The differences come from initial carrier distribution and network support because

Apple designs them for different region and mobile operators.

Let’s check out those models:

 Model A1453: This model works on CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B
system (with 800, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz bands), it supports 13 LTE
bands (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26); UMTS/HSPA+/DC-
HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz) and GSM/EDGE (850, 900,
1800, 1900 MHz). This is the most universal model as it could work on major
LTE networks in the U.S., however, it is sold locked on Sprint.
 Model A1533 (GSM): This is the GSM version of model A1533 which is
being sold locked and unlocked for AT&T and T-Mobile. This is also the SIM-
free international version of iPhone 5S, which doesn’t include a nano-SIM
card. It supports 11 LTE bands LTE (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 17, 19, 20,
25), UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz) and
GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz).
 Model A1533 (CDMA): This is the CDMA version of A1533. It works on
CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz) and is
being sold for Verizon’s customers. It supports 11 LTE Bands (Bands 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 8, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25), UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100,
1900, 2100 MHz) and GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz).
 Model A1457: This is the model for European markets. It supports 7 LTE
bands (Bands 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20) which can work on EE, Vodafone and O2 in
the U.K., it also supports UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100
MHz) and GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz).
 Model A1530: The model is tailored for Asian markets. It supports the 3 TD-
LTE bands 38, 39, 40 and 7 FDD-LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, therefore, it
can work well on TD-LTE network of China Mobile, the largest mobile
operator in the world. It also supports UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900,
1900, 2100 MHz) and GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz).
 Model A1528: This is the unlocked model being sold in China. It is just like
the simplified GSM version of A1530 as it doesn’t have LTE bands. It only
supports UMTS/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz) and
GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz).