Elements or Components of Green Building

A green building has four main elements or components on which

it is designed: materials, energy, water and health to make green
building more sustainable.
Following are the components of a Green Building to make it
sustainable:
1. Materials for Green Building
Materials for a green building are obtained from natural,
renewable sources that have been managed and harvested in a
sustainable way; or they are obtained locally to reduce the
embedded energy costs of transportation; or salvaged from
reclaimed materials at nearby sites.
Materials are assessed using green specifications that look at their
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in terms of their embodied energy,
durability, recycled content, waste minimisation, and their ability
to be reused or recycled.

2. Energy Systems in Green Buildings

Passive solar design will dramatically reduce the heating and

cooling costs of a building, as will high levels of insulation and
energy-efficient windows. Natural daylight design reduces a
 building’s electricity needs, and improves people’s health and
productivity.
Green buildings also incorporate energy-efficient lighting, low
energy appliances, and renewable energy technologies such as
wind turbines and solar panels.

2.1 Passive Solar Design

Passive solar design uses sunshine to heat, cool and light homes
and other buildings without mechanical or electrical devices. It is
usually part of the design of the building itself, using certain
materials and placement of windows or skylights.
2.1a) Rules Of
Passive Solar
Systems
o The building should
be elongated on
an east-west axis.
o The building’s south
face should
receive sunlight
between the hours
of 9:00 A.M. and
3:00 P.M. (sun time)
during the heating
season.
o Interior spaces requiring the most light and heating and cooling
should be along the south face of the building. Less used spaces
should be located on the north.
2.1b) The Advantages of Passive Solar Design
o High energy performance: lower energy bills all year round.
o Investment: independent from future rises in fuel costs, continues
to save money long after initial cost recovery.
o Value: high owner satisfaction, high resale value.
o Attractive living environment: large windows and views, sunny
interiors, open floor plans.
o Low Maintenance: durable, reduced operation and repair.
o Unwavering comfort: quiet (no operating noise), warmer in winter,
cooler in summer (even during a power failure).
o Environmentally friendly : clean, renewable energy doesn’t
contribute to global warming, acid rain or air pollution.

2.2 Passive Solar Heating

The goal of all passive solar heating systems is to capture the sun’s
heat within the building’s elements and release that heat during
periods when the sun is not shining. At the same time that the
building’s elements (or materials) is absorbing heat for later use,
solar heat is available for keeping the space comfortable (not
overheated).
2.2a) Two primary elements of passive solar heating are required:
o South facing glass
o Thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat.
2.2b) There are three approaches to passive systems
1. Direct Gain: Sunlight shines into and warms the living space.
2. Indirect Gain: Sunlight warms thermal storage, which then warms
the living space.
3. Isolated Gain: Sunlight warms another room (sunroom) and
convection brings the warmed air into the living space.

3. Water Management in Green Building

Minimising water use is achieved by installing greywater and
rainwater catchment systems that recycle water for irrigation or
toilet flushing; water-efficient appliances, such as low flow
showerheads, self-closing or spray taps; low-flush toilets, or
waterless composting toilets. Installing point of use hot water
systems and lagging pipes saves on water heating.

3.1) Rainwater Harvesting in Green Building

Rainwater harvesting is the principle of collecting and using
precipitation from a catchments surface. An old technology is
gaining popularity in a new way. Rain water harvesting is enjoying
a renaissance of sorts in the world, but it traces its history to biblical
times.
Extensive rainwater harvesting apparatus existed 4000 years ago
in the Palestine and Greece. In ancient Rome, residences were
built with individual cisterns and paved courtyards to capture rain
water to augment water from city’s aqueducts.

3.2) Rainwater harvesting is essential

Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have
to depend on groundwater. Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration
of rainwater into the subsoil has decreased drastically and
recharging of groundwater has diminished.
 As you read this guide, seriously consider conserving water by
harvesting and managing this natural resource by artificially
recharging the system.

3.3) Rainwater Harvesting Techniques for Green Buildings

There are two main techniques of rainwater harvestings.
1. Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.
2. Recharge to groundwater

3.3.a) Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

The storage of
rainwater on surface is
a traditional
techniques and
structures used were
underground tanks,
ponds, check dams,
weirs etc.
3.3.b) Recharge
to groundwater
Recharge to
groundwater is a new
concept of rainwater
harvesting and the
structures generally
used are Pits ,Trenches, Dug wells, Hand pumps, etc.

4. Health Components of Green Building

Using non-toxic materials and products will improve indoor air
quality, and reduce the rate of asthma, allergy and sick building
syndrome. These materials are emission-free, have low or no VOC
content, and are moisture resistant to deter moulds, spores and
other microbes.
Indoor air quality is also
addressed through
ventilation systems and
materials that control
humidity and allow a building
to breathe.
In addition to addressing the
above areas, a green
building should provide cost
savings to the builder and
occupants, and meet the
broader needs of the
community, by using local labour, providing affordable housing,
and ensuring the building is sited appropriately for community
needs.
Green Architecture Campus Design
What is Green Architecture?
Green architecture is a green building design technique. The
designs are created with the environment in mind including
focusing on the larger construction implications of environmental
sustainability. Green architecture gives careful consideration to
designing energy efficient and eco-friendly houses and buildings.
Natural ecology is a key concept in green architectural providing
the basis for the construction model.

The goal of green architecture is to create models that safeguard

the natural environment and are adapted to integrate well with
the existing environmental setting in terms of space and energy,
water and resource use. The designs have to be sustainable from
the initial consultations, site survey and design, plan modification,
material use, harmony with the existing ecology, and green
building choices to guarantee that all the environmentally
friendly details are included.

Principles of Green Architecture

As the world migrates towards a more sustainable future,

architects are confronted with an important goal of design
models that lessen the negative impacts on our environment due
to construction. To make this a reality, the designs are guided by
the principles of green architecture. Here are the principles.

1. Energy efficiency

The principles of green architecture incorporate various measures

that encourage energy efficiency. It is done through designs that
cut down energy consumption including the energy requirements
for energy use and the exploitation of alternative and sustainable
energy sources such as wind and solar. For instance, green
architecture takes care of natural air flow patterns and natural
lighting to reduce the needs for heating, ventilating, and
air conditioning; and artificial daytime lighting respectively. The
designs simply insist on reducing the lifetime costs of heating,
lighting, air condition and other electric power usage
requirements.

2. Water efficiency

Green architecture works with the inspiration of ecological

surrounding to protect water quality and reduce water
consumption or wastage. It is part of the sustainable principles in
green construction which encourage the efficient use of water.
This green architecture principle makes certain that water is
harvested, used, purified and re-used during the entire
construction period. At the same time, the architectural design
ensures that in the entire life cycle of the building not only supports
efficient water use but also preserves the quality of surrounding
water systems and makes use of water recycling mechanisms.

3. Land use efficiency

Land use efficiency pertains to architectural designs that

encourage suitable site development in terms of preservation of
the surrounding environment and reuse of existing local materials.
It advocates for the incorporation of roof gardens, earth shelters
and extensive landscaping around and throughout the building.

