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Status of Women in Haryana: A Spatio-Temporal Study

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 Status of Women in Haryana 50 3

A Spatio-Temporal Study

Eastern Geographer Rajeshwari

Vol. XXI, No. 1, Jan., 2015, pp. 503 - 512
ISSN 0973 - 7642
& Bhim Singh

Abstract status which can be ascertained in the context of

control that she commands over her own life. Such a
The status of women is a recently emerged concept
control is derived from her access to knowledge,
which may be defined as ‘the extent of control that a
economic resources and the degree of autonomy
person has over her life, derived from the access to
enjoyed by her in the process of making decision
knowledge, social and economic resources and
and choices at crucial points in the life cycle(Sipla
political power and autonomy enjoyed in the
1975, Bhargawa and Sexena 1987). Geographically,
process of decision making’. The status of women is
men and women share the same space, yet they are
also the emulative result of past and present position
not treated equally in the world.In reality, there exists
of women in the society which indicate whether they
inequality in women’s access to education, health
have been subject to discrimination or not. In this
care, physical and financial resources and
context, present paper studies the status of women
opportunities in political, economic, social and cultural
in spatio-temporal dimensions in the state of
field (Das 2013).In Indian society, a traditional opinion
Haryana. Haryana present an interesting case study
for woman is expected to run the household, assume
as the state is one of the developed state of India.
major responsibilities of child-rearing, and make
However, in level of various social parameters it is
adjustments or compromises with her husband and
not matching its level of economic development of
other family members (Yadava 1993). However, this
women in terms of various social, economic and
particular stereotype has changed over the past few
demographic parameters and tries to highlight the
decades. In modern India, women have adorned high
regional pattern where these parameters of women
offices in India including that of the President, Prime
development are inclusive of economic development.
Minister, Speaker of the LokSabha and Leader of the
The paper is based on secondary data of two time
Opposition. However, women in India generally are
periods largely obtained from census and relates to
still exposed to numerous social issues. According
two time periods i.e. 2001 and 2011. The analysis
to a global study conducted by Thomson Reuters,
reveals that spatially the situation of women has
India is the “fourth most dangerous country” in the
deteriorated over time with more number of districts
world for women.
joining the category where women are in vulnerable
position. Broadly speaking, the status of women is a recently
emerged concept which is complex, dynamic and
Introduction multi-dimensional. It is generally viewed in relative
Status of women refers to the position of women in context. Thereare, however, sharp differences of
society in relation to men. A number of studies have opinion as to whether status of women is a valid
defined women’ status by taking into account factors concept. It is basically a value laden expression
such as education, health, employment, salary and (Momsen and Tonwsend, 1987). The status of women
nature of work. An individual women’s status in a has been defined by scholars putting different
society, however, can be determined by her composite emphasis to its various dimensions. It is used to

Paper Received on 31.03.2015 Paper Revised and Accepted on 28.10.2015

Dr. Rajeshwari, Professor, Deptt of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Haryana , e-mail: rajeshwa riku @gmail.com
Dr. Singh, Research Scholar, Deptt of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Haryana, e-mail: bhimjangra @gmail.com
Eastern Geographer Vol. XXI, No. 1, Jan., 2015 50 4

