Chapter 2 The Klein-Gordon Field 2.1. Classical electromagnetism In this problem we derive the field equations and energy-momentum tensor from the following action of classical electrodynamics, S= + J ds FFM, with Ry = Ay — Ay (21) (a) Maxwell's equations To take variation of the classical action with respect to the field A,, we note, ag = BO, oe (22) Then from the frst equality we got sa Fw) <4 ea) aA) Now substitute this into Euler-Lagrange equation, we have, 0 (a5) - x -0,F#" (24) This is sometimes called the “second pair” of Maxwell’s equations. The so-called “first pair follows directly from the definition of Fy, = QyAy — Ay, and reads OF + OpFor + Oy Fun = 0. @ ‘The familiar electric and magnetic field strengths can be written as B* = —F® and ¢*B* = \is we deduce the Maxwell's equations in terms of £* and B°: respectively. From OE =0, etka BY — a ), ka) E* = 0, a B =0. (2.6)Chapter 2. The Klein-Gordon Field (b) The energy-momentum tensor The energy-momentum tensor can be defined to be the Nother current of the space-time translational symmetry. Under space-time translation the vector A, transforms as, SAY = OF AY. (2.7) Thi ~ ju Ea, yee 300,Aa) F OPA + ti Pe BPM. (2.8) Obviously, this tensor is not symmetric. We can add an additional term 3K” to 7” with K™" antisymmetric with its first two indices. It’s easy to sce that this term does not affect the conservation of T#”. So if we choose K™” = F**A, then, T! = T+ KM = 1 ape da y+ gn Syl. (2.9) ‘ow this tensor is symmetric and is sometimes called the Belinfante tensor in literature. ‘We can also rewrite it in terms of E and BY, + BB‘), OR BE ete, (2.10) 2.2 The complex scalar field The Lagrangian is given by, L= 0,6" — mg". (2.11) (a) The conjugate momenta of @ and ¢* aL r=—= (2.12) r= 355 7? (2.12) The canonical commutation relations: (x), ay): (2.13) The rest of commutators are all zero. The Hamiltonian: H= J ae (no m8 — L) = / Bx (er + Ver Vs+ mete). (2.14) (b) Now we Fourier transform the field @ as | ap 1 ' 2) = re pee eo 0) = f Gay Vib“? be ) (2.15) thus: ° oe) = f 24 (2.16) (2m) \/2E,2.2. The complex scalar field Substitute the mode expansion into the Hamiltonian: H = [ex (@ 6+ Ver Vo+ mgr) - fe [ear oy ene iE, Gy tk, +2) (age-*™* — the) tp ar ape?*) (age — Bho”) 12 (aber err) (age te") fo oe ap aq (Qn) /2E, On V2 x [ee + p-q+m?)(ahagel” + bptle “ °*) (BpBa + Pq ~m?)(bqage 19% + ab bhelor )| Iota (2a) /EBp (Ox) 2B x [Ge+P qtm (al, agell®e I be HF) (2) 8p) —(EpEq+p-4a- rm) (bgage™ 2, Bispt ime «fe = [ex Be (ohoy + thby + Bosh) a7) Fal 4 ab beter Fal) (27849 (p + a) at,ay + byt) where we have used the mass-shell condition E, = \/m?+p?. Note that the last term contributes an infinite constant, which can be interpreted as the vacuuin energy and can be dropped, for instance, by the prescription of normal ordering. Then we get a finite Hamiltonian, H= / Ox By (chan + bby), (2.18) Hence we get two sets of particles with the same mass m, (c)_ The theory is invariant under the global transformation: ¢ + €'¢, o* + ed". The corresponding conserved charge is Q [exes oe) (2.19) Rewrite this in terms of the creation and annihilation operators Q= ifee (66 - 6")Chapter 2. The Klein-Gordon Field ap ag : [oe a fe (Qn)° /2Ey (27)°\/2Eq I » “la ips aje*) (age ioe -/ (2)8\/2E, (20) \/2E x [(é = Bp) (tage — ab pele) (27)%6(p + a) (By + Ba) ( be MBH) (25)°5 ip a] = |? _ or vata, — b,bt) J aba Bolebon~ bt Bp FE (obey Bb), (220) where the last equal sign holds up to an infinitely large constant term, as we did when calculating the Hamiltonian in (b). Then the commutators follow straightforwardly: [Qa] =at, [Q, bt] = -0t (2.21) We sce that the particle a carries one unit of positive charge, and b carries one unit of negative charge (a) Now we consider the case with two complex scalars of same mass. In this case the Lagrangian is given by £= 0, da", — m)o,, (2.22) where &, with i = 1,2 is a two-component complex scalar. Then it is straightforward to see that the Lagrangian is invariant under the U(2) transformation ®, > Ub, with Uy a matrix in fundamental representation of U(2) group. The U(2) group, locally isomorphic to «Pp, SU (2) x U(1), is generated by 4 independent generators 1 and 47%, with r* Pauli matrices. Then 4 independent Nather currents are associated, which are given by, aL aL j= army Os — onTON = OHIO) — 0,8) 189,2.2. The complex scalar field 24a! )r9%; — (Oy )ry 5]. (2.28) The overall sign is chosen such that the particle carry positive charge, as will be seen in the following. Then the corresponding Nother charges are given by, Q= i fe (ara, 8;4,), Onn § fe lR ue) - 76), (2.24) Repeating the derivations above, we can also rewrite these charges in terms of annihilation operators, as, = [ FE (alyen She), = [FE (lyrion Synth) (225) The generalization to N-component complex scalar is straightforward. In this case we only need to replace the generators +*/2 of SU(2) group to the generators ¢* in the funda. mental representation of SU(.V) group with commutation relation [t4, ] = if*e* \dy to caleulate the commutators among all these Néther charges and ‘the Hamiltonian. Firstly we show that all charges of the U(.V) group commute with the Hamiltonian, For the U(1) generator, we have Then we are ri a.m)= [(eln0 ~blybn), (gaa | lab) ] at alglaly, aalaip + (a>) “(ae ahytip + (a-¥B)) 2n)°8(p — a) 0. (2.26) Similar calculation gives [Q°, H] = 0. Then we consider the commutation among intemal U(N) charges: bay, — tht), (al i [olntiain ~ bytbin): (hathiaea ~ Bebe] Ton (Alotitheara — algthtijaie + (a-»))(22)*5(p— a) alytiayp — byt, ) (2.27) and similarly, (Q, Q] = [Q*, Q] = 0.Chapter 2. The Klein-Gordon Field 2.3. The spacelike correlation function We evaluate the correlation function of a scalar field at two points D(x — v) = (0|e(z)o(y)|0), (2.28) with 2 — y being spacelike. Since any spacelike interval x — y can be transformed to a form such that x° — y® = 0, thus we will simply take: and |x—y| >0 (2.29) Now: -/ Wp 1 pews Onl 2Jm + a * ~ P Jipr cos 6 ay [acoso f~ dp—2__e [ ef * [ PD nee 2 £ pe (2.30) Now we make the path deformation on p-complex plane, as is shown in Figure 2.3 of P&S. Then the integral becom (mr). (2.31)