4. Low environmental impact and conservation of natural

characteristics
Construction projects are proven to be responsible for more than
50% of environmental impacts and the destruction of natural
systems. Construction projects also contribute to about 10% of the
total global emissions every year. One of the principles of green
architecture is to therefore use green designs to lessen
these environmental impacts. Particularly, this green principle is all
about preventing degradation of the site during construction,
sprawl management, and the controlled use of resources as well
as ensuring energy-efficient buildings lessen the overall impacts on
the environment. The design aids in the conservation of natural
resources, improved water and air quality, and the protection of
ecosystems and biodiversity.

5. Material efficiency

The proper management and use of materials in construction is

also another huge concern. Proper construction techniques have
to be employed and this is where green architecture comes in. As
such, material efficiency is one of the green architecture
principles as it creates designs that inspire sustainable
construction by optimizing the construction operations. Material
efficiency as a green architectural principle sees to it that the
lifetime of the building enhances efficiency in terms of
maintenance and operations. Energy efficiency and resource
conservation are the aspects incorporated in the designs to
guarantee overall material efficiency.

6. Low maintenance costs

As stated earlier, the operational and construction costs

associated with the conventional construction mechanisms prove
quite high and are equally material demanding. Green
architectural design facilitates the use of materials
and construction techniques that help in cutting back the
operational and construction costs by more than half, all
attributed to their cost-effectiveness. This green architecture
principle necessitates the need of using renewable plant
products, recycled metal and recycled stone among other non-
toxic products. Renewable and reusable products ensure high
performance while at the same time reducing the long-term
maintenance costs.

7. Waste reduction

Green architecture advances the demand for reducing the

wastage of water, energy, and materials during and even after
construction. On this basis, the green architectural design offer
easier ways of reducing the amount of consumer product
wastage generated by the building occupants through the
integration of on-site solutions like compost bins and eco-
friendly waste management system. The design also takes care of
water recycling and energy saving approaches in construction to
reduce water and energy wastage respectively.

8. Use of renewable energy

Among the green architecture principles is the use of renewable

energy. This principle ideally works to make renewable energy
part of the architectural design or a highly recommended feature.
The use of wind power, solar energy and biogas are examples of
renewable energy technologies which are often included in the
green architecture designs. The architects are keen at tailoring
the designs based on the geographical locations to take full
advantage of the available renewable energy. For instance,
green oriented architects design buildings to fully utilize the
seasonal changes in the sun’s position and other regional
renewable energy sources such as wind and biomass.

9. Indoor environmental quality

Indoor environmental quality is also part of the green architecture

principles. The designing of a house or commercial building based
on the green principles involves the features of comfortable
interior space with an emphasis on natural temperature control,
proper ventilation and the use of products that do not give off
toxic compounds or gases. The purpose of the principle is to
assure the quality of indoor environments.
Green Architecture Techniques
1. BLUE ROOF
A blue roof is a roof that is designed to retain rainfall. This is
typically done to conserve resources, reduce costs and improve
quality of life.
The following are common types of blue roof:
 Active Systems- Systems that use power to use water
collected from the roof such as a water tank and pump
system.
 Passive Systems- Systems that make use of water without
electrical components, typically using gravity.
 Stormwater Harvesting- Collecting water for use in building or
its grounds. for e.g.: using rainwater from the roof in toilets.
 Cooling- Thses are often passive systems that use a
combination of water and materials on a roof as insulation in
a hot climate or season.
 Rain Gardens- Reducing rainwater runoff with a rooftop
garden designed to absorb and filter water. This helps to
prevent flooding and pollution.

2. CARBON CONCRETE
Carbon concrete is a general term for concrete that acts as
carbon sink. Normal concrete produces significant quantities
od CO2. It is estimated that upto 5% of man made CO2 is due
to concrete pollution. The main idea is that concrete could be
altered to absorb CO2 during it’s curing process. This has
potential to drive concrete’s CO2 emissions towards or below
zero.

3. DAYLIGHT
It is the practice of using windows, light transport techniques
and reflective surfaces to illuminate interiors with sunlight.
 Reduced energy consumption
 Resilience, not dependent on grid.
  Passive heating.

4. DEEP WATER COOLING

It is a district cooling method that draws cold water from deep
in a lake or ocean to cool buildings. Cooling is achieved by
running the water through a network of pipes through each
floor of a building.

5. DISTRICT HEATING
It is a centralized system that provides heat and/or cooling to
multiple buildings. Heat and cooling is typically distributed by
pressurized water or steam pipes system.

6. GARDEN KITCHEN
A kitchen that is at least partially outdoors. In may cases, a
garden kitchen has modern appliances indoors and wide glass
doors that open to a second kitchen which requires ventilation
and air circulation with roof and retractable storm doors.

7. GREEN ROOF

8. GREEN WALLS AND FAÇADE

9. WALKABILITY
It is how practical and pleasant walking is in a particular area
since walking is associated with a high quality of life and
reduced environmental impact.

10. LIGHT SHELVES

A light shelf is a horizontal platform situated near windows ro
reflect light deep into a room. They are typically placed above
eye level on high windows and can be indoors or outdoors.
 They reduce glare and increase availability of natural light
away from windows. They are also used as a passive heating
component.

11. LIGHT TUBE

It is a device
that captures
outdoor light
and redirects it
for indoor
lighting. Light
tubes
commonly
have a lens that
captures light, a
pipe of
reflective
material and an
element for
diffusing light
into a room.
12. LIGHTNESS OF DESIGN
The term is commonly used to describe shapes and forms that
appear soft, thin or so well integrated as to appear almost non-
existent. E.g., Traditional Japanese architecture, works of Kengo
Kuma.

13. MIXED USE ARCHITECTURE

It is the practise of developing buildings and areas that have
multiple uses. The ides is to create a village like atmosphere
whereby people don’t need to travel great distances to live
and work. It also improves quality of life as it achieves urban
design goals such as compactness, complete neighbourhoods,
conviviality and ease of movement.

14. PASSIVE DESIGN

It is a system or structure that directly uses natural energy such
as sunlight, wind, temperature differences or gravity to achieve
a result without electricity or fuel.

15. RAIN GARDEN

It is a water drainage system that directs water towards a
garden.

16. RAINWATER HARVESTING

17. SHIPPING CONTAINER ARCHITECTURE

18. SMART GLASS

It is an architectural glass that changes its light transmission
properties in response to commands or factors such as
temperature.
19. SOFT ENGINEERING
It is the use of vegetation and natural elements. As compared
to concrete infrastructure, plants and rocks are typically
considered more aesthetically pleasing.

20. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Green building methods
1. Site Solutions
 Stormwater Planters
 Permeable Pavement
 Rain Barrels
 Rain Gardens
 Native Plants
 Parking lot Runoff Landscaping
2. Interior Solutions
 Building Insulation
 Air Sealing and Ventilation
 Greywater Systems
 Composting Toilets
 Flooring Materials
 Lighting Strategies
 Paints and Coatings
 Materials Red List
 Green Cleaning
3. Exterior Solutions
 Bird Friendly Design
 Cool Roofs
 Green Roofs
 Energy Efficient Windows
4. Processes
 Commissioning
 Integrated Design
 Energy Audits
 Green Leasing
 Speciality Waste Disposal
 Brownfield Remediation
 STORMWATER PLANTERS
Stormwater planters are contained vegetated areas that collect
stormwater runoff. Using bioretention practices, these planters
collect and filter water through various layers of vegetation and
soils. They are commonly seen in cities along streets and
sidewalks, and can vary in size, shape, and plant content.
Components of a Stormwater
Planter
A typical layout of a
stormwater planter is shown:

It consists of a permeable liner,

a gravel layer, and then a
planting soil layer on top of that with plants, shrubs, and even
trees. Water flows into the planter either through an inlet pipe or
naturally from a slope grade. It then seeps into the plants’ roots,
soil, and gravel, and eventually flows into the groundwater system
below. In case an overwhelming amount of runoff enters the
planter, an overflow pipe is positioned to divert the excess.

Benefits of a Stormwater Planter:

 Greatly reduces both the amount and flow rate of stormwater
 Naturally treats the water stream by capturing and removing
pollutants
 Improves the aesthetic appeal of sidewalks and streets in public
areas
 Requires minimal space
 Provides a cost-effective way to treat and contain runoff
 Offers versatility (can be various shapes and sizes, depending on
the location and available space)
 PERMEABLE PAVEMENT
Permeable pavement (also known as pervious or porous
concrete) is a specific type of pavement with a high porosity that
allows rainwater to pass through it into the ground below.

Through this movement, pervious concrete mimics the natural

process that occurs on the ground’s surface, consequently
reducing runoff and returning water to underground aquifers. It
also traps suspended solids and pollutants, keeping them from
polluting the water stream. Pervious concrete has many
applications, most commonly:
 low-volume pavements
 residential roads and driveways
 sidewalks
 parking lots
 low-water bridges
 patios
 well linings
 walls (including load-bearing walls)
 swimming pool decks

Types of Pervious Concrete-

There are multiple types of permeable concrete, all of which are
used for different purposes:
 Porous Asphalt is used on highways to remove excess water.
 Single-Sized Aggregate contains no binder and is commonly
known as loose gravel. It can commonly be seen in very low-
speed applications such as driveways or pathways.
 Plastic Grids allow for a 100% porous system and are growing in
popularity due to LEED project requirements. These grids help
reinforce gravel driveways, parking lots, and fire lanes. Plastic
grids can also be planted with grass.
 Porous Turf can be used for areas with occasional parking, such as
stadiums or churches.
 Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers are individual units that
can be laid out in an interlocking grid pattern, with in-between
spaces commonly filled with grass or small stones. This type of
paving is popular in public areas due to its architectural appeal.
 Permeable Clay Brick Pavers are similar to interlocking pavers, but
are composed of fired clay.
 Resin-Bound Paving is a mixture of a clear resin and aggregate,
used for areas with pedestrian and vehicular traffic, including
walkways, driveways, and parking lots.
 Bound Recycled Glass Porous Pavement is a mixture of post-
consumer glass with resins and binding agents. Made by FilterPave
Products, this colorful pavement prevents glass waste from ending
up in a landfill. Recycled glass pavement is appropriate for both
pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

Benefits of Pervious Concrete-

1. Environmental Benefits:
 Eliminates runoff
 Recharges groundwater
 Traps suspended solids and pollutants
 Reduces surface temperatures and, therefore, the heat island
effect
 Eliminates the need for retention basins and water collection
areas

2. Financial Benefits:
 Eliminates costs for retention basins, curbs, gutters, and other
water collection installations
 In winter conditions, typically requires much less salt or other de-
icing products than traditional pavement types
 Lower installation costs (no underground piping, storm drains, or
sloping/grading needed)
 Low life-cycle costs with an equal life expectancy to that of
regular concrete: 20 to 40 years when correctly installed

RAIN BARRELS
A rain barrel (or rainwater tank) is a water tank used to collect and
store rainwater. It maintains harvested rain—rainwater that gets
reused before reaching the aquifer. Such tanks can be used in
any area and are commonly used to collect water from rooftops
or rain gutters. Rain barrels are beneficial because they not only
recycle water, but also prevent excessive amounts of it from
becoming stormwater and over-flooding areas.

RAIN GARDENS
A rain garden is a natural or designed planted basin that collects
rain runoff from roofs, driveways, walkways, and other
surfaces. These gardens are planted at a lower level than the
surrounding ground so that water naturally flows into them. They
can be made of various soil, plant, and even tree types, all of
which can be chosen based on location and climate.

The structure of a rain garden is quite simple. A suitable area is

filled with a preferred soil type and topped with a mulch or rock
layer (rocks are used in certain circumstances to help better guide
water), then various vegetation and shrubs are planted. All of
these elements are based on multiple factors, including location,
site size, and climate, which work together to produce a rain
garden with optimal efficiency for the specific space.
The overall structure of a rain garden varies depending on
location. Smaller rain gardens can be found in residential yards,
while more complex gardens can be incorporated into
commercial locations such as parking lots, sidewalks, parks, and
green roofs.

In order to build a successful rain garden, three main factors must

be determined: soil type, garden area, and depth.
Soil Type

While different soils can be used in rain gardens, keep in mind that
their main goal is to absorb rain and that some soils accomplish
this better than others. Soils can mainly be broken down into three
different component types: clay, silt/loam, and sand. Clays are
extremely fine and have a very slow infiltration rate. Silts and
loams have a higher infiltration rate, and sand has the highest
infiltration rate of the three. Pennsylvania’s soil has a high clay
content and, because of this, rain gardens will need to be larger
or deeper to account for slower infiltration rates.

If the soil contains too much sand or clay, a soil mix can be a
better option. Below is the optimum rain garden soil mix:
50%-60% sand
30%-40% silt/loam top soil
10%-20% organic matter/compost

Adding organic matter or compost can really benefit a rain

garden. Compost (leafy is preferable) helps enrich the soil,
increase the water infiltration rate, and break down pollutants.

The above percentages are not set in stone. All yards, homes,
and climates are very different, and therefore no two rain gardens
are the same. These percentages can be tweaked to form the
optimal soil mix for one’s specific rain garden.
Garden Area
The overall size of your rain garden can be determined by its
drainage area, which is the space from which water will flow into
the rain garden. If the garden is being placed beneath a slanted
roof, for example, the roof area will be the drainage area; if it is
being placed to receive runoff from a driveway, the driveway is
the drainage area.

The drainage area can be determined by the simple area formula

below:
Area=(length of area)*(width of area)

Once the drainage area is determined, the soil type is then used
to factor the optimal size of the rain garden. If a rain garden is too
small, it will not take in the amount of water that it ideally could; if
it is too large, it will take up more space than is necessary. Finding
the optimal size takes full advantage of the land space and
amount of water runoff.
Depth

A rain garden’s depth is one of its most important features, as it

can be the deciding factor as to whether the garden succeeds or
fails. If too shallow, it may not be able to hold the water capacity
of some rainfalls; if too deep, it may take water too long to filter
through all of the soil. The latter scenario can result in standing
water, which can attract mosquitos and other pests. To find the
optimal rain garden depth, use the slope percent of the yard,
found by dividing the change in yard height by the change in
yard width:
Percent Slope=height/width*100

Once the percent slope has been calculated, the depth of the
proposed rain garden can be determined. The chart below
displays typical depths in relation to percent slopes:

Percent Slope (%) Typical Depth (in.)

