ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to tank’s God for his help, support,mercy and protection from any
obstacles and helped us to do this project by the gift of piece of knowledge. Next we would thank
our advisors they helped us in every aspect to accomplish this paper from starting to end of project
also we would like to thank our friend and family for their moral and material or financial support
throughout the accomplishing of our project.Lastly special thanks to adigrat university that prepare
this integrated course program.
 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
In our project we described the source to be used, the in distribution pipe network location and
parameters such as diameter, head and flow also the design for pump and service reservoir which
help in maintaining a constant supply at the time of excess demand by supporting the reservoir in
elevated included in this project.

The data collection will carry out population number and water demand requirements
The main topics covered in this project include methodology of design, design criteria , water
demand projection, and demand pattern and system structural design.
 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Water is a key component in determining our quality of lives. Today, people are concerned about
the quality of water they drink water is most common or the major substance on earth, Although, it
covers more than 70% of the planet’s surface. But only 3% of it is fresh water. Out of this 2% is
locked up in form of ice which currently is melting due to climatic change problems, but 1% is
water that recycles though evaporation/condensation cycle, that rains down earth, flows in to rivers
and lakes, to be used by mankind.

Human beings are highly dependent on water for survival. Although water is as important as air,
food etc. but we hardly pay any attention for its economical use and conservation of this best
resource. It should be recognized that the source of all water on earth is not the river, is not the
underground aquifer, is not the lake, well or stream. Rain is the source of all water.

Shortage and poor quality of water are some of the problems of many people in the world. These
problems are highly affecting the health and day today activity of the people. As one part of the
world our county, Ethiopia, is suffering by such problems.

Now day’s adigrat university has facing by a shortage of drinking water supply system because lack
of sufficient natural elevation place around the site to have head loss.

GENERAL BACKGROUND

Location and geology

Adigrat is located on the tigray region at a distance of900km from Addis Ababa.it is in Tigray
region eastern Zone.The geology of the areas comprises sandy deposits, gravels, sandy gravels, and
rock fragments.

Foundation
Adigrat town is one of the reform towns in the region and has a city administration.

General objective
The general objective of our project is to know the general concept and methods to apply for the
estimation of water supply quantities and for the designing of water supply reservoir and structural
analayis for dormitory.

Specific objective

 To design and analysis safe and economical water supply system

 To improve the distribution system
 To supply water continuously
 To increase water supply through future sustainable sources development
  Considering the total economy of the reservoir
 Considering on floor slab thickness

Statement of problem

 The existing method is not sufficient to satisfy the required demand.

 The existing reservoir is not elevated, so it needs electric pump distribute water through dormitory.
 The Shortage of water in the campus.
 Poor distribution method.
 CHAPTER TWO
2.Methodology and method

In this project design of Elevated water supply system for adigrat University main campus female
students dormitory block 33,34,35,36,37 is carried out starting from collection of data about the
population, water per capital demand, condition of site for locating the distribution system,
geotechnical analysis of soil which means the soil bearing capacity for carrying the loads on the
foundation due to water and structural components and setting out to locate the important
coordinates of the designed water supply system Finally, the technical recommendation and
conclusions are given at the end of the project work.

SITE INVESTIGATION
The purpose of site investigation is to access the stability of a site for a particular project or to
investigate the cause of failure of an existing structure and the design of a structure which is
economical and safe to construct, is durable and has low maintenance cost, depends upon an
adequate understanding of the nature of the ground.
 CHAPTER THREE
3 Hydrological analysis and design

3.1 design period

The future period for which various service unite and water supply scheme designed to provide
adequate water ,is known as the design period prior to design of water works, must establish true
length and time in the future that the improvement will serve the community before it is
abandoned.to fix the design period for any water supply scheme the following points should be
considered.

 Funds available for the completion of the project

 Life span of materials that are used in the water supply system
 Operation and maintenance cost
 Anticipated expansion of the town

Table 3.1 Design period of different components of water supply system

No Category type Expected life time

1 Reservoir 40
2 Building 40
3 Steel pipes 30
4 PVC and steel pipe 15
5 Electric motor pump 10

3.2Population forecast
The following are some methods of population forecasting.

 Arithmetic increasing method

 Geometric increase method
 Incremental increase method
 Decrease rate method
 CSA Method
Each of these methods has been developed with some sort of assumption and the engineer may get
different population forecast results from these techniques. but the factor that govern demographic
and population are the same. generally ,the following factors affect population dynamics.

 Birth and death rate

 Migration and immigration rates
 Urbanization and commercialization
 Industrialization

But this project is water demand assessment and distribution for student dormitories so there is no
need of forecasting population because no incremental rate in student dormitory it is fixed number
of student year to year.

Table 3.2 Total number of students

No of blocks No of rooms No of students in Total number of

each room students in each
building
33 54 4 216
34 54 4 216
35 54 4 216
36 54 4 216
37 54 4 216
Additional population in each building are as follows; Total=1080

Number of procter=1*5=5

Number of cleaner =2*5=10

Number of visitor=5%of total population =0.05*1080=54

Total population of the building=1080+5+10+54=1149

3.3 Computing water demand

Before we start to design a water supply scheme for a particular section of community first of all we
have to determine the water demand of that specific place.

The following criteria’s are necessary to planning a water supply scheme.

 Annual average rate of water in litters per day; a litre per capital per capital per day (Ipcd)is called
per capital demand
 Total annual volume in liters
 Average rate of water in liters per day per service that is v/365*1/number of service where
v=volume
 Maximum daily demand (MDD)
  Maximum hourly demand(MHD)

There are many variables factors affect water consumption makes difficult to assess the quantity of
water. certain empirical formulas are, therefore, generally used to assess this quantity, which may
give accurately results. the use of particular case has there fore to be decided by intelligence of the
designer.

Types of water demand

 Domestic water demand

 Industrial water demand
 Institutional and commercial
 Fire demand
 Water required compensating losses in wastes and thefts.

All these demands must be suitable and considered in order to estimate the total water demand of a
particular section if the community, depending up on the needed of those people for whom the water
supply scheme is to be designed.

3.4system of supply
The system of water may be continuous or intermittent.in continuous system water is applied all 24
hours. While in the case of intermittent system water is supplied for hours of the day only results in
some reduction in the consumption. This may be due to decrease in loss and other waste of full use .

In this project we should only consider the following demands;

 Domestic water demand

 Unaccounted water demand
 Fire demand

Domestic water demand

It includes the quantity of water required in the houses for drinking, bathing washing hand and face,
flushing toilets, washing clothes floors, utensils etc.

Demand of water is calculated on an average basis expressed in litters per capital per day(Ipcd)

Q=total yearly water requirement of the block in litters/360*design population

Population=A water supply scheme has to be designed for a students dormitories having a population of
1149..

Table 3.3 of water demand for students' dormitories (based on data’s collected)
Demand Volume in litters

Drinking 2-5

Bathing, washing clothes 40-60

Flushing water closets 18-25

Other needs 10-15

Total 70- 105

Table 3.4 list of water demand for student’s dormitories

No Drinking Cloth bathing cleaning flushing Total

washing
1 1 3.33 3.57 1 10 18.4
2 1.5 4 2.86 1 15 24.36
3 1 3.17 3.57 2 12 21.74
4 0.5 2.67 4.29 1 10 18.46
Daily demand=population*pcd

=1149*20.74

=23830lit/day

Domestic demand adjustment factor

Variation in demand; There are wide variations in the use of water in different seasoning different
months of the year, in different days of the month, in different hours of the day and even in different
minute of the hour.

Seasonal variations occur due to larger use of water in summer season, lesser use in winter and
much less in rainy season. Day to day variations (called daily variations) reflect house hold and
industrial activity. For example, the water consumption in generally more on Sundays and holydays,
on days of dust storms etc.... again there are variations in hour demand (called hourly variations).

For example, the combination reaches a peak between the following hours :

1:00-2:00 Am

From 6:00-7:00
From 11:00-12:00

This normal variation in the demand should generally be assessed and known in order to design
supply pipes, service reservoirs, distributed pipes, etc.

