- is a electrical component used to store energy in its electric field

- Displacement current, in electromagnetism, a phenomenon analogous to an

ordinary electric current, posited to explain magnetic fields that are produced
by changing electric fields. Ordinary electric currents, called conduction
currents, whether steady or varying, produce an accompanying magnetic
field in the vicinity of the current. The British physicist James Clerk Maxwell in the
19th century predicted that a magnetic field also must be associated with a
changing electric field even in the absence of a conduction current, a theory
that was subsequently verified experimentally. As magnetic fields had long been
associated with currents, the predicted magnetic field also was thought of as
stemming from another kind of current. Maxwell gave it the name displacement
current, which was proportional to the rate of change of the electric field that
kept cropping up naturally in his theoretical formulations.
- As electric charges do not flow through the insulation from one plate of
a capacitor to the other, there is no conduction current; instead, a displacement
current is said to be present to account for the continuity of the magnetic
effects. In fact, the calculated size of the displacement current between the
plates of a capacitor being charged and discharged in an alternating-
current circuit is equal to the size of the conduction current in the wires leading
to and from the capacitor. Displacement currents play a central role in
the propagation of electromagnetic radiation, such as light and radio waves,
through empty space. A traveling, varying magnetic field is everywhere
associated with a periodically changing electric field that may be conceived in
terms of a displacement current. Maxwell’s insight on displacement current,
therefore, made it possible to understand electromagnetic waves as
being propagated through space completely detached from electric currents in
conductors.

How much a capacitor can charge to depends on a number of factors.

First, the amount of charge that a capacitor can charge up to at a certain given
voltage depends on the capacitor itself. How much charge a capacitor can retain and
at what voltage is determined by the specifications of the capacitor. Different
capacitors have different charge capacities. Capacitors come in a whole range of
capacitance capabilities. There are capacitors that can hold 1 picofarad of charge
(10-12 C) and there are other capacitors that can hold 4700µF of charge. So the
amount that a capacitor can charge depends on the capacitor at hand. The same
thing applies for the amount of voltage that it holds. Both capacitance and voltage
depend on the internal construction of the capacitor. The capacitance and voltage
capabilities of capacitors are specified for all capacitors. For electrolytic capacitors,
these ratings are specified on the capacitor itself.

A capacitor will always charge up to its rated charge, if fed current for the needed
time. However, a capacitor will only charge up to its rated voltage if fed that voltage
directly. A rule of thumb is to charge a capacitor to a voltage below its voltage rating.
If you feed voltage to a capacitor which is below the capacitor's voltage rating, it will
charge up to that voltage, safely, without any problem. If you feed voltage greater
than the capacitor's voltage rating, then this is a dangerous thing. The voltage fed to a
capacitor should not exceed its rated value.

This is just a background on capacitor charge and voltage. Now we go on the

equation to calculate capacitor voltage.