a, Bhay 7 thyc chit Ia xdc dinh hudng vét di cla tau, bai vi, CMG,-TC (chi e6 anb Inting cia gi6) B = CMG,-TC (chi e6 anh hung cba dong chay) Y= CMGy-TC (nh huting téng hyp gi6 nu6e) ‘Trong 46, CMG - Hung vét di (Course Made Good) ‘TC- Huong di that C6 mbt s6 phutng phép thye hanh sau diy, 1. Xée dinh vi tri lin tye dé tim hudng vet di ‘Trén dudng hanh trinh, ding ede phuting phap xéc dinh it nhat 3 vi ti chinh xéc, néi ba dim. Viti, d6 chink Ia véi di eda tu, hah 2.07, to og ae iaing cach of 7 anit do ven tr TC CA Hinh 2.08, Hinh 2.09 2. Diu khidn sao cho tu chay ding tén Inidng chip tiéu ( mdi tau c6 thé khOng chi hong chap tiéu), dung n6i chap iéu chink I& hung vét tau, kinh 2.08, 3. Bo phuting vi cla myc tiéu 6 khodng cach gin nbdt dé xéc dinh huGng vét di. Cho tau chay qua myc tiéu X nbu hinh 2.09, ding rada lién tuc do khoang cach dén mép muc tiéu X, lay huéng ngdm cia muc tiéu X khi khodng cdch D tit tau dn n6 ngén nbit, KE huldng ngdm muc tiéu 46 Ién hii 48, vé dudng vudng g6c voi hung ngém tai diém C Khoiing céch ngfn nhét , &6 chinh Ia dung vét di cle tau. BCG cifly ngdn nha) + 90° Myc tiéu bén man tréi ify dau (+), muc tiéu bén man phai fy du () CMG, 4, Ding ba hung ngdm cia m6t muc tiéu tim hung vét di SOTAYHANG HAI 41Phudng php nay o6 hai céch thye bién, 1) Phuong phép quan sét v6i gidn ofch thdi gian bing nhav. Bo hnudng ngém cila cing muc tiéu X, trong mot khodng thdi gian bing nhau ty=h gia 3 lan do (lin do thi nhét véi thit hai va Ln do thi hai véi thi ba) trén clng muc tiéu X, 66 cée hhu6ng ngém TB,, TB, TBs. Vé 3 hung ngdm lén hai d6 (xem hinh 2.10), lay mot diém O bat ky trén TB,, tir O ve hai dudng song song voi TB, va TBs, gp TBs, TB: tai A va B, n6i ‘AB. AB chinh la dung song song v6i vét di cla tau tic 12 hung vét thu. Hh 2.11 inh 2.12 2) Phuong phép quan sét gidn cdch thi gian bat ky Quan sét 3 hyéng ngfm TB,, TB;, TB, eda muc tiéu X voi gién cdch thd gian 12 ty va b, xem hinh 2.11. Ti A - diém giao nhau cila TB, va huGng di that TC cia tau, do doan AB = Vt, va BC= Vip trén hung di thét. TW B va C ve dung song song v6i TB, eft TB: v8 TB tai D va E. N6iD va E, 46 18 hudng cia vét i, Dang vanh khfc 46 la ban do hudng vét mudc sau Iéi dé tinh hudng vet tau, CMG, = Phuong vi vét nde saw tau -180 Phuong ph4p ndy chi ding dé x4c dinh géc chinh dat gid, 46 chinh x4c khOng cao. Bigt hung va te dé dong chy ding phiting phép 46 gidi dé xéc dinh huGng vét thu va 16 6 thy té. “Trong digu kign lang gid, bigi hudng va te dO dong chay V. c6 thé d gii tam giée tng hgp lye 4é tm hung vét tau va (6c 9 that (xem binh 2.12). Trén hai 46 léy diém A tén ‘hung di that lam khdi diém 4é 48 gidi, doc theo hudng di that, Idy mot doan AB = V. QuaB SOTAYHANG HAT 42vé hung va te d> V; dhige doan BC, ndi AC, ACTA hung cla vét tau, AC IB vects te d6 that cia tau. 2.1.7 Cée cOng thife saf sé cia hang hai suy tinh 1. Sai s6 blah phuong trung binh cite vét di suy tinh trong dong chy 1) Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh cia gée chinh dat nude 6 piaseeseidassnaanbossioaiceaaeiosabeae eee sin? q-mj, +(V,008q+V,)'Va mT are" Trong 46, img ~ Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh cia géc chinh dat gis q. ~ Géc man cia dong chiy (bing hung dong chiy th cho hubng’di that) mq ~ Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh eda g6c man dong chdy (ving bién cAn hai chitng £20°, én bién néi chung ching + 30°) Va.— T8e 46 dng chiy, dan vi kn. Sai s6 binh phutdng trung binh cla te d6 dong chdy (ving bign cin hai chimg +0,2 ken, trén bién n6i chung ching +0,5kn) Vi ~ Téc d6 do bing te 46 ké (kn) 2) Sai s6 binh phung trung binh ca hung vét di trong dong chay my, Maes =e +s Trong 45, ‘meyc ~ Sai s6 binh phutdng trung binh huiéng vét di trong dong chay (sn vi) mye ~ Sai sO’ Binh phusng trung bink cla hu6ng di that, (adi chung, theo Kinh nghiém chitng +10) ‘my ~ Sai 6 binh phuong trang binh cia g6c higu chink anh hung ding chiy 8 3) Sai s6'binh phwong trung bioh cia 16 trinh trong ding chay ms, =m, +m, ‘Trong 46, im.), ~ Sai s6 binh phusong trung binh cia 16 ulab trong dong chy (kn) ‘mg, ~ Sai s6 binh phucag trang binh cia 16 tinh ghi tren te do ke ‘ ‘mg, ~ Sai 36 16 tinh do anh hudng cia sai s6 hudng va t6e d6 dong chy, duge tinh nh sau, my, = Tfcos* Pani, +sin® Pim SOTAY HANG HAI 43Trong 46, ‘T- Thdi gian hanh trinh (don vi gi P- G6c kep gitta hung ding chay va hung vét di ( hutdng ding chay tnt di hudng vét di) imp- Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh cla P Sai s6 binh phyong trung binh ci vi tri suy tinh 1) Sai sO binh phuong trang bink cba vj tf suy tinh Khi Khéng 06 anh bung ca nude va Bi6. my Se aa a 100m; +365, Trong 46, ‘mep ~ Sai s6 bin phutng trung binh ela vj tf suy sinh (kn). Vong tn c6 tam 1a vj wi suy inh va bin kinh mep goi la véng trdn sai so’ binh phuong trung binh cila vi tri suy tinh, xée sufi vj ti tau nlm trong vong trdn may ching 63%~67%. Si- Lo tinh do trén t6c 46 kE hod 16 trinh suy tinh (kn) mye ~ Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh cia bung di that (+ 1,0°) ‘mg, - Sai s6 binh phutong trung binh cla sudt higu chinh tc 46 ké. (Suéi hiéu chinh te 4} K€ AL khi thi én trutng thir xe dinh bing quay tau 3 lan thi ma chitng +0,5% ~ £1,0%) Nhu vay, gid sit ah myc = + 1,0°, my: = + 1,0% tacé, gp ~ £2%%K S,, 2) Sai s6 binb phutong trong binh vi tru suy tinh khi c6 dat gi6 Men =o Se {00min +36m3, — Fo0 V1 00m +m?) +36m3, ._ Trong a6, meyc > Sai sS binh phuong tung binh cia budng vét di trong gid (bang /m3- +m: ). Bing phutung phép do thyc t€ xéc dinh mog khoang + 1,5°~+2,0", bing céch tra bang mee khodng + 2,0°~t3,0°, imrc~ Sai s6 binh phucng trang binh hung di that (theo kink nghiém b&ng + 1,0°) m, ~ Sai sO binh phuong trimg binh cia g6c chinh dat gi. Bang phuting php do thuc t€ xéc dinh meg khoing +1,0° ~£15% bing c&éch tra bing mcg khodng £2,0°-£3,0. SOTAYHANG HAI 44ima, ~ Sai 6 bink phtong trung binh ciia sud higu chinh te € KE. (n6i chung ms, khodng £0,5% ~ + 1,0%) St ~ LO tinh ghi trén to d6 ke 3). Sai s6/binh phuong trung binh cia vj ti suy tinh trong ding chay Se rd. ompya( ) tnt, Trong 46, oye ~ Sai sO binh phusng trung binh cia hung vét di tong dong chy; mre ~ Sai sO binh phutong trung binh huéng i that; ‘my ~ Sai sO binh phutong trang binh géc chink dat muse Sc ~ Lé trinh trong ding chy ims, ~ Sai sObinh phutng trung binh 16 trinh trong dong chay 4) Sai s6binh phutong trung binh cla vi ti suy tinh trong gié va dong chay Weg ¥ So) a, [Me ®S0) pe money") eee . inc tm mtd Se ) ont sp] tM Trong 46, mous ~ Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh cba hudng vét di rong gid va dong chy; So - Lé tinh trong gi6 va dng chiy; m,,- Sai s6 bioh phuong trung binh ca 16 think trong gis va dong chy. 2 Xée dinh vj trf tau bling myc tiéu luc dja ‘2.1 Nhiing muc tigu khio sit ¢6 46 chinh xéc cao d luc dia va ky higu cita ching trén hai a5 1. Diém khio sét danh dau hinh tam giée A Céc muc tiéu diém 06 dinh dank dzu © 3. Cc tiéu din dudng, bai Ging, chip tiéu nin tao... 4. Nig dinh ngi, diab do, hon e6 dénh du" © 5. Cée thap nba tho, dag Khoi SOTAYHANGHAI 456. Cée mom 44 nho ra 15 ret 2.2.2 Binh vj bing huéng ngim mye tiéu Iyc dia 1. Mt vai diéu can chd § Khi chon mue tiéo uf chinh xée uén hai a8. 2) Chon mye tiéu gan, thich hgp. 1) Chon muc tidu 06 3) Chon cée muc tiéu ma bai hudng cba ching 6 g6c kep thich hgp, hai hung t6i muc tiéu giao hau 90" 18 tt nhdt, néu c6 3 myc tiéu thi g6c kep gida cdc huéng ching 60° la tt nht. Cho di 11 ding phuong php dinh vi bing hai muc tiéu ode ba myc tiéu thi g6c giao nhau cia hudng khong nén nbd hon 30" hod Ién hon 150° nh vi Hioh 2.13 dy trén Minh 2.13, 4) KhOng nén chon céc myc tiéu nlm tén cling mot vOng tron v6i vi tr thu, vi nhu vay xét Xkh6 phat hign sai s6'la ban tt, gay nén sai sO vi tc 2. Nhitng diGu cén cha ¥ khi quan sét (do) myc tiéu ie dia 1) Tale tién quan sit (do) céc mye tiéu 8 tribe mili va sau Iéi thu, sau 46 mdi quan sét mye tiéu gin chinh ngang hai bén man. 2) Ban dém khi quan sét (do) phao dén, hai ding nén quan sét dén t6i tude, quan sét den sng hdn sau; quan sét dén chdp truéc, quan sét dén khong chép saw; quan s&t den chép chu ky dai true, quan sat chu ky ng&n sau. 3) Trong truting hop tSe 46 cla thu khé 16n ma quan sét cham thi t5t nbt quan sat S ln myc tiéu 1, I, UT theo tun ng I, I, HL, It, 14 c6 TB), TBs, TBs, TBs, TBs, sau 46 lay gid tj ung ‘inh nhy sau, * Huéng ngém muc tigul, 7B, = Bet + Hung ng mye tiéu I, 1, = TH+ TBs + Hu6ng ngdm myc tiéu HI, TByy = TB, 3, Céch xirly tam gidc sai sO vj wi Dinh vi bang hung ng&im eda hai myc tigu thi rat kh6 xe dinh sai s6 céa vit, vt vay 4 tin cay cla phuong php x4c dinh bing hai hung ng&m khéng cao. Nhung véi ba muc tiéu néu €6 sai s6 thi ba hyGng ng4m giao nhau thinh mét hinh tam gidc, c4ch xif ly khi hinh thanh tam gide sai sO nhu sau, 1) Néu céc canh cba tam gide sai sO gan bing nhau ma méi canh khong vugt qua 0,5 hai ly th) vj Ui tau c6 kha nding I6n nit nlm tai tim eda tam gidc sai sO. 2) Néu tam gide sai s6 1A mOt binh tam giée cm md canh dy nhd han 0,5 hai ly tht kha ‘ming 16n nhdt 1a vi ti tau nim gida canh déy cila tam giée sai s6. SOTAYHANG HAI 46NGu tam gidc sai s6 khé Idn thi tt nt 18 do lai hung ngém: * 3} N&u lan do tip theo ma tam gidc sai sO’ vAn dn thi 06 khd nang la ban c6 sai sO qué 16n, céch xi lf nur sau, a) Phuong phép bi sai s6la ban Dem 3 hung ngdm TB,TB;, TB; déng thei wi hhode cng cho 2°~ 4” sai sO'la ban 48 c6 TB,', TB;" ‘TBy’, tac nghiép lai 3 hung ngdm wén hai 43, ta 6 tam gic sai s6 mdi A'B'C’ nu wén hinh 2.14 (tam gidc sai s6 ban dau la ABC). Néi cc doan thing qua AA’, BB’, CC’, chiing giao nhau tai M. ‘M [a vi tri 4a Khit bé sai s6 la ban. by. Phuong phép ba muc tiéw hai gc kep Taba hung ngém tim géc kep gitta hai ‘hung ngém gin ahau, @ =TB.TB, B =TByTB; Hinn 2.34 dang phutong phap ba myc tiéu 2 géc kep dé dé gidi tim vj ti tau (nem Myc 2.2.7) 2.2.3 Phuong phép dinb vj bing dich chuy€n dudng vi tri Dich chuyén dung vi tf J& céch xde dinh vi tf bing chi mOt myc teu. 1. Dich chuyén du@ng vi trf trong nutée tinh 1) Dich chuyén dutng phuong vi ‘Tren cng mot myc tiéu, tai hai thoi diém ke nhau do duge huténg ngdm TB, va TB, va to tinh gitfa hai diém dé 1a $ xdc dinh bang tc 6 ké, hinh 2.15, i A ~ giao diém gita huéng gdm tht TB, va huidng di that TC, do mét doan S trén hung di TC, duge diém B, qua B ké ‘duting TB,’ song song véi TB, cét dung TB: tai M. M Ia vj tf tau x4c dinh bling phuong php dich chuyén duting vi tr, tit d6 ké hung di TC. Th way Tee Hinb 2.15 Hinh 2.16 2) Phuong phép boi s6 g6c man Xem hinh 2.16, 1dn tht abit quan sat mue tiéu L do duge TB,, g6c man eta muc tiéu La RB, = TB,-TC. Dgi dén khi g6c man cia muc tiév RB3= 2RB, do hung ngém TB,, déng thdi xée dinh 19 wink $ (bing t6e d6 ké) gita hai lin do. SOTAY HANG HAI 47‘é gidi nhur seu, ké TB, (g6c man muc tiéu L bing RB,), ké TB: (g6c man mye tiéu L bing ‘2RB}), do LM =, la canh cia mot tém gidc déu, M chinh 18 vi tf tu IGe do, tit MKé duting aiTC. 2, Dich chuyén dung vj ti trong dong chdy 1) Cfch dich chuyén duéng vj tri khi biét hung va téc 4 dong chay Xem hinh 2.17, ké hai huGng ng&m TB, va TB,, tly giao diém A cba huong di TC va hung ‘gdm quan sét lén thi nh&t TB, do 16 trinh S gia hai lén quan sét trén TC dutgc AB. Qua idm B ké hung dong chay, xéc dinh doan BC= V,.U60, trong 46 Ve la t6c 46 dong chay t 12 ‘quang thdi gian gita hai 1dn quan s4t (phot). Qua C ké dung TB,’ song song véi TB; gp ‘TB, tai M. MIA vi tri thu vao thd diém quan sét Ién thi hai, 2) Céch dich chuyén dutmng vj ti Khi khong biét hung va te 46 dong chy ‘Xem hinh 2:18, 1dy vi ti thye M, quan sét tntde 46 cha Iau lim eo s8 46 46 gidi, Ké hai hung ngdm TB, va TB,, ty giao diém A ca TB, v6i TC do mot khodng céch bing AB trén = MAG Te, aaa ers) (y-4) ong i ve) rT Hinh 2.17 Hinh.2.48 ‘Trong 6, MiA - Khodng céch gitta hai diém M, va A, do uén hai dé ty ~ Thi diém xéc djnh vj tf M, te ~ Thai diém do huéng ngém TB, 13 ~ Thdi diém do hung ngfm TB Tw B ké duong TB," song song voi TB, g4p TB, tai M,. TB; Ja buGng ngdm dich chuyén trong dong chay. M, 2 viwitay. Phuong phép nay cting thich hgp cho tring hgp dink vj bing dich chuyén dung vi tri khi c6 anh hudng ‘Sng hop cia gi6 va dong chay. 3. Dinh vj bing dich chuyén dung vi tr khi 6 anh ning cia gié SOTAYHANGHAI 48‘Theo kin 2.19, ké hai hung ngdm TB, va TB,, tai giao diém A cla TB, va TC ké vétdi voi ‘86 chinh dat gi6 c va do mét doan AB = (Le-L,) AL (trong 46, Ly va Lyla s6 doc t6c 45 ké tai thoi diém do TB, va TB:, ALIA s6 higu chinh te d9 ké). Qua B ké dating TB)’ song song voi TB}, TB,” la duting vi ti dich chuyén trong gio gap TB, tai M. M chin Ia vi td tu 2.24 Binh vj bling khoing céch 1. Binh vj ng khoing céch chinh ngang Kkhosing cach chinh ngang ‘Theo nhu hink 2.20, do g6c muc tiéu L hai Min duge RBy=@ va RB= 8, dng thoi ghi lai lo tinh $ trén t5 45 ké. C6 thé tinh dugc khodng céch chinh ngang D, sing sin sin(B—a) 1) Bo géc man mac tiéu xée D=5x Trong 46, D- Khoing céch chinh ngang (n.mile); S - LO tinh gita hai lin do géc man; @ ~ Géc man do én thitnhit B ~ Géc man do Lan thet hai ‘Chi §: C6 thé ding Bang tinh hang hai 4é gidi, “Bang tinh khong cfch chinh ngang I-12" trong “Bang tinh hing hii" duc lap dua wea cong thie, sinasing in(B-a) vio bing bing sO din ava (8-cr) tim duge M, tinh D= SxM, do LM =D, ta 06 vi tei hic chah, gang. 2. Tim khong céch chinh ngang bang phuong phép “bn ca la ban” M ‘VE nguyen ly cing giding nbu phutong phép vita inh 2.21 n6i d tn, xem hinh 2.21, khi 6c man muc tiéu L bing 45° (RB,=TB,-TC = 45°) quan sét L lan thi nhat duge TB, ch dé g6c man muc tien bing 90° (me teu 8 chinh ngang) do TB, xéc dinh 1 tri $ gita hai lén do. Céch 43 sidi, ké TB, ( RBI = 45°), ké TBy (RB; = TB;-TC= 90°), Bo LM = S. M chinh ia vj tr uu, tird6 ké TC. 3. Xée dinh khoang céch dén mye tiéu bing g6c ditug do bing sextant }) Khi chin ca muc tigu nim 6 mat phing chin tdi nhin thy SOTAY RANG HAT 49H D=——«lg issn ‘Trong 45, D - Khodng céch tir ngudi quan sit dén chin thing ding cia myc tiéu (mile); Hi - Chidu cao ciba muc tiga (em), ldy trén hai 48, cn phai higu chin 46 cao thu tid; a ~ Géc thing ditng cia myc tiéu, do bling sextant (cén phai higu chinh thi sai sextant) ‘Ly mue tiéu Jam tam, D lam bén kinb vé mot cung tn gan vi tf suy tinh, 46 1a dung vj tau, hinh 2.22, két hgp voi mot hudng ngdm TB cia muc tu ta c6 vi tr thu, Khi khodng cSch ti ngu@i quan sat d&n dung bd bién 16n hon khodng céch w chin thing diing cha myc tiéu dén dudng bd bién thi khing cdn xét ti sai sO do Anh hudng ciia 45 cao tdm mft ngudi quan st, 49 cong m§t dat va. khuic xa khi quyén. 2) Khi chan mye tiéu khudt duéi chan tréi nhin thy ‘Theo nh hinh 2.23, chin mye ti€u bj khust dudi chan wai e6 thé toh D bling cOng thée sa aay, Bratity-d =10° Incos(D +f) = -10° Incos B+ 10 (4) Trong 46, B ~ Géc thing ding that cia myc tiéu @ ~ Géc thang difag ca myc tiéu doc trén sextant 7 ~ SaisO'Rhaie xa quang hos (+2), 13 Gung dabog vi tt i - Thi sai ctla sextant 4. ~ Sais do d6 cao tdm mdi ngudi quan sét D~ Khodng cach tir ngubi quan sét dén chin thdng ditng ca muc tiéu (N.mile) R - Ban kinh wai dt H - D6.cao muc tiéu (m) @ + BO cao tim mt ngudi quan s4t (m) Cong thie nay da duge tinh sin gp thanh “Bang THI-7b" trong “Bang tinh hang hai". Bang tinh I1l- 4) 86 din vio ‘Tb lap theo Ong thie ie See g SS Hinh 2.23 ‘bang 1a (H-e) nban duge gid tri r( SOTAY HANG HAI 50“Bang [l-7c” lap theo cng thifc -10°Incosx, s6 din vao bing 1A f tra dude -10Incos( 8). Lay tng w(t R \ a 10%Incos( 8) tra duye (D+ 2), xéc dink D. Vidu, Chidu cao tém mat 12m, ngon ndi cao 3271m, do duge g6c thing duing cila ngon mili cao PITA’, 1=4", do wen hb dB khodng céch gin ding (tv ti suy inh) dén ngon mi 44,2 bai Iy. Tim khoang céch that é€n ngon nti? Gidi, @ : o( - *) einem: my SS y= ae 34 s10hnces B Bingi-76) 650 Tra d (Bing 1-16) . Bit -106ineos((D+ 8) 161 H (He) Tim (D+) (Bing Ui-7e) 245.6" -B 03,9" D417 Namile Néu gif tri cla D tinh dutge khée nhidu so véi khodng céch dy tinh trén hai 46 thi diag D inh Jai mot lan nga. 2.2.5 Dioh vi bing tim xa ciia dmh séing hai ding khi vita nhin thy 1, Tam xa chén tri hin thay ‘Nguoi quian sét diing én bung Idi cla tau nin ra b6n phia thi'y mot dung tron quanh wu noi giao t&p gilta bau ti va mat bién, vong tron 6 goi IA chén trdi nhin thdly (cn goi 1a chan troi bid kién) ‘Tam xa eda chan tot nbin thy chi yu phu thuge vio 46 cao cia tim mit ngudi quan sét, khi quyén, thdi tiét... Ngudi quan st diing cing cao thi nbin thy cng xa. ‘Témm nbn xa chan ti nn thay tinh bang cOng thie sau, De = 2095 Ve Trong 46, D, - Tam xa chan trdi nhin thay, tinh bing hai ly © + Bo cao tim mde (tir mgt nude ten tém mét), tinh bing mét 2, Binh vj bang tm xa nhin thay cha dén hai dang vita xuat hien Tam nhin thay cla hdi ding vita xudt hin (hode viva Lin khudt) chinh Ja tim xa ny m&t nngudi quan sét dén hai dang khi ohin thy dn hdi ding via 16 1én chin tri (hode vita lén Khudt duéi chan tréi), xem hinh 2.24. Dé cling 1a tm nhin xa dia ly cla hai dang, duge tinh nu sau, SOTAYHANGHAI 51Dz =2,095Ve + 2,095.7 ‘Trong 46, D, - Tam xa nbin thy cla dén hii dang (n.mile). © = BG cao td mét (ri mat avée len tdm mt, (m).. H - D9 cao cba hii ding tinh bing mét (cho trén hai d) Vidu, Mot hdi dang 06 anh sing manh dit 46 cao ghi wén hai 48 Ja 43 mét. NewOi quan sat diing én tau v6i 45 cao tm mit 12 mét nhin thay hai dng vita xudt hién (hoc vita lan hudi) 6 chin tri trong digu kign ban dém thai tit tSt. Héi con tau eéch hai ding bao nhiéu hai ly (xem hinh 2.24) ? Hinh 2.24 Gidi, Dy =(2,095x V2) +(2,095x 43) = 7,2 + 13,6= 20,8 hai ly Khi thuc hign vigc tinh ton tdm ahin xa cn Iau y, * BO cao ctia hai ding ghi tren di dé 18 46 cao tinh tit muéc nude cao trung binh cho d&a tam cla den. + Tém chigta sing c6 thé nbin thy cla hii dang trong digu kién thoi ét tt duge bid thi bing hai ly va ghi én hdi a8. + Tdm nhin xa tinh tod phu thudc vio 4 cao thu triéu va thei tit, Khf quyBa nén khong chinh x4c, cho nén chi 4é tham khdo. ‘Bing “Tém nhin xa chan tri" (Bing 2.A) tinh sin cho d phin nay gitp cho viéc tinh todn nhanh chéng, 6 din vio bang 18 46 cao tim mét hodc 46 cao myc tiéu, va tra ra khodng cfch tinh bing hail. 2.2.6 Dinh vi bing héi 4m cia cdi tau (Cong thc og ban, Trong 6, D - Khoding céch gdn ding ti tau d€n vich ndi (o.mile); ThOi gian tv khi phét 4m thanh cho 4€n khi nghe mm thanh phn béi (s); Phuong php nay e6 a6 chinh x4c thé, suf truyén lan ca sng Am pty thude vao yéu t6 kh ‘ugg, c6 khi sai s6 dén + 10%, chi ép dung khi tht cn thiét SOTAYHANGHAI 52‘Th NHIN XA CHAM TROL wows a3 | 20 re is | @ a 138 | 208 oan | a a Be | ate 5 %6-| ae ter ta | 28 7 30 | 4 te tas | 2ay 1 & 33 | so te tae | ms wo as] sz om ser | me 39 | & tea | 2s B 42 | wm ee | do % 44 | soo 60 | ts 3% 47 | Go ter 162 | 200 wo49 | 2 2 85 | 250 : 2 51 |e ne 68 | zo zn se 37 170 | 200 B ss 2113 | doo a 70 230175 | S00 = n ze a | a0 , 2B we hs tao | Bo eft EY we he 183 | 0 x te ze 13s | ao 3B wm 22 187 | 80 nw az ze 190 | a60 2 S && ze 192 | Zo % & be 2 tea | 300 a 8 & mo 187 | Seo 48 50 3s 198 | 400 te sz 24 | o2 202 201 | ao & es | s¢ S08 203 | Go we of 89 | 9 35 208 | 30 WG 91 | $8 saz 207 | a0 9 2% «& «84 [100 se 210 | 460 aa n 89 gg [105 3k 215 | a0 ao B % se}i 3 20 | a0 4 B % wolns a7 zs | aso 6 2 73 103 | 10 364 720 | 400 oa 3 G2 tos | 12s 410 744 | S00 as 2% 8 107 7 7g | s0 wr a3 Bs too | ts 4 3 | Go oe aE % oS it | we ae 248 | So ts0 | az os 3 | tas ae 252 | uo W772 487 3% os ous | to fe 38) | Bi yeoe oat ome on go 261 | s60 ma? 49.8 32s 13 2 265 | Sra too 500 33 tor 120 Set 263 | S90 teas S08 Bone 12 ssa 3 | 590 tee | 509 3s NB 124 sre 277 | 600 tee 51. os 126 so 2e1 | 610 2001 517 Sy wa 127 for 285 | G20 Bae a2 38 ie 129 em mag | 630 aur 828 3a et ‘So a3 | exo z100 53.0 a ih 133 8 zag | sd 2193 S24 2.2.7 Dinh vj bing ba muc tiéu hai géc kep 1. Phuong phap 48 gidi bing gidy bong m’ SOTAYHANGHAI 33Do hai g6c kep nganga va f uén ba myc tiéu A,B,C. VE hai géc ava f ten gify bong ‘md c6 chng dinh M, dit 8 gify bong md 1én 3 muc tiéu sao cho 3 diing hung ngim tring knit lén 3 mue tigu, M chin la vj tri tau (Hin 2.25). 