AUS eer Rt te HUMAN NEEDS Ea ae eos the nature of water? WATER is: ° H20. A liquid without color, taste, or odor. © Water begins to freeze at 0 degrees centigrade and boils at 100 degrees centigrade. © When liquid, it is virtually incompressible. © Most of the world’s water is in the sea; less than 1% is fresh water. Water makes up 70% of the earth’s surface & occurs as standing water (oceans, lakes) and running water (rivers, streams), rain, and vapor. e Water makes up 60-70% of the human body or about 40 liters, distributed as follows: - 25 liters inside the cells - 12 liters in tissue fluid - 3liters in blood plasma source: The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Science Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP - Cebu.What is the Earth’s water resource? © Bodies of water (oceans and seas) - 70% of the earth’s surface Distributed as follows: 1. Salt water - 67% 2. Fresh water — 3%, where it is divided as: 2a. Frozen in the polar ice caps - 2% 2b. Global water source - 1%What is the importance of water? © Water - its supply, usage and recovery, often defines civilization since the basic needs of humans are derived from it. ° Ifthe human body loses 4 liters of water, it will experience hallucinations. A loss of 8 to 10 liters may cause death. e About 1.5 liters a day are lost through breathing, perspiration and feces. © The additional amount lost in urine is the amount needed to keep the balance between input and output. © A person cannot survive more than 5 to 6 days without water or 2 to 3 days in a hot environment. Source: The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Science Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP - Cebu.What are the basic human needs for water? e Nourishment - for drinking and cooking © Cleaning & Hygiene _- for bathing and laundry © Livelihood use - for example: farming © Protective use - for fire fighting e Ornamental use - for example: landscaping © Ceremonial use - for example: religious rites Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP - Cebu.is WATERQ t Water Quantity is the amount of water available to meet desired needs. They are as follows: 1. Nourishment: Drinking - u liters/person/day 2. Cleaning & Hygiene : Bathing / Personal Hygiene - 80 liters/person/day Laundry - 53 liters/person/day Dishwashing - 53 liters/person/day 3. Livelihood: Office - 57 liters/person/shift Factory — 57 to 132 liters/person/shift 4. Protective Use: Fire Protection — 1,892 liter/minute (minimum) as per Fire Code of the Phil. Wet Standpipe - 190 liter/minute @ 2 kg/sq.cm. as per NBC 2005 Revised 5. Ornamental Use: Lawn sprinkler - 0.32 liter/second (5 gpm) Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP - Cebu.-is Water Quality? Water Quality is the degree to which water is pure enough to fulfill the requirements of various demands or uses. Water Demand Water Quality Requirements i. Nourishment Pure, sterilized & protected from contamination Cleaning & Hygiene Clean, wholesome & with provision for hot & cold soft water Protective use High pressure Ornamental use Free from silt Ceremonial use Clean & wholesome Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP - Cebu.What are the characteristics used as the basis of water quality? For use ina building, the water supply must meet a minimum level of quality or maximum permissible level based on the following: 1. Physical Characteristics a. Turbidity b. Color c. Taste d. Odor d. Temperature [NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL Danilo V. Ravina, NAMPAP - Cebu.2. Chemical Characteristics . Hardness . Alkalinity and Acidity . Carbon Dioxide . Dissolved Oxygen . Organic Nitrogen Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) g. Iron & Manganese h. Toxic substances i. Phenolic compounds aAooe mo NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL3. Biological & Radiological Characteristics a. Presence of Coliform bacteria b. Presence of Pathogenic bacteria c. Presence of radioactive materialsWhat are some of the Water Quality Problems & their Causes, Effects & Correction? e Problem: Turbidity - the degree of cloudiness or muddiness of water. © Cause: Silt or suspended matters picked up in the surface or surface flow. © Effect: Discoloration and bad taste. Has little detrimental effects on health. © Correction: Filtration© Problem: Color - can be measured through visual comparison of the sample to the distilled water © Cause: Presence of Iron and Magnesium. Has little detrimental effects on health. e Effect: Discoloration of fixtures and laundry © Correction: Precipitation by filtration through oxidizing filter.OE e Problem: Taste - Pure water is tasteless. ° Cause: Presence of algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved gases & phenolic substances. e Effect: Bad taste * Correction: Water treatment process© Problem: Odor - Pure water is odorless. Odor should be absent or very faint for water to be acceptable for drinking. © Cause: Existence of contaminants in the water. e Effect: Bad odor e Correction: Water treatment process$$ ° Problem: Hardness of Water © Cause: Presence of Calcium and Magnesium carbonates & bicarbonates. Presence of Calcium and Magnesium sulfate & chloride. Clogging of pipes. Impaired laundering & food preparation (increases soap consumption as lathering is more difficult). Causes scaling, resulting in the reduction of thermal efficiency & restriction of flow. Magnesium & Calcium sulfate has a laxative effect. © Correction: By boiling (for carbonate hardness). By chemical precipitation using lime & sodium carbonate (for sulfate & chloride hardness. Use of water softeners (example: zeolite) Effect:e Problem: Pollution ° Cause: Contamination by organic matter or sewage (pathogenic bacteria) ° Effect: Disease © Correction: Chlorinationre the other terms used | Water Quality? © Salt Water — contains at least 3% salt (30 parts salt per 1000 parts water). © Brackish Water — is a mixture of fresh and salt water, typically found where rivers enter the ocean. © Fresh Water - is water having a salt concentration below 0.01%. ° Soft Water - is relatively free of minerals that cause soap to precipitate causing scale buildup. © Polluted Water - contains one or more impurities that make the water unsuitable for a desired use. ° Purified Water — the pollutants are removed, rendering the water harmless.e Black Water — is water drained from toilet bowls and urinals; carries body wastes and major pollutants. © Gray Water - is water drained from lavatories, sinks, laundry trays and showers; contains minor pollutants. © Storm Water - is rainwater drained from gutters and downspouts.What is the Hydrologic Cycle? © Hydrologic cycle, also commonly known as water cycle, consists of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. © There are 3 principal “loops” in the cycle, namely: a. Surface Runoff Loop b. Evapotranspiration Loop c. Groundwater Loop4 : = ‘ck and Soil | ‘turated with Water g St ee The Water Cycle Wa £4the relationship Water Cycle? ° Any fresh water that is used must come out of the cycle at one point or another. © Likewise, all the polluted wastewater we put down the drain or throw out goes back into the cycle. © Anything we do to the land surface, from development to deforestation, will influence the infiltration-runoff ratio and thus the cycle. e Anything we put into the air may end up asa contaminant in precipitation. e Any chemicals we put on or bury in the soil are subject to leaching into the groundwater.What is the science of water? The science of water is known as Hydraulics. e Hydraulics is a field of study concerned with utilizing the properties of water, in particular the way they flow and transmit pressure, and with the application of these properties in plumbing engineering. e Hydraulics is categorized as to: a. Hydrostatics — is the science of water at rest. b. Hydrokinetics - is the science of water in motion. c. Hydrodynamics - is a general term associated with the science of the force exerted by water in motion.hat are the General Properties of Water? e Water supply in buildings is usually delivered froma variety of sources which are often pumped or proceed by gravity to the point of use. This means that the conveyance of water are through pipes exhibit certain behavior of the Laws of Physics. © These general physical properties of water include: a. Water Level b. Mass c. Force d. Pressure e. Head f. CapillarityWater Level: Water always takes the shape of its container to the limit of its volume and tends to find its own level. Mass: Mass is the amount of matter in a body. It remains constant regardless of where the body is in the universe. For water, a volume of one liter at a temperature of 4 degrees centigrade has a mass of one kilogram and maybe contained in 1 cubic decimeter. Force: Force is that which changes the state of rest or the uniform motion of a body. The equation of force is: Force = Mass x Acceleration. In other words, when a mass of ikg is under the standard acceleration of g.8um/sec/sec, a gravitational force of 9.81 newtons is acting on it.In the case of water, the following characteristics can be observed: a. Pressure exerted in water is transmitted equally in all directions. b. The pressure at any point in a quantity of water depends on the vertical depth of the point below the free surface of the water but does not depend upon the shape or size of the container. Thus, the relationship between pressure and depth is one of direct proportion, meaning, that at twice the depth the pressure is twice as great. c. Water is practically incompressible. d. Pressure applied anywhere to a body of confined or enclosed fluid is transmitted with undiminished force in every direction.© Head: “Head” in water is measured vertically from the free surface of the liquid to the point at which pressure is being calculated. A head of water of 1.00 meter produces a pressure on its base of 9810 Newtons/sq.meter or 9.81 kPa. It should be noted that head is the only factor that decides intensity of pressure, not the volume of water in the pipe. © Capillarity: Commonly known as capillary attraction, is the spontaneous movement of water up or down narrow tubes and pipes due to the unbalanced molecular attraction at the boundary between the water and the pipe.What are the common Hydraulics Data of Water? © The units of measure or hydraulics data frequently used to describe properties relating to water are as follows: 1cubic meter of water = 1000 liters or 264 gallons = 9.81 kilopascal (kPa) Head of water in meters = pressure in kilopascal 3-785 liters of water =1gallon 1liter/second (Ips) = 15.85 gallons/minute (gpm) 1pound/squareinch = 6.90 kilopascal$n fixture unit (wsfu)* = 1t01.5 gpm of water flow rate *wsfu - a numerical weighing factor to account for the water demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the privately installed lavatory as equal to 1 wsfu. © 1 water supply © 1 drainage fixture unit (dfu)* = 0.5 gpm of drainage flow rate *dfu - a numerical weighing factor to account for the sewage flow of various plumbing fixtures, using the privately installed lavatory as equal to 1 dfu.References: © Doyle, K.M.: Plumbing and Gas Fitting, Volume 2, Government Printing Office, Mulgrave St., Wellington, 1990 © National Water Resources Council. Rural Water Supply Design Manual Volume 1, NWRC, Quezon City, Philippines, 1980 © Nebel, BJ. and Wright, R.T.: Environmental Science 4" Edition, Prentice - Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1993