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CHEM 2300 CALENDAR HARRIS 9th Edition PDF
CHEM 2300 CALENDAR HARRIS 9th Edition PDF
We will cover the following major topics, and is subject to change at the discretion of Dr. Suggs.
I. Analytical Analysis
a. Analytical Methods
i. Read chapter 0
ii. Problems
iii. What are we looking for?
1. Qualitative Analysis
2. Quantitative Analysis
iv. Samples
1. Sample
2. Analyte
a. Major
b. Minor
c. Trace
3. Matrix
v. Steps
1. Identify or formulate the question
2. Select Analytical Procedure
3. Sampling
4. Sample Preparation
5. Analysis
6. Analyze or report and interpret results
7. Draw Conclusions
b. Concentration and Reaction Measurements
i. Read Chapter 1
1. All sections
2. Problems 15, 19, 26, 27, 29, 33, 37, 38
ii. Read Chapter 2 Sections 2‐3, 2‐4, 2‐5 and 2‐6
iii. Concentration Units
1. Molarity
a. Definition
b. Conversions to find molarity using density and %wt
c. Formality or Analytical Concentration
2. Mass Concentrations
a. Percentage by weight (%wt)
b. Parts per million
c. Parts per billion
iv. Types of Classical Analytical Analysis
1. Titrations
a. Volumetric analysis
b. Uses a buret to deliver titratnt
c. Analyte delivered by
i. Mass (Analytical balance) and dissolved
ii. Volume (using a volumetric pipet)
d. Example
2. Gravimetric
a. Precipitating agent precipitates the analyte.
b. Analytical balance measure the mass of the precipitate.
c. Example
v. Dilution preparation
1. Define stock solution
2. Preparing Standards
a. Define standard solution
b. Dilution equation – when to use it!
c. Dilution preparation
i. Volumetric flasks
ii. Transfer and Mohr Pipets
iii. Types
1. Direct
2. Serial
3. Excel (Used in next Otlin 1.c and 1.d)
a. Read Chapter 2 Section 10
b. Use Excel for repetitive calculations and statistics
c. Statistics (Lab)
i. Read Chapter 3 (no propagation of uncertainty for now)
1. Sections 1‐5
2. Problems 4, 12, 16, 18, 19
ii. Read Chapter 4
1. Sections 1‐6
2. Problems 15, 17, 18, 22, 24
iii. Distributions
1. Types of error
a. Determinate (systematic)
b. Indeterminate (random)
c. Gross
2. Measuring uncertainty
a. True value and standard deviation
b. Sample mean and standard deviation
3. How does a small sample set measure the true value?
a. BIAS
b. Student t distribution
i. Confidence level
ii. Confidence limit
iii. Confidence interval
c. Student t Case #1
i. How to find if you systematic error
ii. Applying the Student t‐test
d. Student t cases 2 and 3 will not be explicitly discussed in
class, but will in lab. Problems will be assigned for them,
however.
d. Regression Analysis in an External Calibration (Lab)
i. Read Chapter 4
1. Section 7
2. Problems 32, 34, 37
ii. What is an external calibration?
1. What is plotted?
2. Regression analysis
a. What is plotted?
b. Linear model y= mx + b
c. Testing linearity
i. Limit of linearity
ii. Correlation Coefficient
iii. Coefficient of Determination
iv. Residual plots from Predicted values
d. Unknown analysis
i. Estimate of sample concentration
ii. Determination of the uncertainty in the
determined concentration from the regression.
iii. Confidence limits
II. Activities
a. Review equilibrium
i. Read Chapter 6
1. Sections 1‐3
2. Problems 5, 6, 9, 15, 17, 21
3. Equilibrium
a. Definition and concepts
b. Keq the equilibrium constant
i. Expressions
1. Homogenous rxns
2. Heterogeneous rxns
ii. Value
1. Q – the reaction quotient
2. Keq > 1, Keq = 0, Keq < 1
iii. manipulations
c. Le Chatlier’s Principle
d. Solving simple Equilibria Problems
i. Solubility Product
ii. Common Ion and Solubility
b. Ionic Strength
i. Read Chapter 8
1. Sections 1‐2
2. Problems 4
ii. Factors effecting ionic strength
1. Ions in solution
2. Ion charge
3. Ion concentrations
4. What about neutral species?
c. Activity and Activity Coefficients
i. Read Chapter 8
1. Sections 2‐3
2. Problems 2, 3, 7, 9, 12
ii. Factors effecting the activity of a species
1. Activity coefficient
a. Charge
b. Ionic strength
c. Hydrated radius
2. Actual molar concentration of the species.
d. Effects on the Equilibrium constant.
i. Class work and Problem Set
ii. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K°eq
iii. Concentration dependent equilibrium constant, Keq
iv. Equilibria calculations and activities.