2. Khi ding phuong phép nay cn chi ¥ nhing diém sau day, + Nén chon mhOng myc tiéu 6 chiéu cao Khdng chénh Iéch qué dn so véi chiév cao dm mat ngudi quan sé. iy bang mi + Khong chon céc myc tiéw ma ching va vi uf tau nim wén cing mot cung tn, muén vay cin chon ba myc tiéu nim gin uéa mot dung thing. + Phuong php ndy cho vi tsi c6 d9 chinh xée cao, hing kb nbin biét sai s6 khi chon him muc tiéu bode vi ti cla myc tiéu Hinh 2.25 hing chinh xc. 2.2.8 Binh vj bling do sau 1. Dinh vj bing dich chuyén duting @ing siu Biét ring, Dé stu thyc té'= Dé sau may do sdu + Mon nude cila ti. D6 sau hai dé = DG su thyc té'- DS cao thu} tritu ‘Chon hai dudng dng su 06 géc giao nhau tén 20° bu hinh 2.26(a) ho&e mot dutng ding sfiu 6 hinh cong ma thu-edt n6 hai In khi di qua nu Kinh 2.26(b); Cam ctf 46 cao thuy triéu, m6n nude cila tau ya s6 khéng hai 46 dé chuyén Adi 46 su cla dudng ding sfu sang 46 sau mdy do sau. Khi vj tri suy tinh cla tau gan uép c§n duéng ding sau thit abit, lién tuc do 46 su va quan sét wén thiét bi chi b4o m4y do sfu, ghi thdi diém khi thiét bi chi bdo chi Ging 45 sfu 44 tinh todn, déng thi ghi lai sé doc te 46 ké. Chg céch nhu vay, ghi thai diém va s6 doc t6c 46 ké khi tau Gi qua dudng ding su tht hai, X4c dinh 16 trinh S cda tau qua hai diém do, dich chuyén dudng ding sy thit nt mot doan bang S (bing giy bong mo), hai dudng ding stu ct nhau tai M, d6 18 vj ui tau 6 thoi diém thi hai. ! ‘Duong ding ‘Dutng ding Sob ot. aa ‘ SV OY Ya mae ie Sra Sg 2. Binh vj bing do d6 sau lién tye ‘Céich mét thi gian nhat dinh, do 4} sau lién tuc, ghi lgi dO su va chuyén 461 46 sau méy do sau sang 46 sau hai d; ly mot ta gidy bOng md ké mot hudng di thét TC, theo gidn SOTAYHANG HAI 54 -cach théi gian va tinh ra 16 trinh; chm cdc diém do su theo I6 trinh da tinh va ghi do sau Yen dong TC. Dat gidy bong md lén hai dé. dich chuyéa gify béng més, gitt.sao cho- dung TC wen gidy bong mY va dung TC én hai 48 song song vi nhau cho dén khi cdc 49 stu ghi trén gidy bong m6 tring khdp vdi cdc d6 sdu ndo d6 trén di d8. Dung TC wen gif'y bong mi lite niy 1A dung TC that cia tau, 68 dang xAc dinh dude vi tei hu, 3, Dinh vj bing husng ngdm mot myc tiéu va do sau Khi tigp cn bé bién noi ma do sau cila thém lye 2 dia gin bo giim nhanh chong néu khéng c6 —'s higu myc tiéu 4é xée din vj ti chinh xéc thi 06 thé xée dinh vi uf gin ding bing mgt huGag nid cha mot muc tiéu va do 46 sau, sau 6 tién anh d6 gidi, hin 2.27 Céch thye hign, tinh sin 46 siu mAy do st cho : cde dudng ding sau, Khi Gép cn b3 md méy do sfu, quan sat d9 sau trén thiét bi chi béo, ki d6 sdu chi thi trén may tring hgp vdi d§ sau tinh toda thi lép tie do hyéng ngim TB cia muc tiéu inh 2.27 va ghi gid. Ké huGng ngdm ten hi 48, huéng ngém TB eft ding Ging séu do duige, 46 18 vj i tau gin ding. 23. Gidi han an toan 23.1 Gécantoin ou we dt gin # Hint 2.28 S/s a : A * & ws wis % . t a 5) Hin 2.29 SOTAY HANG HAI 55‘Tan di qua ving 44 ngim R (hinh 2.282), ding khong céch an toan r Yam ban kinb, ly R Jam tam vé mot vng tn. Chon hai myc tiéu 15 ret tren bd A va B, ké dung n6i lién AB, Ké dung trung tnfc cia AB, chon tm © 4é vé vong trdn an ton sao cho vong trim nay thé sxc vi ving tron khodng céch an todn r cla d ngdm R tai E. Géc Z AEB cia tam giéc néi tigp Ia g6c an toan khi chay qua ving d4 ngém R, khi chay qua 46 thu phdi ludn luén ddim bao géc kep gitta AB do tiv én tau kh6ng In hon < AEB. ‘Néu dé ngdm R nam phia ben ngoai duting di TC, thi khi chon tim O sao cho vOng tron qua ‘AEB tip xGc pha bén trong vong trdn nhd tai E (Minh 2.28 b), do g6e 4 AEB. Khi tau chay qua ludng phai dim blo géc kep gita AB do tir tau khOng nhé hon gécan toan 4 AEB. 23.2 Khodng each an toan 1. Tau di qua ving dé ngim R, ly myc tiéu A lam tim, khoiing cfch an ton d lam ban kinh ké mét vong khodng cach an toan bén ngoai ving dé ngdm, tau di theo hudng TC, ding PL (Paralell Index) cla rada giém sét dim bio khoang céch do trén rada khong nhé hon khodng céch an toan khi di qua R (Hinh 2.29a). ‘Néu ving d4 ngim nlm bén ngodi ma tu phi chay gia R va A thi vé vong tron khodng céch an toan bén trong dé ngim R, céch dé ngdim m6t khodng ech nhét dinh. Khi wu chay qua R phii dim bio khoang céch do A bling rada khOng 16n hon khodng cach an todn 4. (inh 2.296). 23.3 Huéng ngdm an toan Xem hin 2.30, iy géc man an to’n RB cla mye tieu L un bd céch xa khu we dé ngim R ‘Ot khodng céch an tofn. Khi t8u tigp cfn dén ving 44 ngém trén hung di TC, véi khodng cach an to&n, phdi ddm bdo seo cho g6c man phai cia myc tiéu L KhOng duge nhd hon g6c ‘man an toan RB. 23.4 Huténg chp tiéu an toan Khi chay trong khu wwe o6 nhidu do, hon, vich d4..., c6 thé chon cdc chap tiéu ty nbién nu hhinh 2.31 1am céc chip tiéu an toin. Khi tiu chay qua cde chip tiéu 46 khong 4€ cho tau dat qua bén phai (hinh 2.31) hod khong Ich qua bén tréi (hinh 2.31) cila duting chap teu. Hin 2.30 Hin 2.34 2.4 Cong thife sai sO djnh vj bing myc tiéu lye dia . 24.1 Gradient va sai sO binh phuong trung binh duiding vi tri SOTAYHANG HAI 561, Dinh nghia gradient cia dudng vi rt Gradient cia dung vi tri (gradient of LOP) la tf sO gitta bién thién cia tj sO quan sét vi Iwgng dich chuyén dung vi tri, 46 14 mot vects 6 hung (2) troag voi hvéng phép yn eta dudng vi tr, chi v8 phia ting cila tri sO quan sét, gid wi (g) ciia n6 bing dao him dai ugng quan sat u trén dung phép tuyén cia duding vj ti Au _ du EY ae’ 20590" Trong 46, 0 - hudng cia dung vj wi, tic 1a duting tip tuyén ca dung vi ti tai vi ti tau. Khi Au va An khé nbd, tong hang hai sit dung céng thie gin ding sau day dé bigu thi gradiont cta dudng vi ti, ato” Du6i day chi dua ra cde cng thic gradient duiing vi tri mat phing. 2. Gradient cla dutmng vi ti phuong vi 1 D (rad /don vi do khoang céch) hoc g FHT 3 (66/600 do khong céch) hoic 3438' (phi g6c/don vi do khong céch) 3. Gradient duting vi tr hing vi, g= 3 3438" (phut g6c/tom vi do khodng céch) 4. Gradient duting vi tri g6c mat phing, a, 3438 (phut g6e/don vj do khodng each) Trong 46, di - Khodng c4ch giifa hai myc tiéu; Dy, Dz - Khodng céch i ngui quan sét dén myc tiew 1 va myc tiga 2 5. Gradient duting vi tei khodng céch gl 5. Gradient dung vi ut higu khong céch (dung hyperbol) =2sinZ, g=2sin ‘Trong 46, - Higu sO phuiong vj ciia hai myc tiéu (bing g6c tnfong etia hai muc tiéu ti gui quan sét SOTAYHANGHAI 577. Sais6 binh phufong trung binh dug vj Me m= ms g Trong 46, m - Sai sé binh phuong trung binh dung vit m, - Sai sO binh phuong trung binh cita tri s6 quan sat 2.4.2. Sai sO binh phuong trung binh ciia dinh vj bling du@ng vi tr 1. Sai sO binh phuong trang binh cla dinh vi hai duting vi tri phuong vi Trong 46, imp ~ Sai s6 binh phutong trung binh cia vi ti (hai ly) ™s - Sai sé binh phutong trung binh cila phudng vi quan st (4). Theo kinh nghiém, khi ‘quan sét bing la ban con quay thi @ ~ Géckep gitta hai dutng vj tri phutong vi, bling higu phutong vi ca hai myc tiéu (TB ‘B,). D),Dz - Khodng cfch ttrngudi quan sat dén hai muc tiéu (hai ly) 2. Sai s6 binh phtong trung binh cba din vj ba dung vj tri phutong vi ms | DiD} +D3D; + DD Mo = 57°.3 \ Di sin, +D; sin’ G, +8.) + D} sind ‘Trong 46, m®~ Sai s6 binh phuong trung bink ola phutsng vi quan sét (46); Dy, Da, Dy - Khodng céch tit ngudi quan sét dé myc tiéu 1, 2,3 (hail); 6,, 8, ~ Higu phutong vi gita myc tiéu F-va muc tiéu 2, myc tiéu 2 va 3; 3. Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh cda dink vj dich chuyén dung vi tf phudng vi als for +p cos? K+m} sin? K m : se _ Trong 46, imi ~ Sai sObinh phwong tung blah cla phudng vj quan sét (46) 8 - Géc kep giita hai hudag ngdm muc tiéu (TB2-TB,) SOTAYHANG HAI 58Dy, Dy - Khodng céch tit myc tiéu dén ngubi quan sét khi do duding victe:thit nhét vA khodng cach tit muc tiéu d&n ngudi quan st khi khi do dung vj tr thi hai ms. =” Sai sO bink phyong trang binh cia 16 tinh gitfa hai lan do; mic, > Sai sé binh phuong tung binh vét di ofa thu K = Goc kep gitta hing vubng g6c véi dung vi tthe mi voi hung di eda tau: 4, Sai s8 06 tinh dén anh hudng ding chy khi dinh vi b&ng dich chuyén phung vi, En2Va(te-t)sina’' cos Trong 46, En ~ Khodng céch vi ti tau dich chuyén khdi dung vi uf phutong vi tt hai (bai 1); Va ~ T6e 40 dong chiy (kn); (ett) ~ Gidn cach thoi gian dich chuyén duting vi tr; a! ~ Géckep giita hudng ding chy véi dung vi tri phucng vi the abit. @ —_ ~ Hiigu phuong vi cla bai dung vi wi phuong vi (TB:-TB,) 2.4.3, Sai sO binh phifong trung binb ciia dinh vi bing dvdng vi tri khodng céch 1. Sai sO binh phucng trung binh cia dinh vj bing hai duting vi ut khodng céch ang 3,5, Trong 46, ‘mp, My, ~ Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh khi quan sit khong ech muc tiéu 1 va muc tidu 2. Khoing cich do bing my do xa c6 sai sO bink phutong trung binh +0,3% ~#0,7%; Khodng cach do bling rada c6 sai sO binh phuiong trung binh ching + 1%. 8 - Géc kep giita hai duting vi tri khoang céch. 2. Sai sS'binh phudng trung binb dinh vi bling phucing vi va khong each mét muc tu, = +m, \ ( st. } i ‘Trong dé, my, ~ Sai s6 binh phuong trung binh cia phutg vi quan sét (46). (Sai s6 binh phutong trung binh ciia phuong vi do bing rada la + 2,0°~+3,0"); D ~ Khodng céch déa mye tiéu ‘mp ~ Sai sO binh phufong trung binh do khodng céch (hai If). (Sai s6 bink phuong trung binh do khodng cach bing rada khodng + 1% cila thang tim xa). 2.4.4 Sai sO binh phudng trung binh dinh vj bang duéng vi tri gée ngang SOTAY HANG HAI 591. Sai s6 Binh phuong trung binh dinh vi bing duting vi i hai g6c kep ngang ( we phudng phép ba mye tiéu hai géc kep) ty > mo=—™2-_ Po) ,{ 2, 3438sin Yd, ‘Trong 46, img ~ Sai s6'binh phucng trang binh cia g6c ngang quan s4t, quan sét bing sextant sai sd nay la £2,0'~+2,5", Dp, Dy, D, ~ Khodng céch ty ngudi quan sét dén myc tiéu trai (port), gita (center) va ‘phai (starboard ) (hii 19) dpe, des -Khoang céch gitta hai myc tiéu tri / gitta (p.c), va khodng ech gift hai mic tiéu gia / phi (cs) 9 ~ Goc kep gitta bai myc tidu tri phai tai vi wf ngudi quan sét 2. Sai sO binh phwong trung binh din vi bing mot phudng vj vA mot géc ngang. ° mo" Sein TPs Trong 46, m —_~ Sai sO binh phuong trung binh cla phuong vj quan sét (40). Dy, Dz ~ Khodng céch tit myc tiéu 1 va 2 €n ngubi quan s&t 7 8 = Gockep gta hai myc tiéu ti vj tri ngudi quan sét, tite géc kep ngang. SOTAYHANG HAI 60THIEN VAN HANG HAI 7 3.1 Toa do thien cfu Thién van hoc dy dogn vj ti tuong lai vA chuyén dong cila cdc thin thé, tim hiéu vA gidi 7 thich cde hign wong vat ly trong kh6ng gian. Hang hai thién van quan tim dén hé toa 46 thien edu, thoi gian va chuyén dng biéu kign cia cdc thién thé ap dung vio viée dinh vj trén tri dat 18 mot phan cla thign vin hoc, rat thiét thye 46% véi cdc nha hang hd. = 3.1 HG toa dd xich dao Thin odu 1a mot qua cdu won ting twyng 66 tam tring véi tim ola tri di, bin kinh dai vO han. Tw tam cia dia cu (Hinh 3.01) ta chiéu 1g toa €6 dia ly trén trdi dat lén thién cu, Py, Ps goi la thién cyc bc, nam; PyPs goi la thién ruc; dung xich dao eq td thanh thién xich dao €Q ; tit cd cde duting kinh tuyén ted thank dung thiéa kinh tuy€n, cdn goi la duing ty go; kinh tuyén Greenwich 8 thanh thién sinh tuyén Greenwich, thién kinh tuyén di qua thien thé xc dinh ndo 46 goi la vang gid cia thin thé 46; cde vong tron vid6 @ U8 thanh m cde veng xich vt 5. Tét c& céc vong tron Ién Hinh 3.01 nhé trén thién cau vita ndi tgo thanh Hé toa 6 xich dao. ‘Chiéu cde thién thé, da gin hay 6 xa, lén bé mat cia thién cdu, tte 1a ti tim ctia trai dat vach nbiing dug thing di qua thién thé xuyéa thdng vio vi try, go nén nhitag vit xSe inh cba cc thién thé trén bé mat thién cdu va tén be mgt wai dat. Vay bat ky thién thé mio trén thién cdu trong hé toa d6 xich dao déu duge xdc dinh bing, + Tung 46 - Xich vi 5, ca thién thé + Hoanh d6- Géc gi’ GHA* cla thién thé. Xich vi (8) cila mot thién thé 1a g6c tuiong cung wrén vong gid cia thién thé do tir thién xich dg0 dén tim cila thiéa thé. Xich vi 6 dude tinh tit O° 6 thiém xich dao d&n 90° tréa thién cule Bac, goi lt xich vi bd, kg higu (6) N; tinh ti” d thign xich dao dén 90° wén thién eve nam, goi [A xich vf nam, kg higu la (8) S. Géc gid Greenwich GHA cia thién thé la g6c traong cung trén thién xich dao, do tt dung thién kinh tyén Greenwich (dung ty ngo Greenwich) dén ving git cla thién thé tinh ti O- SOTAYHANG HAI 61360° vé phia Tay (W) hode tir 0~24gid. Vai cAch tinh géc gid nguyén vong khong cn thiét Kem ky higu W khi viet g6c gid. ‘Trén hinh 3.01, Bla mot thign thé trén bau trdi c6 toa d5 GHA’ va 6, twong ting véi vi ti b (Ag, 94) -binh chi cha thin thé B tren bé mat tri dt, Xich vi J cha thién thé bang vi d6 © cla vj ti dja ly thién thé 46. Géc gid GHA ban vong cia thién thé bing kinh 46 A cia vi wi dia ly thién thé 46. Nhur vay c6 thé xéc djnh vi tri cilia thign thé lén trén hai d6 hodc trén qua dia cd. Trén hé toa dé xich dao néu Idy vong gid di qua diém xuan phn 7 va thién xich dao lam ‘g6c 108 6 ta c6 to 0 xich dao loai IT ding dé xéc dinh vi tri cla thién thé tén thién cfu (Hinh 3.02), Trén toa 46 xich dao loai II, méi vi wi wén bau wai duye xéc dinh bai, Hinh 3.02 Hinh 3.03 + Tung 49 + Hoth d6 ~ Xich kink a, 1a s6 do cimg trén thien xich dao tinh tir diém xuan phan ‘Y” (Aries) cho dén vong gid di qua thién thé dang xét theo ngudc chiéu kim déng hé w.0? ~360° vé phia déng (E). Can chi §, xich kinh ella thién thé kbéc v6i kinh d6 dja ly cla ‘inh chiéu thién thé trén tréi dit, : Xich v1 5 cia thién thé; + Xich kink nghich SHA ( Sidereal Hour Angle) - Trong lich thién vin, é€ tién loi cho vige tinh ton, ngu@i ta diing dai lugng “xich kinh nghich” 4€ thay thé cho xich kinh. Xich kinh nghich SHA cia thién thé IA géc trtong cung ten thién xich dao ty dim xuén phan ‘Y’ (Aries) d&a vong gid di qua thin thé dang xét theo thuga chiéu kim déng hé tO - 360? vé phia Tay (W). Trén hinh 3.03 0, SHA* I xich kink vA xich kink nghich ola thién thé-A. trén bau edi. SHA chi la mot dai lttong phu cila hé toa 4 xfch dao loai Hl. G Ha thién inh tuy€n Greenwich. SOTAYHANG HAI 62Téng hop cde dat hang do tren hé tog dp xich dao Toe | Ténwoods | Dott | Do] Theo | Bodén | Phamvi| Mang | Ghichi ds | vatyhigu rin | chide fo | ee Xichi | Thiga | Vong | Bfe | Thien | 0-80 | Nose | Oa Aa? dc. | xehdgo | gv | rote | ad Ss | Sawa g und |_Nam gan @ | Cwear | Tee eve | Vong | V8 pia | Thien | P10” é Avro | edngtéa | gio | wien | ae | eacag woivias | ng | ae mani. gst See mang df) Gicgid | Biavong | Thien | Thy | Vong | P36 phone | temyén | xh wid | hose aguyéa vong | thumg | dao thihé | 0-2 LHALHA | ngsét Gse gin | Bsa vong [Thien | Tay | Vong | P=180" | Huang apimamg ban | cknayés | xich | tose | gia | bode | wy W, ving tung | io | Béng | ube | 0-128 | dong LUALHA | _ngsdt I E Gée i | Ban vOog | Thign | Tay | Vong | 360" Greewich | cktayés | sich | giv, | tote | nguyen ving | thang | dao | mad | 0-260 GHAGHA | Green | wich | (se rio | Bin vong | Thién | Tay | Vong | G=180" | Hetog | Greewich bén | tkmyéa | ich | hofe | sid | ote | uy W, yong twsoag | d20 | Beng | cnthd | oni | diag GHacHa | Green | wich { Gin aipatong | Baa vong | Thién | Tay | Vong | P30 bidukign | uktuyén | ich | wivmar | boae 8 LAT | tangsit | dio wdi_| 0-24 ECW Grecawich | Ben vone [Thien | Tay | Vong | 0-360" B | wdotign [ ckyen | ch sidmét | hose | oat he | dao wai | 020m Greenwic k Gib aipaong | Ban voog | Thien | Tay | Vong | 0-30 teungbioh | tkiuyés | xich widrmst | hose LMTaumt | hangsat | 30 toi, | O-24h | ih Gia Greenwich | Bin veg | Thien | Tay | Vong | 0-300" truog bio | tknyén | ich sidmit | hose Greenwich GMToMT | ha Green- | 30 wot | o-2an ‘rong bing wi | wong Deore I bias GIG O6e gi | Biavong | Thies | Tay | Diém | O-3a Goe eid Atphuing | uksuyén | xich suin | hofe guys vous sgvongdiém | twine | dao pin | 0-24b digm run xutnphia | ngsét phin cde gi LsTHA hGlésao Gi rio | Banvong | Thien | Tay | Dif | P20 Greenwich | tkwyéa | xich nuta | bole LL nevongdigm | thwoog | dao pain _| o-24h SOTAYHANG HAI 63utephin | Greeo- GHAY. wich Xich kia | iém | Thien | Dong | Ving | 0-26?” @.RA | xutnphin | xich id | bode a0 thine | 0-24 SHA = 360. “ich kia Bim | Thien | Tay | Vong | 0-360" @ Dghich sun pin | ich id. | bose T\SHA tao |, | mite | crm 34.2 Cée cOng thife tinh g6c git 1, Chuyén 46i gitta g6c gid nguyén vong va g6c gid bén ving, + Khi géc gid nguyén vong < 180": Gc gia nguyén vong = Géc git bin ving W + Khi gée git’ nguyén vong >180": (360?- Géc gid nguyén vong) = Géc gid ban vong E 2. Chuyén 46i gitta Géc gid dia phwong nguyén vong (LHA) va Géc gid Greenwich nguyén vang ‘ (GHA): LHA=GHA 4, GHA=LHAT Jg, ‘rong 46, 4 - Kinh d6 ngudi quan sét 3. Chuyén d6i gitta Géc gier nguyén ving diém xudn phan GHAY va Géc gid nguyén vong cla thién thé, GHA*=GHAT-a* LHA* = LHAY-a* GHA* = GHAs SHA* LHA* = LHAY+SHA* ‘Trong &6, ‘GHA* - Géc gid Greenwich nguyén vong cha dinh tinh; > LHA* - Géc gid dja phasing nguyén vong cla dinh tinh ; GHAY - Géc git Greenwich nguyén vong cia diém xuan phin; LHA™ - Géc gid dia phuong nguyén vong cla diém xuin phan; @* ~ Xich kinh cla dinh tinh; SHA® - Xich kinh nghich eda dinh tinh; 4. Chuyén 463i gitta g6c gid nguyén vong ciia mat ui va gid thé gidi GHA® = GMT + 12* (hodc 180°) GHA? = GMT + 77 + 12° (hoae 180°) SOTAYHANG HAL 64GMT = GHA®- 77 + 12° (hoae 180°) LHA® = LT? + 12° (hoac 180”) LHA® = LMT + 77 12° (hoac 180°) LMT = LHA®-77 ¢ 12° (hoae 180%) Trong ¢6, GHA® - Géc gid Greenwich nguyén vong cia mét tdi LHA® ~ Goc gid dia phuong nguyén vong cia mat trai LT°~ Git dia phuong méi toi that GMT - Gid thé gisi (GMT) LMT- Gid dia phuvng mat toi ung bio 31.3 Tra g6c gid va xich vieta thien thé trong lich thién van ( Almanac NP 414, Anh) 1. Tra géc gid va xich vi eda mat tri Vidu, ‘Tra GHA va xich vi cia mgt oi hic GMT/18h45m7s ngay 5 théng 1 nim 1980 ? Gidi, GHA 18" S/l 88°41,4° dec, 22°38,7's Incr, 1°19,3" “d' com, _-0,2' ‘CHA 100%00,7" dec. 22°38,58 Ghi chit céch tra: 1) Tim GHA cho 1800 ngay 5 thang 1, 2) Béng thoi ghi lai xich vi cing gid ¢6, 3) $6 gia Incr.) cho 45°17* ra & bang noi suy “ Increments and corrections” e6t “Sun, Planet”, 4) Higu chinh a” ify 6 cudi et “Sun ..” va ni suy, chi ¥ dé cla ‘d’ corr. (+) hoe (2) tuy. xich vi cing ngly ting hay gidim, 2. Tim GHA va xich vimat tring ‘Céch tinh gi6ng abu d6i v6i mat tri, chi khéc c6 s6/higu chinh ‘v" phai higu chinh vio GHA, che bude tigp theo xem vi du sau day, . Vidw, ‘Tim GHA va xich vimft tring lic GMT/19h34m36s ngay 7 thang 1 nim 19807 Gidi, GHA cho 19° 7/1 222°29,9" dee. cho 19* O244°N Incr, 8154 ‘com. 53 “con, 87 dec. C19NN, GHA 230°53.0" SOTAYHANG HAI 65Chi §: “v' va‘! ding 4é tra ‘v" core. vA ‘d’corr. (s6 higu chinh cho GHA va xich vi) trong bang ‘Increments and corections” 6 c6t “Moon”, sO din vao bing bing 34°36", tra ‘v’ corr. va ‘doom. tudng ting véi 'v’ va ‘d’ d c&e c6t tiép theo. Higu chinh ‘d’ rét quan trong d6i voi mt trang vi xich vi ofa né bién thién nhanb, 3. Tra GHA va xich vi hamh tinh Che buBe ging nhu 46i v6i mat trang, Incr. cho phiit va gidy tra oft v6i cOt “Sun Planet". Vidu, ‘Tra GHA va xich vi hank tink Venus vao lic GMT/21°3545" ngay 18 théng 9 nm 1980? GHA cho 21" 18/9 178748,7" dec. cho21h_—16°18.2°N_‘v'=-0,3 Inct. 8563 “@' corr 04 ‘d'=0.6 ‘Vv’ com. 02. dec. 1617.8°N GHA 187°44, 4, Tim GHA cho dinh tinh, 4 Vidu, ‘Tra GHA* cila sao Canopus vio hic GMT/16°50"10" ngay 7 théng 1 ném 1980? Gidi, GHA" cho 16h 346°22,9" Gh cha: Incr, cho 16m50s___12°34,6"_1) GHA cho @ o0t tht hat trang bén Ari, Jnr. ua @ bang GHaY 358°57.57 “Increments and corections” cho diém xu phan. SHAY 246069 __ 2) Xich vi va SHA® cla sao Canopus ta trong danh mye 23044 “Stare” cbt eubi cing & m&i trang hing nghy cba ich. 360° 3) Néu GHA* vugt qua 360" un phi wit di 360°, GHAY 2638044 3.1.4 He toa 46 mit phing chin tri Hié toa 6 mit phing chin ti go nén méi lién hé gitta vi wf dia ly ola thin thé v6i nguoi quan sét (hinh 3.04) ‘Tien hinb 3.04, mat ph4ng di qua mét ngudi quan sét, vudng géc voi dudng n6i ZO goi 1a mat phéng chan tréi that cia ngudi quan sét. 7 ‘Mit phing song song v6i mat phing chan thdi tht Ba ngudi quan sét di qua tam trai Aft goi 1a sede phatig chan trdi dja tém nguai quan sdt (hay cdn goi 1 mit phdng chan 172i thién ‘cdu), M2 rng mat phdng chan tdi dia tdm oft thién cu tao thanh vong tron Idn goi fa Vong ‘mat phdng chan tr0i dja tam cia ngubi quan sét. Chigu duimg kinh tyén ngudi quan sét én thién cdu-duge duding thién kink tuyén g8m ban thién kinh tuyén thuong (bdn vong ngo) va ban thién kink tuyén ha (bdn vong £9) cba ngubi quan sit. Vong vuong g6c v6i vOng thién kinh ruyén ngubi quan sit di qua thién dinh va thién 4€ goi Ta veng dong tay. : SOTAY HANG HAI 66Vong thién kinh tuyé'n ngubi quan sét va mat phing chin tri thdt ngudi quan sét tgo thinh 1g toa d6 mat phang chén tréi. HG toa d6 mat phiing chan tri gém 6, Tung 6 1) Bé cao thiém thé h, 1A gc trudng cung trén vong phifong vi cia thién thé do tit mat phing chan trdi that ngudi quan sat dn thién thé (hy 18 d5 cao thién thé B hinh 3.04), 2) Dink cz ela thién thé Va gc tetomg tung trén vong phudng vi cia thién thé do tiv thién inh ngudi quan st d&n thién thé (2, 1a dink cu ela thién thé B trén hinh 3.04) 3) Dé cao H cita thién thé Khi qua thign kink tuyén thugng nguéi quan sdt Ta g6c tntoing cong trén vong thién kinh tuyén thgng neu quan sat do tiY mat phang chan tdi that ngudi ‘quan sét dén thién thé. . Tie a inh 3.04 4) Dink cu Z cita thién thé khi thién th qua thién kink tuyéh thong nguei quan sét 1 g6c inuong cung trén ving thiéa kink tuyén ngubi quan sét do ti thi€n dinh vé hutGng thién thé. Hoanh 49 Phuong vi Az (A) clla thién thé 1a g6c tréong cung trén vong mat phdng chan tri tht ngudi quan sat tY hung (N hode S) tring tén véi vi 49 ngudi quan sat cho déa ving phuting vi cia thién thé. Téing hop cdc dat lugmg do trén @ tog d9 mat phing chan trot Toe [Tinton d6 | Theo Phare 7 a lvassnes | Dow | bowen | TG | poate | PS | wenn | chic Voog nae Ve phia Doeao | ping | Vong | chsioh ia thigntné | chénedi | phsoag | hose Pha thidn una | oat | ithe | wien ns sas |e bese sea pishey | train | YOne | Véphe : : maiot | huvog, | thign Ig as | wuned | ad |? “Phiathiéa FET pee aiah FF ainda, | Vengmic | én | véphia | Phin thién then ting | Plog) wont | thsioh | raien | et ence | etiausi |oxaayéa | ote | TE" | oP50 | ma Heda hae | dung | tien Ga! wont | ngsat | eget | a ‘ 1" 4 4 mang tén 9, nam i 1 | A? SOTAY HANG HAI 67Die Ban thahé qua fms nth | TED | One, : dint {axe New vi ‘wyén agsét | thuong iets H hut, ngsit 2 Tot | maa Kivi hit ring 24. ee 4 ten vid Voor | vé | Voor : 9.160 ee chin | natng | ohwore aa es | tie ahte Bi nar | °%dD | woisbic | ong | vied | oP-200" | “ony | srongcen . astt | ngsst | hose | tuts Nhung | ai ach uy ne pbviE ola thién 1 ioiew | 6 3.1.5 COng thifc tinh bién thién 46 cao va phufong vi cia thién thé 1. Bién thién 46 cao mdi phiit cha thién thé Ah'= 1Scosgsin A ‘Trong 46, g ~Vidd ngudi quan sét A-- Phuong vi cha thién thé 2. Bi€n thién phuong vi mbi phat cia thién thé AA? =0,25(tghcospcos A — cos) ‘Trong 43, hd} cao cha thién thé 3.16 Tw d6 cao h, do duge bling sextant tinh 49 cao thft hy ciia thién thé (xem hinh 3.05) hy ah, tsti-d-~p4R+P Trong 46, hhy~ Dé cao thit cla thién thé b, BO cao do bang sextant - Sai s6 dung cu cila sextant (tim trong gidy chting nhén cba sextant) i+ Sai sO chi s6 sextant (ngudi sit dung ty x4c dinh khi sit dung sextant) d- SO higu chinh 46 cao tm mét quan sét (P- Higu chink 6 khie xa R- Higu chinh ban kinh thién thé (hoe S.D). P- Higu chinh thi sai 1, $6 higu chinh 46 cao tdm mat quan sét d DG cao cia thién thé do ti chin trdi nhin thy bao gid cng 16n hon do vi mit phing chan ‘bi thgt: Vi vay d luda mang dia (), SOTAY HANG HAI 881) Céngthiccobin, d= 1, 765e ‘Trong db, ¢ - 49 cao um mt ‘$6 higu chinh d cho mat tri, hinh tinh, sao, mgt trang ¢6 thé tra trong lich thién van, bang. “DIP”, hoc trong “ Norie’s Nautical Table” phn “DIP OF THE SEA HORIZON”, trich din trong Bdng 3.A dui day. 2) S6 higu chinh sai s5d9 cao tim mét do higu nhigt €6 nue va khéng khf (Ad), Ad, =0.2"(t,-1,) Trong 46, te Nhigt d6 khOng kh te = Nnigt 49 nude 0,2 ~ Chi 18 mot con sé kinh nghiém kh6ng hon ton phi hgp thyc té. 3) Sai s6 sink ra do sai s6 cia 46 cao tm mat ngudi quan st Ad, 0,883 Je ve Ad, => he ‘Trong 46, Ae ~ Sai sé 49 cao tam mét G6e phi ba biénA ‘Trong triting hdp ding duting vién bd bin hogc mot thu khic lam dung chin ti dé do 46 cao thi phdi ding gdc phi ba bién thay thé cho s6 hiéu chink 4$ cao tam mit d dé higu chinh 46 cao thién thé. Géc phit bd bién ludn mang dau (-), phi trit vao d6-cao quan sét. e A= 1,855 +0,42D D ‘Trong d6, ¢ Dé cao tm mat ngudi quan sét D — Khodng céch ti ngudi quan sat d€n dutng vin bd digo Géc phii dudng vin ba bién cho trong bing “Dip of the shore horizon” trang 487 “Norie’s Nautical tables” duge tinh todn dia theo céng thie may. S6 dln vao bing [8 chiéu cao thm mit € (mét hoe feet) va khong céch D (n.mile), Sai sO khtc xa p Do sy khiic xa ctia cdc 16p khi quyén khong déng hat theo 49 cao Khién ta quan sét thién thé Hinh 3.05 Khong theo mot dung thing ma theo mét dung cong, lam cho dé cao clia thién thé tang lén mét dai Iuung Khic xa p. P= Pot dp, + Ap, SOTAYHANG HAI 69Trong 46, Po ~ Sai sh Khile xa 3 trang thii khi quyén +10°C, khi 4p 1000mbs. Tra 6 bing “Mean refraction" trang 454 trong “Norie’s Nautical tables”, s6 din vao bing 18 43 cao ngu®i quan s4t e, trich dan tong Bing 3.B duéi day ‘Ap,~ Higu chinh nhiét 46 khi quyén 46% v6i sai sO khic xa p.. V6i d6 cao thién thé thip hgn 30°C, anh hudng cia nhiét 4} kh{ quyén dén 45 cao rét r5 rét, cn phdi hieu chink. Ap, 06 thé tra trong “ Additional refraction corrections for air temperature” tang 454 trong “Norie’s Nautical tables”, s6 din 18 46 cao do ba thin thé va mhigt 46, trich din trong Bang B dui day. App - Hiéu chinh khi dp 46i véi sai s6 khic xa p, khi 4 cao thién thé thip hon 30°C méi cén phi higu chin, c6 thé tra trong bang “ Additional refraction corrections for atmospheric pressure” trang 454 “Norie’s Nautical tables”, s6 din 18 khi 4p (mbs) vA d6 cao thién thé, 4, Higu chinh ban kinh thién thé R (hoc S.D). Chi khi do 49 cao mat wdi va mat trang méi cé lugng higu chinh nay, Khi do chi c6 thé do mép trén hofe mép duéi ma khOng thé do ti trung tim, vi v4y 49 cao do duige phi higu chinh vé tam cia chiing. BQ cao cla hanb tinh va dinh tinh khOng c6 lung hiu chinh nay. 6 higu chinh bén Kinh phy thuge vao 46 xa gan cila thién thé dén tréi Aft. BOI voi mbt wei hang nam 6 diém cn nhét vao d4u thang M6t thi bén kinh mat woi R=16°,3, 8 diém vién nkdt vdo dau thang Bay thi R=15',8. Bo mép dui R o6 dau (+), mép tén (~ Ban kinh mat troi bing ngay cho ngay trong lich thién vin hodc c6 thé tra trong “Norie’s Nautical tables”, tich din trong “Sun” Bing 3.4. 1) COng thie co ban, sink =7 ‘Trong 46, 1) — bén kinh dai ca mit toi hoc mit tring d- Khodng céch oY ngudi quan s4t@én mat ui hodc mat tng 2) Higu chinh bén kinh cho 46 cao mit tring'cé 66 sung R=R,+2Rysinharcl’ 4 Trong 46, Ro- Ban kinh biéu kién cita mat tring tir tam tréi dét, tra trong lich thién vin ‘ang bai, s6 din 1a ngay thdng va gid thé giGi. 2 - Bén kinh dai ola tdi dét 2.R, sinharcl’ - Bo lugng bigu chinh bin kinh cig mat tring, ¢6 thé tra wong bing “ BY * lugng higu chin ban kinh mgt wring”, s6 din 12 Ro v8 9 cao b, luén mang du (+), phii cOng vao Re. Dai lugng nay 06 thé tra tong bang SOTAYHANG HAI 70“Augmentation of the Moon's Semi-Diameter” trang 453. “’(Norie’s Nautical tables” , trich dn trong Bing 3.A du6i day. 5. Higu chinh thi sai P H Thi sai P18 g6c Iech gids 46 cao thién thé do tit mat phing chin ti that so vai 49 eso that do tir mat phdng chin trdi dja tim. Thi sai bién ai phy thuBc vao khogng cAch ti thién thé dn ngwdi quan s4t, Khodng céch cing xa thi thj sai cAng ohd, Thj sai ca mat Bi tai mat phdng chan trdi that A 9” . Thi sai cla banh tinh, dinh tinh nim trong khong vai gidy dén ria phit du 6 thé bd qua khong cdn hiéu chink. Mat tring 6 giin tréi dt abst cho nén thi sai olla n6 tai mat phdng chan trai that la 1, vi vay chi Khi do 46 cao cila mat tring méi phi hig chink thi sai. 1) Céng thie tinh thj sai P = cosh Trong 46, h—45 cao ~tj sai cba mat phdng chan ti (HP) 2) Thi sai mit phng chan tdi cla mat tring 66 higu chinh vi d6 asin? 300 Ren Trong 46, Po- Thi sai mgt phing chin toi cia mat tring tuung ting véi v¥ 46 ngutsi quan sét. a ~ Thi sai mat phang chai udi (HP — Horizontal Parralax) cia mit tring tra trong lich thign van hng ngay. @ ~ Vid ngui quan sat asin? g 300 Jam $6 din tra trong “Bang higu chinh thi sai vid} mat phing chén tri mat tring H-3c” (MT) luén ludn mang défu (-), trv vao 7. Céch tinh thj sai cia mit trang trong lich thign vin nbu sau, ~ Luoag higu chinh vi 46 cia thi sai mat phing chan toi mat wing, ding 7, @ a) BG cao quan sat phai higu chiah vdi sai s6 sextant va higu chinh 46 cao thm mit by Tra P” wong lich thién van, s6 dln 1a d$ cao quan sét. ©) Tra HP uén lich thién van vao ngay gid do, ding HP lam s6 din vao bing 3 dui, tra trén cing mét cot voi bing wén, twy do mép duéi ( L Lower) hay mép trén (U- Upper), doc s6 higu chinh cho P” 4) P', PY déu cong vao dé cao quan sat mat tring, nhung néu do 6 mép én thi phi tir di 30". ‘Cho ¥, bit lugng higu chink ban kinh cita mat tring 22, sinharcl" va Iutgng higu chinh v1 a asin? g- 46 cia thi sai mat phang chan toi mat tring »n6i chung rat nhé ma lai nguye dau, SOTAY HANG HAI 71hai dai long nay tiét Uéu Hin nhau, cho nén ¢6 thé bé qua khong cAn tinh trong dinh vi hang bii, tri khi c6 yéu cdu cao trong vigc tinh toa, Higu chinh ban kinh, thi sai v2 higu chinh d cao tém mit quan sét 3A AUGMENTATION OF THE MOON'S: ‘SEMI - DIAMETER ‘DIP OF THE SEA HORIZON g ‘noe At Nee'sfons Diamine Ms 10 wolves v0 jo [oo color over or m jor arto: ox for a wo jor er[er os for a w far azjoz o2joz oz w |o2 ajar o2|o2 a2 w, [oz 02/02 07 )0s as wm |o2 o2{ar os [oa os w [oz 02) 03 os [os os wm jor e2}os os [os os REDUCTION OF THE’ MOON'S EBSSEZEE Eceecaceen eatnsteass BRNIwaRERT BsRROAeREY eeeREREAES Zaczs~~0u, be | phbbe bheREEhE i 4 22 SSESRSESEE beet seechanoes SUeSeNESHS BUBRBESERH HEBEREESCE | > Hi BUUSEARGSE eeuenseeas nevzssns32 HORIZONTAL PARALLAX toon Pai . ia tn ; o 2 it a ri 2 is 3° as ro a iz » ao 09 20 “ x oo a a « a a as % a a ni Pesan tate | Ween San o a ea 0a, — in as 7 02 a ee » on a 0 i : oso | Bh Bo tae bo Sia | & & ir | ey Bish | Mt. Bie | Bie | me = SO TAY HANG HAI RDaE nin een ‘g celealeaa | Jf gal gulesa| BHP W)"2 S| 3 BR) gee] § BS) 218/"8 8 3 opm: lem -sz/ueae | sa oe Ba 2 HME H | ggg Be Se) 2 RWEE| sgn Be £#| 2 Hg 8 Ba) 8 R/"E 2 gular eat ‘e-uslee plage | P/E eB SB PRR REGH |] ee Ee Pag bee |) EB ES BI) 8 VRS & sheets ‘Sas alee eee BR) S BES E |S fees gH) sues ule |e eS 2) 2 HBB 8 Bn) 2 838 8 regs |ew lee 2 ee Si] 8 H/8s 0 | wonomcamcnorcomecros g Boge FOR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Bat) 3 2/38 i ‘oie one some rab cen tg |oe ales it a z ee 3 #/38 3 a pan HIES | ¢g 22 84 s 83/3000 13 13 a 88) eS z # & 8G 8 BE | 1] oe oe ay 3 Seei i|)@ # eon og : eeelrj)e @ @ # % 3 SBf)i|/8 @ 8 #8 # i gee | n= | oo: se = eee | Be] Ht ae 2 ea; b’ ee fe 3 Bea; e Le & # 8 sone [am ae wa] oo 0 Trong “Norie’s Nautical Tables” e6 bing hig chinh téng hop ban kinh, thi sai va hic xa cho mit tring “ Moon's total correction - Corection for Semidiameter, Parrallax, and Refraction”, s6 dan 1a d6 cao quan sét, HP, Lower Lim, Upper Limb (trang 456). 3.1.7 Téng hgp cdc higu chinh d cao 401 véi cdc thién thé BE tign Igi cho viéc tra biéu bang va tinh toén, trong cde bidu ‘bang va lich thién van, mot SOTAYHANG HAI 73vai s6 hiGu chinh trong céc sf higu chinh ké trén dude g6p lai thinh mét s6 higu chink duy nhit, Dudi day tng hop cdc loai higu chinh 46 cao 46i véi cdc thién thé khéc nhau cho trong lich thién vin “THE NAUTICAL ALMANAC” (United Kingdom Edition), 1, Higu chinh 46 cao mat ui. BO cao sextant cila mat toi (mep cudi) ae Sai sO chl s6 va sai sO dung cu +649 Higu chinh 9 cao dm mat -d Higu chinh co ban +) Higu chinh kh xa pha +0 BG cao that cia mat roi ee ‘Trong’céc s6 hiéu chinh trén, ngoai (s + i) ra, cdm lai déu tra wong cdc trang dau As, As, Ag cia lich thién van hang hdi. Higu chinh 46 cao tim mit tra & bén phdi cila trang. Phan “Hiéu chinh co bin” (gdm higu chinh sai s& ban kinh, sai s6 khtic xa, thi sai) tra G bén tréi cha trang, véi d6i s6 vao bing la 46 cao do sau khi 48 higu chinh 49 cao tim mft. Cin cha ¥ do mit i mép trén hay mép dui va vao thing néo 48 khéng tra nhdm lin, Phan higu chinh sai sO Kkhtic xa phy tra 6 trang tip theo véi s6 dln vao bang Ia khf 4p, nhigt 49 va d9 cao do. © mot sO bang khéc, khi tinh s6/higu chinh co ban nguti ta ly ban Kfoh trung binh cfla mat 1rdi a 16",0 cho nf ting thing c6 mét s6 hiéu chinh phy khéc goi la higu chinh ngay. 2. Higu chinh d6 cao mit wring. Ei voi mat ting, ngoai sai s6 cht s6 va sai s& dung cy, cdc sO higu chioh cdn lai tra d bang xxxiz va xxxv cui lich thién van (Bang higu chinh 49 cao mat tring). DO cao sextant cla mat tring. ne Sai sO chi s6 va sai sO dang cu +6+i) Higu chinh 46 cao tm mat -d Higuchinh og ban +0 Higu chinh phu mép trén mép du6i +40) ‘Tri 30" néu do mép tren -30 Higu chinh khiie xa phy +) BO cao thit cia mat tring. be ‘Trong &6 higu chinh 46 cao tm mit d tra phia bén phi cla bang, ludn c6 du (-). Higu chinh co bin o tra d phia bén tri, s6 din vio bang 1A €6 cao sextant cua mit tring da tri s6 hiéu chinh d6 cao tm mt. Higu chinh co ban Iuén c6 dau (+). Higu'chinh phy mép ttén (U), mép dui (L) tra 8 bang du6i bén tdi, sé dln vao bang 1a 46 cao sextant, dy s0 tron chin 0° - 4°, 5° - 9°,, 85° - 89° theo c6t doc va thi sai chan tdi cla ‘mit tring (FLP) 3 hang ngang cho theo ting gid trong lich, phdn mat trang. Néu do.mat ring 4 mép du6i thi tra d cOt (L), mép trén tra ot (U). Higu chinh phu ludn c6 dau (+). ‘Higu chinh phy khic xa p” tra ging nhu phan mit troi. Ngoai ra n€u do mat tring mép trén cdn phdi triy 30° ‘ 3. Dinh tinh va hanh tinh. SOTAY HANG HAI 74[Ngoai sai s6 chi s6'va sai sé dung cy, cdc logi higu chinh déu tra 8 cdc trang Az, As, As trong, lich thién van ging abu 46i voi mat tai BO cao sextant cla dink tinh (hanh tinh) hy Sai s6 chi s6'va sai sO dung cy ++i) Higu chinh 49 cao tim mat -d Higu chinh cg bin “6 Higu chinh phy Kihiic xa +0) Higu chinh phu riéng cho hanh tinh Venus (Mars) +_ BO cao that ca dink tinh (hank tinh) by Higu chinh co bin d6i véi dink tinh va han tinh & phn gitta wang, s6 din vao bin la 46 cao sextant da higu chinh 46 cao tm mit, lun c6 dau (-). Higu el Rigng 46i v6i Venus (Mars) c6 thém mot higu chinh phu theo titng théng va d6 cao thién thé. \2 Thai gian va ede dng thie tinh thai gian 52.1 Chuyén dong biéu kién cia mat trot 1. Chuyén Ong bidu kin cla mat i (v2 thién thé) do trai aft wy quay phy do Khic x tra gi6ng nhu divi mat wb Do wai dat ty quay ti tay sang d6ng cho nén hing ngay ta nhén thy ci bau t8i gém cde inh tinh, hanh tinh ké cd mat toi moc lén tit phia dng va tn xung phfa tay. Néu ngudi quan sét diing trén xich dao thi thién thé moc lén theo quy dgo wusng géc v6i ‘mat phdng chan trdi (hinh 3.06a), hang ngay mdi thién thé tn tai ben trén chan trdi mot nita thd gian lla vong quay biéu kién. Thtn aah Zanith Thifn dln ») 4 Hin 3.96 Néu nguoi quan sit é ngay Bée.cyc hay Nam cic, mBi thién thé véi xich vi e6 dinh chuyéa dong quanh thién truc theo chu ky mét ngay d@m, Ngudi quan st ditng 8 Bac cue nhin thy cdc thién thé chuyén dng theo chiéu kim déng hé, 3 Nam cuc ohin thdy ching chuyén dong theo nguge chiéu kim 43ng hé (hinh 3.06b). SOTAYHANGHAI 75Ngudi quan sit diing bat ky vi tri nao gita hai tng hgp riéng bigt n6i trén thi abin thi'y chuyén dng biéu kién 1a tng hgp cia cd hai tridng hop trén nhy mé td trén hinh 3.06c. ‘Trong tung h¢p nay mét sé thién thé quanh cufc cling ban cdu ngudi quan s4t luda ludn nlm tn chin ti, khng lin, va quay quanh cue mot vong 24 gid. Nguge Tai, 06 mbt Vai thign thé nim quanh cy a6i dign thi khéng moc. Céc thin thé Khc thi moc lén & phia dong chan diva ting din 4} cao cho é&n Khi dat 6 cao Ién nbdt trén bén vong thugng thién Kinh tuyén, sau 46 gidm déin dé cao va lin xudng 6 phia tdy. Thdi gian thién thé ton tai bén trén chan tr&i va d6 cao I6n nhét cia né phu thudc vao vi d6 ngudi quan sét va xich vi cia thién thé 46, 2. Chuyén déng biéu kién do wai at quay quanh mat tdi ‘Tri Of ty quay quanh true cla minh, ngodi ra ti Gat con chuy€a Ong quanh mat uti mOt-vong 365 ngay theo quy dao hinh elip. Bing wen tréi at khéng cim gid thay chuyén dong cla wri aft ma chi cam gidc thdy chuyén dong biéu kign (nhin thay) hang nam cha mat Oi tung 46% v6i ti 4% (hinh 3.07). Quy dao chuyén d6ng biéu kién hang ‘dim cia mat trdi tén thién cau g0i Ia hodng dao. Géc kep gta hoang dao va thién xich dao 23°27" goi la géc nghiéng hodng dao, Hoang dao va thién xich dao giao nhau d hai diém. Giao diém thi nhat xdy ra vao ngay 21 théng 3 hang nam, te Ia diém ma mat ti ti bén thién cu nam bat dau chuyén dong sang bén thién cdu bc, goi la diém xuan phan (Aries) ky higu (°°). Diém thit hai goi la diém thu phan (2) 32.2 Gid thé gidt 1, Gid mit edi bidu kigén Bing tren tr4i dat, khong thé nhdn thy trdi dat quay, ma chi cdm thy hlnh nhy thién cfu 4% mang tit cl cfc thién thé cing quay quanh thién truc ti Béng sang Tay. Sy chuyén dng hu vay goi 1a chuyén ding hang ngay, hay con goi la chuyén dong hin thdy (biu kién) hang ngay cha thién cu Chuyén d6ng biéu kign hing ngay sinh ra hién twong ngdy va dém. Lodi ngudi theo théi quen dyfa vao gidi han ngay va dém dé sp x€p cudc sting hang ngay va ly thoi gian cia mét chu ky chuyén dong biéu kign hing ngay cila mat tei lim don vi dé do thd gian goi Ia gay mat trdi biéu kign, Hinh 3.07 Tren hinh 3.08, Pye IA ban vong thién kinh tuy€n thuigng cia thin kinh wyén ngudi quan sét (dn goi la bin vong ngo). PxQIA ban ving thién kinh tuyén ha (bén vong t). Ngdy mat ti bidu kign bat dau tir khi mgt wi di qua bén vong thién kinh tuy€n ha ca ngudi quan sét cho SOTAY HANG HAI 76‘4€n khi mAt tri di qua bén vong thién kinh tuyé’n ha ldn tht hai. Khi ngay mat toi biéu kién thi? ohat vita ket thd cling 18 ic bat dau ngay mst troi biéu Kin tht hai, cit nbu vay, ngay nay qua ngay khéc, thoi gian dign tign khong ngitng. Ngay mit ti bigu kign due chia anh 24 git Gig mgt wai bidu kign dia phucng (goi tt lb gi8 dja phung LT Local time) bét du tinh tir bbén vong thign kinh tuy€n ha, cdn gée gid dia phuong todn vong cila mat trdi LHASIai bat du tinh t bén vong thién kinh tuy€n thudng, cho nén chting céch nhau 180° tic 12 gig. TY ‘nb 3.08 ta thé, LT®= LHA® + 12 git 3 Hinh 3.08 Hinh 3.09 ‘Ted dat, ngodi vige ty quay quaah truc con chuyén dng quanh mit tréi theo mot quy 430 hinh elip, mat wi nlm 6 tiéu diém cia elip. Theo dink ly th hai cia Kepler th trong mgt thodng thai gian nhue nhau, 3 cde vi tri khdc nhaw trén qui dao, diving ndi gita mat trei va ‘anh tink quét qua mot dién tich mie thaw. Khi tai ddt chuyén d6ng trén quy dao elip 3 ‘hitng vi tri khc nhau thi khodng cfch cla n6 dn mat tri sé Khe nhau, cho nén trong cong ‘mgt khodng thoi gian nhét dinh, theo Kepler mat ti (biu kién) sé chuyén dong trén nhding doan cung 06 46 dai Khéc nhau nhu biéu thi trén inh 3.09, tén hinh vé AB > A'B’, hay n6i Ot céch khdc te 49 géc cia chuyén dong tréi dt ludn thay d¢i khi quay quanh mat wi. Vi ¥ do 6 ma trong mét nim méi ngdy cia ngdy mat ti bidu kién 06 46 dai khong bing hau, ding ngaty mdt trai bidw kién lam don vi 4€ do thei gian rit bat tién. Tuy nbién, ngay bidu kign c6 mot wu diém 18 gd lién véi hin tYong ngay va dém theo 4p quin sigh hoat cilia Loai nguti. 