≤4 3-5
 5-7 6-7

8-12 8

≥ 12 Consider another location

for your rain garden

The optimal depth of a rain garden is between four to eight

inches. If the percent slope is greater than or equal to 12%, a
professional landscaper should be consulted or a different
location considered. Rain gardens should be level, as that will
allow water to spread evenly across the whole garden as
opposed to pooling and settling in one area.

All of these factors taken together can create an optimal rain

garden, with values being altered as needed to make an
individual’s ideal garden. A few main points should always be
taken into consideration:
 Clays and silts are less permeable than sand and should therefore
only be considered for larger or deeper rain gardens to account
for slower water filtration
 A rain garden should be flat to prevent pooling and settling
 Compost and/or organic matter should be mixed into the soil to
provide plant nutrients, break down water pollutants, and allow
water to better permeate.
Three Rivers Rain Garden Alliance provides an online calculator to
help determine appropriate garden specifications.
Choosing Plants for Your Rain Garden
 A variety of plants can be chosen for a rain garden, although
native plants should certainly be considered since they require less
maintenance to thrive in local climates. (Additionally, they can
provide a habitat for wildlife such as birds and butterflies.) Rain
gardens are in place year-round, so selected plants should be
accustomed to both warmer and colder months. Plants can also
be chosen in relation to the amount of sunlight or shade received
by the garden.
Installation

The installation of a rain garden is just like that of a regular

garden—it will take effort and thought, but there is no significant
difference in the amount of work required. The cost is no different
either, as native plants recommended for rain gardens are
comparable to other plants.

If the right vegetation is chosen, overall maintenance can be

minimal. Since native plants are adapted to seasonal changes in
the area, they will not have to be replanted every year. Mulching
and weeding are helpful, especially when plants are first getting
established. Long-term maintenance includes removal of dead
plants, addition of compost material, and upkeep around the
garden’s edges.
Advantages of a Rain Garden
 Simple, low-cost installation and maintenance
 Filters stormwater runoff and pollution
 Improves overall water quality
 Enhances look and site aesthetics
 Ideal for native plant species
PARKING LOT RUNOFF LANDSCAPING
There are many advantages of introducing smart landscaping into
a parking lot, including minimizing flooding, maintaining
cleanliness, and creating green space. Smart landscaping means
creatively and effectively implementing a landscape project that
meets the needs of a parking lot while incorporating
environmental efficiencies.

The most important function of parking lot landscaping is to

provide natural drainage, a water collection network, and
stormwater filtration. Landscaping can enhance the aesthetic
quality of the space and help reduce temperatures in the summer
by providing shade. It’s necessary to be mindful of the type of tree
to use in a parking lot, as it should not drip sap on cars or have fruit
that is too big or heavy.

Bioretention is an efficient technique to catch and treat parking

lot runoff. Landscape islands are best when installed below the
parking lot level so they can collect water as it runs down and off.
Usually, bioretention landscape elements are filled with a sandy,
compost-rich soil mix, topped with a layer of mulch and a dense
vegetative cover. That way, stormwater is absorbed into the soil,
where it gets filtered and absorbed into the groundwater. The
water is cleaned by the soil’s microbial action. To avoid flooding
during heavy storms, bioretention areas incorporate a ‘pond’
about 6 to 8 inches deep with an overflow outlet to drain the
water. For a bioretention area to be effective, it should cover 5%
of the entire paved surface.
Bioswales: It’s important to consider that even small lots can be
designed with a variation of this technique by using perimeter
bioswales, which are depressions along the perimeter designed to
remove silt and pollution from surface runoff water, distribute the
water away from some locations toward a larger collection
system, and minimize flooding. Parking lots should be designed so
that water is directed toward the perimeter. Bioswales are
effective landscaping techniques that can be incorporated into
many types of vegetation.
BUILDING INSULATION
Insulation is not the most attention-grabbing building component,
but it is essential to both the performance of the building and
health of the occupants. Without sufficient insulation, large
portions of the energy used to heat or cool a building will be lost
to the outdoors. Insufficient insulation can also lead to mold
problems as heated air rapidly cools and causes water vapor to
condense. Historically, mud, asbestos, and cork were used as
insulation materials for buildings and pipes. The insulation products
available today are much more effective, especially in
conjunction with air sealing and ventilation.
Types, Cost, and Installation-
Flexible batts and blankets, composed of loosely bound fibers of
fiberglass, mineral wool, denim, or natural fibers, are the most
widely used insulation in the United States. Most are faced with foil
or kraft paper. Make sure the desired brand does not use
formaldehyde as a binding agent. Blankets are not pre-cut,
whereas batts come in sizes that fit easily between studs or joists
spaced at 16 or 24 inches. Batts should be cut or split to fit around
obstacles, not squished. Likewise, they should be cut exactly to
length to fill a cavity. If a batt is not in continuous contact with the
adjacent surface, its R-value can be substantially
diminished. Batts and blankets typically have R-values between R-
2.5 and R-4.5 per inch.
Another common type of insulation, foam board, is highly water-
resistant and serves well as a thermal break because it covers
entire walls, including framing. Foam board is sold in 4’ x 8’ sheets
($10-$60 per sheet) and its R-value depends what material it
contains. For instance, expanded polystyrene (EPS) has a similar
R-value to insulation batts, between R-3.6 and R-4.2 per
inch. Extruded polystyrene (XPS) is denser and has a higher R-
value of around R-5 per inch. Polyisocyanurate board has one of
the highest R-values of any building insulation material on the
market, at R-5.6 to R-7 per inch. Extruded polystyrene and
polyisocyanurate boards are useful in applications with limited
space because of their high R-values per inch. Other rigid
insulation boards such as fiberglass or mineral wool board can also
be found, but they do not share all the properties of foam board.
Spray foam is an effective and versatile type of insulation. Its two
components are mixed at the tip of a spray gun, forming a liquid
foam that will expand and harden on a surface. Polyurethane is
the basis of most spray foams, although compositions vary. Check
to be sure the desired brand of foam does not contain HFCs or
HCFCs, which are greenhouse gases. Spray foam is ideal for
irregular surfaces and small gaps, cracks, or seams, but it can also
be used to insulate large areas such as walls, ceilings, or even roof
exteriors. Protective gear must be worn when installing spray foam
insulation and often the best strategy is to hire a
professional. Spray foam comes in open-cell and closed-cell
variations, with a few key differences. Closed-cell foam has an R-
value of R-6 to R-7 per inch rather than the R-3 to R-4 per inch of
open-cell and many other types of insulation. Open-cell foam
should not be used in moisture-prone areas. It is cheaper than
closed-cell, although both are significantly more costly than
batts. Spray foam does serve as an air barrier, which helps
eliminate additional costs.
Loose fill insulation is useful for closed spaces (i.e., retrofitted walls),
as well as attics. It may be made of blown fiberglass or mineral
wool, blown cellulose, vermiculite, or perlite. Vermiculite and
perlite are particularly good for cavities with rough surfaces where
blown insulation might get caught and obstruct the installation,
but make sure to look for brands that are asbestos-free. Typical R-
values for loose fill insulation lie between R-2.5 and R-4.5, and R-
values for blown insulation are optimized when it is installed
according to its ideal density.
Two relatively recent insulation technologies, structural insulated
panels (SIPs) and insulated concrete forms (ICFs), are gaining a lot
of traction in the green building market. SIPs are a multifunctional
material made of rigid foam insulation sandwiched between two
structural boards, generally oriented strand board. The foam core
is typically expanded polystyrene, polyurethane, or
polyisocyanurate. SIPs serve as structural components, insulation,
and an air barrier in buildings. They are quite sturdy and prevent
buildings from warping or sagging. The panels are made to order
for each building, so they come in a variety of dimensions (up to
8’ x 24’), thicknesses (4.5”-12.25”), and even shapes. Because
they are prefabricated, using SIPs can save both time and labor
costs compared to other methods of framing and insulating a new
construction project. They can even be purchased with window
openings pre-cut and electrical chases already installed. SIPs also
result in extremely airtight buildings, so a good ventilation system is
needed. The R-value of a structural insulated panel depends on
its thickness, ranging anywhere from R-14 to R-45, but it’s notable
that SIPs with relatively low R-values may still outperform other
insulation types with slightly higher ratings because, for SIPs, the R-
value already takes the whole wall into consideration. SIPs are
more expensive than traditional materials, but they combine
several functions. Overall, they are no more difficult to install than
other framing and insulation, but do require certain knowledge
and equipment. Projects built with SIPs must be carefully planned
ahead of time to avoid mistakes, last-minute changes, and delays
from needing to order additional panels. Alterations to SIPs are
best done with specialized tools and a crane is also needed to lift
upper-story and roof panels into place. Panels are held together
with a special adhesive and, once they are in place, seams are
taped, caulked, or sealed with spray foam. Particular methods
are employed for installing recessed lighting, plumbing, exterior
cladding, and roofing in a SIPs building. SIPs must be protected
from exposure to moisture.
Insulated concrete forms begin as individual blocks with two sides
of foam held together with plastic spacers. The blocks, which
come in different shapes for corners and walls, fit together to
make hollow foam structures. Builders then pump concrete into
the interior and the foam-insulated concrete walls are
complete. ICFs are incredibly strong, more resistant to moisture
than SIPs, fire-resistant, and noise-deadening. They are particularly
useful for basements or areas that need strong reinforcement. ICF
walls are typically around R-12 and, because of their high thermal
mass, they help improve energy performance in locations that
regularly have hotter days and colder nights than the desired
indoor temperature. Passive heating may be possible. On the
other hand, ICF buildings require a large amount of concrete and
are hard to renovate once they are built. They are more
expensive than traditional types of insulation, but, like SIPs, they
serve several purposes in a building.
Lastly, an unconventional insulation method involves the use
of straw bales, which are another dual-purpose insulator and
structural material. Building with straw bales makes use of a waste
product to create an easily customizable space with thick walls
insulated up to R-35. Like many insulation materials, straw is
susceptible to moisture damage. Usually covered in stucco, clay,
or plaster, straw bale buildings are fire-resistant and can last a long
time when properly maintained. Construction or demolition waste
is biodegradable.

