SELECTED METHODS OF MEASURING AIR POLLUTANTSSELECTED METHODS OF MEASURING AIR POLLUTANTS Prepared in cooperation with the WHO Collaborating Centre on Air Pollution Control, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA and WHO Collaborating Centre on Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Air Pollution, Medical Research Council Air Pollution Unit, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, England WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA. 1976WHO offset publications are intended to make generally available material | that for economic, technical, or other reasons cannot be included in WHO's | regular publications programme and would otherwise receive only limited | distribution. ‘They are usually reproduced by photo-offst from typescript, rather than by letterpress, and do not necessarily receive such detailed editorial revision as other WHO publications. ISBN 92.4 170026 6 © World Health Organization 1976 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in foo, application should be made to the OMe of Publications and Translation, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, The World Health ‘Organization welcomes such applications. “The designations employed and the presentation of the material inthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health ‘Organization concerning the legal satus of any county, terttory city oF area or ofits authorities, ot concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. "The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of similar nature that are not mentioned, Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by inital capital leters,‘CONTENTS List of figures... . 1. ec pe eee eens List of tables 2... 6s ee io Ea Preface. ee oe : wae Contributors and reviewers... ee oe ob0g00 General introduction... . . ere oe Chapter 1, Suspended particulate matter... .. ee ee ee 1:1 Principles, advantages, and limitations of selected methods»... +. 1.2 Procedures... . ee ee 1.2.1 Gravimetric high-volume method - comparison method... . « 1.2.2 EPA gravimetric high-volume method (modified) . 2... . + 1.2.3 OBCD gravimetric method (as modified by BSI)... -- ++. 0 1.2.4 OECD filter soiling method... ee eee ee ee 1.2.5 ASTM filter soiling method . : bees 1:3 References for Chapter]... .---.2.4- coatdd Chapter 2, Sulfur dioxide bo gd0d9d : 2.1 Principles, advantages, and limitations of selected methods ..... ~~ orole Procedures ier rw ee eee ne 2.2.1 Pararosaniline method - comparison method... ee eee eae 2.2.2 Aci@imetric method... . gdogudcode 2.3 References for Chapter 2.6... ee eee ee ce Chapter 3. Carbon monoxide . bee ee 3.1 Principles, advantages, and limitations of selected methods for air... 3.2 Principles, advantages, and limitations of selected methods for blood . 3.3 Procedures — air . eee eee ne 3.3.1 Nondispersive infrared absorption method - comparison method . . 3.3.2 Gas chromatographic method... eee ee 3.3.3 Detector tube method . - fee : 3.4 Procedures -~ blood cee wee 3.4.1 Speetrophotometric method... et eee 3.4.2 Conway diffusion cel? method... . . aD 3.4.3. Mondispersive infrared absorption methods...) eee ‘i 3.5 References for Chapter 3 ae see 20 16 LT er aL 3 3 3h 3h 43, ay 49, ag 50 oL 1 53, oh 35 58 oT 59. 6hChapter l. Witrie oxide and nitrogen dioxide ©... ee OT 4,1 Principles, advantages, and limitations of selected methods ....... 67 Ih Ger ondodnodpongeas0qo0000000G00G000 4).2.1 Chemiluminescence method - comparison method... --- +... 69 Uis¥2 geal cenen) method Meets eed) ete) ee te) oe 3) 4.2.3 Detector tube method... . 4.3 References for Chapter ho... ee ee ee eee ee TB Chapter 5. Ozone and oxidants . . . eee oe eee ee ol) 5.1 Principles, sdvantages, and limitations of the selected methods ..... 61 Hy tena oG00GG0n0d00000b0G0d0000GGGc0000 5.2.1 Chemilunineseent method - comparison method .......-+++ 82 5.2.2 Neutral buffered potassium iodide method... . +1. .