Table 3.5 socio-economic factors

Groups Description Factors

A Towns enjoying high 1.1
leveling standards and with
high potential for
development
B Towns having a very high 1.05
potential for development
but lower living standards at
present
C Towns under normal 1.0
Ethiopian conditions
D Advanced rural towns 0.5
We use socio-economic factors four our sites=1

Table 3.6 climatic effects factors

Groups Mean annual precipitations Factors

A <600 1.1
B b/n 600-900 1
C >901 0.9
We use mean annual precipitation for our site =1

Therefore adjusted water demand=23830l/d*1*1

=23830l/d

Non domestic water demand

The non-domestic water demand can be classified

Public water demand; the water required for various public building and institutions, public parks,
gardening etc.

Industrial water demand; if there are any industrial developments in the future shall look for
their own water supply system.

Uncounted for water; Uncounted for water; the main difference between the amount of water
produced and the amount of water billed is known as the uncounted for water. Due to physical
leakage in pipe and appetencies that is;

Leakage and overflow from service reservoirs

Leakage from main and service pipe connections

Since we assess water demand for dormitories only assume unaccounted water demand there is no
need of considering others

Unaccounted water demand=assume 15% of total demand=0.15*23830=3575l/d

Water demand factors

Average daily demand :the average day demand is taken to be the sum of domestic demand public
demand and unaccounted for water. the water demand supply in a day varies with time according to
the consumer life style.

ADD=total demand+unaccounted

=23830+3575

=27405l/d or 27.405m3/d

Maximum day demand: the maximum day demand is the highest demand for any one 24 hours
period over specific year. It represente the change in demand with season.the population size are
less than 2000 there fore take MDF=1.4

MDD=MDF*ADD

=1.4*27.405m3/d

=38.37m3/d

Peak hour demand; PHD is the maximum hourly demand in a given day. Such an event is likely to
happen morning hours when most people use water for bathing , washing and cooking.

The peak hour demand is greatly influenced by the size of the town.

Population size<2000=so PHD=3

PHD=PHF*MDD

=3*38.37m3/d

= 115.11m3/d

Water storage and distribution system

After the water has been properly treated and made safe, it has to be supplied to consumers in their
individual homes. This function of carrying the water from the treatment plant to the individual
homes is accomplished through a well-planned distribution system. A distribution system consists
of pipe lines, valves, pumps and service reservoirs.
  Pipe lines: for carrying the water to the streets.
 valves: for controlling the flow in the pipes
 meters: for measuring discharge
 Pumps; for lifting and, forcing water in to the distribution pipes.
 Service reservoirs; for storing the treated water to be feed in to the distribution pipes etc.
the water first be stored in a distribution reservoir and then feed in to the distribution
pipes of the student’s dormitories.
Methods of distribution

The main objective of a distribution system is to develop adequate water pressure at various points
of the consumer’s tapes depending up on the level of sources of water, topography of the area and
other local conditions and considerations the water may be forced in to the distribution system in the
following three ways;

1)By gravitational system

2)By pumping system, and

3)by combined gravity and pumping system

1)by gravitational system

In this system, the water from the high leveled source is distributed to the consumers at lower levels,
by the action of gravity without any pumping

2)by pumping system

In pumping system, the treated water is directly pumped into the distribution mains without storing
any where

3)by combined gravity and pumping system

In this system, the treated water is pumped at a constant rate and stored into an elevated distribution
reservoir, from where it is distributed to the consumers by the action of gravity. Since our project
studies about steel elevated water tank we use combined gravity and pumping distribution system.

Distribution reservoirs

Distribution reservoirs are storage reservoirs which store the treated water for supplying water
during emergencies and to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.

Types of distribution reservoirs

Depending upon their elevation with respect to the ground they may be classified into two types as
follows: -
Surface reservoir: - are constructed at the ground level or below the ground level.

Elevated reservoirs: -are rectangular, circular overhead tanks erected at a certain suitable elevation
above the ground level and supported on towers

They are constructed where the pressure requirements necessitate considerable elevation above the
ground surface and where the use of stand pipes becomes impracticable.

They are constructed in areas where the combined gravity and pumping system for water
distribution is adapted.

Storage capacity of distribution reservoir (elevated water tank)

The total storage capacity of water tank is the summation of: -

1. Balancing storage
2. Brake down storage
3. Fire storage

1)Balancing storage: - to meet the fluctuating demand with a constant rate of supply from the
treatment plant.

Assume there is a full supply of water to students dormitory for 24 hours and time interval to
supply water is 3hr.

Estimation of capacity of a balancing reservoir.

Average daily consumption=25759 l/d

Q=Average daily consumption /24 hr. where Q= discharge

Q=27405lit/24=1142lit/hr

Supply =Q*t, where t= time interval

=1142lit/hr*3hr

=3426lit

Demand(m3)=demand(%)*Average daily demand

From (0-3)hr , demand=20/100 *27405l/d =5.48 m3

From(3-6)hr , demand=10/100 *27405l/d= 2.74m3

And the remain hrs are tabulated below

Time interval (hr) Demand(%) Demand(m3)

12pm-3am 20 5.48

3am-6am 10 2.74

6am-9am 30 8.22

9am-12am 20 5.48

12am-3pm 10 2.74

3pm-6pm 3 0.82

6pm-9pm 2 0.55

9pm-12pm 5 1.37

Total 100 27.405

Time Supply Demand Cum. Cum. surplus Deficit

demand
(hr) (m3) (m3) Supply

12pm-3am 3.43 5.48 3.43 5.48 2.05

3am-6am 3.43 2.74 6.86 8.22 1.36

6am-9am 3.43 8.22 10.29 16.44 6.15

9am-12am 3.43 5.48 13.72 21.92 8.2

12am-3pm 3.43 2.74 17.15 24.66 7.51

3pm-6pm 3.43 0.82 20.58 25.48 4.9

6pm-9pm 3.43 0.55 24.01 26.03 2.02

9pm-12pm 3.43 1.37 27.44 27.4 0.04

Therefore balancing storage reservoir capacity is =max.surplus + max.deficit

 =0.04+8.2 =8.24m3
2)brake down storage

For brake down storage we use 25% of balancing storage.

BDR=25/100*8.24m3

BDR=2.06m3
3)Firestorage
In case of sufficient amount of water must remain available in the reservoir for throwing over the
fire.

FS(fire storage)=(5-10) of balancing storage.

FS=5/100*8.24

=0.42m3

Hence , the total reservoir capacity is equal to:-

=BS+BDR+FS , where BS=balancing storage

BDR= break down storage

FS= fire storage

Total reservoir capacity = [8.24+2.06+0.42] m3=10.72m3

use reservoir height=3m anddiameter calculated by V=A*H=πd2/4*3m=18m3

d=2.76≈3
There four circular tanker has diameter 3m and depth =3m

Assuming the elevated water tank is rectangular having a dimension of 3m*3m*4m?????

Volume of the reservoir is (L,W,D) =3m*3m*4m=36m3?????

Head loss calculation

by hazen williams equation

The distance between the first, second , third, forth and fifth dormitory from the service reservoir
is 39m, 44m, 50m,55mand 61 respectively.

we can determine the dimension of the elevated water tank from the total reservoir capacity as follows
. V=Q/A take Velocity 0.6m/s for safe against scoring and abrasive effect.

A=Q/V= ((27.40M3) /(24*60*60*) )/0.6 M/S A= 4.8*10-4m2

A=Πd2/4=d2= 4(4.8 *10-4) / π
 d= 0.03

Head loss computation for the dormitory at an L=39m from the service reservoir is as follow.