AIR SEALING AND VENTILATION

Air sealing a building reduces or eliminates air infiltration. An
airtight building is more energy-efficient than a leaky one, but
good ventilation is essential to maintaining a healthy, comfortable
indoor environment.

GREYWATER SYSTEMS
Greywater systems are one approach to help solve this
issue. Greywater comes from washing machines, bathrooms sinks,
and showers, while “dark greywater” from dishwashers or kitchen
sinks might also be included. In contrast, wastewater from toilets
and urinals is called blackwater. In residential buildings, the
majority of water (between 50% and 80%) falls into the greywater
category and can be collected for reuse. Toilet flushing, irrigation,
and other uses that do not require potable water are perfect
applications for greywater!
COMPOSTING TOILETS
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, an average
household of four uses about 400 gallons of water each day, and
toilet flushing alone can account for over a quarter of that
total! Older toilets in particular use large volumes of water to flush,
so one way to cut down on household water consumption is to
replace less efficient models with low-flow toilets. Another
alternative that is gaining in popularity is a composting toilet.
A typical composting toilet is completely waterless, although some
types do use a very small amount of water or foam to flush. Unlike
traditional toilets that feed into a mixed greywater and
blackwater septic system, the waste from composting toilets is
processed on-site. Composting toilets require more attention than
most homeowners are accustomed to giving their bathroom
fixtures, including periodic emptying of the waste collection
chamber. Some homeowners find, however, that the extra care is
worth it for the resulting decrease in water use, the convenience
of having a toilet even in places without water or a septic system,
and the potential to produce useful compost material from a
waste product.
How They Work

Most composting toilets are installed directly above their waste

collection chambers. Waste is mixed with wood chips, sawdust, or
other dry material to soak up moisture and achieve the ideal
carbon-nitrogen ratio. Over time and with the correct
combination of temperature, drainage, aeration, and ventilation,
waste breaks down and drastically decreases in volume. Fully
composted human waste can be used in gardens or combined
with an outdoor compost pile.

Composition: Waste composts best with a 30:1 carbon- nitrogen

ratio. Human waste, especially urine, has a high nitrogen content,
which means that carbonaceous material must be
added. Sawdust, wood chips, and straw are common
choices. Kitchen compost can be added to the same waste
chamber, but such food scraps should be supplemented with
carbonaceous material as well.

Temperature: Heat speeds up the composting process and kills

pathogens in the waste. Decomposition generates heat and
compost will be hottest in the center of the pile. A large compost
pile retains heat better, so the waste chamber should be large
enough for a good amount of compost to collect (but not so
large that heat is lost in a big, empty space). If the chamber is too
small to get hot enough for quick decomposition or liquid
evaporation, a heater may be used.

Drainage: Too much liquid can interfere with composting by

cooling waste and hindering aerobic conditions. Some liquid
evaporates due to heat in the chamber, but this process may not
be sufficient to avoid overly damp compost. Many owners
choose to separate urine from feces with a device that fits under
the toilet seat or by installing a drain in the bottom of the waste
chamber. These solutions prevent excess liquid from pooling at
the bottom of the chamber. Liquid waste can be processed with
greywater or diluted with water and used to fertilize plants (if
permitted by local codes).

Aeration: Aerobic decomposition is faster and doesn’t produce

the odors that anaerobic decay does; therefore, waste must have
a certain amount of air throughout the pile to maintain aerobic
conditions. This can be achieved by mixing/turning the compost
or layering coarse materials with the waste so air is trapped in the
pile.

Ventilation: Vents and fans pull air into the composting chamber
to prevent odor from escaping into the bathroom. They also allow
oxygen to enter the waste chamber.

Waste should be allowed to decompose for at least a year before

it can be considered safe to use as fertilizer.
Composting Toilet Types
Composting toilets are either connected to a central system or
are self-contained units. This consideration largely depends on
building layout. Unless waste is to be transported via vacuum
pump, a central system should be located directly underneath
the composting toilet, usually on the floor below. Owners who
want second-floor composting toilets or who want the simplest
option in terms of installation should consider self-contained toilets,
which have trays or drawers that can be emptied.