323 Gid mat trdi trung binh — Gidt dja phutong va gid thé gigi DE tign Ioi ngubi ta quy djnh ra mot loai ngay khde 6 46 dai e6 dinh nhumg vin dim bdo ‘di lién he nbat dinh véi ngay va dém, goi la ngay mdi trai trung bink VA gid mat ordi trung binh dé lam don vi do thdi gian chink xéc. Ngay mat trai trung binh IA m@t nedy quy uéc trén od 86 gid thigt o6 mot mat udi ly wdMg ‘Boi 18 mar 1rdi trung bink chuy€n dOng hang nim vé hung d6ng v6i t6e A} trung binh, déu dan én thién xich dao. Lugng bin thién xich vi hang ngay cla mdt srdi trung binh Ia oO inh, trong qué tinh chuyés dng hing nim trén thién xich dao n6 c6 thé vugt In tc bode tut phia sau madi trdi thdt mt khong céch khong ln ldm dé dim bao sy én dinh ca nigay va dém (hinb 3.10) SOTAYHANGHAI 77‘Thai gian dugc xéc dinh trén ed s8._ngay mat wei trung binh Ify kinh wy€n Greenwich lam kinh tuyén gdc 0° goi 1a gid thé’ gidi UT - Universal Time (tude 1928 goi A GMT - Greenwich Mean Time). Vang thién kinh tuyén di qua Dai quan sét thién vin hoing gia Greenwich cia Anh duge qué t€ cong nhn 1A kinh tuyén g6e vio nim 1884, ‘Mot ngay trung binh theo tp quan cing duc chia thinh 24 gid, méi mét gid chia thanh 60 hat, méi phiit ¢6 60 gidy, mét gidy dec dink nghia bling 1/86.400 cila ngay mat trdi trung dink. Khi vai ngudi quan sét ditng 3 nbing kinh dé khéc nhau, thi mdi ngudi quan sét d€u ting voi ‘mot ban vong thién kinh tuyén ha khéc nhau, do dé gid trung binh cla mdi ngudi quan sét cing khéc nhau. Gid trung binh cia tiing dia phifomg ngudi quan s4t duc tinh tty ban vong thién kinh tuyén ha dia phuong 46 dén m&t trdi trung binh goi IA git’ mAt ti trang binh dia phuong, goi tdt a gid dia phwong, viét t& LMT (Local mean time). Hinh 3.10 Hinh 3.14 ‘Trén hinh 3.11, G 1a thién dinh Greenwich, GMT 1A gid thé giGi, Z; 1a thién dinh cla ngubi ‘quan st th nhdt 6 kinh 46 d6ng, thi gid dia phutong cba ngudi quan st thif nhdt la LMT; Za Wthién dinh cia ngudi quan st th hai c6 kinh 46 ty, gid dia phuttog La LMT. TW 46 6 thé nhfn thay méi quan hé gia gid thé gidi va gi8 dia phuong 8 céc kinh tuy€n khdc nhau abu sau, 7 LMT=GMT + 2% | 3.2.4 That 'sai ( Equation of Time) ‘Téc 46 chuyén dong bidu kign hang nim cila m§t tri c6 khi ahanh hon te d§ mit roi trang Dinh, cng c6 khi chém hon, Gid mat tri thét va 2i8 mat tri trung binh thuding khOng trong ‘nbau nhtmg ech nhau khong xa. ‘Cung cy do trén thién xich dao ti ving gid cia mit ti trung binh dén vong gi’ cia mat trai that goi la thai sai, = LHA®- LHA® hoae n=LT°-LMT LT°= LMT+n, hodc 1=@,-a, SOTAY HANG HAI 78‘rong d6, LMT - Gid (mAt ti) dia phuong (rung binh) a =i! , Por] equa, | ar | tr LT® - Gig mat trdi dia phucing biéu kién or tm | tex | cpp tome [Aap Pese @%q ~ Xich kinh mgt wi trang binh 16] @ a2] 9 ws [12 volo astae ss} ue] C) 1a | cot] oo 2 [us Solon fis 55] 2 a, ~ Xich kinh mae wai (that) C6 thé tim thd sai n trong lich thién vin (Nautical Almanac ofa AnW/MY, tra & trang bén phdi phan dui cing bén pbai o6 ghi SUN, Eqn of time), cling c6 thé tra trong bing phutgng vi mat ni, Bang 3.C trich 6 lich thin van, trong 46 cho thdi sai (Equation of Time) ngay 16, 17, 18, théng Tundm 1995, : Ngubi di bién quan tim dén thi sai khi cdn xéc dink gig’ mgt ei qua thién kink tuyéo thugngr Thai sai e6 da () nv obu git mt trdi qua thi€n Kinh ty thugng sém boa 1200, a (4) nu magn hon 1200. Gid mat thi qua thién kink tay€n thug cho 6 c6t "Mer. Pass.” 8 cét tig theo. 325 Céc loai that gian Céc quée gia d8u 06 co cau quan ly thoi giaa riéng, n6i chung c6 thé chia Yam hai loai linh Jogi the nbat cin ett vao chuy€n d6ng ty quay cia whi dt dé xay dug ché dink do thdi gian 201 1 gid thé gidi (UT) abu @a wioh bay 6 ten; logi thi hai ding chu ky dao dng diga tit ila bite xq nguyén tit hode phan tit do thdi gian goi lA gid nguyen nd. Tuy nhiéa, do nhiéu nguyén aban nhut sy bién ddi ldu dai cia we d6 ty quay cla wai aft (chang han do ma sit ctia hign tong thuj tridu lim t6c 49 quay cla t4i dat chim Iai), nhitng bién Adi theo mda, bin 46i bat thuting do bi€n dOng trong long dat, bién Adi do ba dong cia true quay tréi dat... khiéa cho gid thé’ gidi bign thién khOng déu dn. Tuy theo céch higu chinh céc anh hung va néi trén, néi chung, ngudi ta chia gid thé gidi ra 3 hg thong: UTO, UTI, UT2 sau day. 1. He thong gid UTO LA gid thé gidi xéc dinh thong qua quan sat thién van trye tigp. Do sy ba dong cia dia cye tdi dit Khia céc dai quan sét khée nhau ten ti dt quan sét cfc gid tri UTO Khong ging ahau, vi vay UTO khéng thé lam tiéu chudn théng nhat cho toan thé gidi. 2. He thong git UT? La he th6ng UTO 44 qua higu chinh ba dng dia cyc, UT! ging nhau 6 tft cf cfc vi uf wen thé gid, 18 thoi gien thong abit, phin dnb trung thytc chuyén dOng ty quay cia tr4i dét, vi vay n6 duige Sp dung cho tit ed cdc bo mén x4c dinh vi tri nbs vao chuyén dOng tu quay cla tdi dat. UTI 1a gid mat trdi trung binh, mot ngdy bt du tte khi mat trdi di qua bén vong ha ‘dung thién kink tuyén O° te vio gitta dém va két thic hét mot ngay dng thoi bude sang higay mi Khi mat ti lai vugt qua bén vong ha thién kinh tuyén, Git thé gid tron; i ‘van hing hai tinh theo hé théng gid UTI 3. -Hé thong gi UTZ SO TAY HANG HAI 79Gig UT2 1a gid UT] 44 qua hiéu chinh bién di theo ma. Day 18 mét loai thoi gian tuiong. 461 déu din, mide day da titog duge que t€ cong nhfn 1A thoi gian chudn. Tuy abién, vin cn nhifng nb hung khong quy td khéc ofa chuyén dOng tri dat cho nén UT2 vin 12 thi gian khong déu din, hign nay n6 duc thay thé bling gid rhé’gidi diéu hoa UTC, winh bay 4 phin dui day. Gid nguyén tt AT — Atomic Time Tinh én dinh cia chuyén dng trong nguyén ti cao hon rt nhiéu so véi chuyén dong ty quay cola tri dat, cho nén chuyén déng nguyén ti duge 6p dung 4é xy dung thoi gian tiéu chun, Hoi nghi quée té vé do Iuong khod 13 nm 1967 d& thong nhét quy dink dink nghia méi vé chiéu dai cia m6t gidy trong hé don vj quéc t€ ST nhu sau “ mér gidy bang thdi gian kéo dai cila 9.192.631.770 dao déng hodc chu kj cita sing bite xa twong ting voi su dich chuyén gitta hai mite nang long siéu nh3 cla trang thai ca ban cita nguyen tit cesium -133" va ding inh nghia nay lam dom vi do thd gian quée té co ban, Loai thi gian nay do bing céch tich luy don vi gidy dé do thai gian, goi la théi gian nguyén ti, va bat dau tinh lich ttt UT 0” ngay 1 thing MGt nim 1958, 6 Gid thé gidi diuhhoa UTC - Coordinated Unversal Time Gid nguyen tit th én dinh, déu dan, nhumng gid thé gisi dua vio chuyén d6ng ty quay cia tréi dc ngodi su big déng khong quy tée ra cdn c6 xu hutGng chim lai trong thai gian dai. Trong kkhoing thoi gian tir nim 1958 khi bét du tioh git nguyén ti cho 4én cu6i nim 1971 gid thé gi Bj chm igi 10s so v6i gid nguyén ti, thoi gian cAng dai thi sf cdich bigt gia gid thE gidi va gid’ nguyén tit clng xa. Tuy nhién trong ddi sng thyc t€ cn c6 gid nguyén ty én dinh ddng thdi cing cdn c6 giv thé’ gidi UTI, dé phéi hyp hai loai théi gian nay ngudi ta xdc lép mOtloai thi gian khic goi lA gid thé gidi didu hod UTC. Gid thé gici didu hod ldy git nguyén ti 1am od 56 va diéu chinh Bling céch cho n6 "nhdy wily” 48 dim bao gidt mbt thai gian céch quang gidi han so véi gi¢ th€ gidi UT, . Trude nim 1972, ngudi ta digu chinh 46 dai mdt gidy cia gi8 nguyén ti tip cdn 46 dai mét gidy cia Bid thE giGi nm &6 dé 06 duige gid diéu hod UTC gitt cach biet véi gid thé gi6i UT! tong pham vi +0,l'. Ké ti Oh ngay 1 théng Mot nim 1972, git diéu hoa UTC tye tiép 4p dung gifly nguyén ti, thoi Khe cita n6 chi cdch bigt gid thé gidi Khong vugt qué 0,7". Dén nm 1974, yéu edu céch bit nay 1a 40,9. Mot gidy gid nguyén ‘ay gy dmg hhsi ngém hon mot gidy gi thé se gy sg 53 eo foot ak ots Bid. ee Nhgng nam gin day, mdi ngay 2358 apay 80 thing Seu] 66 1 gi COMOO™ tang iy id nguyén tit va gid thé gidi lech hau 0,038. Vi vay méi nim aid aniy gyn thé gidi diéu hoa phai diéu chink | “nhdy gidy" mét hofc hai an, s¢ 57,5800}? ‘Thyc hign digu chinh “nhay = —1L_it__t__t__j tty sidy” tin hinh vio 1 giay cuSi —engam 9 ttn Sin] ob gf 0PUOM eg Bly cing ngay 30 thing S4u va 31 thdng Mudi hai, Giay cuéi cing Hinh 3.12 SOTAYHANG HAI 80cla ngay 31 thing Ba va ngay 30 théng Chin due chon lm ngay digu chinh nhdy gidy bd sung, Kai edn thiét c6 thé digu ehinh nhdy giay vao 1 gidy cu6l cdng ca ngay cudi clang hang théng. Mi lén cho nay tang 1 gidy goi [a nhdy gidy duong, bé di 1 gidy goi la nhdy gidy dm. Khi cho nhiy gidy duong, thi gidy ti€p theo cla 23°59"60° trong ngay nao 46 1A 00700700" cia ngay ké tig; Khi cho nhdy gidy am thi gidy tigp theo cia 23°59%S8* trong gay 14 00°00"00" cla ngay ké tip (xem hinh 3.12). Viée didu chinh ohiy gidy dugc dy bao twudc, st quan hing hai c6 thé tham khdo céc dit bao ny trong “Théng béo cho ngudi di bién - NM" hang tuén, tigng Anh (Phin VI). Hiign nay, hdu bét tin higu bao gid cla cfc quéc gia wen thé gi6i déu phdt theo gid the gidi diéu hoa UTC. 32.7 Mii gid va gid’ mai Hoi nghi thién van hoe quée t€ nam 1884 da dva ra nhitng quy dinh vé mui gid, thea 4, vé nguyén tic bé mat tréi dt én ton thé gigi cin ef vao céc kink tuy€n chia thinh 24 midi sid, mbi mui rng 15° kinh dS (b’ng 1 gid). Mai gid khéng (0) nim gitta bin vong kinh tuyén thuigng 7°30°W va 7°30" E, ldy bén vong thugng Kinh tuy€n dia phutong Greenwich Jam kin tyén trung tim ¢kinh tuyén chia d6i mdi git). Lgy méi gid 0 lam ox 56 tinh vé phia dOng cc mii tiép theo mii 0 dugc dénh sO tt | 4€n 12, goi LA méi 1E, mi 2B, ..dén. nifa mi 12B; phfa t@y fing vy, goi 18 mii 1W, mi 2W, ., cho 4&n nila mii 12. Phin ben ong cia mi 12 goi 1A mi nda E, bén tay goi 1a mii na W. M8i mai gid déu Hy ban vong, ‘thugng kinh tuyén chia d0i mdi gid lam kink tuyéh trung tém. Kinh tay€n trung tim ofa mdi id co kinh 49 18 bdi sO cda 15°, ic kinh tuy€n trang tim mili 11a 15°, méi 2 18 30° d€n mai 12 18 180°. MGi moi gid du Ia git dja phuung cla kinh tuyén trung t&m lam gid tiéu chun ca né goi IA gid mii ZT. Hanh 3.13 1 bin 8 chia mUi gid trén thé gid. ‘Vi kinh d6 cia kinh tuyé’n trung tam mii gid la b6i sé cia 15° nén ta 06, inh dé trung tm cda mili gid = 15° x ZD5, ‘Trong 46, SD Ia s6 the ts mi gid, ‘Vi hai kinh tuyén trang tim céch nhau céch nhau 15°, ma mat ti trung binh cf qua 15° thi bign 43% mét gid, nén mi git cba hai mii ké nhau céch nhau ding mét gid. N6i chung, gid ri cha bat ky mt mii mio dé céch gid cia mui O (tte gid thé gidi Greenwich) mét s6 gid ing bling s& (the ty) mdi. Gid mei cba cdc mui dong Ién hon gid thé wii, gi8 mili oda céc mai tdy ohd hon git thé gid 1. Chuyén adi gitta git dia phuong nguyén vong (LMT) va gits thé gidi GMT. LMT=GMT£ 2% GMT=LMTF 26 ‘Trong 46, 2 - Kinh d6 ngudi quan sat Khi chuyén ddi céin luu ¥ big di ngay, khi cOng vdi A cho két qua vugt qua 24 ‘gid thi phai rit di 24 gid vio kéi qua va Idy tang thém mot ngdy, khi khéng di tri cho 2 thi cng thém 24h vao s6 gié rdi lam phép tinh tnt, nhung phii Izy Ibi lai mot ngay. SOTAYHANG HAI 812. Chuyén 463 gitta git mi va git thé gisi ZT =GMT-ZD OMT=2T+2D Trong 46, SO TAY HANG HAT Hinh 3.132D ~Zone Description, la s6 mai git. Chu J, dfu + cia ban thin ZD, mii gid W, ZD mang du (+) ; mii gid E, ZD mang du (-) 3, Chuyén di pitta git dja phuong va gid mii, LMT =ZT2 Ady, ZT=LMT+ 44, Trong 46, AA - Higu kinh d9 gita kinh 9 gid dia phuong véi kinh 46 trang tim cla radi gid dia phuong 45. ‘Tuy theo yéu edu tinh toda ma xéc dinh AZ, Khi o6 gid méi ZT cn tinh gid dia phuong LMT thi ly kinh 46 wrung tim cia moi gid lam diém xudt phat, kinh 4 gid dia phuong lam din két thic. Vay, AA = (kink dé gid dia phucong) — (kink d6 trang tém mi gid) Ki cé gid dia phutong LMT cén tinh gid mii thi ngugc Iai, ‘Ad-= (kink d6 trang tim mui gid) - (kink 46 gid dia phuwong) 4, Chuyén di gid mii va gid dja phuong bido kién M. LT°=LMT+y Nén, LT®= ZT Ad +n, a Ghi chit: Khi tra bing fy phuong vi mgt wi dé xéc dinh sai s6'la ban phdi vio bing bing gid biéu kign dia phuong. 5. Cée vida tinh toda mei Vidu 1, Gig GMT 1 1527709", ‘Tim gid mii ZT tai (1). 1/156°24.4°W i, gid mii, gid dia phuong, GMT... (2) 4039°04.8'E Gidi, mr | 1s*27°09", ZD__| +10" __ (hive 624.4") zr | aoe GMT | 15°27706", zp {3° _(hiag'o48") zr 1szrOF Vidu2, ‘Biét gid mii tai mot dia diém ndo 46 1/122°03"E ZT/711"20" (agay 16/7) tinh GMT? SOTAYHANGHAT 83Gidi a) Tim s6 mii ZD eila dia digm 03" z= 2B Leases) 15) C6 ngbia 1a dja diém 46 8 céch kinh tuyén trung tim ami th vim 2°03" (KhOng vugt qua 7°30" coi nhu vin & mai 8). b) Tim gid the gidi zr lomum = 67) ZD_| os* et GMT | 2351120" (15/7) Vidu 3, Cho biét tai dia phuong ndo 46 1/122°0S"E gid dia phutong LMT/09*53"04* neay 10/10/2004, ‘inh gid thé gidi GMT? Gidi, a) D6i kinh 46 ra gids, phir, gi 120° ost r os 0: 20" 1220s" | 080820" b) GMT=LMT-Ae Lt osts3t04* dg 08*08"20" ‘GMT ‘o1"aa"44" (10/10/2004) Vidu 4, Gid mdi ZT 109*10"25* ngay 21/5/1983, kinh 46 vi tri suy tinh A/117°30" Kin dia phusong? Gidi, a) Tim kinh 46 trung tém ca mii gi QIT%30°EVIs? = TE du 12°30") Kinh 46 vj ti suy tinh cdch kinh 45 trung tam cia mii gid’ 7 Ea 12°30" ‘Vi 12°30" > 7°30" nén vj te suy tinh & mii 8 Kinh tuyén tung tim cla mai 8 12 15! x 8 °F b) Tim higu s6 kinh 46 gitta kinh 46 vj tri suy tinh va kinh 43 trung tam ca mii 8E, . Tim gid bid he 11730" E Kinh 6 trung tim m6i 8 120° E. oh 230W 46i ra thd gian = 10° SOTAY HANG HAI 84) Tra thai sai'y trong lich thién van hang gay 21/5/1983 1 = + 03"30" (mat tro qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng trade GMT/12", 9 06 du (4), sau 12 6 dau (9). d) Tim gid biéu kign dja phyong Gio mai ZT o9*10"25" ae -10" a LT? (Gig bidakign dia | 09°03%55* (AM phuong) Busi sing) 3.28 Gid tiéu chudn, gid mia he Chia bé mat tréi dit thanh 24 mui gid céch nhau 15” kinh 46 chi 14 mot céch phan chia vé nguyen tk, mi qué gia can oi vo tinh Minh cy thé cla nude minh c6 mhag quy dink hi tigi vé cach phin chia mi gi8. N6i chung céc nude d2u ity gid méi cha mot mi ndo 46 di qua qudc gia cia minh lam gid théng nhti cho toan quée goi la gid tiéu chudn. Mot 86 qude sia du Idy gid dia phvong tai kinh tuyén di qua thi 45 cia qué gia Tam gi’ phép dinh, ohut Iran, Libi, An d ‘Tuy nbién, d6i véi mét s® quéc gia o6 dién tich rOng ln nlm ri wén nbidu mai gid, néw ding nhiéu gid mii cho mét quéc gia thi khéng tién loi. Cho n€n, vio mita hé céc quéc gia ny quy dinh ting thdi gian lén s6m mét gid hoe nifa gid, goi Ia gid mba he. Vi dy nude ‘Anh ty thang Tut én du thing Mudi hang nim dp dung gi’ mda he. Mot s6 qué gia thu6e nam ban cu 4p dung gid mia hé ti thing Mudi dén thang Ba nam sau, ‘Muén biét gid tiéu chufn cia cée quéc gia c6 thé tham khdo “Ban 48 mii gid thé gidi” (Hinh 3.13), hodc sch “Tin hiéu v6 tuy€n dién” Tap V (Anh), hodc Lich thién vin hdng hai (Aah). 3.29. Thay d6i gid mii, ranh gidi ngay 1. Béi gid mui N6i chung, 48 tign cho cdc hoat dong cia thu bién, dng bé cba tao phii chi ding git mui ‘cia mdi gid ving bign ma thu dang di qua. Khi tau hank trink v8 hutdng dong di tt ran gidi cia muti gids nay vo mili gid tiép theo phdi Idy lai déng hé tau nhanh lén mét gid. Neugc lai khi re div hung tdy qua mdi rank gidi mai pha Id) chdm lai mat gid. Dé khong anh bung da hoat ding va sinh host trén thu, vide ly lai gid thudag tn hanh ‘yao nda dém bing céch chinh t6i hoc chink Ibi_mét gid, Ciing o6 thé tin hanh bing céich chin mdi ca 20 pht. Vige chinh laj mdi gi8 trén thu phdi cé6 Iénh cia Thuyén trudng va phii ghi vao mhét ky hang hai. 2. Di qua ranh gidi ngay Ticéch chia mui gid dB nian thay gitt mi cila nifa mii 12 E ln hon gid thé gidi 12 nia mili 12 W thi lai nhd hon 12 gid, thdi gian 3 phia bén nay dudng kinh tuyén tung tim: midi 12 so véi phia bén kia léch nhau 24 gid, chin mOt ngay. Nhung gi mii clia c& mai 12 thi hod ton nf nha. Ching han, mét chiée tau di vé hugag dong, déng hé duge chin gid mui ting din lién tue SOTAYHANG HAI 85cho dén khi tau di vao nita mii dong 12, Ide may déng hd chi 17 gid ngay 2 thing 9. Ding thd! diing vao lic ay c6 mot con tau khéc di ngugc chiéu, tién theo hudng tay, ddng hd cla 16 difgc chinh gidm din khi di qua e4e mii cho dén nia mui tay 12, d& ding nbiin théy Ping dng hd cba chiée tau thi hai Ie nay cling chi 17 gi8 nhung ngay thi khéc, 46 1a ngay 1 théng 9. Cho nén dung kinh tuyén trung tim cia mii 12 goi la dung ranh gidi ngay. Khi thu di qua ranh gidi ngay phai xt ly nhu sau : au di theo hutdng dng, chay tt nla mi dong 12 sang nita mail tay thi phi gidm bot mot mgay (xé thém mf 12 lich) ngutoc lai tau chay theo hutdng tay chuyén tt nda mii tay 12 sang nita miti dong 12, cdn phai tang thém mét ngay {mbt ngay khong xé lich). ‘Vé cd ban dung ranh gidi ngay tring vai dudng kinh wyén 180°, nhung a tién Ii cho abing quéc gia 4 lén cén duidng ranh gidi ngay, ngubi ta quy dinh lai dung ranh gidi ngay dua theo bién gi6i hanh chinh cia céc quéc gia 46. Cho nén tén ban 48 mii gid ta thy dung ranh gidi ngay la mét duvdng gy khiic (Hinh 3.13). 3.2.10 Tim gid thé gidi cita 49 cao thién thé quan sét ‘Thdi ke 1a mot loai déng hé thién van tinh vi c6 46 chinh xéc cao 4é si dung trong thién vin. Khi quan sét thién thé 4€ xéc dinh vj tri au cén phai tinh gid th€ gidi chinh xéc dé tinh tofn, Cin cit vio gid doc trén thoi ké dé tinh ra gid thé gi6i, ‘Trén mat thoi KE ciing giGng abu dng hd thong thudmg, duc chia thinh 12 gid, nung gid {thE gidi tinh ti 1 én 24 gid, cho nén gid theo dng hé cé Khi lech 12 git so v6i gid thé gigi, Mar khéc trén dng hé chi biéu thj gid mA khOng chi ngdy cila gid thé gidi. Dé a6i chiéu, du tién can of vao gid tau tim ra gid thé gidi gan ding, GMT’ = ZT + zD§, (GMT (gn ding) = Gid tu 4 s6'mali gid ®) TW 46 xée dink ngay cla gid thé gi6i, xem 06 edn phdi cng vao gid tu 12 gid na hay Khong. GMT=C + CE CE = CE'+ (Thai sai Bing ngay xd) ‘Thdi sai hang ngay = Trong 46, (C-- Gid thai ké ( Chronometer) CE ~ Sai s6 thd ké (Chronometer Error) Ife quan sat ( chim, sai s6 ¢6 difu (+), nhanh hon, 06 dau (-). CE" ~ Sai s6 thd ké tich lay d - SO ngay céch quing (ti ngay xéc dinh thai sai lin wudc dén ngdy quan sét) Vid, ‘Nedy 19 thang 5 nim 2005, 27/04*50"(-8), quan sat thién van bang céch Khdi dong déng hd biim gidy lic quan st, khi Khdi dong dng hé bim gify ghi dugc gid thbi kE C/08°45"00', SOTAYHANGHAI 86doc dng hé ban gidy "44" (khi do xong). Tim GMT lic quan st? Sé ghi chép thdi KE ghi ngay 17 thang 5 nim 2005, ZT/11* (-8) xéc dinh bang v6 tuy€n, CE’/ +2"47', thai sai nay 3.0 Giai, a) Tim sai s6 théi k& CE 27 sat) o4's0" 19/5 ZL (xin wisely) | OO" 7s Nay ofch quing 150 va Ingiy Tie s6 gly céch qudogd | 1,7 ngdy Sai sé ngay X(-0,3) dx (ngay c&ich quang) Sat “Thi sai ch uy CE" sur cE 4242 b) Tim GMT quan sat ZT @sat) —_| o4*50" 19/5 Gity thai ke o8*4s"00t zD 38 D.bé biim gity 144" GMT'(gindiing) | 20°18” 18/5 Gv UKE q.sat (C) | O8*4E"44 CE 242° GMT (quan sit) | 20925" 18/5 32.11 Céic logi hinh tin higu gid vo tuyén Sai sO thoi ké duge xe dinh bing tin higu thd gian v6 tuy€n dién do nhiing dai chuyén dung dutge bS tri khdp noi trén thé giGi phat hang ngiy. ‘N6i chung, git duige phét di thong nhét vi git ddng hd nguyén ui - gid UTC ma céc tau thu shin duge chi léch v6i gi GMT chitng 0,96. ‘Cie thai ké chay bing day e6t hodc pin sit dung tren tau bin phai duge kiém tra sai sO hing ngiy thong qua cfc d&i phdt gid, ngay. khi tau d3u é trong cdng ho§e it nhat trudc khi tau ikhdi hinh 3 ngay phai kiém tra sai s6. Cac sai s6 c6 ib 8 tin efyy phi ghi chép vao s6 Nhat ey thai ‘Thong thug, tind ty phat cla mot dai nhu sau : bét d&u phat h6 higu va 18% gidi thigu ca ai, tip theo phat tin higu dy bi, cud cing phat tin higu thdi gian chudn HE higu, bude song, thoi gian phat, tin hiéu thoi gian cila cdc dai phét gid trén thé gidi c6 thé Om trong “Radio Signal” tap 2 (NP 282) cia Anh xuat bin, C6 3 Joai hinh tin higu gid nhu’sau, 1. Logi hiah "Tin higu thdi gian quéc té mdi" ‘Trude thsi khdc phat thoi gian chudn 3 phiit, dai phat phét 3 nhém tin hiéu; 1) Tin hiu thai gian 58", ‘Trade tién, phét tin higu dy bdo X (~+-~) 6 lan, ti€p theo ti $7°55¢ ~ 58" OOF phét tin hiéu hom thi whit, mdi gidy phat mot tach (), phat 6 lin, tach (,) tht séu vila ding $8" ud. 2) Tin higu thei gian 59" SO TAY HANG HAT 87‘TriGc tién phat tin higu dy béo N (~-) 5 tan, tip theo itr 58"55° ~ 59° 00" phat tin higu nnhém thi hai, mBi gidy phat mot tach (.), phét 6 Ian, tach (.) th séu vita diing 59” wan. 3) Tin ‘Tnige tién phat tin higu dy bfo G (~~) 5 ln, tip theo ni 59°55* ~ 00" 00s phat tin higu nnhém thi ba, méi gidy phét mot tach (,), phat 6 ln, bét du tach () cud cling vita ding 00" tron, BS chinh la thei Khe dai phét gids eng bS git chudn, u thoi gian 00" 2. Loai hinh "Tin higu thoi gian trung binh” Bit dau 5 phit iniéc khi céng bo gid chinh thie, phdt lién tue 5 phiit, te trong thii gin 5 phiit ri 55"00" ~ 00°00", ctf mdi gidy phat mét tach (), sidy cU6i cing cia mot phét phét mor 18 (9, bat du tin higu té (-) 13 trbn phat. Bat dau tin higu te (-) cudi cing cia phi cudi cing. 1a thd Khe dai cOng bé tin higu gid chudin, 3. Loai binh "Tin higu thai gian khoa hoc” ‘rong khodng thoi gian 5 phiit, ti 1” ~ 6 sau thdi khdc dai cOng dé thd gian chudn, phat Jign tye 306 ttn higw dng thai (gid céch thi gian bang nhau), o6 nghfa Ta cit mi phi phat 6) tin higu dang thdi, bat ddu cila mot phiit won phét mot tin higu dai (-), 60 tin higu ti€p theo phat tin higu ngin tach (), gid ech gita hai tin higu 8 60/61‘, te 0.9836". Sau mbi hit trdn, tin bigo tach (.)thif nbét Iéch Khe gidy tron 0,016%, in higu tach (.) thit hai Iéch Kkhdi gidy tn 18 0,033", 6 thé suy din céc tin hieu tip theo cho 4En tin hiu tach () thit 60 thi Igch khdi gidy tron 18 0,484 (xem bing 3D " S6 hiéu chink gid thai ké.." ). 61 tin higu dng thoi cé tac dung nhu 1 mt loai thuée do tH 1€, nhis n6 6 thé 46; chi€u gid thdi KE va tin higu gid, dat mie chinh x4c chitng 0,01'. Te biét rng wen thdi ké, kim gigy mhdy mdi gify hai ln, tite nhdy 120 In trong m6t phut, cho nén trong pham vi mi phét bude nh’y cca kim giy trong v6i tin higu nga tach (.) hai in; higu s6 cba giay hog mia gidy wen thot Ké vGi tin higu tach (.) 6 thé tm wren bing “ SO bigu chinh gid thoi ke...” $6 hid chinh gid thoi Ké tai cde dim ‘tring knép v6i tin higu thoi khde chun cba Jogi hinh thoi gian khioa hoc: aD = ery Zev] = Pee] ARAL noe [822 | ncn | Bie! | iy latin] SS Laing) Soe BOND fold S502. fatay BE 1 Leow] a | ene cor a fem] a [ea + feos [ie Pau cor} a fem | = [es few [as pea cor] ao fem | [om feces |e Peas car| a [em Pu [os + [eon [os Tene cm] «fem | = [ow [eon [ie [oan co | « fem] « [ea hens for pee cm [a fer o [ow fem |e] ene cm] «fem >a Lem wei |e fen cm | «fem | a Lou we Lew | Lem cise |e [ese] @ Lom Céc bude thic hank aéi chiéu gid, SOTAYHANG HAI 881) Déu tién ghi thd gian trém thoi ké ngay trtéc khi bat du tin higu dai (-) cd phi ké tip, yéu cu doc chinh xéc dén gidy tron hodc nila gidy. Vi dy, gid) tn thd ké ghi duge wuie tin higu dai (-) cila phiit trdn_03°02"00" cia loai hinh git khoa hoc nay Ia 02"58"43,5"; 2) Tig theo, dm ifm higu nggin tach (), dng thoi ch ¥ sy ering Khép bude nhdy eda thoi evi tin hidu nga tach (.) 