Table-1: Overall sex ratio in Haryana Table 2: Child sex ratio in Haryana

Sex Ratio 20 01 2011 Child Sex 20 01 2011

Ratio
820 – 840 Panchkula, 770 – 800 Kurukshetra, Jhajjar,
Panipat, Sonipat Kaithal, Sonipat, Mahendrgarh,
840 – 860 Kaithal, Jind, Hisar, Sonipat, Gurgaon, Rohtak, Ambala, Rewari, Sonipat,
Rohtak, Jhajjar, 800 – 830 Panchkula, Ambala, Yamunanagar,
Faridabad, Palwal Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra, Rohtak,
860 – 880 Ambala, Panchkula, Kaithal, Karnal, Panipat, Gurgaon, Kaithal,
Yamunanagar, Jind, Hisar, Jind, Fatehabad, Karnal
Karnal, Bhiwani, Yamunanagar, Sirsa, Jhajjar,
Gurgaon, Mewat Rohtak, Mahendrgarh,
Faridabad, Palwal Rewari
Panipat, Jhajjar, 830 – 860 Hisar, Bhiwani, Panchkula, Panipat,
880 – 900 Sirsa, Fatehabad, Kurukshetra, Ambala, Gurgaon, Mewat, JindFatehabad,
Rewari Karnal, Sirsa, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Palwal SirsaHisar, Bhiwani,
Mahendrgarh,Rewari Faridabad,
900 – 920 Mahendrgarh Mewat, Fatehabad 860 – 890 Palwal
>890 Mewat
State 86 1 87 7
average State average 81 9 83 0

Source: Census of India 2001 and 2011. Source: Census of India 2001 and 2011.

assess resour ces such as education, gainful
employment and health services. Sometime, it is also
used to indicate the position (power, prestige and
authority) that a women has in the society
(Mahadevan, 1989). To be more specific, the concept
of status of women in society assumed international
significance after the first major United Nations
Conference on women held in 1975.The United
Nations defined the term ‘status’ as ‘the extent of
control that a person has over his/her life, derived
from the access to knowledge, social and economic
resources and political power and autonomy enjoyed
in the process of decision making’ (United Nations,
1975). The concept of status helps ordering of
individuals in term of attributes like level of education,
occupation, income, perception of one’s status within
the home and in the society, decision-making, number
of restrictions imposed in one’s activities, freedom
and so on. Considering the ‘status’ in the light of
these attributes it is seen that the level of status of
women varies from country to country. The level of
women’s status is generally found to be low in the
developed countries and pitiably low in developing
countries. Within a country again, the level of status
of women significantly differs from one area to
another, one community to another and also from
rural to urban (Vohra and Sen, 1986).
Objectives
In this context, the present study aims to study the
status of women in Haryana by taking a number of
social, economic and demographic parameter. It also
aims to analyse the temporal situation in status of
women by comparing two time periods i.e. 2001 and
2011. It attempts to find out the spatial regions where
its status has improved or has deteriorated.
Data Base and Methodology
Status of women is the cumulative result of past and
present positioning of women in society which
suggest whether they have been subjected to
discrimination or not. Status of women cannot be
defined by single indicator. Hence, in the present
studyit has been derived through indirect indicators
by various researchers. These indicators may broadly
classify into three majors groups which relate to
demographic, social and economic parameters.
Among demographic indicators, generally overall sex
ratio, child sex ratio, married girls below 18 years. The
social indicators such as female literacy rate,gender
gap in literacy and crime against women has been
Status of Women in Haryana : A Spatio-Temporal Study
Fig.1: Haryana overall sex ration
considered. The economic indicators generally refer
to the earning capability which is generally shows
by indicator of female work participation rate.The
study is based on secondary source of data for two
time period i.e. 2001 and 2011. All demographic
indicators discussed above data have been collected
mainly from Census of India for the year 2001 and
2011. Data for married girls below 18 years has been
derived from DLHS-2 and DLHS-3 surveys which
relate to 2002-04 and 2007-08 years. Again, the data
for social indicators are being taken from Census and
NCRB. The data for female work participation has
been derived from PCA of the year 2001 and 2011. For
all these indicators, the analysis is based on simple
percentages. In case of crime against women crime
per lakh women has been calculated for the respective
time periods. Overall status of women has been
computed by applying Composite Index. In this
statistical technique ranking method is used. Ranks
are assigned representing first rank to best performing
district. Hence, the larger rank shows the worst
performing district or where women are in most
vulnerable position and these are the areas where
government intervention is needed most.
Spatio-Temporal Pattern in Overall Sex Ratio
Sex ratio is one such widely used tool for cross
sectional analysis to measure gender balance. Sex
ratio is defined in the census of India as the number
of females per thousand male in the population.
Researchers havelinked son preference to gender bias
against girls in healthcare, nutrition, food allocation
and so on to explain the declining sex ratio (Miller
1981; Clark 1987; Kanitkar 1991; United Nations 1998).
50 5
Fig.2: Haryana child sex ratio
The desired family size and gender composition of
children under the prevalent regime of male preference
work towards the elimination of girls in the foetal
stages through intervention ofadvanced scientific
technologies, infanticide, neglect and discrimination
(Bardhan 1982,Jejeebhoy 1993).
In the present paper sex ratio study area of two time
period i.e. of 2001 and of 2011 has been presented in
table 1 and fig. 1 shows that the state average overall
sex ratio was 861 in 2001, which has increased to 877
by 2011 indicating an increase of 16 point. It may
however not be considered that status of women has
increased substantially. Rather this increase is largely
due to increase in female life expectancy during this
time period which has led to more female population
in older ages and thereby increase in sex ratio. The
spatial variation in overall sex ratio of two time periods
has been shown in fig. 1. It shows that the southern
district which in 2001 had relatively better sex ratio
has slipped to lower category in 2011. The only
district which in 2011 showed a better sex ratio is the
district of Mewat which has higher female to male
ratio but in earlier time period may have been marked
due to it being part of Gurgaon. It may however be
noted that in 2001 three districts of Haryana had lesser
than 840 female per thousand male and by 2011 there
is no district falling in this category. Panchkula is
showing more improvement while three districts
namely Yamunanagar, Rewari and Sirsaretained their
status as it is (did not moved up and down). The
district of Mahendragrh however, has registered
decline overall sex ratio in ten years period.
Eastern Geographer Vol. XXI, No. 1, Jan., 2015 50 6