Central composting systems often feature a large tank with a

sloped bottom that allows waste to slide down as it
decomposes. An access door is built in on the lower end of the
chamber. Other systems have multiple chambers so that fresh
waste is added to one chamber while waste in the other
chambers can be at various stages of composting. Some toilets
require periodic raking or mixing, which can be done by way of
the access door, while others have a handle that can be turned
to mix compost. Windows can be incorporated into the waste
chamber in order to use solar heat to assist composting.

Some toilets use a few ounces of water or foam to flush

waste. This liquid can be helpful in carrying waste if the chamber
is not directly below the toilet (up to a 45° angle). This type of
toilet looks more like a conventional toilet and needs both
electrical and water connections.

A sign in the bathroom may be helpful to alert guests as to how

the toilet functions, why there is no traditional flush mechanism,
and whether they should add sawdust.
Installation and Maintenance

Commercial composting toilets cost from $1,500 to $8,000

depending on the complexity of the system. (In comparison,
traditional toilets range from $100 to $2000. Monthly water bills
vary widely by region and season, but the average residential
customer in Pittsburgh pays about $50 per month.) Homeowners
can also build their own composting toilets and there are
numerous designs available online. If recycled materials are used,
 a composting toilet can be made for little to no cost except the
time it takes to build and install.

Sawdust can be added after each fecal deposit or, in an

institutional setting, at the end of each day. The toilet exterior
should be wiped down as with any other toilet. Composting
waste should be well-maintained, which includes keeping an eye
on moisture and temperature, mixing as needed, and emptying
waste chambers when they fill up. With many central systems, it
will likely be about two years after installation that the waste
needs to be emptied for the first time, and usually once a year
after that. Smaller or self-contained systems may need more
frequent emptying.

Since blackwater waste is being handled on-site, some

composting toilet owners choose to manage all wastewater
themselves and install a greywater system. Greywater is most
often recycled for toilet flushing, but if a site has only composting
toilets, greywater can also be used as a water source for
constructed wetlands or as irrigation for nonedible plants in
general.
Advantages
 Water conservation
 Lower monthly water bills
 Reduction of size requirements of wastewater collection system,
perhaps even elimination of the need for a septic system
 Generation of nutrient-rich fertilizer
Disadvantages
 Upfront cost of buying a ready-made toilet
 Direct handling of human waste material
 Owner must commit to properly maintaining toilet and compost
 Potential problems with odor, insects, or poor composting
Commercial building operators may face different legal
challenges than homeowners when it comes to waste
management. Projects seeking Living Building status must have a
closed loop water system, meaning all water supply needs must
be met on-site and all wastewater must be processed and used
on-site. Even buildings that have a greywater
processing/recycling system and composting toilets may need a
backup sewer line to meet building codes. Simultaneously
meeting building regulations and project water goals will require
negotiation and possibly added cost (for example, installing a
sewer connection even if it will not be used).

In institutional settings, if maintenance staff members add wood

chips to toilets each day and process the compost, composting
toilets do not add any inconvenience for the building’s occupants
and guests. Again, some kind of sign may be helpful to let users
know why the toilet looks slightly different from what they normally
see.
FLOORING MATERIALS
Flooring may seem like a minor factor in sustainable building, but
considering its large surface area and the high amount of traffic it
receives, choosing the right type is quite important. In terms of
environmental and health impacts, its main points of distinction
are material extraction/production and indoor air quality effects.
Types and Trade-Offs

There exists an even wider selection of flooring materials today

than ever before. The most common include wood, bamboo, tile,
vinyl, linoleum, and carpeting. When it comes to building green,
not all of these materials are equal. For instance, vinyl flooring, like
other PVC products, is made of petroleum, is not recyclable, and
tends to off-gas harmful chemicals. Most carpeting is currently
made from nylon, another petroleum-based product. Neither
vinyl nor nylon is biodegradable. Stone flooring is durable but
nonrenewable and requires a large amount of energy for
extraction, transport, and installation. In other cases, the material
itself may be renewable, such as bamboo or cork, but the
products used to finish the floor may contain volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), a health hazard.
Despite the trade-offs presented by every flooring type, there are
some general guidelines that can help designers, owners, and
builders make more sustainable choices. For instance, no matter
what type of floor is chosen, always avoid sealants and adhesives
with VOCs! See if flooring made from recycled (especially post-
consumer) materials could be appropriate or get creative and
use salvaged materials! Green Label
Plus, Greenguard, FloorScore, Cradle to Cradle,
and GreenSeal product certifications are helpful in finding both
flooring materials and cleaning/maintenance products that are
environment- and health-friendly.

Carpeting has come a long way in terms of sustainability and its

softness and noise-dampening properties make it a popular
choice. Look for carpeting and carpet padding made either from
recycled materials or natural fibers such as wool or seagrass rather
than nylon, and be sure it does not contain brominated flame
retardants or other harmful chemicals. Since carpeting is one of
the less durable flooring types, consider carpet tiles, which can be
replaced individually in damaged or high-traffic areas. Carpeting
collects dirt, dust, and other allergens, so avoid it when occupants
have sensitivities. Finally, make sure the chosen carpet is
recyclable in your region! Billions of pounds of carpeting are
already being landfilled each year, so recycling is
crucial. (Steinberger Floors is a local place to recycle ALL TYPES of
carpet!)

Hardwood flooring is a beautiful, biodegradable option that can

be cleaned much more thoroughly than carpeting. Make sure to
purchase wood that is formaldehyde-free and that has been
certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), ensuring that its
source is sustainably managed. Bamboo and cork are rapidly
renewable alternatives to hardwood and can also be FSC-
certified. Bamboo is harder than hardwood, while cork is softer
but just as durable as wood. One drawback of these, especially
of bamboo, is the decreased likelihood of finding materials
regionally. In any case, avoid cork-vinyl composites and bamboo
flooring with glues containing VOCs.

Linoleum is a biodegradable material made from cork dust,

limestone, linseed oil, and other ingredients. True linoleum (as
opposed to vinyl, which is sometimes generically called linoleum)
is only manufactured in Europe, which does increase its
transportation footprint. Linoleum is durable, colorfast, available in
a wide variety of patterns, and has some antimicrobial
properties. It may have a faint smell.

Stone and ceramic or glass tile are highly durable and can often
be reused or recycled. Keep in mind that stone is a finite resource
and try to source all of these materials locally, as their weight
requires more energy for their transport. Terrazzo is made of
crushed stone or glass bits held together with cement or another
binding agent. It offers a good way to use recycled flooring
material, but avoid varieties that use epoxy binders (made with
Bisphenol-A, an endocrine disruptor).
Rubber flooring is appropriate for some specific applications such
as exercise areas. It is non-slip, durable, easy to clean, and
doesn’t need adhesives. It tends to off-gas odorous compounds,
but these are not particularly toxic. Natural rubber should be
avoided by those with latex allergies.
Owners looking for an inexpensive and very low-impact flooring
option may want to consider the rather
unconventional earthen floor. Materials needed for earthen
floors—a clay, sand, and straw mixture, plus an oil or wax sealant.
LIGHTING STRATERGIES
Lighting Design Considerations

Daylight, a free resource, is the first factor to consider. Some

spaces can be lit entirely with daylighting methods! Thoughtfully
arrange rooms and partitions so that most occupants spend the
majority of their time in daylit areas. In office buildings, this can be
accomplished by grouping private rooms in the centre and
locating open offices around the perimeter to allow daylight to
penetrate more of the building. Skylights and solar tubes can also
be used to bring light into otherwise dark areas in top floors. When
designing a building to take advantage of daylighting, it is
important to implement proper window shading to reduce glare
and unwanted heat, while also allowing light to enter.