III. Gravimetric Analysis (Read Chapter 27 Sections 1‐3)
a. Methodology
i. Crystal growth
a. Supersaturation and Temperature
b. Nucleation and growth
ii. Homogeneous precipitation
1. Electrolyte effects
a. Electric double layer
2. Digestion
3. Purity
a. Co‐precipitation
i. Occlusions
ii. Inclusions
b. Masking agents
c. Gathering agents
4. peptization
b. Equilibria Issues
i. Systematic Treatment of equilibrium and Precipitation
1. Mass Balance
2. Charge Balance
3. Read Chapter 8
a. Section 4
b. Problems 18, 21, 25
ii. pH
iii. complexing agents
c. Quantitative Analysis
i. Simple precipitation
ii. Heating precipitate
iii. Mixtures
IV. Volumetric Analysis (Titrations)
a. Precipitation (Read Chapter 7 Sections 1‐4 and 6)
i. Precipitation Titration Curves ‐ Solution Composition:
1. Initially
2. Pre‐Equivalence
3. Equivalence
4. Post‐Equivalence
ii. Indicators
iii. Mixtures
b. Acid/Base
i. Strong acid/strong base titrations – Solution Composition
Background
Chapter 6 Sections 5‐7
Chapter 9 Section 1
Chapter 11 section 1
Problems Chapter 11 ‐ 1, 2
1. Solution Composition:
a. Initially
b. Pre‐Equivalence
c. Equivalence
d. Post‐Equivalence
ii. Weak acid/strong base and weak base/strong acid
Background
Chapter 9 Sections 2‐5
Chapter 10 Sections 4 (monoprotics)
Chapter 11 sections 11‐2 and 11‐3
Problems Chapter 11 ‐ 6, 8, 10, 14, 18
1. Solution Composition:
a. Initially
b. Pre‐Equivalence
i. Buffers
c. Equivalence
d. Post‐Equivalence
iii. Polyprotic acids
Background
Chapter 10 Sections 1‐4
Chapter 11 sections 11‐2 and 11‐3
Chapter 10 Sections 4 (polyprotics)
Problems Chapter 11 – 19, 23, 24, 27
1. Identification/Principle Species
Chapter 10 Section 4 and 5 (monoprotics, too)
Problems: Chapter 10 – 23, 24, 25, 29, 32
2. Amino acids/Proteins
Chapter 10 Sections 1 and 6
Problems: 10‐39 and 10‐40
iv. Endpoint Detection mechanisms
Chapter 11 Section 6
Problems: Chapter 11 – 36, 40, 41
c. General Analytical Titration problems:
i. Chapter 11 49, 50, 52, 54, 58
d. Complexometric Titrations
i. Equilibrium considerations
ii. Masking Agents
iii. Indicators
V. Spectrometry
a. Beer’s Law Limitations
Chapter 18 Sections 1 – 5
Problems: Chapter 18 – 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 14, 18, 20, 22, 23
b. Mixtures
Chapter 19 Section 1 only
Problems: chapter 19 – 1, 5, 9
VI. Separations
a. Extractions
i. Simple Partition Extractions
1. Chapter 23 Sections 1
2. Problems 1, 3, 8
ii. Acid/Base Extractions
1. Chapter 23 section 1 pH Effects
2. Problems 10, 12
b. Efficiency in Chromatography
i. Types of Chromatography (Chapter 23 Section 2)
1. Elution
2. Eluent
3. Eluate
4. Packed column
5. Open tubular column (OT)
6. Chromatogram
7. Flow rate and linear velocity
8. Problems 17
ii. Retention time and adjusted retention. (Chapter 23 section 3)
iii. Retention factor, selectivity and partition coefficient (Chapter 23 section
3)
iv. Resolution, theoretical plates, plate height and efficiency (Chapter 23
section 4
v. Van deemter curve (Chapter 23 section 5)
vi. Problems 20, 21, 28, 32, 33, 39, 44, 50
c. Gas Chromatography (Chapter 24)
i. Apparatus (Section 1)
ii. Sample types
iii. Sample prep (Section 24‐4)
iv. Sample injection (Section 24‐2)
v. Sample separation (stationary phase)
vi. Detectors (Section 24‐3)
vii. Quantitative analysis
1. Peak Are (external calibration)
2. Internal Standard method
viii. Problems – 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 18, 22, 28, 32
VII. Electrochemistry
a. Coulometry
i. Chapter 14 Section 1
1. Problems 5
ii. Chapter 17 Sections 1‐3
1. Problems 2, 17, 18
b. Potentiometry
i. Electrochemical Cell Basics
1. Chapter 14 Sections 1‐6
2. Problems 9, 13, 16, 17a‐d
ii. Ion selective Electrodes (ISEs)
1. Chapter 25 Sections 1‐6
2. Problems 2, 6, 11 22, 25, 31, 32, 36, 37, 41, 43