Experiment A: The Effect of Step Change Input

10-L of 0.025M sodium 3-way valve V3 is

Feed tank T1 is filled
chloride solution is positioned towards
up with deionised
prepared in feed tank pump P1. valve V6 is
water.
T2 closed.

Valve V5 is opened and all

Needle valve V4 is adjusted
three reactors are filled up
to attain a flowrate of
with deionised water by
approximately 150 ml/min
opening pump P1. Reactor
on flowmeter FT1.
volume is recorded.

De-ionized water is
Stirrers 1, 2 and 3 are
pumped until all
switched on. Stirrer Conductivity values at
conductivity readings
speed is set to time t0 is recorded.
(CT1, CT2, CT3) are
approximately 200 rpm.
stable at low values.

Almost stimultaneously pump P1 Conductivity values

is switched off and the 3-way (CT1, CT2, CT3) are
valve V3 is positioned towards recorded at a suitable
pump P2. Pump P2 and timer is interval in an
started simultaneously. appropriate table.

The conductivity values Valves V11, V12, and

are recorded until all Pump P2 i switched off V13 are opened and all
readings are almost and valve V4 is closed. liquids in each reactor
constant. are drained.
Experiment B: The effect of Pulse Input
Feed tank T1 is filled
up with deionised
water.
Valve V5 is opened and all
three reactors are filled up
with deionised water by
opening pump P1. Reactor
volume is recorded.
Stirrers 1, 2 and 3 are
switched on. Stirrer
speed is set to
approximately 200 rpm.
Pump P1 is switched off and
the 3-way valve V3 is
positioned towards pump P2.
Pump P2 and timer is started
simultaneously.
Conductivity values (CT1,
CT2, CT3) are recorded at
a suitable interval in an
appropriate table.
Valves V11, V12, and
V13 are opened and all
liquids in each reactor
are drained.
3-way valve V3 is
10-L of 0.025M sodium
positioned towards
chloride solution is
pump P1. valve V6 is
prepared in feed tank T2
closed.
Needle valve V4 is adjusted
to attain a flowrate of
approximately 150 ml/min on
flowmeter FT1.
Deionized water is
pumped until all
Conductivity values at
conductivity readings
time t0 is recorded.
(CT1, CT2, CT3) are
stable at low values.
Pump P2 is let to operate for 2
minutes then switched off and 3-way
valve V3 is quickly positioned
towards pump P1. Pump P1 is
switched on till the end of
experiment.
The conductivity values
Pump P1 i switched
are recorded until all
off and valve V4 is
readings are almost
closed.
constant.
Experiment C: The investigation on Dead Time Coil

10-L of 0.025M 3-way valve V3

Feed tank T1 is
sodium chloride is positioned
filled up with
solution is prepared towards pump
deionised water.
in feed tank T2 P1.

Valve V6 and V10 is opened and

Valve V10 is
valves V5 and V15 is closed. Pump
closed and
P1 is switched on and liquid flows
valve V15 is
through the coil for few minutes
opened.
and bleed off any air trapped.

Stirer is switched on Deionized water is

Needle valve V4 is adjusted
and stirrer speed is pumped until all
to attain a flowrate of
set conductivity reading
approximately 150 ml/min
approximately200 (CT3) are stable at low
on flowmeter FT1.
rpm. values.

Pump P1 is switched off and

Conductivity the 3-way valve V3 is
values at time t0 positioned towards pump P2.
is recorded. Pump P2 and timer is started
simultaneously.

Pump P2 is let to operate for 2 minutes

Conductivity value (CT3)
then switched off and 3-way valve V3 is
is recorded at a suitable
quickly positioned towards pump P1.
interval in an appropriate
Pump P1 is switched on till the end of
table.
experiment.

The experiment is repeated from

The conductivity steps 5 to 13 with valve V15
values are recorded adjusted to get the right flow for the
until all readings liquid allowed to flow partially
are almost constant. through the dead time coil and
valve V10 is remained open.

Valves V11, V12, and V13

are opened and all liquids in
each reactor are drained.