+ ++ 88 5.2.3 Dehydroweridine method... ee eee eee eee OD 5.3 References for Chapter 5.1 eee ee ee eee ee B Chapter 6. Guide for data processing and reporting ©... se ee eee 6.1 WHO embient air monitoring data formt .... ++ eee eee ee ee 6.1.1 Site identification ... 0 po0cq fH 6.1.2 Pollutant Identification . oe ee eo 6.2 Recording aerometric data... ee ee ee eee + 98 (Gtonee Scurly)| date foresee) et) ia te : + lon 6.2.2 One-hour interval deta...) eee : + lon 6.2.3 Two-hour interval date... eee Soccqco00t 6.2.4 Daily data form : ee ae 102 6.3 Site description definitions ©... eee eee eee : + 203 6.4 Reamples of use of data forms . . pobaduoduDGGaGouGrD 6.4.1 Example: I-hour date form... ee ee ee 108 6.4.2 Example: 2-hour data form. see ee ee ee 106 6.4.3 Example: 2l-hour date fom... ee ts eee 108) 6.5 Example of the type of sumery print-out...-- +++ +eee--++-22 6.6 References for Chapter 6 . - HOHE: Amy mention of trademarks for equipment or supplies does not imply endorsement and other equivalent products may be available. i1-3 i-10 en 22 203 au 31, 6-3 64 6-5 6-6 LIST OF FIGURES High-volume sampler (exploded view) used for gravinetric n method Internal configuration of high-volume sampler. 5.2 ee eee External configuration of high-volume sampler... eee ee eae Detail drawing of high-volume sampler shelter... - +000 -- orifice calibration uni Exploded view of typical EPA h Assenbled EPA high-volume sampler and shelter... ...------- Schematic aiagran of apparatus for OECD filter soiling method... ..- Smoke filter unite for OECD filter soiling method... +. ee Exemple of clanp holder assembly for OECD filter soiling method... . ~ OECD proposed international standard calibration curve; BBL reflectometer Whatman No. 1 filter paper, 25-cm diometer .--- eee ee ee OCD proposed international standard calibration curve; Photovolt reflectometer - Schneider CA 32 filter paper, 25-mm diameter... . « OECD proposed international stendard calibration curve; Photovolt reflectometer - Whatman No. 1 filter paper, 25-mm diameter .. 1... - OECD proposed international standard calibration curve; HEL reflectoneter Schneider CA 32 filter paper, 25mm diameter... +--+ +--+ OBCD proposed international standard calibration curve; HEL reflectometer Fiberglass GF/A filter, 25-mm dismeter . + ee ee eee ee Diagram of automatic smoke sampler... ses eeeeeeee Sampling train for 30-minute and l-hour sampling». ++. +++ sees Sampling train for 2l-hour sampling... 2 ee eee eee eee Permeation tube schematic for gravimetric calibration and field use... Permeation tube schematic for laboratory use. eee ee ee eee Apparatus for extracting gases from blood. 6 eee ee Schenatic of typical gas phase titration apparatus... 1... Fritted bubbler for sampling nitrogen dioxide... -- 5 eae Ozone calibration air supply, source, and manifold system Neutral buffered potassiun iodide method sex Site identification fora (front). 6 eee eee ee eee Site identification form (back)... t esse sete eee Hourly date fom 6 ee eee Daily date form ee eee tees Example of completed I-hour data forms ee ee Example of completed 2-hour data forms ss ee ee Example of completed 2h-hour date form... ee ee eee eair sampler se. eee eee Pee a 2 ay 18 a 25 26 2T 28 35 36 aL ue. a n tH 83 8h 96 ea 99 = 100 + 204 = 107 109aa 62 62 6-3 6-4 65 LIS? OF TABLES Values of coefficients for polynominal approximation over range of reflectance from 90 to LO percent of ObCD-proposed international froamdlaalead1 tart ion ieee ietteea st eu -iiyariy eeterrariara ae Values of constants for exponential approximation over range of reflectance from 90 to 40 percent of OBCD-proposed international standard calibration Parameters and methods 1 ee ee ee Codes for units of measurenent ©... ee ee eee eer tae Example values given for use with 1-hour data forms... 1. ee ee Exumple values given for use with 2-hour data form... ee eee Example values given for use with 2l-hour date form... ee ee 23 +10 = 102 205 108 + 108