Using Hazen William equation; -

HL= 1/0.094*(Q/C) 1.85 *(L/D4.87)

HL= (1/0.094)*(0.00027/100)1.85 *(39/0.034.87) = 0.123m

Head loss per 1m length becomes HL=0.123m/39m= 0.00315m/m

Head loss computation for the dormitory at a L=44m

HL= (1/0.094)*(0.00027 /100)1.85 * (44/0.03 4.87) = 0.139m

Head loss per 1m length becomes HL= 0.139m/44m= 0.00316m/m

Head loss computation for the dormitory at a L= 50m

HL= (1/0.094)*(0.00027 /100)1.85 * (50/0.034.87) = 0.158m

Head loss per1m length becomes HL= 0.158/50m= 0.00316m/m

Head loss computation for the dormitory at a L=55m

HL= (1/0.094)*(0.00027 /100)1.85 * (55/0.03 4.87) =0.173 m

Head loss per1m length becomes HL= 0.173/55m= 0.00315m/m

Head loss computation for the dormitory at a L=61m

HL= (1/0.094)*(0.00027 /100)1.85 * (61/0.03 4.87) =0.192m

Head loss per1m length becomes HL= 0.192/61m= 0.00315m/m

The total height of the elevated water tanker becomes

Htotal= Height of the building + HL

=10+0.192=10.192m

Distribution networks

Fixing the size of pipes

In order to compute the terminal pressure in all the pipes, the head loss through each pipe will need
evaluation. From Hazen Williams formula
 HL=1/0.094[Q/CH]1.85*L/d4.87 And V=0.85CH*R0.63*S0.54 , R=D/4 S=slope of
hydraulic gradient

S=HL/length

1) Main pipe; - the pipe from the reservoir to the dormitory block-33

L=39m

HL=0.00315m/m

HL=0.00315m/m*39m=0.123m

2) Main pipe; - the pipe from the reservoir to the dormitory block-34
L=44m

HL=0.00316m/m

HL=0.00316m/m*44m=0.139m

3)Main pipe :- the pipe from the reservoir to the dormitory block -35

L=50m

HL= 0.00316m/m

HL=0.00316m/m*50m=0.158m

4)Main pipe :- the pipe from the reservoir to the dormitory block -36

L=55m

HL= 0.00315m/m

HL=0.00315m/m*55m=0.173m

5)Main pipe :- the pipe from the reservoir to the dormitory block -37

L=61m

HL= 0.00315m/m

HL=0.00315m/m*61m=0.192m

Design of main pipe using the peak hourly consumption= 115.11m3/day=0.00133m3/sec

0.00133m3/sec= (π*D2/4)*(0.85*CH*(D/4)0.63*S0.54) where S=HL/L

The total head loss for the five block is S= 0.192/61m=0.00315

 D2.63= (0.00133*4*40.63*)/ (π*0.85*100*0.03150.54) = 0.0742m=7.42cm=80mm

N.B:- The discharge 5of the five blocks is the peak hourly consumption divided by five.
Because the distribution of the water from the main reservoir is for five separate blocks.

Peak hourly consumption=115.11m3/day

Q= 115.11/5= 23.022m3/day or 0.000266 m3/sec (for block-33,34,35,36,37)

Pipe for ground floor block-33

Q=AV= (π*D2/4)*0.85*CH*R0.63*S0.54 , CH=100

R=D/4

0.000266m3/sec=π*D2/4*0.85*100* (D/4)0.63*( 0.00315) 0.54=D=0.04m

D=4 cm=40mm

Pipes for first floor block-33

Discharge (Q2) = Q1-(Q1/3) = 0.000266m3/sec – ((0.000266m3/sec)/3)

Q2=0.000177 m3/sec

Q=A*V

0.000177=1.243*D2.63 D=0.0345m=34.5mm

Pipes for second floor block -33

Discharge = Q1-(2Q1/3) = 0.0000887m3/sec

0.0000887=1.243D2.63 D=0.026m=26.5mm

For second block (B-34)

Q= 0.000266m3/sec HL=0.00315(9+44) =0.176m

0.000266=0.85*100(D/4)0.63*(0.176/12)0.54*π*D2/4

0.000266=2.843D2.63

Pipe for the ground floor block-34

0.000266=2.843D2.63 =D=0.029m=29.4mm
Pipe for the first floor block-34

Discharge= Q2-(Q2/3) = 0.000266 – (0.000266/3)=0.000177

0.000177=2.843*D2.63 =0.025= D =25mm

Pipe for the second floor block-34

Discharge= Q2-(2Q2/5) = 0.000266 – (2*0.000266/3) = 0.0000887

0.0000887=2.843*D2.63 = 0.019=D =19.4mm

For third block (B-35)

Q= 0.000266m3/sec HL= 0.00315(9+50) =0.195m

0.000266=0.85*100*(D/4)2.63*(0.195/12)0.54*π*D2/4

0.000266=3.01D2.63

Pipe for the ground floor block-35

0.000266=3.01D2.63 =D=0.0288m=28.75mm

Pipe for the first floor block-35

Discharge= Q2-(Q2/3) = 0.000266 – (0.000266/3)=0.000177

0.000177=3.01*D2.63 =0.025= D =24.6mm

Pipe for the second floor block-35

Discharge= Q2-(2Q2/3) = 0.000266 – (2*0.000266/3) = 0.0000887

0.0000887=3.01*D2.63 = 0.0189=D =19mm

For forth block (B-36)

Q= 0.000266m3/sec HL= 0.00315(9+55) =0.211m

0.000266=0.85*100*(D/4)2.63*(0.211/12)0.54*π*D2/4

0.000266=3.15D2.63

Pipe for the ground floor block-36

0.000266=3.15D2.63 =D=0.0283m=28.3mm

Pipe for the first floor block-36

Discharge= Q2-(Q2/3) = 0.000266 – (0.000266/3)=0.000177

0.000177=3.15*D2.63 =0.024= D =24.2mm

Pipe for the second floor block-36

Discharge= Q2-(2Q2/3) = 0.000266 – (2*0.000266/3) = 0.0000887 0.0000887=3.15*D2.63 =

0.0186=D =18.6mm

For five block (B-37)

Q= 0.000266m3/sec HL= 0.00315(9+61) =0.23m

0.000266=0.85*100*(D/4)2.63*(0.23/12)0.54*π*D2/4

0.000266=3.34D2.63

Pipe for the ground floor block-36

0.000266=3.34D2.63 =D=0.0276m=27.6mm

Pipe for the first floor block-36

Discharge= Q2-(Q2/3) = 0.000266 – (0.000266/3)=0.000177

0.000177=3.34*D2.63 =0.0237= D =23.67mm

Pipe for the second floor block-36

Discharge= Q2-(2Q2/3) = 0.000266 – (2*0.000266/3) = 0.0000887 0.0000887=3.34*D2.63 =

0.0182=D =18.2mm
 CHAPTER FOUR
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ELEVATED TANK

4. 1INTRODUCTION

The design of different structures is achieved by performing in general two main steps:

 Determining the different forces acting on the structure using proper method of structural
analysis

 Proportioning all structural members economically, considering the safety, stability,

serviceability and functionality of the structure.

Structural concrete is one of the materials commonly used to design all types of buildings. It is two
common material concrete and steel, work together to form structural members that can resist many
types of loadings. The key to its performance lies in strength that is complementary: Concrete
resists compression and steel reinforcement resists tension force.

The term structural concrete indicates all type of concrete used in structural applications. Structural
concrete may be plain, reinforced, pre stressed, or partially pre stressed concrete: in addition,
concert is used in composite design. Composite design is used for any structural member. Such as
beams or columns, When the member contains a combination of concrete and steel shapes.

EBCS 1-1995 provides guidance for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works.
It also provides:

 Characteristic values for densities of specific building materials.

 Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight of construction

elements.

 Characteristic values of imposed loads on floors and roofs in building structures.