3 tin bigu tht may, vi dy tring khdp 6 tin higu tach (.) 26 va 57. 3) Tra trong bing “ S6'bigu chin thoi ké eée digm tring khép véi tin higu thi khdc chudn cila loai hinh git khoa hoc” (Bang 3.D), tim ra sai sO ciia thi ké. Can cit cc sO liéu trén tinh tofn nh sa, So higu chinh thoi ke ai digm udng khdp 26 SO) chinh thoi ké tai Giém trang khdp 57 ‘So higo chin rung binh cba thei ke Git td so inh Gid thoi ké 4a higu chinh 2584397" Gid thé gidi so sinh 0302"00" Sai sé thoi ke am dave + 03716,075: (C6 nga la that gian cia thoi ké chém, 03"16,07s 4. Tin higu gid kidu phat “6 tin higu” cla céc dai pt Tin higu dai phat thanh BBC, ‘Bat ddu phét S gidy tnttc khi két thie ambi phittrbn, phat 5 tin higu ngén (.) kéo dai 100™, ‘bdt du tin higu dai (-)thit séu cudi ching (kéo dai 500™) diing vao thai kh&c phat chda, tron id. . ‘Tin higu @ai phat thanh Thugng hi (XSG): Cong phat kiéu 6 tin higu, c6 sai s6 Kkhoding 0, 1s. (C6 thé ding tin higu cdc dai phat thanh nay dé d6i chiéu gid thoi ke. 3.2.12 M6t sO'dai phat gid chudn trén thé gidi thank [ae Dutic git in | ie | Bian | Thess) Tot gan Dink dang phit dai Kinh,vi dd (itte) Phat CHU | Canada A 3330 | Phat’ lién | 00s Mot thiéu cila gidy (dai 500ms) i Orava B 7335 ye 2th, | 015-288 Cae thiéu cba pidy (ai ] 4s°18'N7S%45'W | C 14670 | G24) 300ms) 2 Yenting 305-505 Cac Lh cba gidy (dai 300ms) ‘Sis-59s Phat hé hiéu va gid UTC bing. gon ag? ting Anh va Php DUTL: Code CCIR - Gity aha man bang xung tach. UY Japan A 4 A H24 ‘Cac tin higu cia gidy ~ kéo dai Sms, Oakadoya-Yama | aw 2.0 sm digu 16002 arr NUO's'E Tin bigu eda gidy big obi phot che SOTAY HANG HAI 89‘bing tin higu kéo dai 655ms, ge la: ‘| 59,000s-59,005s hit vin higu cla sidy, dm digu 160082. $9,005-59,045sYénling. 59,045-59,700s Tin hig c6ng b6 kéo dai 655ms, 4m diéu 600H2, 59,700s-00,005 Pht tin higu cba ify, 4m dieu 160082. LOL | Argetina ‘4856 [AGE | ACF: Phat kigu Anh, mi phat bd tia Buenos Aires | C 5000 | 0055-0100, | hiew xung giy 29. 3e°3r'sse21'w | F 8030 | 1255-1300, | B.D.E: Ols58s Cée thieu xung cha D 10000} 2055-2100 sidy (ai Sms) 15000 | BD: 598 Yenling F 17180 | 0800-0900 00s Thigu xung cba phat 1100-1200 | (kéo dai Sms), 1400-1500 | Ngoai ra sng mang cdn duge digu bien 1700-1800 | bing tin s6. 2000-2100 | DUT: 2300-2400 | ACF: CCIR Code ~Giiy abifa manh bing xung dp. B,D.E: CCIR Code ~ Giay nbn manh bling tn higu kéo dai MSF | United Kingdom [AGO [124 tir] Thamkhdo “ Radio Signal” Vol. Rugby Ala27 |10000 = S222'NW 1400 that ba ddu tién ‘nog thing BBC | United Kingdom [1053 | Thi hai-T. | 59mS5s — 59mS0s phat dn higu cla Radio 1 1089 | sdu_0700- | gidy, mBi tin higu dai 100ms, 97,6-998 | 0800, (0000s pht tin higw ca phit, mii tin T. bay | bigu kéo dai SOOms. | 1300 Combat ght WWV | United States | A 2500 | S.B.CH24 | Céc thigu ngin cle gidy dai Sms, am Fort Collins | B 5000 0,2’ thi c6 nghia [A sai sO quan sét qua ln, c&n do lai. SOTAYHANG HAI 9633.4 Sit dyng vA bio quan sextant 1. Phuong phép thye hinh sit dung sextant 1) Khi ding sextant cn phai tim hiéu sai s6’dung cy trong sch hung dn kj thuat kem theo méy. Tr6e hi do 45 cao cén xc dinh hai gutdng tinh va dng phi vudng gée véi van khdc d6, x4c dink sai s6 chi s6 cia sextant, chinh tiéu diém ca Ong nhdm, Khi quan sét mat tdi cn chon kinh loc mau thich hgp. 2) Trade khi sit dung ching 20~30 phir lfy sextant ra khdi h6p dé n6 thich ting v6i nhige 46 chung quan, 3) Khi sit dung sextant cha ¥ doc ky gidy ching nhan cila né. Hién nay mot sextant loai tt cling cdn e6 sai s6 dung cy khoing 1", 4) Khi lay sextant can phdi cdm d tay cd hode gid, khéng duc va cham vao cdc guong ong guong tinh va can chi 45, Sng nhdm. 5) Khi théo Sng nhm, mét tay gid tay cdm, tay kia théo hoge Mp Sng nhdm mot eéch thin trong va nbe nhang, dé phdng héng ring dc, lam sai Ich true quang. 6) Thue hanh do 49 cao mat tri Chi yéu gbm hai bude, a) Dau tién dat vach chi s6 trén cn chi 46 vé lan cn diém khfe 45 0? trén vanh khfc 6. Nhin mat trdi qua Sng ahdm, tay tréi bam kep 1d xo cba cn chi d6 va gitt nguyén cdn chi 46 4& vi tri d6, Tay phdi quay gid sextant, ti tit dua Sng ahdm va nh phan xa cila mat tdi trong 45 xudng duttng chan tdi. Chil § git mat toi nlm trong thi tng ella Sng ahd, cho dé khi hin thdy déng thdi anh phdn xa mat roi va duGng chin toi. ‘Tay trai budng kep 10 xo va diéu chinh trng micromet. ') Tay phai do nhe sextant quanh truc Ong nhdm, vé hai pha lién tue sao cho mép dudi anh phan xa cha mit udi chuyén 46ng thanh mét vong cung ngdn nhut hinh 3.25. Tay wi tig tue High 3.25 4igu chinh tring micromet sao cho mép du6i cla anh phan xa cola mit wbi vita tiép xdc voi dutng chin tdi nhin thdy, d6 1a dung giao nhau gitta bau trdi va mit nuéc, déng thdi bam khdi dng déng hé bam gidy ngay thoi diém tiép xtic 46 (theo phyong php d6i chiéu gid sau), Sau d6 so sénh gid voi dng hé thoi ké va ghi lai d6 cao do duige trén sextant. ‘on pin ch mat Bo d6 cao cia mat trang cng gidng nh 401 voi mat i, Bo d@ cao ciia sao cn khé hon do mat trdi, vi chi o6 thé tin hanh vio lic hoang h6n bode ‘inh minh ¢6 thé nhin thay déng théi nhitng ng6i sao cn cb 46 ‘s4ng cao va dung chan trdi tong 48% x5 rang. Ki do sao vao Iie binh minh nén do trade nhing ngdi sao & phia ding, vi khi dé bau wdi d Phia dong sing hon, sao 4 6 sé lan true. Lic hoang hon thi cling nén do sao & phia dong. indde, vi dung chan oi d phia d6 sé mi trudc, cdn sao 6 phia tay tht lai r6 nhumg duong. haa tdi cbn t6i, Néi chung nén cin ci vao Onh hudng thy té Ie 46 ma quyét dinh th ne do céc sao nhw thé nao cho thuan tién, SOTAYHANG HAI 97Do 46 cao ola sao cling cling gitng nhwt do mat tdi, cn do nhe sextant mot g6c 4 nbd, sao cho quy dao di chuyén cila anh phan xa thién thé vita tring v6i dung chén trdi nhin thily. (Ciing 6 thé tién hin do sao vao nhiing dém tring t6 hodc vao nhiing dém bau tai trong Shng thy 16 dung chin tri, Dung vi tf tu xc dinh bang thién vin e6 chinh xéc hay khOng chi yéu phy thuge vao 5 chinh xéc Ic do thién thé, vi chi edn 46 cao sai 1° thi dung vi ui tau da dich chuyén 2 hai 19. Vi vay st quan hang hai c&n phi lu6n top luyén a néing ceo kj nag thu hinh dé e6 thé do nhanh ma chinh xéc. 2, Bio dufOng sextant 1) Sextant phi duge 48 6 ch8 thong thoding khong im wér, tt chain Ong, dB Idy, khong €€ che vat ning dé Jén trén hép cilia n6. 2) Sextant cin dufge bio quan thu@ng xuyén va chu d4o edn than. Céc mit guong chi c6 thé Yau bing loai len da d&c bigt, mém va tinh, khi lau phi hét se nhe nhing, khOng duge Jau bing ddu. Sau Khi quan sét, dic biét la trong tring hop thdi tiét xéu edn bao dudng ky sextant, lau tht sach nude mudi bam vio sextant réi mi bd vao bp. 3) Khong duge ty ¥ théo Idp cdc bd phn, khong vin céc 6c vit tuy ¥, khéng chinh qué nbiéu Iam dn céc Sc vit. 4) SB dung sextant xong khOng nén dé n6 én ban hai dé hay 3 d4u 46 phdng Khi s6ng to sextant c6 thé roi, Sextant cin dé vao ding hOp cha né khéng dutéc nba hop. 34 Céich tinh togn dudng vj tri thién van 3.4.1- Che yéiu 6 ciia dung vi tri thién vin ‘Trén binh 3.26, C 18 vi tf suy tinh agudi quan sft, b 1A hnh chiéu cba thién thé B tén mat G8, cling 1a vi tri dia ly cla B. Vi d6 @, cla b bing xich vi J cila thién thé, kinh 49 A, cila b bing géc git Greenwich bin vong GHA cba thién thé B. Léy vj tri dia If b oda thién thé B vao hic quan St lam tim, ldy thién dinh thét ( 90%ho) cla thién thé lam bén kinh, vé_vong ‘dn. tn tri Aft, 46 18 ving’ trdn vi rf thign vein i Tuy Ahién, khi quan s4t thi vj tri tau tht trén vong tron vi ti) mim gan vi of suy tinh C, cho ‘nf 06 thé Idy m6t doan cung II’ 3 gin vj tri tau suy tinh hoge dudng tiép tuy€n cla né lam ‘uong vi tri thién vain cia tau. [NBS o6 vi tf suy tinh, hodn to’n 6 thé gidi tam giéc thién vin 6€ tinh ‘win: phucmag vi Ae va 48 ca0 he cla ‘thin thé 6 vao thoi khfc quan sét. ‘TrEn so s8 6 cao tinh todn he Va dG cao quan st ho, o6 thé x6c inh dug higu 9 cao (hurh) i 18 doan CK dé 8 gidi dutng tiep wyén cla doan ung II’. BG goi la phwomg phip ‘Mareq St. Hilaire Hinh 3.26 SOTAYHANG HAI 98‘Tém lai, ding hiéu s6 46 cao dé vé dudng vi wi tau gémcé céc yéu td sau day: + Diémvi ti suy timhC( ps 4,): + Phung vi thién thé Ac, + Higu d6 cao (borho) ‘Trong thyc tién x4c dinh vi tri thién van, vi ui suy tinh C 06 thé nim ngoai ho&c nim trong, Va Ging 6 thé nm tring tren vong tn vj tf thién van. Cho nén (hy~h,) o6 thé mang df. (4), mang dau (-) hoe bling khOng (Hinh 3.27). Kihi (he - he) 06 du (+) thi 2 <2, Vi tei suy tinh C nim ngoai vong tron vj tri thién van, d€ vE duong vi ti thiGn van phii Idy diém K trén dung phucng vj theo hutGng cil thin thé (Fink 3.27a). Pe Pe Pe Ye \ (hotepo Teej you 8 * 1 . chee aK r x a) b) Co) Hinh 3.27 Khi (hy -h.)c6 défu (2) th 2, > ze, vi tri suy tinh C nim trong vong trdn vi ti thién via, 4€ vé dudng vi ti thién van phi ldy diém K trén dung phuéong vj nguge huGng cla thién thé (Minh 3.270) Khi (by - b,) = 0 thi 2, = 25, Vi tri suy tinh C nim tren vong tron vi tf thién van, ldy diém K tring v6i vj tri suy tinh, dung vi tr thién van van vadng gée v6i phutong vi A. tai diém C (Ffinh 3.270), 342. Trinh tytxdc dink dung vi tri thién vin 1, COng téc chun bi 1) Tim thai gian quan sét 46 cao thién thé a) Khi quan sét dinh tinh 4é xéc dinh vi tet, ddu tin phdi tinh thd gian hoang hén va binh ‘minh, ding bing tim sao chon céc sao v6i d6 cao va vi tri hgp lf. SOTAYHANG HAI 99'b) Khi quan sét mat trdi qua thién kinh tuyén 4€ xéc dinh vi d6 phdi tinh tofn th’i gian mat {rOi qua thién kin tuyén. ©) Néu dong cach dich chuy€n duting vi tri mgt trdi dé dinh vj th) trac tien phai tinh thoi ian quan s4t 46 cao mat ti rude sau. 2) Cin ett vao sai s6 thoi k& va abgt sai m6i nbdt cil thoi ké a@ xéc dinh sai sO thd KE lec quan sit 7 Hd 3) Truéc khi quan sét chitng 5 phit, kiém tra dng hé bm day, kim tra sextant, xAc dinh ‘sai s6 chi sO cla sextant. 9... Phuttng php do 1) Dia sextant ngdim thien thé, khdi dong dng hé bm day vao thai diém thién thé up xtc Oi dutng chan tro 2) Trd vao budng hai 45, nhin thai ké, cho ditng déng hé bam gidy, ghi lai gid trén d8ng hd thdi ké va sO gidy ten ddng hd bam gidy, ghi sé doc trén sextant. 3) Ghilai gid tdu hic quan sét, s8 doc t6c 46 ké, hung di, chiéu cao tém mit, sai s6 dung cu cola sextant 4) can cf vao gid tau hic quan sét va s6 doc t6c 46 ké, x4c dinh vi tri suy tinh olla tau (,, A,) én hii 3, Tinh todn céc yéu t6 clla duting vj tri thién van idm eb gidi | “Ae 1) Tim gid wh gidi Ic quan s4t 46 cao ed GMT" (gdn ding) = ZT +ZD 8, > » = > va xdc dinh gid GMT. 2) Tim xich vi cla thién thé va LHA bén vong cila thién : thé. Hinh 3.28 Can tf gid thé gidi GMT tra trong Lich thién van tm xich viva GHA nguyén vong, tinh ra LHA nguyén vong , chuyén sang ban vong. 3) Thm 46 cao tinh todn he vA phutong vj tinh ton A, cila thién thé. 4) Xéc dink 46 cao that clla thién thé, 5) ThOng ke céc yu 6 dutting vi ti thién vin a) Diém 46 gidi —Kinh vi 46 3 sif dung 4é tinh be vA Ae. ) Phuiong vi tinh todn Ae ©) Hu 46 cao (bo-h) 6) Cin of vao céc yéu t6 dudng vi tr, a6 gidi tren hai dS tim dudng vi tf thién van (inh, 3.28) a) Xéc dinh diém 48 gidi g., 2, (06 thé khong hod toan tring vdi vi tri suy tinh) b) Ti viwi dé gidi ve A. SOTAYHANG HAI 100©) Ti vi tr 46 gidi do wén A, mét doan Ah (=hy'b,), cn ett vio du cla Ah 4€ dy theo hung hay nguge hudng A. . 3.4.3 Ding céng thie sinh, gidi tam gidc thién vin tinh 6 cao h, va phutong vf A.- 1. Gidi bling Bang logarit harm s6 Iugng giée 1) Cong thte, sinh, =sing, sind +cosg, cos cos LHA sinA, = sinLHAcosBsech. ‘Trong 46, p.~ Vido vi tri suy tinh ca au 8~ Xich vicda thién thé LHA - Géc gid dia phuong ban vong cla thién thé (LHA ban yong) ‘Ac ~ Phuong vi phan ty vong cia thién thé , In6n fuén ly nhd hon 90° 2) Mau bing tinh wo) [ie [acy cos =I NIL NI (hg) = I (1) Xée dinh da (4) va. ©) 4) ludn lay dau (+) B). 8 va 9, ching tén My dif (4), khd ten dy da (-) ©) LHA<90°, cosLHA dy dfu (+); LHA>90?, cosLHA ly du (-) 4) sinh, 6 dau (4), he g6c (45 sine £6 du (-), he B6c (-) (2) Nguyén ide gén tén cho phufdng vi phn tu vong f Diu kién cita thign thé Kj nu tht mat | Ky ue that hai VA 9, khde tén Khdc tn vOig, | cing ten v6i LALA ‘5va gecdng tén, 5 > g, ‘cing tén dig, | cing tén voi LHA | H.< 49 caoh ela vong | cdngténvdig, | cing tén voi LHA Sya peeing | dong uy thign he ten,8<9. | He B=1G0KGN [sin | 9as11 [eos | 998253 [cos | 9.98253 THAT =3II44E [- f- cos [993107 [sin [971485 y ET [92isos EM [82254 | sech, | 0.25024 Beas | Nad Nau [066304 | sin. | 0.9476 he = 55%48.2" ores | Nat | 0.16408 A | 624'sE Goh =e Natsinh, | O82712 Ghi chu: BS cao h vong dong tay cla ge /36°10°N va 16°08.6°N 18 27.9° Két qua: Céc yu 06 dubng vj i tau 0943 ngay 5/5/1994, Diém dé gidi : 9, 36°10°N A12209E A= 62.4°SE (orb) = 42.8" 2. Gidi bang méy tinh him s& Iudng giée 1) COng thite sinh, = sing, sind + cos, cosé cos LHA SOTAY HANG HAI 1025 —e _- teg.tgh, cos4, cog, cosh, tgo.tgh, ‘Trong céng thie, Qe = Vid vite suy tinh 8 = Xich vithien thé LHA- Géc gid dia phutong bén vong cia thién thé ‘Ac - Phitong vi ban ving cla thién thé. CosA. 06 dffu (+), Ac Iy< 90"; cosA, 6 difu © Aclfy 290°, 2) Nguyén tfc tinh todn (1) Xée dinh dau (+) hod (2) 4) 9 luda la g6e (+) b) S va p- cing tén ly du (+), khdc tén Idy du () ©) LHA bon Ia goe (+) (2) Nguyen the gan ten cho phuong vi ban vong + Kf tutthifnhdt cng tén voi ge + K§ ny thit hai cdng tén v6i géc git dia phutong bén vong LHA (3) Trinh ty thao téc trén mAy tinh ‘Tn logi méy tinh ¢6 cdch thao tée khfc, néi chung o6 thé thao téc nu sau: + Trinh ng thao te tim 46 cao ca thin thé he, ee[se][x ]o[sin][+ Jefe] o[cc]{x Jurnfere|{ - ][2™][an]> ne + Tinh ty thao téc thm géc phuvng vi ban vong cla thién thé, =| ENE EIR Ghi chi: Céc kg hi€u trong 6 vuong biéu thi céc mit a tong ting ten may tinh, 34.4 Ding “Bang B-105” tinh d9 cao va phuong vj cba 1. Mau tink toan 6 [sn Tra bing bing cic s6 chin g',6", LHA* (0,8, LHA* W ofc éailuong ban iu) Higu chinh 49 ca0 46ivoi (S-5") = My iu chinh 49 cao d6i voi (LHA*-LHA"*) - Ah, SO TAY HANG HA 103Higu chinh 46 cao d6iv6i (p,- 9!) - MA, ‘BO caoh, vi phung vi A tinh toda 2. Quy t&e tinh ton 1) Xée dinh du (8-5) 6 du (4) khi 5 > 5" , 6 dau (-) khi F< 5" (LHA* LHA"*) 6 difu (4) khi géc gid dia phuong bén vong LHA* > LHA’*, o6 déu (© khi LHA*< LHA’* ‘Ad -Latgng bién thién 46 cao khi xich vi ting 1" (Ad & gin xich vi cho trong bang ), chit d8 trong bing mang du (+), chi? den mang dau (-). At ~ Lugng bién thin trung binh cba dé cao khi g6c gid thay 46i 1” gia hai g6c gid lien tip cho trong bang. Vi vay nén ldy Af nim gitfa hai géc gid o6 chia LHA* 4@ tinh Ah,. Af lu6n c6 déu (-) cho nén tft c& chit s6 c6 mau den. hy - Higu chinh (6 -6") cho dg cao. Ahg= (5-8')xAd , dang (6-6') va Ad 1am dain s6 tra trong “bang nan” trong bp Bang ny. (6—6") va Ad cing du, Ah, 06 dau (+), khée déu Ah, 06 dau (-). Ah, ~ Higu chinh (LHA*-LHA'*) cho 46 cao. Ding (LHA*- LHA"*) va Ar lam s6 din tra trong “bing nhan”. Ah, vi (LHA*-LHA'*) nghich du. bh, - Higu chinh (9, —9") cho 46 cao. Ah,= (g,~9')XcosAc, ding (g, ~9') va ‘Ac lam s din tra trong “ Bang hitu chinh 49 edo cho higu vi 46" trang 263-263, cing trong b6 bang nay. A>90°, Ah, va (g,—9') cing dd, Az < 90", AA, va (9. - 9") Khée daw. 2) Xéc dinh tén ola phitdng vi Phuong vi cho trong bang !8 phitong vi bin vobg. Kf by thif nhdt tring tén v6i vi dd g, ; khi g,=0", th tén ddu cing tén v6i xich vi. Kg tu thi hai cing tén v6i g6c gid dia phuong bin vong cia thién thé. 3) Higu chinh sai so diém gidi han cla xich vi Ranh gidi gita mau d3 va mau den 46i v6i cing m@t chi s6 Ad twong ting cho trong bing goi Ia didm gi6i han. Néu tai diém gii han vin xéc dioh Ah, theo céch o8 nhi n6i & ten thi sé phét sinh sai s6'diém gidi han xich vi, vi vay phai b6 sung mot higu chinh méi, Gié tr higu chinh nay o6 thé tra 6 phan “ S6 hiéu chinh b6 sung 46 cao cn diém gidi han xich vi" trong cing “Bing B-105", s6' din vao bang la 46 cao thién thé va higu xich vi 6, dtu cea 86 higu chinh bé sung nay ludn (-). 3, Mét vai diém chi ¥ khi chon kinh vi 46 tinh tof SO TAY HANG HAI 1041) Chon vi do chin ma higu ciia né v6i vid suy tink g, dui 30°, dem vi d6 nay tra bang ©6 thé bé butéc higu chink sai s6 49 cao AA, Vidu, ‘Vid9 suy tinh g, = 31°26'N thi chon 31°N dé vao bang. . = 27°37'S thi chon 28°S dé vao bang. 2) Chon kinh 49 ma higu cia n6 véi kinh 6 suy tinh A, dui 30° nhumg sao cho khi dem cbnghrit_ vio g6c gid Greenwich GHA thi nhén dugc két qui géc gid dia phuong LHA 1a ‘mot s6 chin cia 46, ding géc gid dia phudng nay tra bang oS thé bé qua budc hiéu chinh .45 cao dh, Vidu 1, Kink 9 suy tink 2e/87°18"E (87°33"-87°18'<30") LHA LHA bén vong Vi du 2, Kinh €6 suy tinh A/44°47'W (43°09 4496730") 3) Khi dé giai dung vj tri thién vin Ify kink vi d6 chon lam diém AB gidi. Vi do, khi xe dinh vi tri tau bing diab tinh ta duge hai dutng vj ti. Vi 46 chon gidng nhau, hung kinh 3 chon’khéc nhau, tuy thuge vac GHA cia ting dinh tinh. Niu vay vi te suy tinh chon 06 hai diém cing vi d6, tin hinh 43 gidi theo nby binh 3.29, Vidu, Gid tau 0945(-8) ngay 9 théng 10 nam 1994; vi 7 tf tau suy tinh @c/32°08.1'N, Ac/116°41.9", do inh 9 con 2 Kin 40 chan 1 mép dui mat ti, 49 cao sextant h,° /40°05.4". Hinh 3.29 Khi khdi dong ddng hé bm gidy, gid thoi ke chi O141"00", the dimg déng hé bém gidy chi "23°, sai s& thoi ke +231", i4s/-2.3", chidu cao tim mAt e/10m, huéng di that 251°, te d6 ké 873 hii Ly. Tim duting vi tri mat moi bing ‘céch chon vj tt suy tinh? Gidi, SOTAY HANG HAI 105Gig auZT | 0945 9/10 | Be cao_ad | Phuong vi z | #8 Chon | 40%04.6" -78 our [ots 9/10 9a/32N, | 1344 56S, 180E | 5.7 (6-51)=472"> ahs he va Az 39°58.9" [NIS3°4E Gi thoi KE DSnghé bm giay | + _1"23* ‘Gid th.k€ quan sit | 0142.23 Sai sSthaiké | + 231 Gidq.sit GMT | O1'44"54* 9/10 Gocgid v |Xichvi hs? | 40°05.4" ono MT G1” | 198°08.1° 1.2 | 606.5°S 41.0 sti 23 Incr, 4454) 11128 we | 4003.1" Cont. 09 +07" al 56 ‘GHA® ngayén vong, 20921.8° e02S Téoghe | +15 Kinh 46 ty chon oy | 116°38.2" Hechinhbs |__+0.1 LHA® nguyen vong | 326° hy | 40712. LHA” bin vong | 34°E h. eh) Che yu 6 48 gidi dudng vi wi mat ui, Diém dé gidi, + en 32°N, Aen 116°38.2°E + Phung vi Az N133.4°E + Higudgcao 413.7" 3.4.5 Bang "Quan sét thién thé hang hai NP401” (Anh) 1. Cha tric cla bang Bing “NP401" ding 4é tinh 46 cao va phutong vj cla thign thé. Ba s6 din dé tra bang IA : vi 48 ty chon (@a); xich vi ciia thién thé (8), géc gid dia phviong nguyén vong LHA cla thién thé ly kinh 66 of chon (Aq) dé 1am trdn. Ding g6c gid dja phuing LHA nguyén vong cia thién thé 1am sé d&n tra bang JA mOt trong nhitng dc diém ofa loai bang nay. » ‘Bang “NP401” gm o6 6 tp, mdi tp chia lam 16° vi 46, tap i’ 66 vi d6 tar 0” - 15°, tap 2 cy 15°-30° c&c tp tiép theo 30°-45°... Vi d6 cila tp trudc va tp sau tring nhau 1°. ‘M&i tap bao gdm 16° vi d6, duge chia Iam hai nhém, mBi nhérn-8°, nh6m tht nhdt duge xép vio nifa tip du, nhém thit hai dug xép vao nifa tép sau. M&i nh6m yi d§ duge sp xép vio ting trang cila bing theo hang ngang é trén cling vA dudi cing mbi trang, tW nbd Gén Idn véi s6 46 tron a tam s6 din ngang. ; ‘86 din dgc cha mBi trang Ia xich vi cla thién thé duge xép vAo hai c6t tin cing bén tréi vA tn citng bén phi theo ting 46 trin tir 0" d€n 90°, trang bén trdi cla bang tinh ding cho xich SO TAY HANG HAI. 106viva vi d6 citng tén. Trang bén phdi lai chia lam hai phar trén dui, phan trén ding cho xich Viva vi d6 khdc tén, phiin didi ding cho xich vi va vi d6 cing tén, g6c gid dia phuong twong ting cia hai.phdn nay cach nhau vita ding 180°. Hai phan trén duiéi tao thanh mét trang tinh, tofa hoan chinh lién tue, gitta chiing 6 mot duting ngin céch goi Ia “duding ciing tén khde tén”, dung nay bi€u thi xich vi cia thién thé (bao nhiéu 45) khi 46 cao cia né bang kh6ng. Nu 6 cao tra 3 phn vutt qua ranh gidi “duting cing tn khéc tén” thi d6 cao h, phai ldy daa (), lugng bien thién 46 cao (d) phai lay ngude du vi dau (4) ghi trong bang phudng vi, (Z) phai ly g6c ba tic La (180° - Z). ‘Gée gid dia phuong ton vong LHA ghi & géc trén va g6c dudi bing chi s6 I6n, d6 IA géc gid tiOng ting voi mdi trang bang tinh. Trong bing cho céc dai lugng tinh sin : 46 cao thién thé (h.), bién thién d9 cao (d) va g6c phuong vi (Z). Bia thién 46 cao (d) 18 higu d0 cao d6i vei xich vi tgp theo, défa (2) bidu thi d6 cao Ling khi tang xich vi, du (+) bigu thi d6 cao giim khi ting xich vi. Bign thién d6 cao (d) in‘chi? aghigng va 06 ky hiéu géc phi iu thj n6i suy an thi hai cia n6 vugt qué 0°.25, khong thé bé qua khi ngi suy tf