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3ODFDVGHEDVH

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IYX  N1N1FP ±)RUPXODVIRU6WUHHVDQG6WUDLQ±D
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IEX  N1FP



IYX  N1FP


IVX   + ×  N1FP

D
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D
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× × 


0FK  N1FP

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IEX  N1FP

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FLD
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× × 


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6HMD&K[[
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EW  2.


9HULILFDomRDRFLVDOKDPHQWR DE  ȕ 


1FK [[ N1 I&+6  × [FKDSDV 

IY  N1FP
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$FK [ FP 8VDU&K[[PP



ID  N1FP



±&iOFXORGDVROGD &iOFXORGH&

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 UHIRUoR

5VGHFP N1FP × 


0SX  N1FP

 
FPXVDUILOHWHGHPP W  FP
 × 

E±0pWRGR$,6&/5)' ±&iOFXORGRVFKXPEDGRUHV

1X  [  [  N1 <  FP



0X  [  [   D  −  FP
N1FP 
 − × 
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IFX [ N1FP 7DE 
6HMDGF PP$ FP
±&iOFXORGRVSDUkPHWURV

IWX  N1FP
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 FP2. IX  + + ×  2.

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IFXPLQ   [
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3ODFDVGHEDVH

&K[[PP
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9HULILFDomRDIOH[mR &K[[PP
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0FK  N1FP &iOFXORGDVROGD




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6HMDXPDFKDSDGH[[FP 
×  
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XVDUILOHWHPtQLPRGHPP
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9HULILFDomRjFRPSUHVVmRFRPIOH[mR
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ID  N1FP
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&iOFXORGDFKDSDVXSHULRU

DE   ȕ  &DUJDV


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3ODFDVGHEDVH

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E× / ≤
IFN

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IFN

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IFN
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× 
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E× W 


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0EX 0EX * FP DGRWDGR /*  FP
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