Table-3: Married girls below 18 years age at marriage in Table-4: Female literacy rate in Haryana
Haryana
Percent 20 01 2011
Percent 20 01 2011 literates
Girls
< 40 Kaithal, Fatehabad, Mewat
0 – 10 Ambala, Kurukshetra Panchkula, Gurgaon, Mewat
Yamunanagar,
40 – 48 Jind, Sirsa, Hisar,
Ambala,
Bhiwani, Mahendrgarh,
Kurukshetra,
Faridabad, Palwal
Panipat, Sonipat,
Rothak 48 – 56 Yamunanagar,
Kurukshetra, Karnal,
10 – 20 Panchkula, Kaithal, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat,
Yamunanagar, Fatehabad, Sirsa, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Rewari
Karnal, Rewari Jhajjar, Rewari, 56 – 64 Panchkula, Ambala Kaithal, Jind,
Faridabad, Palwal Fatehabad, Sirsa,
HisarPalwal
20 – 30 Panipat, Sonipat, Jind, Jind, Hisar, Bhiwani,
Fatehabad, Sirsa, Gurgaon 64 – 72 Kurukshetra, Karnal,
Rothak, Jhajjar Panipat, Sonipat,
Bhiwani, Rohtak,
30 – 40 Kaithal, Hisar, Mahendrgarh Jhajjar, Mahendrgarh,
Faridabad, Palwal Rewari
72 - 80 Panchkula,
40 - 50 Bhiwani, Mahendrgarh, Mewat Yamunanagar,
Gurgaon, Mewat Ambala, Gurgaon,
Faridabad
State 27 .8 15 .9
State 55 .7 66 .8
average
average

Source: DLHS-2 and 3 Source: Census of India 2001 and 2011.