Ie. 2. Céch sit dung bing Voi kinh v7 46 ty chon, s6 din vao bang 18 vi d6 (9a) s6 urdn va g6c gid dia phucng LHA nguyén ving s6 tron. Hai s6 din nay khéng cdn n6i suy ma chi ni suy d6i véi xich vi Khi tra bing, du tign cin of vao vi d6 ty chon (ga) dé chon tap phi hgp va xem vid6 nim 6 phn nao cila bing, cl cif vao géc gid dia phuong LHA nguyén vong 4é tim trang thich hyp. Tigp theo, cn ctt vao vi d6 (ga) va phan s6 tron cla xich vi 8 tm 49 cao (hy), big ‘thign 49 cao (4) va g6c phuvng vj (Z). Sau d6 cn cit vao phn lé cia xich vi (phi va phan rau cia phit) - goi I8 s6 gia cila xich vi tin inh n6i suy s& gia d6 cao va phuwng vi NOi suy s6 gia 9 cao d0i voi s6 gia cba xich vi bang céch ding s6 gia cia xich vi va bién 5 cao (¢) lam 6 din tra vao bang ndi suy dé c6 sé gia 46 cao ngi suy. N6i suy voi so sia xich vi tr 0',0 d€n 31,9 tra d trang trong bia tre, ti 28,0 dé'n 59°,9 tra 6 trang trong bia sau. Bing ndi suy gdm 3 phan tinh ti tri sang phdis Phdn shut nhdt 18 bing n6i suy vdi lung bién thién 4 cao cach 10°. Bi€n thiéa 49 cao 10°, 20°, 30° 50° dude x&p vao 6 hang én cing va hang du6i cdng cla bing ding lam sO dan hang ngang. Sé din cOt doc 1a 80 gia xich vicéch nhau 0",1. Phan thit hai ca bang 1a phan ndi suy véi lung bién thién 46 cao (d) theo don vi phi dude xép theo hang ngang tir 1° d&n 9" va oBt doc 1a lung bign thién 46 cao (¢) tinh theo phan mu0i clia phit, Ldn luot tir 0°,1 dén 0°,9. Phan hai cia bing ndi suy, tung ting voi phan mét, ti én xuéng dui duge chia lam tim doan, mBi doan wong ting voi dai lwong sO gia xich vi. Lay tng cba hai phin noi suy nay ta duige $6 gia d cao ngi suy Ldn thi nha 46 V6i sO gia xich vi, du ciia né cing diu véi bign thién dO cao (d). Phdn thif ba cba bang la bing n6i suy Udn shut hai (xem gidi thich 6 myc 3. ip theo trong phin nay). NOi suy phufong vi ddi v6i s6 gia cila xich vi ¢6 thé ding céch tinh nhém, bi vi khi dé cao ‘hd hon 80°, thi khi xich vi bién éi 1° 1am cho phutong vi bién déi khong qué 10°,0. Phuong ¥i @) sau kei ni suy phdi di ra phucng vj toan vong (Z,) theo quy tde sau day : SO TAY HANG HAI 107Géc gid dia phuong nguyén vong > 180° Z,=Z ‘Vid8 be | Gee gid dia phuong nguyén vong < 180° Z=360"-Z Gc gid dia phucng nguyén vong > 180” Z, = 180°-Z Vid nam | Géc gid dia phutong nguyén vong < 180" Z,=Z ( ‘NEw 6 cao va phuong vj ldy d phén vugt qua ranh gigi “dug cong tén khéc tén"” thi 46 cao (h.) mang div (-), du ella bign thién 49 cao ify nguge voi dit ghi trong bang, phudng vi ly ‘6c bd cia phutong vj ghi trong bang tfc (180° - 2), sau d6 chuyén 46i sang g6c gid nguyén vong. Vidu 1, ‘Vi tf suy tinh cba tau @./9°12'N, A/43°27'W g6c gid Greenwich nguyén ving cia thién thé GHA*/353°10',1, xich vi thién thé 6/19°20°,5 N. Hay ding bang “NP 401” tim d6 cao va phufong vi tinh toan oda thign thé ? Gidi, ) Xéc dinh kinh 46, vi 45 ty chon Hat 35310 Vio wrchon PN, inh 46 ty chon 101 ‘LHA® (nguyén vong) 310° b) Vi ga/9°N cho nén ding phan nifa sau cia tp I. ©) VILHA*/310°, ga va 5 cing tén, tm trang 284 cla bing, cin cif Vio Ga/9? va 8/19" tra bing duge. G6e phuong vi (Z) V6i ga/9", 5/19° tra bing 726 NOi suy voi sO gia xich vi20',5: Oi suy phan 1 Noi su - 4 (nh ahd ‘D6 cao, Phutong vi (h., Z) Phuong vi nguyén wing 2, Vi dy 2, ‘Vj bi suy tinh @/12°47" N, 26/123°37' B, géc gid Greenwich nguyén vong cia thién thé ‘GHA*/41°19", xich vi thién thé &/76°S6",4N. Hay ding bing “NP401” tim 46 cao va phuong vicka thién thé? Gidi, a). Xe dinh kinh, vi 46 ty chon 2% m2 ouaY 419" ‘LHA* (nguyén vong) 168° SO TAY HANG HAI 108b) Vi ga/I3°N, chon phén ma sau cla quyén I ©) Voi LHA*/165°, a va 6 chng ten, mé trang 215, sit dung pha nita dui cila trang nay. Voi u/13°, 5/76" lam 6 din tra bang, tai vi wi nay da vigt qua “dung cing tén khdc 4én"” cho nén sau khi ta bang (h.) phdi mang du (-), s6 gia d6 cao mang nguoc du ghi trong bing, phucing vi ldy gée ba, tte (180-2). Bo caoth) —d_ | Gée phutomg vi (Z) Tra bing voi ga/13?, 876" | -0937"4+58,1 1164 Noi suy voi s6 gia xich vi56'4: Noi suy phn 1 +470 NGi suy phn 2 +76 03 heva Z 1167 180° -2) ey Phuong vj toan véng Z, 35697 a 3. NOi suy Jdn thit hai sO gia xich vi cho 46 cao « Phan ba cia bang néi sy ding 4€ tinh ni suy Wn th hai, tf én xudng du6i duge chia 1am ahiéu doan Khong bang nhav, ng’n céch bing cfc dung gech ngang, m6i doan twdag ting vi pham vi $6 gia ciia xich vi phia bén tedi. $6 dln vao bang n6i suy [dn th? hai la (é’. (d’) 2 bigu s6 hai lugng big thién d§ cad d dong wen va dong dudi ké sét vi higng bign thién 49 cao ma ta vita diing tinh ngi suy Idn thet nb, higu s nay in ngay canh phia trai cia bing. BQ cao noi suy ln tht hai in chit 6 nbd sép xép theo dong xen ké béa camh phii. TH 56 45 ‘20 noi suy Ldn thi hai lun 06 du (+) nén phi cOng vao d9 cao hy Vidu, Vi tr ela thu @JS'14°N, 2./122°17°E, GHA*252°26", xich vi thign thé 8/8°47°,0 N. Hay dung bang “NP 401” tim d6 cao va phudng vi tinh todn cia thién thé? Giai, a) Xéc dinh kinh vi 69 ww chon cHat inh 46 wy c LHA® (nguy@a vong) 0/5? N b) Tra bang v6i s6 din ga/S? N, LHA*/15°, 3/15° N duge lugng bign thiéa d6 cao (@y- 12,7 in chit nghiéng va o6 dfu higu phia wén bén phai, cho uén eda phai tiéa anh n6i suy Ida th hai, TW trong bing tim due higu bin thién 46 cao dong trén va dOng dui (€'V7" 4. @ | Gécphuong ¥@ ‘Tra bing v6i g/5°N, 578” N ra | 78 Noi suy phan 1 [Noi suy phén 2 7 Ng suy Ifo thithai HevaZ, Phuong vi nguyéa vong “AG Ding “Bang quan sit thién vén hang khong HO 249” cho thién vin hang hai SO TAY HANG HAI 1091. Bye diém Dy la m@t loi bing chuyén dung ¢@ xéc dinh vi tri thién van trong hang khong, ddng thoi fing dude sit dung cho xc dinh vi tri thién vin hang hai. Dac diém cia n6 1a: 1) Mét b6 bing gém 3 tp. Tap I ding d€ tinh 4 cao va phudng vi cia c&c dinh tinh duye tuyén chon riéng. Tap II sit dung cho vi d6 ti 0° - 39°, t€p III sit dung cho vi 46 40° - 89°, hai ‘Ap sau chi 06 xich vi d&n 29° ding dé tinh nhGng thién thé trong hé Mat toi ahu mat wi, ‘anh tinh, m§t trang. Tét ohién cling o6 thé ding cho nhGng dinh tinh e6 xich vi duéi 29” B&c, Nam. 2) Cal tinh tosn dua theo inh, vi 46 ty chon ca vj tf tu, bé hin hode gidm bét eéc bude agi suy. 3) BO cao va phuong vj tinh tofn trong tip I bang HO 249 duge tinh todn c&n cif vao toa do xich dgo cla cdc dinh tinh duge myén chon trong mot nim nbit dinh. Dé tranh sai s6 tich lay qué 1én do toa 46 cia din tinh bign di hing nam gay nén, bang HO 249 duce quy dinh chi str dung trong m6t s6 nim nbét dinh, khoang ten dudi 5 nam duge tinh todn va xuft ban lai mot ln (chi 461 vi quyén 1). Quyén II va quyén I duce sit dung lau dai khong gidi han nim. 4) Trong bing HO 249, 46 cao tinh todin (h,) chi cho Gén phiit tron, khOng ¢6 phin thip phin, phutdng vi nguyén ving (Z,) hoc g6c phutdng vi (Z’) chi cho dén 46 tron ma khéng c6 phn thip phan ca d6. Vi vay, 46 chinh xéc cba bing may kém 9 chinh xfc ea bing HO214 va bang NP 401. Tuy nhién, vin dép ting yéu cu cia hang hai. 2, Céch sit dung bing 1) Cfa trie oda bang Bic dim va ofch ra quyén 11, quyén Ul cia bang HO 249 cing tong ty nbut bing HO 214 ‘VA bing NP 401, khéng tinh bay lai 8 day. Véi tgp I, ba sO din tra bang Ia vi d6 ty chon gay, g6c gid dia phitong nguyen ving cba dim ‘Xin phan LHA’ va tén seo. ‘Vido in bing chit 16n & g6c tr4i va g6c phi én mdi trang cha bang duiye sp xép theo thi ng 89°N - 0 - 89°S. Vai vi d6 69° trd xudng, mdi 1° ciia vi dé twong dng hai wang cila bing, vi 46 69° trd lén méi 1° chi tung tng voi mot trang ca bang. ‘Gée gid dia phuiong nguyén vong cia diém xuan phin LHAT wong bing duye sp xép & cot doc phia tri cla bang. G cdc trang cla bing v6i vi > dui 69°, LHAT duge bd wi timg 6 tron, voi cfc trang c6 vi 46 tren 69° thi dugc bé tri cdc sO chin, nghia 1a céch nhau 2°. Vi vay, khi tra bang véi vi 6 tén 69° phi ISy kinh 49 ny chon sao cho LHAT ird thanh s6 chin. Téng 86 dinh tinh duge chon trong tép la 41, nhung twong ting voi mbi g6c gid dia phuong nguyén vong cla diém xuin phan LHAT chi chon ¢6 7 sao cling 49 cao va phttong vi tinh, todn cba ching. Vi vay, khi ding bing nay dé tinh tod cfc yéu t6 dung vi tri inh tinh phai chon nhém sao quan sét bing chinh céc sao da tuyén chon trong bing dé tranh phién phitc, vi n€u chon sao khéng nim trong s6 ec sao 4a chon thi phai ding mét loai bang khéc dé tinh tog, 2) Phuong phap chon sao quan sét bang bing HO 249 SO TAY HANG HAI 110Dau tién cn cif vao vi d6 dif dodn @, va géc gid! dia phuong ton vong cla diém Xuan phan tung tng voi gid dy dinh quan sdt dé tra bing, chon mot s6 trong 7 sao c6 phucng vi va dg «ao thich hop r6i tién hanh quan sit, ghi thdi gian do chinh xc, sau 66 tra bing va tinh toan 4 tim ede yéu 18 dudng vi tr, Trong 7 sao tuyén chon o6 3 sao dnh du bing ky higu (*), 46 chinh la céc sao 06 thé ding 4€ xéc dinh vi tri bing 3 thién thé. 3) Cach tra bing Sau khi quan sét va tinh tofn LHAT nguyén vong, cin ctf vio vi 46 ty chon gay thm tang phi hgp, dbag LHAT nguyén vong va tén sao dé tra 46 cao tinh tofn (h.) va phuong vj nguyén vong (Z,) cla thién thé, khéng cn bat cit phép ndi suy nao. Nhu da tinh bay, logi bing may duge xdy dung cin cif vao toa dé xich dao oda thién thé trong nim nao d6, mi lan xudt ban déu c6 nién han sit dung nhét dink, 5 nim chdag han. ‘Trong pham vi nién han, hang nim khi sit dung phai higu chinh sué’ sai va chiang d6ng. Céch higu chinh 1a can eif vio nim sit dung, dem vi d6 ty chon gs va LHAT nguyén vong Tam s6 dn tra vio bang phu s& 5 “Luang hiéu chinh tué'sai vi chong d6ng”. Higu chinh tu sai va chuong dng tong bing cho dui dang phuong vi va khoing céch. Sau khi tra bang ‘igu chinb nbn duge hai dai long phucng vi va khodng céch, chi cn djch chuy€n dung vi ‘ri thu theo phuong vi va khoding cfich 46, ta duge vi tr thu tuong tng vi nam quan sét. Vidu, Ngay 2i thang 12 ndm 19..., gié thu/OS10 (+ 4), vi wi suy tinh cla tau @/18°11" N, AJS3°44" W, so si thdi ké trtSc ki do, khdi dong déng hd biim gidy khi thi ke chi O9PO4"00", sai so tdi ké/ +0214". Quan sét cfc sao trong bing HO 249 (quiy€n I) nhusau : Ten sao Dubhe Arcturus 6 cao sextant hy 45°46",3 52°36',7 Déng hé bam gidy ghi 2°04 a7 DG cao tim mA 8mét, i + s/- 0".2, hung di cia tau 086°, te 44/10 no. Tim vj tri tau hic osi07 Gidi Gid au 0510 (21/12) $6 mii +4 GMT" (gan ting) 0910 (21/12) Ten sa0 Dubhe Arcturus erry B40 0908 00 éng bd biim gity +0204 +0347 Sai sO thoi ké +0214 +0214 GMT (khi do) 90818 (iz | 09 1001 @u/i2y GHA’ 9* @ui2) 22447", 224475 Incr. (phd phit,gi8y) 2048 2307 ona’ 226°52',3 22718" 2 Kinh 49 nchon 2g, W. 2539523 =53°18".2 LHA’ (géc gid dia phuong cla y) 173° 174° Vids webon oy 18 18 SOTAYHANG HAI 111he Z bh TZ ‘Tra bing HO29, gp Ivangi24 | 45%6" | 355° | _s2%ar_|_ ogi? BO cao sextant be 4546.3 52°36'.7 its “0.2 Higu chinh 49 c20 tim mftd -5.0 ‘Téng higu chink s. 0.7 DO cao thétthién thé — hy 527365 BG cao tinh todn het 52°34" ho=h) 23.2 Cée yu 16 duting vi ti, +. BuOng vj tr thit mht : o4/18°N, Aa/53°52’,3W, Phutong vi/355°, Higu s6 46 cac/- 5°.9 + Ding vj tr thi hai : qu/18°N, Au/53°18’,2W, Phutong vi/081°, Higu s6/dd caol- 3°,2 Higu chin tu€ sai va chutong dong, ‘Tra quyén I bang HO 249, Phu bang 5 trang 323 dude phufong vi 110°, khodng céch/ 3° Sau khi dS gidi duding vi tr theo céc yéu t6 trén, chi cn dich chuyén céc dung vi ti 3 hai Ig theo phuong vi 110°, Hai dutng vi ttisé giao nhau d mot diém méi, 46 1a vj tf tau Ic 0510 21/12/19... 3.4.7 Higu chin sai s6'do 49 cong cia duéing phudng vi ‘Dubng phitong vi clla thién thé Ja mot cung vOng I6n. Noi chung, thOng thuting khi tc nghiép dudng vi trf tu, bling phuong phép higu 46.ca0 6 thé coi dung phiting vi nhyt 1a mot dudng thing ma khong cdn xét tdi Anh hung cila_géc hiéw chinh 49 cong y. Tuy nhién ‘rong tring hop quan sét & khu vic vi d6 cao ma higu s& 45 cao (horh,) khé 16n thi phat tin hanh higu chinh géc y nay, te Ia phai vé dung phuong vj bing (Az+ 7) dé higu chin ‘Anh hung 46 cong dug phwong vi (xem hinh 3.30). Y= (horh) sinAtE0m Trong 46, ‘A,— Phutong vi nguyén vong (be-h,) - Higu sé 46 cao, Om = Vid6 trung binh, o6 thé thay thé bang vi d6 suy tinh gehode vi db chon oa, Ngudi quan sét d bac ban cd dy g6c @ du (+), nam bén cfu (-) dita vao cong thie 48:tinh todn, Géc y tinh duge 06 thé mang dfu (+) bode (-), cOng hode trit vac. A, 48 c6 phutong vi 48 gidi. 706 thé tra trong “Bang higu chinh phuing vj U-11” trong * Bang tinh hang hii MT”, trong 46 sO din 1A vi 49 va (herh) céch nhau 10°, cfc gid ti khée cia (herh,) phdi ding cfch n6i suy. S6 din phising vj cho céch nhau 10° , tix 10° dén 90°, néu phuong vj Az 1én hon 90° thi chuyén 4éi, Ify'(180"-A,), (Ar-180°) hoc (360°-A,) sao cho A, nhé hdn 90° 4€ vao bang. Quy te xéc dinh dy nh sau, a) (ho-h,) >0 ly dafu (+), (ho-h,) <0 lay difu (-). Hinh 3.90 SO TAY HANG HAI 112b) Aenguyén ving <180", sin A, lay du (+), Az > 180°, sit. A, fy du (-). ©) Vio bie Idy g6c vi 69 (+), gon €6-ddu (4), vEd9 nam Ify- 6c VE d9 (), tg e6 dt (-). Dfu cita y quyét dinh béi du cia tich 3 thanh phin kia. 348 Higu chinh sai s6 49 cong vong trin vj tri Khi 46 cao quan sét 16n hdn 60° va giao diém c&c duting vi ti och giao diém K 16n hon 10” cén phi tiga hank higu chinh sai s8 46 cong ung vi wi, phi dich chuyén, song song duting vi tf vé phfa thién thé mot dai lugag o (xem hinh 3.31). Céng thie tinh o nh sau, e arct igh," are'tgocos 4 Trong a6, ‘ 1 ~ Khodng céch giao diém K dén giao diém ola dung vi ui M ‘he~ BQ cao that cila thién thé 9 Vid8 suy tinh hode vi d6 chon ‘A, ~ Phuong vi nguyén vong cia thién thé “D6 thj higu chink vong ding cao TI-2a” trong “ Bang tinh hang hai MT" duge thiét fp bang Ong thi, Larevegh, wore are zauel'tgh, zuelise ‘Va “Dé thj higu chink vong ding cao I1-2b” duge thiét lap bing cng thite KcosA,, wong 46, religo. VE tht ahat ciao: arel'egh, ding thud do n6i hai digm va h un dutng cong tong 48 thi I1-2a c6 thé doc ra dai Iuyng nay tai giao diém cla thutdc do va thang ty 1é 6 gitta. a VE thi hai eda o: FareltgpcosA, , 1 "8 thj TE-2a” cin cif vo 1 va @ ding thude fy dai wong Sarctige '=K, sau d6 tir“46 thj 2b” can cif K va va A,, ding thufdc do dai lugng B Farcl'igpcosa,, dai luong nay mang du (+) hode (-) duge xéc dinh bing phuong vi nguyén vong cia thign thé, ‘Az nlim trong pham vi 90°~270° thi vé thit hai mang du (+), phi cng vao vé thit nha. A; mim trong pham vi 270°~90", vé thit hai mang du (-), phai tr vao vé thif ohdt. SO TAY HANG HAI 11338 Céch xée dinh vi d6 ngudi quan sit 3.5.1 Tinh théi diém thién thé di qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng nguii quan sét 1. Tinh gid mui mat trdi qua thién kinh tuyén thyong ngubi quan sat ZT =LMT ere FA, -ZD ‘Trong 46, ‘ZT - Gid mi (git tau) mat trdi qua thién kinh tuy€n thong, LMT® - Gid dia phucng m§t ti qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng Greenwich, o6 thé Gm tong lich thién vin (xem Mer Pass, bing 3.C Myc 3.2.3) Vi gid dia phuong cia mit wei hai lan K€ tip qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng biéa dng rit nbd, cho nén c6 thé Iéy B58 dia phutong mit wi qua thién kinh tuyEn thygng Greenwich Iam gid’ dia phuong mat tri qua bat ky thién kinh tuyén no. 2. ~ Kinh 46 suy tinh ngudi quan sét khi mat wedi qua thién kinh tuyén 2. Tin git mai hand tinh hoe m4t tring qua thién kinh tuyén thuigng ngudi quan sét ZV =LMT + AT, ¥ % -ZD Trong 46, ‘ZT— Gidsmgi_ han tinh hoe mat ting qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng LMT- Gid dja phutong hinh tinh hoc mat tring qua thién kinh tuy€n thuyng Greenwich, c6 thé Om trong lich thién vin (gidi thich nhwt mgt ti qua thién kink tuyén thuong). 2. ~ Kinh 46 dy Goan khi hin tinh hoe mat tring qua thién kinh tym thugng AT, - SO higu chinh kinh 49, bing axa . ttong 46 4 18 bién thin thd gian han tinh ‘ho§e mgt trang hai lan ké tiép qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng, ngudi quan sat & kinh 49 ‘d6ng phdi ly thai gian qua thin kinh tuyén ldn tude wi di s6 higu chinh kinh 46, ‘gui quan std kinh 46 tay Iy gid qua thién kinh tuyén sau ong vio s6 hieu chinh kinh 49. Dau cla AT, cing di véi a 3. Tinh gid mii cia inh tinh qua thién kinh tuyén thyyng. Gée gid dja phuemng nguyén vong cla dinh tinh khi qua thién kinh tuy€n thutgng bing 0. G6c gid Greenwich nguyén vong cla né vila ding bing kinh 46 (aw), hode (360"-Ae) ca ngudi quan s4t. Cho nn géc gid thé gidi nguyén vong cia diém xudn phan khi dinh tinh qua thién inh tuyEn thuigng 18, GHA = dy — SHA* ode GHAT = (360°-2z)- SHA* ‘Trong 46, SHAY - xich kinh nghich cia dink tinh. (Can cit vao ngay thdng va GHAY c6 thé tra nguge ra git thé gidi GMT, sau khi higu chinh ‘bling mii gid ZD c6 thé fm ra gid moi ZT cia dinh tinh qua thién kinh tuy€n thing. 3.5.2 Tim vi 4) ngyfdi quan sét bing d@ cao thién thé qua thién kinh tuyéh thugng SO TAY HANG HAT 1141, Tim vf 46 bing d6 cao thién thé qua thién kinh tuy€n thong Theo hinh 3.32, QrZt5 Trong 46, Z~ Dinh cxf qua thién kinh tuyén thing cba thign thé, Z = (90H), tén cia dinh of thién kinh tuyéa thugng ngugc tén véi H, vi dy, phuting vj cla thién thé qua kinh tuy€n thitgng hudng nam (S,), H mang ténS, cho nn Z mang tén N. 9+ Vidd ngutsi quan sét, tén cba vi 49 cing tén v6i dai lugag 16n hon trong hai dai luging Z va 8, bode theo vid6 suy tinh 8- Xich vi thién thé, 5 va Z cing tén thi 8 mang dif (4), 6 va Z khde tén tha (2) H— D6 cao thién thé qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng 2, Tim vid bling d6 cao thien thé qua thién kinh yn ha Cong tte, Hinh 3.32 OHH 90-5 Trong &6, HY ~ 46 cao thio thé qua thién kinh tyén ha 9 vi d6 xéc din, mang tn cing tén v6i xich vI5 3. Phuong phép thye hanh quan sit mt ti qua thién kiah tuyén thuone tinh vi dO 1) Tim gid’ mat wd qua thién kinh tuyén. Bo 46 cao mat tdi qua thién kinh tuyén c6 hai phuong phép. Phucng phép thi nhét la dgi cho phudng vi cla mat ti dling chink nam hoc ding chinh bdc thi tiéa hanh do, phuong phép ny thyc hign twdng d6i khd, vi Nic nay 49 cao cla mit tdi Idn, rét kh6 do phutng vi chin nam hodc chink bic cla né mOt céch chinh xéc bing la bin. Phuong phép thet hai 1a can ott vio gid chink ngo cila mat tréi (tc 18 n6 qua thién kinh tuy€n), tinh theo cOng thite 6 Mue 3.5.1 va tign hank do theo céch trinh bay duéi day. 2) Thm xich vi mit trdi Can ctf gid thé gidi cba mat trdi chinh ngo, tra vao lich thiéa vin hang hai 4é tim xich vi cba mat wei. GMT® (chnh ngo) = ZT° (chinh ngo) + ZD¥ 3) Bo d6 cao cia mat trdi Theo gid mdi cia mat wdi chinh ngo 3 tinh & trén, tude d6 vai phot Ify sextant ngém mat Udi, chinh sextant theo doi lién tuc d6 cao cia mat trai s€ thay d cao hic dau tang daa, sau 46 46 cao khong ting khong gidm, tip sau d6 46 cao bat dau gidm dén, DS cao tude khi SO TAY HANG HAI 115bét dau gidm xubng chink Ia d cao lon nbft cla mAt ui ic né di qua thién kinh tuyén thugng . Higu chinh 4 cao sextant dé ¢6 49 cao that. 4) Gan tén cho via} N6i chung vi 46 quan sét thuc té va vid suy tinh d gén nhau, cho nén o6 thé cin cit vao tén cba vi d6 suy tinh 48 quyét dinh phai cong bay ti xich vi vao dinh cu 48 6 vi d6 that, va én déu N hay S cho n6, Chi cé trong tniting hop xich vi rét nhd hode vi 46 rat thifp thi vie phn don tung d6i khé khan. 5) Dung vituy€n tim dude chfnh Ja dung vi wf thu bling mgt tr Widu, Negly 3/4/19... gigs tau/1152 ( ~ 8 ), vite suy tinh cia tu g/35°1S°ON, Ae/122°47" E, Bo mép du6i mat tdi chinh ngo phia nam Auge 4§ cao sextant/59°48"3, (s + i) 1’,0. BO cao tim miv/1Smét. Tim vi 46 quan sit? Gidi: LMT vers, 1203.64) a? 120-1227" 2 ixs ZT ron 1152 G4) ne zD 8 4 GMT® chink ngo, | 0352674) ei Aeszstentto Higu chish kate Xich vi 8d pha kite #8 GMT? (oh udm) 3* | S13°3N 1,0 so 3 % 3.53 Bo d@ cao mit tréi gdn chinh ngo (thién kinh tuyén thugng) aé xéc dinh vi 4} quan sit Bo 49 cao cla mit ui gin chinh ngo 18 4 éao ciia m&t trdi tude hodc sau chink ago mot kboing thoi gian nga. Khi mat ti é gin chinh ngo, bién thién 49 cao cia n6 rif chm cho ‘én & tao mat ti gan chinh ngo so véi 46 cao mat trBi chinh ngo chi chénb lech nhau mét gif ti rit nbd, nu bing céch ndo 46 tinh dugc dai igang chénh léch nbd ay thi cé thé chuyén 46 cao mat toi gin chinh ngo thinh 46 cao mit tdi chinh ngo. Bing cde phép tinh don gidn dui day 06 thé tm due vi 46 cba ngudi quan sét vio thdi diém gdn chinh ngo. He=He ty ‘Trong 46, H®- BG cao mit tdi chinh go H’®- D6 cao mat wei gén chinh ngo 7 - SO higu chink mgt wi gan chinh ngo | ‘Trong cOng thifc, 7 6 gid ti rdt bé nén sin y = y'acrl’. C6 thé tinh theo céng thite dui day, SO TAY HANG HAI 1162 LHA Sir 200 2 : 2H eget ace Kart 2 200, 5" TrongeBag thie, dA yi = “ex =P go s6higu chin he mht 2 ne “gt acct , Boi JA sO higu chin the hai, K = 100tg9 + 100tg6, néu vi 46 va xich vi cing tén ed du (-), khdc ten 6 dau (+), vid Igy vid6 suy tinh 9, 48 thay thé. LHA - Goc gid dia phudng bin vong cila mat rd chinh ngo H.