4.2 LOAD ON ELEVATED TANKER

 Commonly any structure has 3 common loads to considered during design

a) Self Wight

b) Live load

c) Environmental load
Since the method of analysis is the same for each category of loading, all loads can be combined
before analysis is performed. However, separate analyses are usually carried out to facilitate the
consideration of various load combinations. For our case we also necessary to considered the
hydrostatic load of the water.

a) Dead Loads

Dead loads are those that act on structures as a result of the weight of the structure itself and of
components that are permanent fixtures. As a result, dead loads have fixed magnitudes and
positions. Examples of dead loads are the weights of the structural members, the weight of
permanent partitions, roof materials, ceilings and of fixed service equipment. The dead loads on a
structure can be determined from the materials and sizes of the various components. Unit weights of
materials are used to compute these dead loads.

b) Live Loads (Movable, Time dependent)

Live loads are those acting on structures during construction and due to use or occupancy of the
structures. These are of temporary nature. These are fixed neither in magnitude nor in direction.
These loads can further be classified as moving loads, and movable loads and time-dependent loads.
Moving loads are those whose position changes rapidly. Examples are vehicular loads on bridges
and crane loads in industrial buildings. Movable loads are those for which change in position take
place over an extended period of time such as people, merchandise, non-fixed furniture and
equipment, stored material in a warehouse and movable partitions in an office building. Time-
dependent loads are those whose magnitude varies as a function of time such as that due to
operation of machinery. Water load; in full condition of the tanker
c) Environmental Loads

There are numerous loading conditions that a structure experiences as a result of the environment in
which it exists. Examples are wind loads and earthquake loads in Ethiopia context.

In this chapter the static effect of wind loads will be discussed and Earthquake loads will be treated
in the next chapter.

Types of Environmental load

a) Wind load

Wind forces are variable loads which act directly on the internal and external surfaces of structures.
The intensity of wind load is related to the square of the wind velocity and the dimensions of the
members that are resisting the wind (frontal area).

The intensity of wind pressure depends on:

Shape of structure
 Angle of the induced wind

Velocity of air

Density of air

Stiffness of structure

Wind velocity increases with the power of the structural height because of friction effect on the
ground surface.

Friction between the ground surface and the wind strongly influences the wind velocity. Near the
ground surface, the friction between the air and the ground reduces the velocity, whereas at higher
elevations above ground, friction has little influence and wind velocities are much higher.

The wind pressure on the external surfaces of a structure We shall be obtained from:

We = qrefCe (ze) Cpe

The wind pressure on the internal surfaces of a structure Wi shall be obtained from:

Wi = qrefCe (zi) Cpi

The net wind pressure across a wall or an element is the difference of the pressures on each
surface taking due account of their signs. (Pressure directed towards the surface is taken as positive
and suction directed away from the surface is negative.)

Net wind pressure = we – wi = qref(CE(ZE) Cpe – Ce(Zi)Cpi)

F e=min (b or 2h)

b=4m&2h=2*10.2m=20.4m

G H I b therefore e=4m

Table 4.1 Determination of external and internal pressure coefficient

 Hp/h F G H I

Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10

0.00 -2.5 -1.8 -2 -1.2 -1.2 -0.7 -0.2 -0.2

0.2 0.2

Region F G H I
Area 0.4 0.8 4.4 6
Cpe (-ve) -2.5 -2 -0.9 0.00
(+ve) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Region Ref. wind. Exposure Exter. press. Ext. wind

pressure coeff Coeff press.
(qref) kN/m (ce(ze)) (cpe) KN/m2

F 0.215 1.999 -2.5 -1.074

0.215 1.999 0.00 0.00
G 0.215 1.999 -2 -0.859
0.215 1.999 0.00 0.00
H 0.215 1.999 -0.9 -0.387
0.215 1.999 0.00 0.00
I 0.215 1.999 0.00 0.00
0.215 1.999 0.00 0.00
Critical pressure is: -1.074, 0.000
1.1.7) Computation of Internal Wind Pressure
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure shall be obtained from
Wi = Qref * Ce(Zi) * Cpi
where, Cpi :- Internal Pressure Coefficient 0.8 or -0.5
Zi :- Reference Height for internal

Ref. wind Exposure Inter.press. Int. wind

Pressure Coeff. Coeff presskN/m2
Qref Ce(zi) (cpi)
0.215 1.999 0.00 0.00

1.1.8) Computation of Net Wind Pressure

The net wind pressure is given by the sum of the internal and external pressure.
Wnet = We – Wi
 Hence,the net pressure with reference to the external pressure
Wnet=-1.074-0.00= -1.074KN/m2

Since the water tanker does not have an opining there is no formation of internal wind
pressure

b) Earth quake

An earthquake is a sudden random motion, or trembling, in the Earth’s upper crust caused by abrupt
releases of accum ulated strains in rocks below, volcanic activity, landslides and collapse of
underground caves.

Earthquakes and their magnitudes are impossible to predict. Design earthquakes are obtained from
statistical analyses carried out on past recorded earthquake data.

The Aim of Earthquake Resistant Design

I. To prevent structural damage and limit non-structural damage.

II. To prevent collapse during the worst credible event, although accepting some structural
damage may occur (the structure must not collapse or suffer damage that threatens life
safety during severe earthquakes).

III. Structural Damage: vertical and lateral load resisting systems e.g. frames and shear
walls.

Analysis of earth quake load The

design earthquake load to be considered for the design of a structure depends on seismicity of the
region, ground conditions of its site and stiffness of its structural components.
4.3 Design of Frame Structure for Earth Quake Assumptions
 All beam dimensions are 30cm*60cm
 All column dimensions are 50cm*50cm
 Floor slab thickness is 15.5cm
 Unit weight of the concrete ɤc=24KN/m3
Sub surface condition: - the elevated water tanker structure is constructed in medium stiff
cohesive soil (sub soil class C)

4.3.1 Story weight calculation

Story weight up to 4th floor

 Beam = 4*0.3*0.6*4m*24KN/m3=64.8KN
Column = 4*0.5*0.5*2.5m*24KN/m3= 72KN
First story weight of the last floor= 64.8KN+72KN= 136.8KN

Story weight of the last floor

Weight of slab= 0.155m*4m*4m*24KN/m3 = 93KN
Weight for beam= 64.8KN
Weight of column = 72KN
Total story weight = 72+64.8+93 = 229.8KN

4.3.2 base shear determination

Fb= Sd (T1) W where Sd (T1) = ɑßɤ
Then ɑ= ɑ0*I
The bed rock acceleration ratio depends on seismic zone.
Since adigrat is located in zone 4 according to EBCS -8, 95 ɑ0 = 0.1
The importance factor I=1(since it is ordinary usage structure)
ɑ= ɑ0*I = 0.1*1=0.1
The parameter ß is the design response factor for the site
ß= 1.2S/ (T1 )2/3 ≤ 2.5
S= 1.5 (since it is sub soil class C) C1= 0.075 for RC moment resisting frames,
Then
T1= C1H3/4= 0.075*(10.192)3/4=0.53sec
ß= (1.2*1.5)/(0.53)2/3 =2.7 ≤ 2.5…….since ß >2.5 we take ß=2.5
The parameter ɤ= ɤ0*Kd*Kr*Kw , where ɤ0=0.2 , Kd=1.0 , Kr=1 , Kw=1.0
ɤ= 0.2*1.0*1.0*1.0=0.2≤0.7
Sd(T1) = ɑßɤ= 0.1*2.5*0.2=0.05
Total weight of the structure (W) = 3*136.8+229.8 =640.2
Fb=Sd (T1) *W= 0.05*640.2KN
= 32.01KN

4.33 Distribution of base shear over the height of the building

 Fi= ((Fb-Ft) Wi*Hi)/Ʃ (Wi*Hi) since t<0.7sec not added at the top floor.