Spatio-Temporal Pattern in Child Sex Ratio
Another measure which shows women status is child
sex ratio. The accepted scientific truth is that at birth
the male female ratio is .50 and .49 meaning thereby
that in nature marginally more male babies are born
as compared to female babies. But because female
babies are biologically stronger than male babies so
by the age of one year they are almost equal to male
number by infancy. If a drastically low girl babies are
found in any population, it reveals and indicates
towards their selective bias. Nowhere in developed
world, such a distorted pattern of low female-male
ratio may be seen as it is found in northern India
which is largely due to existing selective
discrimination against girl child and son preference.
Studies have also revealed the practice of female
feticide, use of amniocentesis and excess female
mortality in this part of India birth (Kishor 1993; Centre
for Women’s Development Studies 2002).
Table 2 presents the child sex ratio reality of study
area for two time period. The child sex ratio was 819
in 2001 which increased to 11 points by 2011 census.
It is a positive improvement but still nowhere closing
the gap. In earlier time period 13 districts were having
child sex ratio less than state average, while by 2011,
the number of districts were 11 which had chil sex
ratio lower than state average. The only two districts
which have shown improvement
arePanipat and Jind, while Gurgaon has slipped one
step down. The spatial pattern is presented in fig. 2
which shows southern Haryana districts and area
adjoining National Capital Region (NCR) have jointed
the categories of lower child sex ratio. It shows that
son preference in the region is not minimizing in big
way and population remains more masculine at lower
ages itself.
Saptio-Temporal Pattern in Married Girls below 18
years
Early marriage often accompanies early pregnancy,
with youngunprepared mothers being saddled with
responsibilities beyondtheir capacities. Pregnancies
at young ages are more likely to resultin underweight
Status of Women in Haryana : A Spatio-Temporal Study
Fig.3: Haryana girls marrying less than 18 years age
babies, stillbirths or abortions, especially
wheremothers suffer from poor health and
deficiencies (Rustogi, 2004).
It shows that despite the legally stipulated minimum
age of 18 years about one-fifth of girls still get married
before attaining this age in the all districts of Haryana.
The percentage of married girls below legal age at
marriage in Haryana for 2001 and 2011 has been
presented in table 3. In 2001, about 28 percent girls
married below 18 years in Haryana. There were nine
districts where more than 28 percent by 2007-08,
however, this proportion has decline to 16 percent.
The spatial variations are presented in table 3 reveals
that there were 6 districts where more than 20 percent
girls were married below 18 years or may be termed as
child marriage.
Saptio-Temporal Pattern in Female Literacy Rate
Women education is considered very important for
overall development. Studies have shown that it not
only improve quality of life inside home but outside
also, i.e. in competing infant mortality, in reducing
growth rate of population, in improving girls age of
marriage, in their own health and sanitation etc. (Roby
1990, Suguna 2011).Literacy is the first step towards
formal education. It refers to theability to read and
write. Female literacy has been improving overthe
years. The statistics regarding two time period the
under study has been presented in Table 4.
It shows that female literacy was about 58 percent in
Haryana during 2001 which was marginally higher
than all India average. It may be noted that in economic
50 7
Fig.4: Haryana female literacy rate
development, the state rank at number one, which is
female literacy its rank was 22th. Female literacy has
increased by 2011, and now it is 67 percent. Further,
the all India ranking reveals that the state’s rank has
further deteriorated to 24th rank. The spatial variation
in female literacy of both the time priods has been
presented in fig. 4. It shows that during 2001, nine
districts of the state had below state’s average in
literacy rate. The pattern shows that northern and
eastern districts have high female literacy during 2001,
in 2011 trends almost be same with adjoining NCR
area.
Gender Gap in Literacy Rate
As for as gender gap in literacy rate is considered,
Haryana shows large gender gap. This gap for two
census periods has been presented in table 5. Gender
gap in literacy was 23 percent points in 2001 and
more than half Haryana’s districts (12) were having
large gap i.e. larger than state average. It was only in
northern districts of the state mainly in Ambala,
Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra and Karnal
where the gap was around 15 percent points. The
change over a period of time, however show a positive
trend. Table 5 and fig. 5 shows that the gap is closing
in. During 2011, the gender gap was around 19 percent
point. It may however, be noted that while all India
average gap has come down to 16 percent point, it is
still very high in the study area. The districts of
sourthern Haryana exept Gurgaon and Faridabad
continue to have large gender gap in literacy meaning
thereby that women’s literacy and education has been
Eastern Geographer Vol. XXI, No. 1, Jan., 2015 50 8

Table-5: Gender gap in literacy in Haryana Table-6: Crime against women in Haryana