- Dé cao mat trdi chinh ngo, 06 thé thay thé bing 46 cao mat trési gan chinh ngo. Trong céc “Bang toén hang hi MT, hoge "Lich thin van Brown’ o6 céc bang tinh sin c6 thé ta duge gid ty, va ys. Cac buGe tiéa hanh tra bing nhwsau, 1, Tim hé s6 trung gian K. Ding vi dd suy tich @e vA xich vi mat ui 8 vao thdi diém do gan chinh ngo ola n6 lam sO din vao bing tim gid tri cla 100tgo va 100tg6, gc va 8 cing tén thi try chiing vi ahau, khéc ‘én thi ong ching véi nhau, dugc hé s®'K (khong cén néi suy) 2. Tim gé6c gid dja phyong bén vong cia mit ti gin chinh ngo LHA bang céch Ify géc gid Greenwich ofa mat ti chinh ngo GHA ong hofc tr kinh d9 suy tinh Ae 16i adi sang g6c gi8 bén vong. 3, Ding LHA va K lam s6 din tra vio bin duge sé higu chinh tht nit y.. Trong ban chi cho hé 86 K d€n s6 597, khi K 16n hon 597 thi ify K/10 lam sé din tra vao bang, ldy sO tra duge han cho 10.48 c6 7 4. Lay y, va 46 cao h, lam s6 din tra bang tiép theo, dude yp. Ta 06 y= 1 - Yo 6 sO hi€u chink £6 cao m&t tri gda chinh ngo ta ¢6 thé tinh 46 cao mat txBichinh ago. C&e bude tinh toda tigp theo 4é tim vi d6 ala tau cing gidng nhv trong trudng hop mat w¥i chfnh ago. Vidu, Ngay 1/3/19... Gids tau/1153(-8), vj tri tau suy tinh p/33°S0'N, 4./122°21'E. Do duige mép dui mat di gén chinh ngo huGng nam, 46 cao sextant / 48°20'2. Khdi dong déng bd bXm: Bidy vao lic do, gid thdi kE hic dig déng hd bam gidy / 03°57"00" s6 doc déng hd bém sidy / 119%, Sai s6 thoi kE /-2"08', s +i /-2'.5. BO cao tdm mt / 10 met. Tim vi 49 nguti {quan sét vao thbi diém mat ti chinh ngo. 11°53" (1) ‘Tra bing 100g. 6™N -8 100g | 128 GMT (gin ding) B) —k_| 0 _ SO TAY HANG HAT 117Gig wai ee 035700 Bénghé bémgity | -0119 Git thi KE do 035541 Sai s6 thoi ké -0208 ‘GMT Qe do) 03 35.33 (13) Ge giv v | xicawt GHA? con) 0" — | 2a1'5276 La | 7%40",3 1.0 Incr, (5333) D4 Higu chinh v,d ro -019 ae ‘GHA gin chink | 235°16,0 PAS o ng Higu chink 12 B pho LHA®® gin chin | 357°37°,0 ae go (nguyen vong) LHA® (ban vong) | 122°1°E % C&n chi ¥, gid quan sét m3t ti gin chinh ngo c&ch mat trdi tai thdi diém chink ngo mot Khoding thi gian bao nbiéu (tric hoc sau) c5 mot gidi han nbét dinh, néu vugt qué gidi hhan 46, tht sai sO sinh ra khOng thé bS qua duige, gidi han nay cing c6 cho trong phan tip theo cla bing néi tén. 3.5.4 Do d6 cao sao Béc adu (Polaris) xéc @jnh vi d§ nguii quan sét ‘Twhinh 3.33 ta nhéo théy, PxZ + ZQ= 90° PyZ + PN = 90" Cho nén ZQ=PyN tite 46 cao trén chin ti cia Thien cue bac Py bing vi d6 ngudi quan sét. Gdn ngay Thién eye be Py 06 ngéi sao ofp hai Polaris (B4c diu) 6 rét gin 46. xich vi cila n6 Ién hon 89, nim d-céch Py duéi 1°, vi vay 46 cao clla sao B&c déu so v6i 6 cao cila Thién eye bic chénlt léch nhau rét nhd. Dyva vao quy Iuét chuyén dgng ciia sao Béc dy, c6 thé tinh 46 chénh lech d6 va xéc dinh s6 higu chinh [x] va higu chinh vio 46 cao cia sao B&c du ta o6 Vid) ngudi quan sét. 2 x= -A,cos(LHA’ +1) + Sin Li + 1,)éghare’ +[A,cosLHA’ +1,)—Acd’(LHA’ + £)] Kean SO TAY HANG HAI 118Trong 46, ‘o ~ Binh cy rung binh nam cba sao Bde du to > Xich kinh nghich tung bin hang nim cia sao B&c du LHAT - Géc gid dia phuong diém xuan phan h—Dé cao cla sao Bac dau ‘A Dinh ou thuc t€ cla sao Bée déu vio thé agian quan sat + Xich kinh nghich thy t€ vao thai gian quan sit Dya trén aguyén tie tinh todn 46, dng th’i dé tign tra bing va tinh todn, lich thién vin “The Nautical Almanac” (United Kingdom Edition) lép bin “Polaris, tables”, tir d6 tra cde sO higu chinh ao, ay, a2, va da vao cng thic sau day dé tinh trte tiép vi 49 ngudi quan sét, @(ngudi quan sat) = BG cao thét ho sco Bde ddu - 1° + ag + a, + a2 Trong 46, ‘a - sO higu chinh thi nit v6i s6 din vao bing IA g6c gi¥ dia phuong ola diém xuin phan (LHAY) ay sf higu chink thit hai, s6 dln vao bin JB LHA va d§ cao quan sét ca sao Bde du (€6 cao sat khi da tién hanh eéc hiéu chinh). 42 - 86 higu chink thet ba, so dln vao ban 1a LHA" va thang quan sét Chi §, a0, a1, az dn 06 du (4), ‘Sau khi tra s@ higu chinh thi nhat ay 6 phdn thi nbat cia ban thi cif theo oft thing ditng ma tra sO higu chinh thtt hai a, va thif ba ay, Sau khi tim duge vi 46, dung vi tyén chigh 18 duting vj ti rau, Vige tinh ton vi 49 bing céch do 49 cao cla sao Bde déu twang 46i d& dang va thuda tiga, ‘cho nén cdc tau di d ving B&c ban cdu thich stt dung phwtoog phép nay. Tuy nhién, sao B&c ‘dau 18 sao cp hai, khi chan trdi cdn nhin thay 15 thi sao Bde ddu vin m& kh6ng dé g) akin thdy. Vi vay khi do sao Bac du trong khi cn chva nbin thy né bang m&t thudng, ldy vi d suy tinh d9t true 1én sextant, sau &6 givéng Sng nom ca sextant vé phia Bde tim sao B&c dda 6 dung chan trai. Vidu, Ngay 21/4/1983, gids thé gidi GMT /23"18"S6", kinh 49 suy tinh 4, / 37°14'W. Bo d6 cao ciia Polaris, 4 cao sextant h/49°39",2, s +i/ - 1°,0, 9 cao tim mat 9 mét, tim vi do tau? Gia, SO TAY HANG HAI 119Gua’ (23) AGHA (18"56.) Vidd @ 3.6 Cée tinh tofin xée djnh kinh 49 3.6.1 Xée djnh kinh 49 bing 44 cao thién thé trén vong tron déng tay 1, Didu kign thién thé qua vong tron dong tay, 5 < @, déng thoi cing tén Trong 46, 6 - Xich viola thién thé 9- Vi dG cba ngubi quan sat 2. Thdi diém thién thé qua vong trdn déng tay cos LHA* = 1gécigp ‘rong d6, LHA* - Gée gid dia phuiong cia thién thé khi qua vong d6ng tay. ‘Trong “Bang géc gid thién thé qua vong dng tay II-9a” (Bang tod hang hii MT), blog sO din vi 40 @ vA xich vi cb thé tra géc gid dia phuing LHA ban ving cla thién thé nim ten vong déng tly, dem LHA chuyén sang géc gid dia phuting nguyén vong, lai chuyén LHA-aguyén vong sang g6c gid Greenwich GHA, sau 46 tra vao lich thién van tm GMT va chuyén thanh gid mdi ZT (gid tau). D6 12 gid thién thé qua vong déng thy. 3, COng thée tinh kin 4 cos LHA=—S __spgag5 cospeosd ‘Trong 46, LHA - Géc gid dja phuong b4n vong cia thién thé tinh duce 3 tén, khi tén thif hai cha phufong vi bin vong cia thién thé 1a E thi LHA ban vOng cing mang tén E; Whi tén thi? hai cia phutong vi ban vong cla thién thé 1a W tht LHA bin vong cling mang tén w. SOTAY HANG HAI 120hh ~ Dé cao cia thién thé do bing sextant da qua céc loai hiéu chinh ~ Vid6 ngwdi quan sét, 66 thé ldy vid suy tinh : 6 - Xich vithién thé, cin edt vao git thé gidi lic quan sét, tra trong lich thién vin 2.= LH Ase voeg- GH Angee (LHA>GHA® 2 (EB), LHAcGHA © 2.(W) 3.6.2 Xde dinh kinh 46 bang dang dé cao cita thién thé gén qua thién kinh tuyén thugng Khi bigu cia vi d6 @ ngudi quan sét va xich vi 5 ola thién thé nhé hon 8°, o6 thé tin hanh do hai 49 cao bing nhau trudc va sau khi thién thé qua thién kinh tayén thugng trong pham viniia gid déng hé, cén ed vao thoi lugng gid hai lin quan sit dé tinh kinh d6 ngv@i quan sat. x AT=15.28(ig9 + 1g5)(A'-y' (LF, Blige + tBB)A"-y ITT) ash + Sai sO thoi ké + AT OMT (th.thé qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng) ‘Trong 46, AT Thoi luong gitta thdi diém do 46 cao cao nhat va thi diém thién thé qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng. Khi tau chay gén vé hung thién thé thi 46 cao Ién ahat phat sinh sau ikhi thién thé qua thién kinh tuyén thygng, AT lfy du (-); néu hung thu chay r8i xa thign thé ut AT Idy di (4). Ty Te Gid do tin thit mht va gid Go én thi hai 15.28(tgq + tg6) — tinh bing Bang I-10 ( Bang tinh hang hdi MT), @ c6 thé thay thé bang vi 46 suy tinh @. 9 VA 8 cing tén, ly difu (9, @ VAS khdc ten ldy dau (+). (ar )= Ava bign thién m6i gid cia xich vi, y" bién thién cia vi d6 ngudi quan sét trong mot gid; (A° va _y'chng hudng, lugng bién thién dy dau (-),(A" va -w’ nguge ung lugng bin thién ldy dau (4) ar roe = x la lugng big thién c¥a kinh 49 ngubi quan sat mdi git; kinh d6 bién thién vé phia (E) lay du (-), vé phia (W) Idy dau (+). GHA" ~ Géc gid nguyén vong Greenwich cila thin thé, c&n oif vao gid thé gidi GMT khi thién thé qua thién kinh tay€n thigng ngudi quan sét tra trong lich thién vin. N&v GHA™ <180° thi GHA™=Aw, néu GHA™ >180° ti 360°-GHA’ Vi t6e d§ cita tau nh, khong cén thiét higu chinh dt v6i 2. Phuong phap nay khong thich hyp do mat trang. 327 Xée dinh vj tri thién van 37.1 Quan sét mit trai xe dinh vi tri SOTAY HANG HAI 121Dé xc dinh vj ui bing mft wi phai ding phuong phép dich chuyén dung vi tri do ln thit nai dén cing thd diém cba dung vj tr thi hai, giGng nbv trong phuong phép dich chuyén haulong ngdm khi x4c djnh vi ti bing mot myc tu Iue dia. Viee dich chuyén nhu vay sé phat sinh cdc sai s6. |. Anh hung cia sai s6 suy tinh dén vj tri do sy dich chuyén dung vj wi Ay- AT cos(4, = y+ SE vats (4, ~K) sin(A, ~ 4) AM= Trong 46, AM — Sai s6 vi tri do dich chuyén dung vj tri ‘Av.AT — Sai s6 suy tinh bam trinh gita hai lén quan st. Av 18 sai s6 te d6, AT thoi luong gia hai lan quan sét. VAT - Hanh tinh gitfa hai Lin quan sét, v la we d9 tau K- Hudng vét an AK - Sai s6'hudng vet rau (ArAi) ~ G6c kep gitta hai phutng vi cia hai duting vi ti, bling bién thién phutdng vi mat tri gitta hai Hin quan sét Xét phuong dign suy tinh vEt di cila tau, thi yéu cu AT phii ngdn 4€ gidm nbé sai sO suy ‘int; nhumg xét phucng dién bien thién g6c phutang vj th (A;-A,) = 90° la tt nhft, cho nén fin didu hoa gia hai yéu cdu nay. Néi chung chon bin thi€n phuting vi-chiing 45~50°, cay mhign tr khi mgt trdi 8 trite vA sau thién inh tuy@n thugng, 3 nhing vi wi khéc bin thi€n ca phuting vj mat tdi miing 46i chm cho nén Ify bin thién phuisng -¥i(g6c kep gitta hai phucing vi) chitng 30° ravi. ‘Hinh 3.34 cho thay, vj ti M 1a vj tri xée inh bing giao diém cla dudng ILI va LP’ (dich chuyén tit 1) chuta xét 161 ede sai sO n6i ten, Néu xét t6i sai s6 AK va ‘sai s6 Av.AT thi phat sinh sai sO vi tii AM, vi tii tu dich chuyén dé M’. . Chon thai diém quan s&t Phuong vi cia mat trdi khi di qua gn thién kinh tuyén thugng bién thién nhanb, 4618 cd hOi 48 x4c dinh vi wi bling phucing phép dich chuyén dutong vj ti mft trai. Thuting 4p dong céch ‘quan s4t true chinh ngo hod sau chfnh ngo ph6i hop vdi phucng ph4p do d9 cao khi mat ‘roi qua thién kinh tuy€n thugng, hoc phOi hgp do tnidc sau chinh ngo. ‘Thdi lwgng gitta hai lan do c6 thé tinh bing cng thifc sau, AT = 4x (9-8) o SO TAY HANG HAI 122Trong d6, AT - thi lugng ti thoi diém do dén thai digm mét trdi qua thign kinh tuyén (G8) - cing tép th (), Khge tn tha (4) Vids, ‘V6i g = 38°N, § = 12°N thi AT* = 4(38°-12°) = 104" = 144". ‘Theo tinh todn nay thl quan s4t mat wi 1°44” wnuéc hoac sau ue mgt tri qua thién kinh tuy€n Két hop voi quan sat lic mat trdi qua thién kinh tuy€n e6 géc kep giifa phuong vi mat tri hai dn quan sét c6 thé dat ti trén 30°. Néu quan st 46 cao mat roi gan hai bén thién kinh tuy€a thugng thi Wan quan sét thd nhét phdi truée va cach mat'trdi Ie qua thién kink tuy€n trong khodng 1047/2 = 52" va tdn thi hai phai sau va céch mat w0i hic qua thién kinh tuy€n 52%; bing c4ch do hai phuong vi mat trdi khi dich chuyén cling giao nhau trén 30°. ‘Tuy nbién cfing cin lau ¥ ring, theo céch tinh thi ludng nh tén, trong tring hop 9 va 8 gin bang nhau th) thuting 46 cao cita mat trdi_trén 70°. Cho nén t6t nbat 1 két hop ding bing phuong vj va dO cao thién thé “B-105” 2 xem xét d6 cao cia mat trdi (tt mbit ti 30-60"), hiéu phuong vi (‘St nhét 30-150"), va thoi lugng AT 4é chon thai diém do hop ly, ‘Cac bude tinh todn khi quan sét 9 cao ciia mat tri dé xdc dinh during vi tri tau. 1) Dang sextant (sau khi 43 kiém tra va hiéu chinh) do 4 cao mit tri, lay chinh x4e gid {hi Ke lie do, o6 hai phuong phép lay gid: ding dng hé bém giay 40h chi€u th’ ké wdc Iie do hoge 46i chigu sau lic do, 2) Tim dé cao that cha mat wi, 3) Tim gid dia phuong va xich vi cba mat ui. a) Tinh gid thé gidi lie do. Lay s6 doc déng hé bam giay va sai sO thoi ké higu chinh vao i thoi k€ (cht ¥ ngay cia git thé gici). ») Ding gid thé gidi va agdy théng tra yao lich thién van tim géc gid’ Greenwich va xich vi cela mat ti. ©) Tim g6c gid dia phutong ca mat ti. 4) Tim d® cao tinh tod va phucng vi tinh ton ela mat td Bing cach tra trong “Bang phwting vi dé cao thién thé” v6i s6 din vao bing IA g6c gid dia phuong, xich vi mgt trdi va vi é6 ty chon, 5) Tum higu 6 d6 cao. Lay 46 cao that tit d9 cao tinh todin 6) Tae nghiép dung vi ti lén hii €8. Tir vj tr (au ty chon ve phuong vj tinh toda va hieu sO 46 cao, ké dudng vi tri mat tdi theo Phuong phip higu s6 49 cao, Veda ~ Ban tinh miu, Negdy 28 thang Tw nim 1994, quan sét mt trdi ghi chép nhu sau, ZTI09"15"(-8), -p4/36755.0°N, 2./123°25.0°E, h,°/49° 30.3", gid) thoi kE O1°1428", sai sO thoi KE #24", sti +1,6", d6 cao tim mat 10m, hudng di 65°, tc 45 24 ka. SO TAYHANG HAI 123ZTN108"(-8), 9/37°21.6°N, A/124°33.5'E, +24", sti +1,6°, 46 cao tm mét 10m 165°33", gids thei ké 03°07"53?, sai s6 thoi ke ‘dc dinh vi wf thu bang dich chuyén duting vj tri mit wai. Gidi, zw oss® 2a | to" 84 D 8 8 GMT" (gin ding) | O1b1Sm 28/4 | 03h08m 28/4 Do © iin @uin2 ‘THoi ke ‘Or 14* 28° oa oT 53° Sai sO tha 8 424 ‘GMT (do) ol 4 52 03 08 17 GHA’ ; 195° 366° | 225° 36.8" 428° 2 04’ 03" 02" 197" aur 403" 18.9" 00.0" 00.0" 108" w N W + Timh, va A, mat Oi quan s4t lan thi nhit, 9 c20 Ad — | Phung vi Ac OBPNSIEN,LHAGTE | 49516" 467 NUIS.°E Shs (cho 5-5! =+1.5") 41.0" Heva Ay 49526" 115.1. + Tim, va Acmat w0i quan sét Hin tit hai Bycao ‘bd | Phuong vj Ac osFPNSdin, LHARE — | 65551" 496 NUISI°E ‘Abs (cho 5-8" =#2.9") 42.8" Hovis Co 1607 ne asx | 6st its, +16" + 16" no 4931.9" 65°34.6" -d 6 56 +0) +153 53° +) or" 01 be was | our he assz6 | 65579" SO TAY HANG HAI 124be in de [ze ga | 372.5 N 1112355 oy | 3655.0 N an [108S'E [Ag 26.6°N + Tim digm 48 gidi cba dung vi wi dich chuy€n, dig [1234038 Joa | 37 ON 7 i | ose jae | 266N dra [12008 E [o's [37266 N 2) Che yéu t6 a6 gidi dutng vi wi thit obit + Dim dé gidi: pra =37°26.6' N Arey =124°48.8" E = Phuong vir Ag= 115.1" * Higu d§ cao: (hoch) = 111" b) Cée yEu 06 48 gidi dutng vi ti thithai «= + Diém dé gidi: gaa =37°N Yace =12418.9° E 37°. + Phuong vi: = Ac=160.7° + Higu 6 cao: (he-h,) = -13.4" Hinh 3.35 Xem hin 3.25. 3.7.2. Bo mat trii c6 a9 cao Idn (trén 88°) 4€ xéc dinh vi tri ‘Tau hinh tinh 8 nhimng ving c6 vi 40 thép, khi vi d6 dia ly ca tu va xich vi cba mit wai chi chénh léch nhau 2°, (p-5,, <2) vao khodng gilla ria (trude va sau chinh ngo) 46 cao mit ti c6 khi lén dén trén 88°, tic dinh cy cba n6 nhd hon 2°. C6 thé quan sét d6 cao d6 dé xée inh vi wi tu, Xéc dinh vi ui du bing phuong php nay 6 nhitng dic diém sau day, 1. Dinh cy eda mat ui nbd hon 2?, o6 ngbta 18 ti vj uf tau dé vj ti dia Ly ella mit trdi chi och ‘hau 120 hai lf. V6i khodng céch nhu vay c6 thé 8 gidi vong trdn vj tr tau ngay trén bai dd hay trén luGi dé kinh vi, Phivong php vé trén hai 6 khé don gidn, thu hign obi’ sau, Sau Khi do d6 cao cia mat wei higu chinh 48 06 a5 cao thét réi tlm dinh cy Z cba n6, ding Z lam bén kinh, rane 37768 Dre 1240488 E Z= (90"-h) ‘Tinh 6 va g6c git Greenwich GHA cla mat trdi. Lay 8 va GHA bin vong cla mit trdi Jam vids va kinh d6 dia 1y cba n6, SO TAY HANG HAI 125GHA © (bin vong) =A. 80 = ‘xéc dinh vj ti dia ly O( p, 4) cla mat trdi Jén bai 48, 46 chinh 1a tm cia vong won vi te, Ta tim vé mgt cung tn gn vit suy tin o6 bén Kinh Z, B6 18 vOng tn vi tt 2. V6i 46 cao >88°, phuong vi cila mit toi bign 46i rét nhanh, trong vong 5 dén 10 phat phuong ‘vj 6 thé thay déi én 30°. Vi vay chi trong khodng th¥i gian ngfn 6 thé do duc 2 ~ 346 cao mit U8 va c6 duige 2-3 vong tron vj ui oft hau v6i nhiing g6e dé thich hop. Bé c6 vi tf tau cing phai ding phyng phép dich chuyén vong tn Vi tri bing céch dich chuyén tim cia ching mot doan D bling quing dudng da di gita hai in quan sét, theo hung di that cia tau. Xem hinh 3.36, tam 0, dich chuyén dn 0’; , tgi O's ve vong tn vi tri vOi dinh cx mat trdi do Lin thi nhét lam bén Kinh, ta duge vong tron vi ui PT’, Vong tron vj wi PY eft ong trda vi tI I (vong tron vi tf do ln thi hai) tai mt diém, 46 chfnh la vi ui tau. 3.7.3. Tinh that gian hodng hon, binh minh, mit tri moc lan 1. Binh minh, hoang hon hing fa Dinh minh, hong hén dan dung Tai gaa | Bi alubiah ‘Bhi wbi mb sing, cde sao dvd ep? g ‘oink minh |_minh hang hii bétddu mii dang, chan wéi dda dén hang bii_[~ BA: dl Binh |_aufihign 6 thé in hah do sao [mma sian |_minh din dung Bau wi bat ddu sing, chin did eB ‘binh minh ‘Mat tri moc ing, chi cdn thiy hamh tinh va céc dindung | biguxign ‘jot ep 1, tun odo sao. Z| Reign | Macaig TBAu wb cba sing, chia Bi cOn 15 | | toanghon | igure | ‘ng, han tinh vin in ef 1 45 & (binghai_| Kétindc hoang xufthign, thudin Igi cho vige do sao. B [thoi gian |_hdn dia dung Bu ud widen, of ti nbin hy G | dodnghan [Ker thie hodng | hyP= | sao cKp2, 6 nhieu sao d@ quan st dindyog | onhinghéi|-12? | nhing chin wd bftddu mas. 2, Tinh g88 mat ti moc, lin, gid bat dau binh minh va két thic hong hén ‘Trong lich thién van hang hai déu cho sin gid dia phyong LMT lic mgt trai moe, lan, binh minh va hoang hén 6 céc vid khéc nhau tai kinh 46 0° hang ngay, c6 thé cin cit ngay quan sét-va kinh d6 vid suy tinh 48 tra edt, Céch tinh nb sau, Binh mink hing | Matwai [ Macadi hai bérdiu | mpc | Lan LMT, 7 - 7 LMT, ALMT, LMT ZDF Ay 2 SOTAY HANG HAI 126Trong 46, LMTy — Git dia phutong mat toi moc lin, b4t 42u binh minh, két thde hodng hOn, Cin cf LMT, ALMT, - = NOi suy vid}, ALMT, = vao ngly va vid ngubi quan sét, tra trong Lich thién van. Néu trong lich khOng cho déing vi 49 ngu®i quan sét thi fy gid tr gn va nh hon vi d6 nguoi quan st sau 46 nOi suy theo huting tang vi d6, XAG (A thd hidng giita hai gla ti-@, @.-%) va gy xép trong bang, (¢,-g,) — higu gitta hai vi dp x€p trong bang, Ap - higu sgitla vi dO ngudi quan sét va vi dO tra bing. Vao bang nhan phy, bing s6 din A va Ag ldy duge ALMT, , dfu (+) hode (-) gidng nhur du cba cla A, NOi suy kinh 46, ALMT, = XA (A- gidn céch thdi gian gitta hai nghy ké 4 360° tip trong ban, A(E) thl A = LMT ngiy hom truéc— LMT ngay hién tai, nguge Jai, ACW) A = LT ngay hom sau — LMT ngdy hign tai, Nhd sO din Ava, tra ‘ban nda phy tac ALMT, , da (+) hay (-) cing du voi A. ‘Thudng 46i voi gid bt du binh minh va két thiic hoang hén khOng e&n néi suy bi kinh 46, 6 khu vuc vi d6 thip hon 50° thdi gian moc lan ciing khong cén ndi suy kinh 49. LMT - Gid dia phuong bit ddu binh minh, két thie hodng hén, mgc va lan, chi cn ong hoke trit v6i kinh 49 ta duyc gid mii ZT xudthign céc hign twgng 46, Vidw, ‘Tim gid hoang hén va binh minh tai dia diém o/ 21°28"N, 2/133°30°E ngay 3 thang Nam 1994, Gia, Beminh | Baminh | Mardi | Materoi| Bhén | Hhdn hnang hai | dan dung | moc | lan | dn dung | hang dé nde ddu | ted Kéithic |_ ethic LMT, (@23'N, 35) (ani9) Peat) [aia Pasta) | canton) | caro) ALMT, (o5 din va 128+). |0¢ 40} 05 a7 [05 30 [18 24 fas 47 | 19 14 ALMT, (tea bing 2a) 3 al 2] #l 2 8 LMT o¢ 37/05 0s [os a8 fis 26 fis 49 | 19 17 (203, +] 45 | a5 | 6 | as +6 ZT (/2V2BN,NIGSIOE [04 4305 11 [Os 34 [is 32 [18 ss | 19 23 Ngay 3 thing Nam) 3.74 Chon sao Vigc do sao noi chung du tién hanh vao Ic hong hén hay binh minh, thi gian do phi chon sao cho vita nhin thy chan t0i r6 rét lai vita nbin thi (c6 thé qua Sng nhdm sextant) va nhn dang duge cfc sao, Vi vay trude khi tign hanh xéc dinh vj tr bling sao, nén ding qua cdu sao hose dia tim sao 4€ chon mét s6 sao thich byp va xée dinh trudc 49 cao va phuong vi gin ding ca ching. SO TAY HANG HAI 127Nh 49 cao va phuong vi gan diing 46 ma Khi quan sat ta dB ding nbiin dang ching trén bu ‘tr0i, thm chi Khi cOn chufa nhin thiy ching bang mit thudng. . |. Chon sao phdi theo nhitng yéu clu sau day, 1) C6 g&ng chon mhitng dinh tinh va hanh tinh c6 a6 séng cp I, bai vi sao sng se moc som hon lic hoang hdn va lin mudn hon Ie binh minh, 6 thé quan s4t ching khi dung chin toi cdn6. 2) Tét nbat chon nhitng sao 06 46 cao tir 15° dn 60°, 46 cao qué nhé thi sai s6 khiic xa sé dn, 49 cao qué 1én sé khé quan sé : 3) Chon nhitag ng6i sao ma g6c kep gia céc phuting vi cia ching thich hop, t6t nit khong nhé hon 30°, khdng 16n qué 150°, phuong vi cla cAc sao o6 géng phin bé déu trong pham vi 360°, khong nén chon sao nlm cing mét bén man tau trén bau toi. Chon sao bing Ban tim sao Hinh 3.37 1) Cia trie ban 48 sao Ban dé sao (Rude Star Finder) gdm hai bdn dé sao va cdc hudi dé. a) Ban 8 sao C6 bai bén 48 sa0 in 8 hai mit cba mot tm plastic teing duc, mot mat La blu tdi sa0 8 thién bin cn be QN) (xem binh 3.37) md r6ng d&n xich vi 8 = 69°S, mgt ben kia cia tf SO TAY HANG HAI 128plastic 14 bdu tri sao d thién bin cdu nam (S) mé rong 4€n xich vi 8 = 60°N. Vong dn ngoai cing bin 46 sao duge chia d6 theo géc gid dia phuong cila diém xuiin phan'Y. Tren ‘ban dé sao in céc sao hang hai sing nbét va man lui céc dutg tron déng tam c&ch nhaw 10. 