Story Wi(KN) Hi Wi*Hi

4 229.8 9 2757.6

3 136.8 6.5 1231.2

2 136.8 4 820.8

1 136.8 1.5 410.4

Ʃ= 5220KN

F4= (Fb*W4*H4)/ Ʃ (Wi*Hi) = (32.01KN*2757.6)/5220 = 16.91KN

F3= (32.01*1231.2)/5220 = 7.55KN
F2= (32.01*820.8)/5220= 5.03KN
F1= (32.01*410.4)/5220= 2.52KN

16.91KN

2.5m
7.55KN
2.5m
5.03KN
2.5m
2.52KN
1.5m

4.34 Distribution of story shear among frame elements

 Determination of center of mass of the frame system up to 4th floor

4m
A B

Structural Axis Lengt Widt Depth Weigh Wi Xi Yi Wi*xi Wi*yi

name h h t unit

1 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 2 0.15 54 3.24

2 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 2 4.85 54 104.76

A 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 0.15 2 3.24 54

B 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 4.85 2 104.76 54

1-A 2.5 0.5 0.5 24 18 0.25 0.25 4.5 4.5

2-A 2.5 0.5 0.5 24 18 0.25 4.75 4.5 85.5

1B 2.5 0.5 0.5 24 18 4.75 0.25 85.5 4.5

2B 2.5 0.5 0.5 24 18 4.75 4.75 85.5 85.5

Ʃ = 158.4 Ʃ =396 Ʃ =396 Then

Xm= (ƩWi*Xi)/ ƩWi = 396/158.4= 2m
Ym= (ƩWi*Yi)/ ƩWi= 396/158.4 =2m
Determination of center of mass for the last story
Structura Axis Length Width Depth Unit Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi Wi*Yi
l name weight

1 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 2 0.15 54 3.24

2 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 2 4.85 54 104.76

Beam A 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 0.15 2 3.24 54

B 4 0.3 0.6 24 21.6 4.85 2 104.76 54

1-A 4 0.5 0.5 24 18 0.25 0.25 4.5 4.5

2-A 4 0.5 0.5 24 18 0.25 4.75 4.5 85.5

Column 1-B 4 0.5 0.5 24 18 4.75 0.25 85.5 4.5

2-B 4 0.5 0.5 24 18 4.75 4.75 85.5 85.5

Slab 4 4 0.155 24 93 2 2 232.5 232.5

Ʃ=251.4 Ʃ =628.5 Ʃ =628.5

Then Xm= (ƩWi*Xi)/Wi= 628.5/251.4=2.5
Ym= (ƩWi*Yi)/Wi= 628.5/251.4=2.5

Determination of center of stiffness of the frame

A B

2
 16.91KN story-4

7.55KN Story-3

5.03KN
Story-2

2.52KN
Story-1

Section: - Beam column

60cm X 50cm X

30cm 50cm
Center of stiffness is determined using
Xs=Ʃ(DyX)/ ƩDy
Ys=Ʃ(DxY)/ ƩDx
Column stiffness
Kxc=Iyc/h=50*503/(12*2500)=173.61cm3
Kyc= Ixc/h=50*503/(12*2500)=173.61cm3
Since the column cross section and height is the same in each story the column stiffness is the same.
Beam stiffness
Kb=bh3/12=30*603/(12*400)=1080cm3

Calculation of K, a and D-values of all columns

Since the column and beam member in every direction are the same let’s consider the frame in x-
axis.

For the first story

K’=ƩKb/kc=1080cm3/173.61cm3=6.22
a=(0.5+k’)/(2+k’) = (0.5+6.22)/ (2+6.22) =0.82
D=a*kc=0.82*173.61=142.36
For the stories above the first story
K’=Ʃkb/kc= (1080+1080)/2*173.61=6.22
a=k’/(2+k’) =0.5+6.22/ (2+6.22) =0.81
D=a*kc=0.81*173.61=140.62

K=157.83 K=157.83
K’=1.37 K’=1.37 ƩD=126.6
a=0.4 a=0.4
D=63.13 D=63.13

K=173.61 K=173.61
K’=6.22 K’=6.22 ƩD=281.24
a=0.81 a=0.81
D=140.62 D=140.62
K=173.61 K=173.61
K’=6.22 K’=6.22 ƩD=281.24
a=0.81 a=0.81
D=140.62 D=140.62
K=173.61 K=173.61
 K’=6.22 K’=6.22 ƩD=281.24
a=0.81 a=0.81
D=140.62 D=140.62
K=173.61 K=173.61
K’=6.22 K’=6.22 ƩD=284.72
a=0.82 a=0.82
D=142.36 D=142.36

Story stiffness ƩDx and ƩDy of the whole building.

First story
Along x-axis A long y-axis

Frame on Dx Y Dx*Y Frame on Dy X Dy*X

axis axis

1 284.72 0 0 A 284.72 0 0

2 284.72 4 1423.6 B 284.72 4 1423.6

Ʃ=569.44 Ʃ=1423.6 Ʃ=569.44 Ʃ=1423.6

Xs=Ʃ(DyX)/ƩDy=1423.6/569.44=2m
Ys=Ʃ(DxY)/ƩDx=1423.6/569.44=2m

For stories above the first story

Along x-axis Along y- axis

Frame on Dx Y Dx*Y Frame on Dy X Dy*X

axis axis

1 126.6 0 0 A 126.6 0 0

2 126.6 4 633 B 126.6 4 633

 Ʃ=253.2 Ʃ=633 Ʃ=253.2 Ʃ=633
Xs=Ʃ(DyX)/ƩDy=633/253.2=2m
Ys=Ʃ(DxY)/ƩDx=633/253.2=2m
Since the center of mass and center of stiffness are the same there is no eccentricity

Computation of direct shear forces

Fi=Di*F/ƩDi ,

Story Axis Di F Fi

1 284.72 1.26
1 2 284.72 2.52KN 1.26

1 284.72 5.03KN 2.52

2 2 284.72 2.52

1 284.72 7.55KN 3.78

3 2 284.72 3.78

1 126.6 8.455
4 16.91KN
2 126.6 8.455

DESIGN OF SOLID SLAB

Load calculation that acts on the solid slab due to the live load and dead load.
Dead
load of the water tank= ɤsteel*height*Area
ɤsteel= 77KN/m3 …………… (From EBCS-1 1995, table 2.1)

Then the dead load = 77KN/m3 *3m * Πd2 /4= 0.163KN ,w/r D=0.03
So we can neglect this self weight b/c this value isn’t much effect on the structure.
The area load = 0.163/16= 0.01KN/m2
The area load due to water = reservoir capacity * water
 = 10.72m3* 9.81KN/m3 = 105.16KN
The areal load = 105.16KN/16m = 6.57KN/m2 A=4*4=16m2where length of the slab is 4m.

Assumptions from EBCS -2

 C0ncrete compressive strength C-25
 Steel tensile strength s-300
 Unit weight of concrete =1.5
 Unit weight of steel =1.15
 Characteristic cylinder compressive strength (fck) =20mpa
Characterstic tensile strength (fyk)=300
 Class I work

4m

Since the aspect ratio Ly/Lx= 4m/4m=1.Therefore, the slab is two-way slab.

Step 1 determination of minimum depth required for flexure(serviceability)

since our slab is treated as simply supported beam; βa=20

d≥ (0.4+0.6fyk/400) * Le/ßa =
(0.4+0.6*300/400) *4000/20= 170mm
So the design depth will be d= 170mm
Then D=d + d’, where d’= cc + Ø + Ø/2= 15mm+10mm+10/2mm=30mm
D= 170mm+30mm=200mm
Then d=D-d’=200mm-30mm= 170mm

Step 2 determinations of loadings

Self-weight of the slab(DL) = Depth of the slab(D) * ɤc

= 0.2m*24KN/m2 = 4.8KN/m2
Total dead load (DL) = dead weight of the water tank + self-weight

= 0.01KN/m2 + 4.8KN/m2
= 4.81KN/m2
Total live load = water load + LL(maintenance)
6.57KN/m2 +1KN/m2
=7.57KN/ m2
Then the design load will be Pd= 1.3DL + 1.6LL
1.3*4.81KN/m2 + 1.6*7.57 KN/m2