Percent 20 01 2011 Per lakh 20 01 2011

point women
10 – 15 Ambala Panchkula, Ambala, < 30 Sonipat, Jind, Hisar, Bhiwani
Yamunanagar, Bhiwani, Mahendrgarh,
Kurukshetra, Gurgaon, Rewari, Sirsa
Faridabad, 30 – 40 Yamunanagar, Kaithal, Kurukshetra,
15 – 20 Panchkula, Kaithal, Karnal, Karnal, Rothak, Kaithal, Jind,
Yamunanagar, Panipat, Sonipat, Pa nipa t Fatehabad,
Kurukshetra, Karnal Fatehabad, Sirsa, Gurgaon, Mewat
Rothak, Jhajjar 40 – 50 Panchkula, Ambala, Panchkula,
20 – 25 Kaithl, Panipat, Jind, Hisar, Bhiwani, Kurukshetra, Yamunanagar,
Sonipat, Fatehabad, Rewari Fahtehabad, Karnal, Sonipat,
Sirsa, Rohtak, Jhajjar Sirsa, Mahendrgarh,
25 – 30 Jind, Hisar, Bhiwani, Mahendrgarh, Palwal Rewari, Palwal
Rewari, Gurgaon, 50 – 60 Jhajjar, Faridabad, Ambala, Hisar,
Mewat, Faridabad, Palwal Jhajjar, Faridabad
Palwal
> 60 Gurgaon, Mewat Panipat, Rohtak
30 - 35 Mahendrgarh Mewat
State 22 .8 18 .6 State 34 46
average average

Source: Census of India 2001 and 2011. Source: NCRB 2001 and 2011.

still accorded low value. The improvement in female
literacy is relatively better in northern Haryana
districts.
Saptio-Temporal Pattern in Crime Against Women
Another social and cultural variable considered to
measure the status of women is crime against women.
The extent of violence in a society and crimes against
women reflecthow secure women feel and how safe
they actually are. To live lifewith dignity is a basic
necessity for all people, including women.Placed on
the wrong side of power and hierarchies, women
oftenface the brunt of violence. In patriarchal set up
they are viewed as the propertyof the men in their
lives, whose responsibility it is to protect them,conflict
between men and women over any issue provoke
violence against women (Gurumurthy 1998;CWDS
2002).Crime against women as obtained from NCRB
has been presented in table 6. It has been converted
into rate i.e. per lakh women. During two time periods,
the reported crime has increased tremendously in
absolute number as well as per lakh women. The
spatial pattern of crime as presented in fig. 6 reveals
that during 2001, recorded crime against women was
higher in northern and southern districts of the state
leaving central and western Haryana districts with
relatively better situation. This picture however has
changed completely by 2011, whereby all districts
except Bhiwani showing a low rate of crime against
women. It may be noted that crime against women is
not only increasing but it is widespread i.e. across
spatial units of the state showing little or no
association either with female literacy or any other
parameter of development, which is quite worrisome
and a matter of great concern.
Saptio-Temporal Pattern in Female Work
Participation Rate
Gender related studies reveal that there is substantial
gap in man and women work participation rates in
developing countries. In case of India, the gender
gap index of economic participation and
opportunities reveal that India rank at 23rd out of 135
countries (Ghani, et al 2013). The analysis by various
researchers reveals that women are missing from
labourfore, there are less work opportunities for
women, more of unpaid work and deplored situation
of women in agriculture (Mazumdar and Neetha, 2011;
Neetha, 2013). If economic independence is a
prerequisite for women economic independence, then
Haryana shows quite a disturbing pattern. The
Status of Women in Haryana : A Spatio-Temporal Study
Fig.5: Haryana gender gap in literacy
statistics regarding women’s work participation
(WWPR) has been presented in table 7. It shows that
in 2001 WWPR was about 28 percent and by 2011, it
has decline to 17 percent. It may also be noted that
male-female gap in WWPR has also increased from
23 percent point in 2001 to 32 percent point in 2011
meaning thereby that work opportunities have shrunk
more for women, leaving them more vulnerable to
sustain their livelihood.
The spatial pattern in WWPR for two time periods
under study has been shown in fig. 7. On whole the
fig. reveals that WWPR for women is higher in western
and southern districts of Haryana (leaving Gurgaon).
By 2011 also, the spatial pattern did not changed
much. The overall WWPR has declined drastically
all over Haryana but more so in northern and eastern
districts of the state. The low WWPR indicates
towards women excision in the economic
development and also points towards their limited
status in the society.
Overall Status of Women
By giving equal weightage to each of these variables
which have been analysed here one can also identify
area or regions where women show most vulnerable
position and where they are relatively better placed.
This attempt has been made by assigning ranks to
each districts of the entire specified variable. One
major limitation of this method is that it ignores the
difference between two districts and places the other
just next to it, hence ignoring the magnitude of
difference. Withstanding this limitation, on attempt
50 9
Fig.6: Haryana crime against women
has been made to find out status of women in 2001
and 2011. During 2001, Faridabad, Gurgaon and
Kaithal districts were the most vulnerable districts
showing poor women status. By 2011,
Mahendragarh, Hisar, Jhajjar and Rohtak districts
showed women in vulnerable position (Fig. 8), while
the better performing districts were Panchkula, Sirsa
and Kurukshetra. It is quite surprising to find that
over a period of ten years, two NCR adjoining districts
namely Rohtak and Jhajjar have joined the category
of low women status in the state. Nontheless it shows
that development is women exclusive in these areas.
All other districts of state were bracketed as having
moderately performing as far as status of women in
concerned.
Conclusions
The analysis of all the seven indicators of present
study clearly reveals that there are spatial variations
in the status of women in Haryana.In 2001 and 2011,
the overall sex ratio and child sex ratio remain
unfavourable to women signifying low care of girls
and women and more of son preference. Though the
count of women has increased over a period of ten
years, yet one cannot say that their status has
increased. This increase is largely associated with
the increase in life expectancy of women and in child
sex ratio improvement is largely due to reduction in
excess female mortality after infancy. Similarly, there
is little improvement in percent girls were married
below 18 years of age.. Crime against women is
shockingly high in Haryana. Between 2001 and 2011,
Eastern Geographer Vol. XXI, No. 1, Jan., 2015 51 0