Lighting levels should be tailored to the purpose of each space in

a building. Ambient lighting refers to the background level of
light, whereas task lighting is directed specifically at a work
station. If task lighting is appropriate, ambient lighting can often
be decreased, allowing for energy savings. Lighting design does
have a lot to do with brightness and placement of light fixtures,
but also involves factors such as contrast and glare that affect
eye comfort. In order to reduce eye strain, especially in the
workplace, avoid dark finishes that contrast greatly with luminous
light fixtures. Likewise, situate light fixtures so that tall panels or
shelves do not create bothersome shadows.

Lighting controls are yet another consideration. Which fixtures

should be grouped? Where might motion sensors be useful? Do
personal or task lights have dimming features? Should the building
have any automated controls, such as night-time dimming or
shading?
Types of Lamps

After lighting design is complete, ongoing choices still remain as to

what types of lamps (or bulbs) to use. Many types of lamps exist,
but the most commonly used for typical lighting purposes are
incandescent, fluorescent, and light-emitting diode (LED).
Incandescent bulbs, which produce light by heating a metal
filament until it glows, are being phased out due to their high
energy use and waste heat production. Compact fluorescent
lamps (CFLs) are the next step up. In a CFL, an electric current
excites gas inside the lamp, producing UV light. When the UV light
strikes the lamp’s coating, visible light is emitted. CFLs use less
energy and last significantly longer than incandescent bulbs,
making them a good choice for replacement lamps. They do
contain a small amount of mercury and therefore must be taken
to a collection site for safe disposal. In addition, CFLs and other
fluorescent lamps take some time to warm up before they reach
full brightness.

LED lamps contain diodes, in which there are two materials side by
side and current can only flow in one direction between them. As
a current pass between the materials, energy is released and light
is produced. LEDs are different from conventional lamps in several
ways. They are directional, so unless they have a built-in means of
dispersal, they will emit light in a specific direction. Since LEDs do
not radiate heat, they are built with a heat sink that dissipates
warmth and keeps them from overheating. This is an important
feature because LEDs last longer when they are operated at a
cooler temperature. LED lamps do not burn out, but the amount
of light they produce will decrease over time. Still, they have a
much longer useful life than either incandescent or fluorescent
lamps. LEDs are often associated with a cool bluish-white light,
but since white LED lamps are actually combinations of red,
green, and blue diodes, they are available in warm white tones as
well.
Cost & Maintenance

It may be counterintuitive, but lighting upgrades can actually

save money! By strategically placing light fixtures, the amount of
lighting power needed is reduced and, coupled with energy-
efficient light bulbs, this can be a powerful energy-saving
approach.
As with appliances and building materials, light bulbs can be
certified by ENERGY STAR. Certification requires consistent color
quality, minimum light output, and high efficiency (lumens/watts),
all verified by third-party testing.

LEDs are certainly the most expensive of the three lamp types
discussed here. Due to their long life, however, they can pay
back the cost in energy savings.

PAINTS AND COATINGS

It is common knowledge by now that lead paint is a health
hazard, especially for children. Fewer people are aware that
certain ingredients still found in paints today can pose health
concerns, and fewer still know how to avoid these substances!

Architectural paints and coatings make up about half the total

production of the United State’s coating industry, amounting to
more than 650 million gallons in 2010! Being conscientious about
the ingredients in architectural coatings can go a long way
toward reducing exposure to dangerous chemicals in paints.
Types of Coatings

Coatings are decorative, functional, or both. Functional coatings

can, for example, enhance mold resistance, water repellence,
and protection against wear. Stains, finishes, sealants, varnishes,
and paints are common coating types.

Most paints are composed of three main parts: a

pigment/colorant, a binder to help paint apply and stick to a
surface, and a solvent/carrier to keep the paint liquid. Other
compounds such as stabilizers, surfactants, and thickeners may
also be added. Once paint is applied, the solvent evaporates
and leaves the solid components on the surface. Solvents are the
biggest contributor to the level of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in paints.
 VOCs are chemicals with high vapor pressures at room
temperature, meaning they easily enter their gaseous form and
dissipate into the surrounding air. The smell associated with many
paints is due to their VOC content. Not all of them are harmful,
but certain VOCs may contribute to headaches; dizziness;
exacerbation of asthma; irritation of the eyes, nose and throat;
and, if exposure is prolonged, organ damage or cancer. VOCs
also contribute to smog and ground-level ozone.

Luckily, there are many low- or no-VOC products on the

market! One option is natural coatings made from clay, lime,
linseed oil, chalk, milk protein, plant or mineral dyes, natural latex,
or any number of other natural materials. Before buying, check to
make sure these paints are composed of only non-toxic
ingredients and that they do not contain essential oils that may
aggravate chemical sensitivities. Low-VOC manufactured paints
and coatings are becoming more and more common as
well. Typically, these coatings are water-based rather than
containing organic solvents. Definitions of no-VOC and low-VOC
are not always consistent, but as a general rule no-VOC product
have less than 5 g/L VOC content and low-VOC products should
be below 50 to 150 g/L. Varnishes and lacquers tend to have
much higher VOC levels than paints. Reported VOC levels do not
necessarily include the VOCs from pigments, especially when
products are coloured at the point of purchase. Other chemicals
besides VOCs are also of concern, which is where certifications
such as Green Seal are useful.
Green Seal Certification
Numerous paint and coating labels and certifications exist, but
Green Seal is one of the best known and used. The LEED credit for
low-emitting paints and coatings uses Green Seal
and SCAQMD standards. Green Seal standards include
performance criteria as well as restrictions on chemical
content. Three Green Seal standards apply to different categories
of coatings:
 GS-11 Paints and Coatings
 “The standard includes wall, anti-corrosive, reflective coatings,
floor paints, and primers and undercoats.”