Pd= 19.8KN/m2

Step 3 Analysis

= PdL2x …….frpm EBCS-2

Table 5.1 coefficient

Panel Support Ly/Lx Pd Lx2 ɑXs ɑXf ɑYs ɑYf

condition

1 1 19.8 16(4*4) - 0.056 - 0.056

Then Mxf = ɑXf * Pd * Lx2 = 0.056 * 19.8 * 16=17.74KNm

Myf= ɑYf * Pd * Lx2= 0.056 * 19.8 * 16= 17.74KNm

17.74
4m
4m
Checking the depth of flexure d= √ (Mmax/ (0.8*þb*fcd *M(1-0.4 þ*M)))
Where Fcd = 0.68fck/ ɤc = 0.68 *25/1.5 =11.3Mpa
 Fyd= Fyk / ɤs = 300/1.15=260.87Mpa
M= Fyd/ 0.8Fcd = 260.87/ (0.8*11.3)=28.9
þb=( 0.8Ɛcu/( Ɛcu+Ɛs))*Fcd/Fyd where Ɛs= Fyd/ E= 260.87/(200*103)
= 1.304*10-3
þb= (0.8Ɛcu / (Ɛs + Ɛcu)) *(Fcd/Fyd) = 0.8*0.0035/ (0.001304+0.0035) * 11.3/260.87 = 0.023
For assuring ductility þ = 0.75 þb = 0.75*0.023=0.0173
Then d= √ ((17.74*103N*103mm)/ (0.8*0.0173*1000mm*11.3N/mm2 * 28.9(1-
0.4*0.0173*28.9)))
Then d= 145mm< d provided ………………. Safe.

Reinforcement calculation using design table becomes as follow

Km = √ (M/ bd2) where the As= Ks*Md /d and S= as*b/As
Km= √ (17.74/ 1*0.172) = √2367.55 = 21.46
Then Km Ks
21 2.36
21.46 Ks
25 2.41
By interpolation Ks= 2.715
As= Ks*Md/d= (2.715*17.74*103)170mm= 1320.2mm2
by assume= Ø10 S= (as*b)/As= ((π*100)/4) *(1000/1320,2) =20.03 mm
Since the spacing is too small let’s change the reinforcement diameter to enhance the workability
S= (π*122 *1000) / (4*1320.2) = 67.12mm=7cm
Hence use Ø12, C/C 70mm both direction
Nobars=As/as=1320.2/((π*144)/4)
=11.67use11

Detailing
 4m

4m

Load transfer from slabs to beams

For discontinuous support condition and Ly/ Lx=1 the values of shear force coefficient are
ßvx= ßvy= 0.33………. (from EBCS -2 table A-3)

Vx= vx dLx=0.33*17.74*4= 23.42KN/m

Vy= vy dLy=0.33*17.74*4= 23.42KN/m
 Total load which will be transferred to the beam=Vx +design load
= 23.42+19.8=43.22KN/m2

Design of Beam
The beam in the story carries a maximum load of
Pd= 43.22KN/m
43.22KN/m

4m
86.44KN
 86.44KN
Vd= WL /2= (43.22*4)/2=86.44KN
Mmax= WL2/8 = 135.06KNm

Design assumptions:
 Rebar = Ø14

 Stirrup= Ø8
 Concrete grade=C-25
 Steel Grade= S-300
 Class-1-work
 Concrete cover=25mm

Determination of design constant

Fcd= (0.68*25)/1.5= 11.33Mpa
Fyd=300/1.15= 260.87Mpa
m=Fyd=/(0.8*11.33)=28.78
þb= (0.8*Ɛcu)/(Ɛcu+Ɛs) *(Fcd/Fyd) where, Ɛs= Fyd/E= 260.87/(200*10-3)= 1.304*10-3
þb= (0.8*0.0035)/(0.001304+0.0035)*(11.4/260.87)=0.0255
For assuring ductility þ= 0.75 þb
= 0.75*0.0255=0.0191
1. Depth requirement for deflection

≥ (0.4 + 0.6 ⁄400) ⁄


300
(0.4+0.6∗ )4000
400
≥ d=97.14
20

To be safe we can increase depth so we take our own depth. So take d=200 mm

Then over all depth D= d+d

 d= Cc+s+/2

d=25+8+7=40mm

D= 200+40= 240mm Take 250mm

Then d= 250-40=210mm

Loading

Deadload=c*D*b+deadloads come from top structure

Width of the beam=250mm and D=400mm

c= unit weight of concrete= 24kN/m

DL=24*0.25*0.4= 2.4kN/m

Design load = 1.3DL+1.6LL

Design load=1.3*2.4+1.6*(7.57)=15.23KN/m Pd=

15.23+43.22=58.45kN/m

Bending moment for support= =77.9kN-m

12

Bending moment for the span= = 38.96kN-m

24
 To be the beam has uniform cross section use

Md=77.9for the design of the beam.

Check depth for flexure

d= √ (Mmax/ (0.8*þb*fcd *m(1-0.4 þ*m)))

d=179<=210 d provided……..it is safe
Take d=210mm
b=400mm
D=250mm
Calculate reinforcement using design table

Km = √ (M/ bd2) where the As= Ks*Md /d and S= as*b/As

Km= √ (77.9/ 1*0.212) = √2367.55 = 31.88 so ks=4.06
As= Ks*Md/d= (4.06*77.9*103)210mm= 1506.1mm2
S= (as*b)/As= ((π*14*14)/4) *(1000/1506.1)

=102.15mm take 100mm

Number of bars= As/as, as=3.14*D2/4=153.86

Number of bars = 1506.1/153.83=9.78take 10

=10Ø14c/c100mm

Design of beam for shear: -

Fctd= (0.25*(0.8*25)2/3)/1.5=1.03Mpa
d=210mm
K1=1.6 – d≥1
K1=1.6 – 0.21=1.39>1
As 1506.1
K2=1+50 where ρ = = = 0.031
bd 400∗210

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 K2=1.74
Shear strength of concrete Vc
Vc=0.25*Fctd*K1*K2*b*d
=0.25*1.03*1.39*1.74*400*210*10-3
=49.1KN
Section shear resistance Vrd
VRd= 0.25*Fctd*b*d=0.25*1.03*400*210=176.8KN
Therefore Vrd>Vc…………safe

58.45KN/m

4
m
116.9KN

116.9KN

Vd1L= design shear of last portion

From similarity of triangle
Vdl/ (2 – d) = 116.9/2
Vdl= (116.9/2) *(2 – 0.21) =104.6KN
Vdl=Vdr=104.6KN
VRd>Vdr>Vdl……. Safe against compression failure.

Let determine location of Vc

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116.9 Vc xr

xl Vc 116.9

116.9
Xl=0.54m from the left

Due to the symmetry of triangles the location of Vc from the left & right the location is the same.

So, from x=0 to x=0.54m on both sides provides minimum reinforcement.

Smax= 2 300
= × = 196.3
×
0.4 4 0.4 ∗ 400
= 210
800

Take Smax=190mm

So use 12 10c/c 190mm

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5.5Column Design

For designing the columns in our project we chose the column under the grade beam. Because all
the loads that come from the super structure is taken by this column. we have 4 columns it
having a length of 2.5meter each. We assume a cross section of columns 500mm*500mm.

Loads on bottom column

Pd=super structure loads +self weight of four columns

Self weight=1.3(0.5*0.5*4*24*4) =79.87KN/m

Pd=78.25+79.87=177.25KN/m

Pd=159.12KN/m

our column is subjected to biaxial bending (0.24KNm and 0.24KNm) and axial load(Pd).

159.12
1

500m
500m m
m

Using the interaction chart

′ ′

ℎ
Assume = 0.1
ℎ

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 Ag=500*500mm2 =160000

Mdx=0.24KNm

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Mdy=0.24KNm

Pd=159.12KN/m

Materials c-25 , s-300 and class -1 work

500mm

500mm

159.12*10 =0.098=0.1
= =
× 11.33*5002

6
= 0.24×10
=
× ×ℎ =0.13
11.33×2.53
0.24 × 106
ℎ = = 0.14

ℎ =Mh
× ×ℎ 11.33×2.53

From interaction chart w= 0.2

Ast=w Ac*fcd/fyd=0.2 *500*500*11.3/260.87=1386.13 mm

For this type of structures EBCS-2 provides minimum reinforcement.