Table-7: Female Work Participation in Haryana

Percent 20 01 2011
worker
7 – 14 Ambala, Yamunanaga Ambala, Yamunanagar,
Mewat, Faridabad,
Palwal
14 – 21 Panchkula, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Kaithal,
Faridabad, Palwal Panchkula, Karnal,
Sonipat, Rohtak,
Jhajjar, Gurgaon,
Pa nipa t
21 – 28 Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Jind, Fatehabad, Sirsa,
Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar, Bhiwani,
Mewat Mahendrgarh,
Rewari Fig.7: Haryana famale work participation rate
28 – 35 Panipat, Sonipat,
Jind, Fatehabad,
Sirsa, Hisar
35 - 42 Bhiwani, Jhajjar,
Mahendrgarh, Rewari
State 27 .2 19 .1
average

Source: Census of India 2001 and 2011.

crime against women has increased from 34 to 46 per

lakh women. It shows their low status and subjugation
society. Female work participation has also decline
over of a period of ten years which shows that work
opportunities for women have narrowed down in the
state. The overall status of women as obtained by
ranking all the seven indicators reveal that earlier
three districts showed women in vulnerable position,
while by 2011, three more different districts have
joined this category.
References
Bhargava, P.K. and P.C. Saxena(1987), “Determinants of
the Status of Women and Fertilityin Greater Bombay” The
Indian Journal of Social Work,8(1):pp. 71–81.
Bardhan, Kalpana(1985), ‘Women’s Work, Welfare
and Status: Forces of Traditionand Change in India,
Economic and Political Weekly, 20(50, 51.52):
pp.2261-69.
Bardhan, Pranab K(1982), ‘Little Girls and Death in
India’,Economic and Political Weekly, 17(36): pp. 1448-50.
Census of India (2001), Primary Census Abstract (PCA),
Directorate of Census Oprations Haryana, Chandigarh.
Fig.8: Haryana status of women
Census of India (2011), Primary Census Abstract
(PCA), Directorate of Census Oprations Haryana,
Chandigarh
Centre for Women’s Development
Studies(2002),‘Crimes against Women: Bondageand
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Gopalan, Sarla(2002),‘Towards Equality: The
Unfinished Agenda: Status of Womenin
India’,National Commission for Women,
Governmentof India, New Delhi.
Status of Women in Haryana : A Spatio-Temporal Study 51 1

Table -9: Ranking of variables vis-à-vis women status:2001

Districts Overall Child Ratio Female Gender Female Percent Crime Total
Sex Ratio Literacy Gap in Work Married Against Rank
Rate Literacy Participation Girls<18 Women
Rate years
Mahendragrh 1 9.5 11 21 1 18 2.5 64
Rewari 2 12 5 18 2 6 2.5 47 .5
Fatehabad 3 8 19 9 6 8 13 .5 66 .5
Sirsa 4 11 16 6 8 9 7 61
Bhiwani 5 5 14 17 4 19 1 65
Mewat 6.5 3.5 20 .5 19 .5 12 .5 20 .5 20 .5 103.5
Gurgaon 6.5 3.5 20 .5 19 .5 12 .5 20 .5 20 .5 103.5
Ambala 8 20 1 1 21 1 15 67
Kurukshetra 9 21 7 4 15 2 13 .5 71 .5
Karnal 10 13 .5 9.5 5 18 5 10 71
Yamunanagar 11 15 3 3 20 4 8.5 64 .5
Kaithal 12 18 18 10 14 14 11 97
Jind 13 9.5 17 15 5 11 5.5 76
Hisar 14 6 15 16 7 17 5.5 80 .5
Rohta k 15 .5 17 4 8 11 12 8.5 76
Jhajjar 15 .5 16 8 12 3 12 18 79 .5
Palwal 17 .5 1.5 12 .5 13 .5 16 .5 15 .5 18 95
Faridabad 17 .5 1.5 12 .5 13 .5 16 .5 15 .5 18 95
Sonipat 19 19 6 11 9 10 4 78
Pa nipa t 20 13 .5 9.5 7 10 13 12 85
Panchkula 21 7 2 2 19 3 16 70
Sonipat 20 .5 18 8 12 8 4.5 8.5 79 .5

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 Eastern Geographer Vol. XXI, No. 1, Jan., 2015 51 2

Table-10 : Ranking of variables vis-à-vis women status: 2011

Districts Overall Child Ratio Female Gender Female Percent Crime Total
Sex Ratio Literacy Gap in Work Married Against Rank
Rate Literacy Participation Girls<18 Women
Rate years

Mewat 1 1 21 21 18 21 4.5 87 .5
Fatehabad 2 6 19 14 6 15 2 64
Rewari 3 19 9 17 5 11 11 .5 75 .5
Sirsa 4 3 17 10 7 8 13 .5 62 .5
Mahendergarh 5 20 13 19 4 20 8.5 89 .5
Kurukshetra 6 15 10 5 13 .5 4.5 7 61
Karnal 7 14 11 7 16 9 11 .5 75 .5
Bhiwani 8 10 14 18 1 17 1 69
Ambala 9 16 .5 3 2 20 1 19 70 .5
Kaithal 10 13 18 13 11 10 4.5 79 .5
Palwal 11 2 20 20 17 13 .5 10 93 .5
Yamunanager 12 12 5 4 21 3 15 72
Hisar 13 .5 5 15 15 2 19 16 .5 86
Faridabad 13 .5 7 4 6 19 13 .5 18 81
Jind 15 .5 8 16 16 3 16 3 77 .5
Panchkula 15 .5 4 2 1 9 2 13 .5 47
Rohta k 17 16 .5 6 8.5 15 7 21 91
Jhajjar 18 .5 21 7 11 10 12 16 .5 96
Pa nipa t 18 .5 9 12 8.5 13 .5 6 20 87 .5
Gurgoan 20 .5 11 1 3 12 18 6 71 .5
Sonipat 20 .5 18 8 12 8 4.5 8.5 79 .5

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