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Modified Advances - in - Wireless - Communication - System 1 PDF
Modified Advances - in - Wireless - Communication - System 1 PDF
Communication Systems
Dr. K. S. Ramesh
Professor , Dept. of ECE,
K L University,
Vaddeswaram,
Guntur Dist
Why wireless ?
1. Mobility
Allowing users to move while using their
equipment
2. Easy installation
Easy to install wireless in hard-to reach
areas
3. Cost savings
Because there is no need to lay cables in
buildings.
Reduced network deployment time and cost
History of Communications
MTSO
PSTN
• Macro-cell size
of 1 to 15 miles is
f1
f6 f2 used,
f0
f5 f3 • Handoff between
f4 f 1 cells is essential
f1 f6 f 2 for seamless
f6 f 2 f0 communication.
f0 f5 f 3
f5 f 3 f4 • Cell splitting is
f4 used for
increased traffic.
Evolution of the Mobile
Communications
Functionality
IMT-2000
EDGE UMTS
<384K WCDMA-DS
< 2M
HSCSD GPRS
<58K <115K
Circuit data
<9.6 Kbps
Speech
Time
Growth of Cellular Phones
1200 Global:
1.8 to 2 billion by 2007
1000 40% by 2010
800
Indian:
Landline Subs
600 Fixed: 50 million (2006)
3% growth rate
400 Mobile: 120 milli. (2006)
(40% growth rate
200 from 2K)
Mobile Subs 400 mill. (2010)
0
First Generation Analog
Cellular Radio Systems
Channel
spacing 30 25 12.5* 25 25
(kHz)
Number of
channels 832 180 1999 1000 1240
Evolution of the Digital Cellular
Standards
European:
2G 2.5G 3G
GSM HSCSD / GPRS EDGE / WCDMA
9.6kbps 56 kbps 115 kbps 384 kbps 2Mbps
North American: 4G
2G 2.5G 3G
IS-95 / 136 95B / 136B cdma2000
9.6kbps 64 kbps 384 kbps 2Mbps
IS 95
IS 136 PDC
GSM
BSC PSTN/
ISDN
BTS BTS
Base Station: A fixed station
Forward Channel connects mobile station to
FVC and FCC backbone network
MSC: Mobile switching Center
coordinates the routing of calls
in a large service area.
Functions of the Equipment
Frequency hopping
Transmission power control (TPC)
Voice Activity Detection and Comfort
Noise Generation
Software radios (SWR)
Transmit diversity
High Performance DSPs
High energy rechargeable batteries
4G and Next Gen.
Systems
PSTN
Radio 4G all IP
Access
Core NW
Network
PSTN
Gateway
PSTN
Applications
• Wideband CDMA(WCDMA)
• Wideband TDMA(WTDMA)
• TDMA/CDMA
• OFDMA
• Opportunity Driven MA (ODMA)
• MC-CDMA (sinusoidal or wavelet)
• MC-DS-CDMA (sinusoidal or wavelet)
Enhancements:
• Space time codes (STC) tx. diversity
• Adaptive antenna operation and beam forming
• Coded modulation
Open Issues
• Multiaccess method
• Legacy
• Spectrum
• Multiple bands / wideband
• Scalability