For main or longitudinal reinforcement (Ae) 0.008≤Ae/Ac≤0.08 or

0.008Ac for minimum = 0.008 × 5002 = 500mm2
{
0.0008Ac for maximum = 0.0008 × 500 = 5000mm
Minimum bar =4 for rectangular and 3 for circular.

Diameter of longitudinal bar must be ≥12mm

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So take the minimum and provide Ф20 bar& number of bars for rectangular columns EBCS-2
provides minimum of four.

So we take 4 Ф20
2
Check Ast = N ∗ as = 4× 20 ×π
= 1256mm so we are safe where N=4 Ф=20mm
4

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Lateral ties so take Фs = 6mm
12Ф = 12 ∗ 20 = 240mm
Spacing ≤{ =240
2D=500
300

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Use Ф20 c/c 240mm

Foundation design

Foundation is part of a structure which transfers the load of the the structure to soil on which it
rests. foundation are different purpose such as To distribute the weight of the structure over
larger area so as to avoid over loading of the soil beneath. To load the sub structure evenly so as
to avoid unequal settlement. To provide a level surface for building operations. To take the
sub structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability and avoid over turning.

Type of foundation

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Shallow foundations: -These are foundations that transfer the load to the ground at the base of the
column or wall of the substructure. Shallow foundations can be divided into different groups such as;
Spread foundations, combined footings, Mat or raft foundations The spread footing that supports
a single column is known as isolated column footing.

1. Deep foundations:- These transfer the load through upper layers of incompetent soil to
component bearing soil or rock with in the earth. To select a foundation type and satisfactory
design it, it is imperative to have geology and the type, thickness, parameters, properties and
design bearing pressure of the soil or rock layers to which the foundation transfers the loads.

Design of isolated footing

Pd=159.12KN

Computation of bearing capacity of the soil

Applying Terzaghi’s equation:-

Qult = cNc + qNq + 0.5γBNγ
Assume c=15kpa
Φ=20°
Using interpolation
 Nc= 46.62
 Nq= 30.33
 Nγ= 30.92

Df =1m, and 1m width γ dry=34.97KN/m3

Qult = cNc + qNq + 0.5γBNγ

= 15kpa*46.02+ (34.97*1*30.92) +0.5*(34.97*1*30.33)
= 400 kpa
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 Taking factor of safety = 1.75
Qall = qult/1.75 = 228.57kpa

Step 1:- Geometrical size of pad Area proportioning

A=p/Qall=159.12KN/228.57Kpa=0.63m2

B2 = 0.8m ….. Use 1m

A=B*L =1m2
δ max = 159.12/A = 159.12KN/1m2<Qult…….ok
δ min = F/A = 159.12KN/m2
δ avg = 159.12KN/m2

Check punching shear and wide beam shear Punching shear

1.5d

K1=1+50ρ ρ=0.5/fyk =0.5/300 =0.0017

K2=1.6-d assume d=0.6

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=1+50*0.0017

=1.08 K2=1

Punching shear resistance

Vrp =0.25*fctd*K1*K2*U*d fctd=0.85*fck/ɤc = 0.85*11.33/1.5

=1.04 U=4( 3d+0.5)=8.8m

=0.25*1040*1.08*1* 4(3d+0.5)*d

=280.8(12*0.6+1.6)*0.6

=1482.6KN

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 Punching shear developed

Vcp =δavg*area δavg=δ1+δ2/2 =159.12 =δavg*2(3d+0.4)

=159.12*(1*1)

=159.12KN

Therefore Vrp>Vcp……………………………safe!!!!

1. wide beam shear at d distance from the face of the column

Wide beam shear resistance

Vwr =0.25*fctd*K1*K2*bd

=0.25*1040*1.08*1*1*0.6

=168.48KN

Wide beam shear developed

Vwd =δavg*area

=159.12*(1-d-0.5/2)

=158.12(1-0.6-0.2)
=31.62KN

Reinforcement

ρ=fcd/fyd (1-√1-2*M/fcdbd2) =20/260.67*1.5( 1-√1-0.007) =0.051

ρmin=0.5/fyk =0.5/300 =0.0017

ρ >ρmin……………………ok

As=ρminbd =0.0017*3000*600=3060mm2Asmin =3.14*122/4 =314mm2

Number of bar=As/Asmin = 3060 /314 =9.7 =10

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Spacing=Asmin *b/As = 314*1000/3060 =103mm

Use10 Ф12 c/c103mm

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 A.SUB STRECTURE
1.excavation and earthwork
1.1.pit excavation
Pit excavation for isolated and combined footing to a
depth not exceeding 150cm including 25cm working space
on each side of the dimension.
Depth of Pit excavation =depth of grade beam +height of
footing column + depth of footing pad
4 3.5 =0.4+2.5+0.6 =3.5m total depth of pit including lean
concrete( 0.05m)=2.55m and footing pad size is 1mby1m
1.5 including 0.5m working space
1.5 31.5
M3

1.2.Back fill
Backfill around foundation wall and footing column with
selected materials l/soil/ from site.
Volume of backfill=volume of excavation-concrete work
Total volume of excavation=pit excavation
=31.5m3
Volume of concrete work=volume of lean concrete +footing
column +footing pad
Size of footing=1 by 1 and depth of footing pad=0.6m
Lean concrete=0.05*1*1*4=0.2m3
Footing pad=1*1*0.6*4=2.4m3
31.5 Footing column=0.5*0.5*2.5*4=2.5m3
Volume=0.2+2.4+2.5=5.1m3
5.1 26.4
m3 Total volume of backfill

1.3.disposal

Load and Cart away surplus excavated materials to a

suitable damp allowed by the municipality from the site.

Transported soil=volume of excavation-volume of

backfilling =31.5-26.4 =5.1m3
5.1

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 M3 total volume of cart away

2.CONCRETE WORK

2.1. 5cm thick lean concrete class C-5with minimum

cement content of 150kg/m3
4 1.0
Under footing pad
1.0 4
m2 total area of lean concrete under footing pad

under grade beam

1 15 perimeter of lean concrete =2*4+2*4-(4*0.4)=15m

0.4 6 total area of lean concrete under grade beam

2.2. Reinforced concrete class C-25 with minimum cement

content of filled in to formwork and vibrated around
reinforced bar.
4 1.0 a. In isolated footing
1.0 Thickness of footing =0.6m Footing size is 1 by 1
0.6

2.4 m3 total volume of concrete in footing

4 0.5 b. In foundation column

0.5 Depth of footing column=2.5m
2.5 Column size is 0.5by 0.5
2.5 m3total volume of concrete in footing column

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2 0.3 c. In grade beam

0.4 Length on axis 1&2 =4-2*0.5=3m

3 0.72 Size of beam =0.3*0.4

m3

2 0.5 length on axis A&B= 4m

0.5

4 2 m3total volume of concrete for grade beam

2.72

2.3. provide and fix in position sawn zigba wooden

formwork.

a. in isolated footing

perimeter of footing side=4*1=4m and depth=0.6m

4 4
m2 total area of formwork for isolated footing
0.6 9.6

b. in foundation column

height of footing column=2.5m , perimeter of

4 2
column=4*0.5=2m
2.5 20
m2total area of foundation column formwork

c. in grade beam

for interior side

2 3.6
on axis A&B length =out to out dimension –grade beam
0.4 2.88 intersection =4-2*0.5=3.6m depth of grade beam=0.4m

m2

2 4 on axis 1&2 length =out to out dimension=4m and depth of

0.4 3.2

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 grade beam =0.4m

m2

1 16 for exterior side

0.4 6.4 perimeter of exterior side=2*4+2*4=16m

12.48 depth of grade beam=0.4m

m2 total area of grade beam formwork

2.4 steel reinforcement according to structural drawing price

includes cutting, bending, tying and placing in position.
14.56
Ǿ 6mm deformed bar
106.56
Ǿ12mm deformed bar
92.85
Ǿ14mm deformed bar
59.21
Ǿ20mm deformed bar

B. SUPER STRUCTURE

1. concrete work

1.1. Reinforced concrete class C-25 with minimum

cement content of filled in to formwork and vibrated around
reinforced bar.