2) Che ii 68 C6 7 luéi 43 in tén gidy plastic trong sudt cho cdc vi 46 trang binh 0°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° va 60°, m6i lui 48 dang trong pham vi 10? vi d6. (xem hinh 3.38), biéw thj luGi 48 trong sust d& dat trén ban dé sac). Trén lu6i a6, dau (+) bidu thi thién dinh ngudi quan sét, tr (+) 66 c&e dogn cung thing difng va cdc vong tron déng tm biéu thi phufong vj va 46 cao cla thién thé, vong tron ngoai cing cia lu6i dé bidu thi chn tri ngudi quan sét, wot at? Hint 3.38 2) Si dung ban tim sao Khi sit dyng bin tim sao, dau tién chon iudi dé c6 v1 do gin v6i vi d9 suy tinh cia tau. Bat ban hidi 46 lén bin dé sao, sao cho dung néi 180° - 360° wén Ludi 46 trong voi dubng n6i sila thién eye v6i géc gid dia phuong diém xudn phan LHAY ma ta tinh ton duge, dng thoi iu chiah lu6i 48 sao cho thien dinh (+) ngudi quan s4t_ nim ding tren vong trbn c6 $6 49 bing vi d6 suy tinh eda tau. Te dé bét dau chon cdc sao cdn thiét trén bin 48 sao nm dui bin Iuéi 48 trong suét. BS cao cba sao ly trén cfc vong tn song song di qua s20, con hung vj thi Ify trén duting phwong vi di qua sao, Phuong vi va 46 cao cila sao tim due trong ban dé tim sao 6 d§ chinh xdc t+ 3°. + 5°, SO TAY HANG HAI 129Vi du : Ngdy 10/7/19... tai vi d6 suy tinb/ 49°, kinh 49 suy tinh/ 61°W. Gid tau/1734 ( -4), xéc inh céc sa0 06 46 cao phusng vi thich hop dé quan sét? Giai: 243918" 21°34 (1077) 190.8 ‘Tu tinh tof tn duge g6c gid dia phudng cia diém xvan phin LMT. Chon bin lui dd véi A/50. Dat ludi a3 1én ban 48 sao, sao cho thién dink (+) nlim gifta vong tron 40° - 50° (5 ding 49°) va dudng ndi 180° - 360° chi diing g6c gid LMT'/190°,8. Tim trén bin 46 sao va ge dutge sa0 Spica ¢6 46 cao h= 50", phudng vi A = 14° va cdc sao thich hdp khée. 3.7.5 Phuong phép t{uh togn 4é xéc dink dudng vi trf bing hinh tinh Ning hanh tinh thutiog dong trong hang hai 14 Veous (Kim tinh), Mars (Hod tinh), Jupiter (Moc tinh), va Saturn (Thé tinh). Céc han tinh khéc vi d qué xa hose qué gén mat wi kh6 hin thay bing mat thug. ‘B6n hank tinh n6i tren o6 ahing dic diém sau day : + Venus : Sing nhit, thuding xudt hién & phfa d6ng vao lic binh minh hoe & phia tay sau Iie hoang hn hang ngdy, mau xanh sng, + Mars : Dé sng kém Venus, mau trdng bac. + Jupiter : BO séng kém Venus, Mars, mau hdng hoang, + Satum : T6i abit trong bén hin tinh, mau vang. ‘Tinh hinb moc lan cla 4 hank tinh trong mi théng o6 thé tham khdo trong lich thién van bang nim. (Cfich do hanh tinh giGng nhv céch do 46i v6i dinh tinh, céch tinh todn ging nhu 461 voi mat toi Vidy, Negly 30/7/19... gid tu / 1858 ( -8). Vi ti suy tinh @./35°57',8N, A/122°36",5E. Quan sét ‘anh tinh Venus, 46 cao sextant/17°36",6. So gid thoi K€ sau khi do. Gid thoi ké/10'S7°20", 86 doc dbng h8 biim gify/10’. sai s6 thdi ké/ + 01"15*. DG cao t8m m&t/ 10 mét. (s+ i)/+ 17,0. ‘Tim dudng vj tri tau bang Venus? Giai, 1858 (3077) Gid thoi ke 105720" 28 Bénghé bm gidy 1058 (3077) Sai s6 thoi ke GMT do ‘GMT gin ding “3 10S8"25" SOTAY HANG HAI 130vo fxm 6 GHA’ 0,6 | 10°30",0N “12 ht Wekinh vd a GHA* 6 10°28",8N Jas 20, "1 a6 thar a6 LHAY (ban vong) | 76°W ‘Tra bang LHAMIOW. 94/36, B'10°30N Phuong vj Az 89°.5, J {4 - 8 -1',20) hava, Nas SW by 17°33°,6 sti +10 . 17366 | CéovéuS dvtng vi ei Venus 4 Vi tri chon : ga/36°N Aw/122°13" 9B s Phung vi Ac=N 89°50 B6 sung Higu 49 cao (hehe) = +0°8. hy 172670 a 1252 hehe 705 3.7.6 Phuiong ph4p do va tinh toan dé xéc djnh duéng vj tri bing mgt tring NOi chung, vé dém dui dnh tring rit kh6 phin bit dung chin tri, do 6 cao ciba sao va Mt ting 4 xéc dinh vi ti dui dnh tring ddi hdi phi c6 ky xdo diéu luyén mdi o6 thé trénh duige sai s6t, Tuy nbién Mat trang nhiéu khi cing xudt bign vé ban ngay, c6 thé @éng thi quan st Mat tri vA Mgt tring 4é xfc dinh vi tri. Cho nén cilng cdn phdi nfm ving phudng php do tring va tinh togn dé duge duting vi tr tau. Khi quan sdt Mat trang cdin chi § khéng due do phia khuyét cla n6 mA chi do phia trdn. ‘Vi Mat trang & gin Tréi dat, thj sai tong 46i Ida, cin phai higu chinh thj sai vao d9 cao (Thi sai cia Mgt ting 6 chan trdi ty 53',9 d€n 61°,5). Vidu, Ngay 21/6/19... gi8 taw/0540 ( -8). Vj tri suy tinh @.f35°11'N, Ae/122°30"E do Mat trang mép trén d6 cao sextant/36°21',9, gid thdi k€/0,9"42"00', déng hé biim gidy/55°, sai s6 thoi ké/ - 110'5, 1+ 8/+1°,6, 46 cao thm mA 10 mét. Tim duting vi tf Mat tring? Giai, Gis aa 0540 (21/6) 2D 8 GMT (gin ding) | 2140 2016) SOTAY HANG HAI 131THoi ke o942"00 Bim giay Sai s5 thoi ke GMT do [2139545 (20/6) Thi sai chan wai (gt Gocgis —v | Xichvt | ing) H.PISS',3 ra lich GMT‘ a1’) 258°20'5 14,5 | 9402S -12,0 | thiém vin wong ngay) ner, (39°54",5) 314 hs® 36°21',9 Hekinh vid 76 “79 s+i +16 GHAT 268015 3238 n 36°23",5, es 122'58'5E__| oa/35°N a “56 LHAC 301° s +558 LHAS (bin vong) | 31° LU) 423 Mép tren =30"0 2" (phu) 07.0 he 36%46'.0 he 36410 Cac ya 8 ding vi tt: 9a/BSN Aell22°SE SE (heh) +s ‘Phuong vj: AJN 140°,7W, Higu db caol +5" 3.7.7 Piutong phép tinh todn dé xéc dinh yj trf thu bling jnh tinh Dui day ly mot vi dy cy thé 4é tinh bay mu cing nhy phudng phép tinh tofn 48 xdc dinh v¥j tr tau bang dink sinh, Vidu, Neay 17/9/19... Gid thu/0446 (-8). Vi tf suy tinh ca tau @/31%0S',ON ; 2,/122°36",5E. Quan S4t dinh tinh Procyon, 4§ cao sextant/44°03",5. So gid thdi ké sau Khi do, gid thoi 4£/08"46"20", s6 doc déng hd bm giay/15'. sai sO thoi k6/ + 22%, s + 1/-0',5, 49 cao tim mAV16 mét. Thm évng vi te dinh tinh? Gidi, (Miu dudi day 6 thé ding 4é tinh cho 2,3 ho¥e nhiéu sao) Gig an 044s (1789) $6 mi, GMT (gin ding) [2046 (16) Procyon | xax (Tn sa0) ‘Thai ke | os4620° DHbimgity | <15¢ ‘Thdi ké do 084605, Sai s6 tke +20 GMT do 1204627 069) SOTAYHANG HAI 132Procyon (Tn s10) én s20) Gc ge | Xichwi Gée gio | Xich vi GHATGes) | 29947,3 | STW Incr. 2) 1138,7 | 5 uon5%0"N ++ OCkinh nghich) | 2459,30".9 ‘GHAY 35P46D aa chon) | 12641371 | ei LHA* oe a LHA* (bénvoag) | 41°E Docao Ad | Phuong vi 13°53',5 +63 us? 43°4S',7 AJNIISE 8 aos | Céeyéus ce 05 duting vi tri e81N a 44°03",0 Deel 12613" LE a 7 Hitu 46 cao: ° 2 +93 Phong vi: by 43°55", NLIS°E he 439457 (hy +93 Cn ctf vao cde y&u 06 wen 48 46 gidi dung vi wi 3.7.8 Quy duidng vi tri thign van vé cing thién ink Quy cée dung vi ti thién van vé cing thién inh dude thye hign khi quan sét khéng dng thii hai hog ba sao dé xéc dinh vi tf tau, Quan sat dinh tinh 42 xéc dinh vj ti ft ra phai 40 45 cao cia hai hode ba sao. Thdi gian dé do xong 46 cao thién thé thi hai va thié thé thit tba so vdi thd gian do xong thién thé thi nhdt Higu d5 cao Che yEus duting vi wt: | ——— ga: | Ley Phung vi: Hinh 3.39 ‘cGing phi chm vai phiit. Trong vai phit d6 tau d& chay duge mgt quang dutng abit dich. D6i v6i loai tau c6 te 4 thap, tinh ra trong khodng thd gian ngdn dy tau chay cling khOng xa lfm va khong Anh hudng nhiéu dn d6 chinh x4c cla dudag vi tri, cho nén 6 thé bé qua ma khong cn quy thinh thoi gian dng thoi. Nhung d6i vdi loai tau c6 16c d6 cao, thi khong thé khong xem xét dén nh hung cila vige do khong déng théi nay. Dé quy céc dudng vj ti SOTAY HANG HAI 133thign-vin cing mot thdi diém c6 thé dong phuomg ph4p dich chuy€n dudng vj tx hose phuong ph4p quy vé cng thién dinh, Phuong php dich chuyén dudng vi ti ging nu @8 tinh bay trong hang bai dia vin, nén khOng lip lai 5 day. ‘Dui day chi tinh bay phuong phép quy vé cing mot thién dinh. ‘Xem binh 3.39, khi ngudi quan sdt d tai thién dinh Z;, do 49 cao cla thién thé B thi dinh cu cia thién thé B 1a zp, 1dy B lam tim, zp lam bén kinh vé duding vj tr thién vin cila Ian quan sét thif nhét - dudtog I. Sau khi do xong thién thé B, khi do d§ cao ca thin thé C thi thién inh cia ngudi quan sét 4% chuyén tt Z; dn Z2, Tai day (vao thoi diém khéc), do thién thé C:xée dinh duge duting vj ui I. Vi dudng vj tf Tong ting v6i thin dinh Z,, dung vj ts tong ting v6i thién dinh Z,, vi vay néu Idy giao diém R ciia hai dudng vj ti dé lam vj tf hu 14 khéng chinh xéc. Vi tf tau vio thai diém quan s4t ln thit hai phai nlm tai Za, vi viy phai {im céch higu chinb dinh cu zp cla thién dinh tht mht Z; thanh dinh cy z's wong ting vdi thign dinh Z, 6 06 dung vj wil’. Duding I’ va dung II giao nbau tai diém Zp. Higu cia zp va 2's bidu thj bing Ah goi ld sai sO'dj dink hay cho nén D'p= hy + Ah Cong thic trén c6 ngbia 18 49 cao hy cia thién thé B do tai thién inh Z, sau khi higu chink sai sO dj dinh Ah sé trd thanh 49 cao hs tong ttng v6i thién dinh Zs. Sai s6 dj dinh Ah 6 thé xAc dinh duge bing tam gide Z\DZ,, trong 46 Z,Z; 1a hanh winh ‘= Gm my ofa tu gite ba én quan sét, Trong 46, ve Te dG cba tu my - Thdi gian do ln thf nbét m; - Thdi gian do lén tht hai; ft Ngoaira, ZDLZi2a » (A-TO), trong 46 A va TC du tinh theo g6c nguyén vong 7 A Phuting vj cia thién thé B TC-Hudng di mat cba au Z;D - Chinb 1a sai s6 dj dinh Ah Vitam gide Z;DZ; rt hd nén o6 thé gidi nbut mot tam gife phing, Ah = Scos(A- TC) = H tns-my cos(a-10) SOTAY RANG HA! 134‘Trong mét sO bang tinh hang hai ly cong thifc Ah’ = z cos (A - TC) bigu thi sai s6 di dinh ciia mot phiit lim og 88 dé Lap bang. Voi 36 din vio bang Ia 6c 46 tau V va (A - TC) o6 thé tra dutye Ab’ ca mit phi, Ify ‘nh? ‘ahi v6i (m; ~ my) ta 66 luong higu chinh sai s6 di inh Ah, Veda, ‘MOt chide tu v/18 ng, TC/002", do hai'sao xéc dinh vj ti tau cfich ahiu 5 phit 40 giay. Sau ikhi gidi tam gifc thién van ta duge phuong vj tinh toén eda sao quan s4t lin thd nbft-la NOO"E. Tim sO higu chinh sai s6'di dink dé dich chuy€n dudng vj tri quan sét lin thi abst Gn thién dinh quan sét lan th h Gidi, a) Dang V = 18 no va (A - TC) = (060° - 002°) = 58° lam s6 din vao bang “Sai s& dj dinh” dude lugng higu chinh sai s6 di dinh cho 1 phit a + 0°,16. b) Tim s6 higu chinh sai s6 di dinh cho 5 phit 40 giay n= +0716 x 5,7 phit=+0'912=+0.9 Bem 0",9 cOng vio 46 cao cia thién thé do lan the mbit, te 18 d@ higu chinh dn 46 cao dén cing thién dink vai thoi diém do Hn tht hai 37.9 Tam gide sai sO vi trf thién vin, Khi sit dung sextant dé do 49 cao cia thién thé, vi chju anh huGng cia nhiéu yéu t khéc ohau nén khOng thé no do duge tuyét Adi chinh xéc, ma bao gid cting tén tai mt sai sO nhét dinh, Ngoai ra khi sit dung bang phuong vi VA 9 cao cia thién thé ¢€ tim d6 cao va phutng vi tinh todn , do sy han ché &6 chinh x4c cba bang, cling KhOng thé trénh khdi sai s6. Vi ath hung cila cdc sai sé ké wén Lam cho cde yéu tS du8ng vi tri ma ta do va tinh todn cing mang sai s6, trong 46 yéu t6 anh hutng chi y€u dén 49 chinh xéc cha dung vj tri 1a sai s6 cla hiéu d6 cao, chinh né lam cho dung vi tri bj dich chuyén. Theo nh inh 3.40, gid st c&c dung vj tri thién van J, vA DI (cde dung cham ) 18 3 dutng vi ti au giao nhau chinh xéc tai diém M, M Ia vi ti thu quan sét. Tuy ahién Vice duding vi uf ddu c6 sai s6 cia higu d9 cao 1 Ay; Ass ‘4a chiing 1am cho c4c dung vj wi bi dich chnyén (tinh En) thAnh cde dung vi tri T', I” va MI, va tgo thank ‘mt hinh tam gide goi IA tam gide sai sd. Hinh 3.41 ‘Vay khi a hinh thinh tam gif sai s6 thi vj ti tau sé nlm tgi dau? Ddu tién nén phan tich so 66, néu chic chin ng mOt trong s6 3 duting vi ti do hoan canh mao 46 khi quan s4t va tinh todn dfn 16i né 06 46 chinh x4c kém hon thi 06 thé bd héfn dung SO TAY HANG HAI 135vi tri 46, Lay diém giao nhau cda hai dutng con Iai lm vj tri thu. Nhung néu cd 3 dudng di ow low [em [es ‘BANG cHUYEN B61 ka (Na) SANG mvs 4F = apie vi » ee | ae the ° at | ar nor | aa » ms | me aus | as ® aa | wo | ans » me 2 Ler SOTAY HANG HAI 1513. Cap gid Gi6 duge chia thanh nhiéu cp 46 biéu thi ste gié 1én nhd. Theo quy ude qué té, gid duye chia thank 12 e&ip Beaufort. Cép gis Beaufort do Francis Beaufort dua ra nim 1806 va duce ‘cong nhfin dé ap dung rong rai vao nim 1838, C4p gié Beaufort a) temas — SS] tom iréx més didn Mahieu } Trang thdi mat bien Senne Sal inn | im fom | Se oh Pe Tan ofa fos Tees OTe 1 [isis foxid yup” [stseninan fe dim iongee ee Thestmb ett v 2 [oa [es re [oa Sieteatam To poo pee Bese | amp veinsn® ws : > To [Saka [eens | Sowemeoa 2 eras te were |iopomaine salar 1 [Bae [Tris] IS akan | Siege | fos ae Breeze __| dinh nbiéu bot trang 3 [BHA | ROIOT | ect p Seg tng dete] A LES one ene | ats nee toto bl awe | 6 [49 [ HT] TORR Shang [Son eens te | FS Breeze | noi bot tréng 8 éinh, ohiéu byi mite, 7 | SAT|BI| BITT | New] See apeayea] Pee ep cue | cong ammncene meu 48 vé phis trute the tng te + [GR [sea aT Ge Sctnon ee |e tes ey tome eh Toes se sent kn fe theo chidu gi6 4 9 | 7-88 | 41-47 | 208-244 | Suong | Séngcao, evéncugal 6 14% Very Gc | tng tne wo pate wae agindmale 10 | wee | 5) HSHAD Samm] sngdtea va cll T-TEST chém 1én, bot trlag oi ang oe ye ‘phi khip mst bigo, ‘ign cudn cuga, tim bin gidm hin 1 iii | 55S | Wien | Soegeaoate TEP ee ‘Storm thudag, mgt bién ‘High oh taping te tefing, idm nba xa nme SOTAY HANG HAI 1521 | 8-153 | 64-71 | 327-369 | Haricane | Séog caongte ee | 9 [ie | Phen io het avd, renal ‘hog gian eta mgt ia ddy bot hog, Dida fog x08 mt mba dm aba xa i sitim nin 4. Hung gis that, te 46 gio that Con tau chay t6i coi nby 4% tao ra gié nguge Jai goi 1a gié tau. Vi vay gid do duge khi au dang chay 1A tng hgp gid tau va gié that goi 1a gi bidu kigh. Musi im hug va t6e dd gis thyc thi phai diing mét phép 46 gidi don gidn. ‘V6 hai vec-to, gi6 tau oa (lity bing tc 46 au ; theo chigu nguve Iai) va gi6 bigu kiga ob theo Hinh 4.07 hw hinh 4.07 trén hai 8. Gi6 bidu kign Ba gis do duge bing déng hd do gid khi tau dang chay. (Lay te dp bing hai ly theo tl trén hii d8) NGi hai diém ab 6 du cust hai vec-ta, ve duting song song véi ab duge vec-td V, dé 1A véc-td gi6 that, o6 thé do hung va 46 dai cla vec-to V wén hai 43. MANEUVERING BOARD Hinh 4.08 hi tau ding mot ché tht huting va te d6 gid do duge chink la gié that. ing cé thé tim gio that bRng céich 8 gidi én bing 48 gidi rade nh hin 4.08. Chai g, chiéu mai tén wén 48 gidi 1a tc 46 tau (nguge vei gi6 tau) Dé chuyén adi nhanh gi6 biéu kién sang gid that cing o6 thé ding bang 4G1,2,.. 6. SO TAY HANG HAI 153BANG cHuvéN p61 HUONG VA CK Gib Bie KIEW SANG HUONG VA CKP GIO THAT ‘on vi Tea =n, = cp Beau, Hung 9, cman cb at Tea fp 96| obese « w a w ib bo oe Bg elis]e [a] s fiefs ao] rep ea ee elstelt alelsleisla/efsie rails ia ras sar rs has ibfepze hi a zlels|e 2 2 heen is i co tistele alzl sles oan Tole pals oP psp yea pape siefils «felatsls eyepe ayes Pe afel’ elelelale eye pie ays pape > shal alelstala + or Beppe alelslelets alelelels syeteyefopr apap arp sislalelels sielelels eypopoteyeyan Hela] s wliels {ele he nlols| elie sem poe o| efoto fein Byala a] oogonia fulatele | s La nile] sla BANG CHUYEN 861 HUING VA CAP G10 BifU KIEN SANG HUONG VA CAP GIO THAT 42(Up then) cages we - o wiry vcena | s [wo ]is[ee[as| s [wols[m][a|s [wl ws] ole re go eogemn |stats el eisieleleletsielele a oo poser Li lala lstslelalelelelelstal sts > |eeeman gh BA] WF Yau [ieee aes] oe [aarp ns fee seep fase fees oper Io tstelelelsialelelsiatstels|'s [seein ge ATP ae |e [aie] tes es ao | or [ans] ies af at Pion [es | er eoomt Is laialelstelaielelstalelels|s > [esemangi war jee] ro Tas Tis paar] o [ar soe fitoy ian [ve Yio fas cpgeat lel iieivlaleleletels(siel's| ele rao eoasen Is isislalsivisisislsieislelels 7 [esenan pew ar Toe Pas ae Dae fae [oe [afar [sea os [v9 ff como lelelelelsleielelelels|elelels a [sengnemmarar par fartar tart ssp opm pays a ie] | we ogo |r isieialeteielsiaialelelol els > [Semmseaa |e Taper orf maps ate factor] wpa for loosen toleielo|oioleisialelolelelele w [Saneraapepetswlopatee pala spree |e cpg lol sielelelolelsielelels|siol+ a [Smear e rape tata tafe esfapw torn ti le lctogoeat | | toro] o | | a} ve | to] 19 wo] | to | to | 20 | 19 7 [Semmmenralelslatopaperlapetmtalal ayaa ooo “Jizlui{ujelolelalalatwpe| nin | aio SO TAY HANG HAI 154BANG CHUYEN 61 HUONG VA CAP id BIEL KIEN SANG HUONG beh ° Tpe fs Tet re firs 2] 3 {4 “is fis BANG CHUYEN B61 SANG Gre an fp ois |_i tila itn too" ne fe bie Wa Tsao |S] ]*]™] 8] 5 [| s[ msl s| wo] sl mls | a Fea ars [avs] ee | ama re fae] ave] we [ara ra |e [8 i a i oe mas 90 Bat L221 os man SO TAYHANG HAI 155‘BANG CHUYEN p61 HUONG VA CAP cid BiEU KIEN SANG HUONG VA CKP GId THAT 465 tp theo) Sam hae ae 16 Cfo gs |_ 6 bu tien bifowste|Yeeous |? [w[s]=] a] s[o]slm]u]s]w[s] [= | mang wa Se fe) as [ee apa ae fave arpa ee ae fe esque ba ae eee eee ee pepe man gw] Tes hey aes] ar yaez wear a fare a as fe Pes Te to ria ea ee es ee ee Ter fie] 8 76] 00 ee | aH | HT] 7 stelr tole sl el str Ter Par Pee | eee Ped |e [eo 7 clelrlets|el siete ; Tek) es] Tr [eH] ee] Heo] | er elrialelelrir lel r TET PHS ou fe 55] TTT] aed tlatele|slelelsls Tea HF] ee PK se TS er Te es e atelolelelels ili i: aE TTP Te PSF Te Te PH eo fer a |ieli|als | o || wl it ; var [ee se 155] A THN or Ter solr [or |e [vo ae | a | Lae i es fae fase fase [ss [ass Yast fae [es He tft [a [oval ao | or | a | bog nae aso asF 1s TS ses [ea aa 122 [our] >ua | a [oie il = ies [ers | s8 | se] te | oe abe [>ua]>ra]>12|>ua| 2 |>iel> yell BANG ciuvEN B61 HUONG VA CAP Gid BiEU KIEN SANG HUONG VA GAP GIO THAT Scan 6 se" fp ois | is nds 60 we béesiéo| “Team [a Dolw[ mle] [ol e[=]e]s ela es 1 > ‘ i mang et [37607 [i | r=] ar [aera sea | 0 | 70 | 00 | 300 0] 100] oo pom ee Perey |e gn 6 BH] s00 [aoe [are fave ara [is [77 [a ave | ire] 109] es | Deo ae [18d cooome Pe Pee eS CP ee ers es ‘Serna 8 Wat] ea [oor fazs Pave| angen [ne [ave | a7 | v7 feo 280 ao ipo] Teo ci gor [e's Te | [See mango Wat ee fice ari are] ara [ans] ize] vs ive [are] 303] ao [380] ue [0 mm {See tn oo tat [aca [er ae0 favo are a v8 a Laem [ars | a0 | v46 feo] oe | ar telat riel sels lrtatete; rir] sts be mas gat [ec Pic Gen] ae are | ne ina ava f Sve f is | am | Hes [ zo | 06 | 7 | Sean Ha] sea | Neer aen | en sar] ze ava] 7s 70 | 300] tno am] 0] veo 1p | SH tan BOT] 6 ee Fiery aur ase] cs [3] ara ara [are Gao] 200] a0 200 [eo ope pepae le] 's |? [tela | iat 8 Bat [vet ac | aes] es [ven vx fire] are avs are Geo 108 [| eo [eo lef ine | to ef || ie [so] te | | | ae | 0 te | w| | te We | S296 BHT] ses aca Fase ieee amare ava ars [ara | ano] 00 [ven] 10 180 oat | ty [in | aa na [eal | | oe | ae [maa] te | an | ae el >| Ta | Se mae oY vex [ner [ase vee [ee ies [ons [ara] ara] 174 | a00 | Toe | 10 | 130 oso os tnt_| 12 | 22 |>sa]onelaa] ae | ve [va] >tel>va] ae | az [>ne| tel 72 | SHE man wo Tefen [aed aca [aes [ca Fore | a | ava ae [ara vee] ino 90 100] eo ofp gar |>12} >t] >a2]>-20|>u0|>1e]>72|>%4] >20|>12]>t]>a0]>14) 24214 5. Hoa gié tén ban 48 khi wong SOTAY HANG HAI 156Hinh 4.09 18 ky higu_ hoa gis (wind rose) trén ban dé KA myng hang hai do eo quan khi tugng Anh xudt ban, trong 46 hudng gié biéu B19 292042 $ thi thi blng "ca la ban” theo chigu efe mii eee tn, Céc kh trdng den, dai nga khée nhau tién céc hung bigu thi cp gi6 Beaufort va ST Se GH cdn suft & mult hitn, do trba thang of I Un (Cl gid Beoufort suat, inh 4.09 ‘Trén * Ban 48 hoa tiéu” (Atlas Pilot Chart cela National Emagery and Mapping Agency, Mf) hoa gié_ mau xan biéu thj sy xudt hién cia gié trong Khu vue m6t thdi ky nbét dink (Hfinh 4.10). Hu6ng gi6 cling dugc biéu thi theo huting "cdnh hoa” trén 8 hufdng ca la ban, ‘BG dai eda “cdnh hoa” bidu thi phan tram (dn sufi) gié xudt hign tren hung "edn hoa” trong tng s6 ln quan sAt, do bing thang t) 16 phdn trim kém theo; néu dé dai cla odnh hoa ‘Wugt qué 29% (vuot qué pham vi dién tich 5° trén ban 44) thi ty 18 phan trim ding con sé dé bigu thi. SO luong dudi cia "cénh hoa” biéu thi cp gié Beaufort. Con s6 trong vong trdn biéu thi phan trim lan do gié Ling. Vi dy, theo nbu 4.10 e6 thé doc duge gis B&e (N) 3%, ofp 3; gi6 dong bie 16%, ofp 4; gi6 dong 61% edp 4; v..v 5 tH 18 phn trim lang gid bang 0. 4.2.4 DO dm khong khi - Humidity 6 dm 1a mot dai luong vat ly bigu thi mac 49 khS Am cia khong 17 phn am in sto 06 Khi hoc ham Iugng hoi nudc cia khong khi. BS im 6 4 céch inh 4.10 bigu thi sau day, |. Ap suit hai nutdc. noengnunm BS 1a dp luc do phn hoi nuéc trong khéng khi tao ra, biéu thi bing (e), don vi Ia hPa hose mmHg. 2. BO dm tuyét Adi. 6 18 khéi Iwong hoi nue chita trong mot don vi thé tich khOng khi, don vi gam/m?, ky hiéu (2), Quan hé him s6 gita d6 dm tuyét d6i ex va 4p tue hoi muiée e nbu sau, a= 2998 ca Trong 46, TIA nhigt 46 cuyét 46% 3. B6 dm wong a6 La Wy 56 phin trim gia ép Ive hoi nuéc € trong khong Khi véi ép Tuc hoi née bio ho’ E (ate 4p luc hoi nude do lang boi myéc 1én abdt o6 thé chita trong khOng Khi 8 mot nhigt d6 io d6 sinh ra) trong ciing mét nhiét 40, ky higu bing 7. e == x 10% v=ER Co thé dung “nhigt ké khd u6t" do nbigt 4 Kho va nhiét d6 wét dé tinh todn 4p luc hoi aude © Va d6 dm twtong déiy. “ Bang tinh 46 fm" (4.H) dvéi day gip viée tinh toén nhanh chéng”. SO TAYHANG HAI 157