dEFINITIONS

socialism
The term socialism refers to any system in which the production and distribution of goods
and services is a shared responsibility of a group of people. Socialism is based upon
economic and political theories that advocate for collectivism. In a state of socialism,
there is no privately owned property

Communism
Communism is a political and economic ideology that positions itself in opposition to liberal
democracy and capitalism, advocating instead a classless system in which the means of
production are owned communally and private property is nonexistent or severely curtailed.

Socialism is at its core an economic philosophy, whereas Communism is economic and

political in its requirement that government be the central owner and decision maker in all
matters. Communism rejects any religion and in a true Communist state religion is
effectively abolished.

Capitalism is an economic system. In it the government plays a secondary role. People and
companies make most of the decisions, and own most of the property. ... The means of
production are largely or entirely privately owned (by individuals or companies) and operated
for profit.

revolution
As a historical process, “revolution” refers to a movement, often violent, to overthrow an
old regime and effect. complete change in the fundamental institutions of society.
Fascism (/ˈfæʃɪzəm/) is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by
dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society
and of the economy[3] which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.[4] The first fascist
movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European
countries.[4] Opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is placed on the far-right
within the traditional left–right spectrum.

Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete and regard the complete mobilization of
society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict
and to respond effectively to economic difficulties
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of
the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917, and concluding in
1923 after the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union, including national states of Ukraine,
Azebaijan and others, and end of the Civil War.

French Revolution, also called Revolution of

1789, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799
and reached its first climax there in 1789—hence the conventional term
“Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France

he French Revolution had general causes common to all the revolutions of the West at the end of the 18th
century and particular causes that explain why it was by far the most violent and the most universally significant
of these revolutions. The first of the general causes was the social structure of the West. The feudal regime had
been weakened step-by-step and had already disappeared in parts of Europe. The increasingly numerous and
prosperous elite of wealthy commoners—merchants, manufacturers, and professionals, often called
the bourgeoisie—aspired to political power in those countries where it did not already possess it. The peasants,
many of whom owned land, had attained an improved standard of living and education and wanted to get rid of
the last vestiges of feudalism so as to acquire the full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their
holdings. Furthermore, from about 1730, higher standards of living had reduced the mortality rate among adults
considerably. This, together with other factors, had led to an increase in the population of Europe unprecedented
for several centuries: it doubled between 1715 and 1800. For France, which with 26 million inhabitants in 1789
was the most populated country of Europe, the problem was most acute.

"The Battle of the Books" is the name of a short satire written by Jonathan Swift and published
as part of the prolegomena to his A Tale of a Tub in 1704. It depicts a literal battle between
books in the King's Library (housed in St James's Palace at the time of the writing), as ideas and
authors struggle for supremacy. Because of the satire, "The Battle of the Books" has become a
term for the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns. It is one of his earliest well-known works.

n one sense, the Battle of the Books illustrates one of the great themes that Swift would explore
in A Tale of a Tub: the madness of pride involved in believing one's own age to be supreme and
the inferiority of derivative works. One of the attacks in the Tale was on those who believe that
being readers of works makes them the equals of the creators of works. The other satire Swift
affixed to the Tale, "The Mechanical Operation of the Spirit," illustrates the other theme: an
inversion of the figurative and literal as a part of madness.