4/4 0.5 In elevation column

0.5 Height of column=2.5m

2.5 2.5
m3total volume of elevation column concrete

1 4 for 15cm thick slab and beam

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 0.15 2.4

m3total volume of slab

4/4 3 volume of beam

0.4 length on axis A&B =4-2*0.5=3m depth of grade beam

=0.4m
0.3 1.44 m3
4/4 4

0.4 length beam on axis 1&2=4m

0.3 1.92 m3 volume of beam concrete
3.36

1.2. provide, cut and fix in position sawn zigba wooden

formwork that should be strong enough to resist the
pressure of fresh concrete and painted with approved type of
mold oil before any placement of concrete is carried out.

a. in elevation column with h=2.5m

4/4 0.2 perimeter of column=4*0.5=2.0m

2.5 m2
2
b. for beam

4/4 4 for bottom of beam length=4m and depth=0.4m m2

0.4 m2
6.4

8/4 4 for grade beam side

0.4
12.8 length=4m and depth=0.4m

21.2
1 4

4
for 15cm thick slab

16
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 m 2area of slab and beam formwork

1.3.steel reinforcement bar according to the structural

drawing price includes cutting, bending, placing in position
and tying wire.
60.295 Ǿ 6mm deformed bar
44.24 Ǿ 8mm deformed bar
464.256 Ǿ14mm deformed bar

2526.2 Ǿ20mm deformed bar

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Sub structure reinforcement

Location Di Leng No of Ele Tota 6mm 8mm 10m 12m 14m 16m 20m
a. th bar m. l no m m m m m

Footing 12 3 10 4 40 120
pad

Footing 20 1.5 4 4 16 24
column

Stirrup for 6 1.7 7 4 28 47.6

footing
column

Grade 14 3.2 6 2 12 38.4

beam on
axis A&B

Stirrup for 6 1.5 3 2 6 9

grade beam

Grade 14 3.2 6 2 12 38.4

beam on
axis 1&2

Stirrup for 6 1.5 3 2 6 9

grade beam

Total length(m) 65.6 120 76.8 24

Unit weight(kg/m) 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.209 1.578 2.467

Total weight(kg) 14.56 106.5 92.85 59.21

6

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Super structure reinforcement

Location Dia. Len. No Elem. Total 6mm 8mm 10mm 14mm 20mm
of no
bar

Column 20 16 4 16 64 1024

Stirrup for 6 1.7 8 16 128 217.6

column

Upper beam 14 3.2 12 4 48 153.6

Stirrup for 8 1.5 12 4 48 72

upper beam

Support beam 14 3.2 6 12 72 230.4

Stirrup for 6 1.5 3 12 36 54

support beam

Slab 8 4 10 1 10 40
reinforcement

Total length(m) 271.6 112 384 1024

Unit weight(kg/m) 0.222 0.395 0.617 1.209 2.467

Total weight(kg) 60.295 44.24 464.256 2526.2

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BILL OF QUANTITY

A. Sub structure

1.Earthwork and excavation unit Quanti rate Amount

ty

1.1.Excavate pit isolated footing to depth of 150cm m3 31.5 446.55 14066.32

starting from the reduced ground level as per drawing. 4 5

1.2. Backfill around foundation wall and footing column m3 26.4 446.55 11788.92
with selected materials l/soil/ from site. 4

1.3.Cart away surplus excavated material including m3

stockpiling, loading , transporting, dumping and well
5.1 3526.5 17985.56
spreading at tip as per instruction of the engineer.
8

2. concrete work

2.1.Provide, cast & cure complete 5 cm lean concrete in

class C-5 with minimum cement content of 150 kg/m3
(1:3:6) a ) under footing m2 12.4 12378.1
998.24
b) under grade beam
m2 2.72 998.24 3743.4

2.2. Provide, cast, vibrate & cure complete reinforced

concrete quality C-25 with minimum cement content of 360
kg/m3 filled in to formwork around rodreinforcement. a)
in isolated footing m3 9.6 1812.5 1737.6
7

b) in foundation column m3 20 1812.5 36250

7

c) in grade beam m3 2.88 1812.5 5220

7

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2.3. Provide, cut, fix in position wooden or metal form
work.

a ) Foundation footing m2 28.8 462.27 13313.6

9 4

b) Foundation column m2 9.6 462.27 4437.88

9

c ) Grade beam m2 12.48 462.27 5769.24

9

2.4. Provide and fix in place steel reinforcement bars

according to structural drawings price includes cutting,
bending, placing in position and tying with Ø 1.5 mm wire.

a ) Ø 6mm deformed bar

Kg 14.56 78.16 1138
b ) Ø 12mm deformed bar
Kg 106.56 74.49 7937.65
c) Ø 14mm deformed bar
Kg 92.85 74.49 6916.4
d) Ø 20mm deformed bar
kg 59.21 74.494 4410.79

B. Super structure
1. Concrete work
1.1 Provide ,cast , cure and vibrate reinforced concrete
in class C-25 with minimum cement content of 360
kg/m3 filled in to form work around reinforcement
bar.

a) Elevation column m3 2.0 1812.5 18560.7

7 2

b) In Beams m3 3.36 1812.5 22968.8

7 9

c) in 15cm thick slab m3 2.40 1812.5 4350.17

7

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 1.2.Provide,Cut& Fix in Position sawn zigba form
work, or steel form work, whichever is appropriate, you
should use a molded oil paint form work and removed.

a) Elevation column m2 24 462.27 11094.69

9

b) In Beams m2 6.4 462.27 2958.6

9

c) In 15cm thick slab m2 16 462.27 7396.464

9

1.3.Provide and fix in place steel reinforcement bars

according to structural drawings price includes cutting,
bending, placing in position and tying with wire.
Kg 60.295 78.16 4712.66
a ) Ø 6mm deformed bar
Kg 44.24 31.18 1379.4
b) Ø 8mm deformed bar
Kg 464.25 74.49 34582.4
c) Ø 14mm deformed bar
6 3
Kg 74.494
d) Ø 20 mm deformed bar
2526.2 188186.
7

Total cost =602352.23

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 CHAPTER SEVEN

7. Conclusion
As we designed our elevated water tank is very high it is 16 m long this happens due to the place
is low land the high land that found in that place is used for the septic tank.But the water source
for our tanker is ground reservoir that is used pumper to pump the water by this the water can
reach 16 m from the ground. For the distribution network we prefer to use plastic pipes because
plastic pipes have light weight and easy for fittings.

Generally, the construction material outputs for all water tanks shape would be based on
the choice of the design considerations, with the size of their structural elements. Hence,
there exists the possibility of having an equal capacity and similar geometrically shaped water
tank but with some measurable difference in material requirement, for instance, a tank wall
designed as a cantilever would come up with a relatively difference material quantity
when compared with its material requirements. If designed as a two-way spanning wall (as for
rectangular tank) or ring (or hoop) wall, (as for circular tank). It can be clearly seen that
materials needed for the construction of rectangular water tank is comparatively more

than those required for circular one but ease of construction, is more difficult in circular water
tank as compared to that of rectangular water tank.

7.1 Recommendation
We know that there is a shortage of water supply in femal dormetary (adigrat university) so we recommend that deep
analysis on water supply and distribution system should be carried out in order to fulfill the water demand of the
dormitories.

62
 References

 Ethiopian Building Code Of Standard (EBCS-2,EBCS -7,EBCS-8)

literature's about design of water

 design of concrete structure by Edward Arnoda

 water supply engineering By Santosh Kumar Garg
 EBCS-1, 1995 & EBCS-8 , 1995 design of concrete structures
 Handouts of Foundation 1
Hydraulics
Soil Mechanics, 1& 2
TOS II
Water supply
RC 1&2

63