GS-11 lays out criteria for flexibility, water resistance, colorfastness,

adhesion, opacity, and other qualities of paints and specified
coatings. The standard prohibits the inclusion of carcinogens,
mutagens, reproductive toxins, hazardous air pollutants, and
ozone-depleting compounds, and requires that manufacturers
provide appropriate end-of-life product instructions for consumers.
The VOC content limit is 50 g/L for flat topcoat paints and 100 g/L
for other topcoats. The highest limit in this category is 250 g/L for
anti-corrosive coatings. An additional 50 g/L is allotted for point-
of-sale colorants. Learn more here.
 GS-43 Recycled Content Latex Paints

“The Green Seal standard for recycled content latex paint, GS-43,
establishes environmental requirements for recycled-content,
consolidated, and reprocessed interior and exterior latex paint.”
 GS-47 Stains and Finishes

“The GS-47 standard applies to stains and finishes that are

intended and labeled for use on wood and metal surfaces:
lacquers, shellacs, varnishes, sealers and stains (film-forming and
penetrating).”
This standard includes criteria regarding dry time, adhesion, and
UV resistance. VOC limits vary from 120 g/L for low solids (up to
0.12 kg/L solids) coatings to 350 g/L for varnishes to 730 g/L for
clear shellacs. Learn more here.
Maintenance

Performance is important when considering how environmentally

friendly a paint or coating is! Long-lasting coatings mean that less
maintenance is needed, producing lower overall VOC emissions
over time. Some coatings need numerous applications to
achieve desired results and the number of coats also affects
emissions. Protective coatings help surfaces last longer, potentially
reducing environmental impacts. Typical latex paints may last
 three to seven years before a fresh coat is needed, whereas some
high-performance reflective paints are less affected by heat and
have much longer lifespans. Take both performance and
composition into consideration when choosing paints and
coatings.
Advantages of Green Paints & Coatings
 Lower VOC emissions and less ozone pollution
 Low risk of health effects or chemical sensitivities
 Improved indoor air quality
 Excellent performance properties, such as UV resistance,
durability, or flexibility
 Potential LEED points
 PRODUCT AND BUILDING MATERIAL RED LIST
The materials red list (commonly shortened to simply “red list”) is a
compilation of harmful-to-humans chemicals and materials
compiled by the International Living Future Institute (ILFI) as part of
its Living Building Challenge.

Products that contain chemicals on the red list must not be used if
a building is to achieve Living Building status. There are seven
performance areas, or “petals,” included in the Living Building
Challenge and avoiding red list products falls under the Materials
petal. This requirement is intended to ensure that buildings are not
only conserving energy or limiting waste, but also protecting
occupant health.
Development of the Red List

In addition to seeing chemicals on the red list phased out of

production and use, ILFI hopes to influence the materials industry
to be more conscientious about producing nonharmful-to-humans
materials. While many products exist that may have an adverse
effect on human health, the red list focuses on some of the worst
offenders. It is subject to change based on emerging scientific
knowledge, but currently includes:
 Asbestos
 Cadmium
 Chlorinated polyethylene and chlorosulfonated polyethlene
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Chloroprene (neoprene)
 Formaldehyde (added)
 Halogenated flame retardants
 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
 Lead (added)
 Mercury
 Petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides
 Phthalates
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 Wood treatments containing creosote, arsenic or
pentachlorophenol
Alternatives to Red List Materials

Based on available market materials at a given time, ILFI does

make some exceptions on a case-by-case basis. If builders are
granted an exception, they must send a letter to the
manufacturer of the red list material in question to explain that
their purchase is not an endorsement and express a preference
for the production of sustainable, non-toxic materials. There is also
a “small component” clause that allows red list chemicals to be
present in trace amounts. Under most circumstances, however,
builders must seek out alternative products if they want a project
to meet Living Building standards.

Red list alternatives do not necessarily cost more than standard

materials. Typically the most difficult part about avoiding red list
ingredients is finding appropriate substitutes and obtaining the
necessary information from manufacturers. Below is a more in-
depth look at some of the most common red list items:

PVC is a widely used plastic found in piping, electrical wire

sheaths, and window frames. It contains phthalates, which are
also components of flexible vinyl products, sealants, and finishes.
 There isn’t a great alternative to PVC wire sheaths. Metal-
sheathed wiring (“armored” cable) can be used, but it is harder to
work with and much more expensive.
 There are a few alternatives to PVC pipes. Metal (copper, steel, or
ductile iron) pipes, which can be used for some purposes, are
heavier, susceptible to corrosion, and typically more expensive to
buy and install. Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) and other related
plastics are now being used to make flexible, convenient, and
cheap pipes that do not contain PVC. Unfortunately, PEX cannot
be recycled and its health effects have not been definitively
 studied. PEX degrades with sun exposure and may be more
permeable to chemicals than other types of piping.
 Wood, aluminum, and fiberglass are common alternatives to PVC
window frames. Wood requires additional maintenance, while
aluminum frames should be used with some sort of thermal break
to insulate the window and prevent condensation. Prices vary,
and the environmental impact of manufacturing should also be
considered.
 Avoid vinyl flooring, cords and hoses, shower curtains, artificial
leather, pool liners, or paints made with phthalates. There are
many alternative plasticizers.

CFCs and HCFCs are refrigerants used for air conditioning,

heating, and, of course, refrigerators. They are also used in foams
and aerosols.
 Hydrofluoro-olefin can replace these materials both as a
refrigerant and a foam/aerosol to seal around windows. Carbon
dioxide is a second alternative refrigerant, but unlike hydrofluoro-
olefin, it requires a unique system from other refrigerants. Both
carbon dioxide and hydrofluoro-olefin are cheaper than or
comparable to standard refrigerants and both have low global
warming potentials.

Halogenated flame retardants are found in upholstery, cloth

window shades, and insulation.
 Non-halogenated flame retardants can replace halogenated
ones without loss of function.
 Foam insulation can be used to avoid halogenated flame
retardants found in many types of fiberglass insulation. It must be
properly installed to avoid mold formation.

Formaldehyde is found in all sorts of products, from laminates to

glues to wood products. Formaldehyde is often used as a binding
agent in fiberglass insulation.
 Again, foam insulation is one way to avoid chemicals found in
fiberglass insulation.
 Some fiberglass insulation brands use acrylic or rapidly renewable
materials as a binding agent instead of formaldehyde.
 Recycled cotton insulation is another option. All of these
alternatives are similarly priced to standard insulation.
Chloroprene is a synthetic rubber in water seals, gaskets, and
geomembranes. Chlorinated polyethylene and chlorosulfonated
polyethylene are found in geomembranes, roof membranes, and
electrical sheaths and connections. Mercury is found in various
types of light bulbs and lead can be present in paint, solders, or
roofing. Look out for these and other red list chemicals on product
labels. To be absolutely sure to avoid a certain chemical, some
people choose to make their own building materials, sealants, or
paints from ingredients like clay, oils, milk protein, and water, but
these products do not necessarily perform exactly the same as
commercially manufactured ones. Product directories (such
as Declare, Green Depot, or Pharos) that emphasize ingredient
transparency may be helpful in selecting red list alternatives.
 COOL ROOFS
Over the past few decades, rooftops have become a large
contributor to excessive heat issues. As many as 90% of roofs in the
United States are poorly designed and built with dark, non-
reflective, heat-absorbing materials. Because of this, rooftop
temperatures can rise up to 90 degrees above the prevailing air
temperature. One area where this situation is commonly seen is in
dense, populated areas such as cities, which have adopted the
term “heat islands” due to their drastic temperature increases.
Research states that average city air temperatures can be up to
5.4°F warmer than their surroundings during the day and up to an
alarming 22°F warmer during the evenings! In light of this, cool
roofing is one of the main strategies used to prevent future
occurrences of heat island effects.Cool roofing is an emergent
and powerful technology used for temperature control of
buildings and areas. A cool roof prevents heat absorption by
reflecting the sun’s heat and then emitting its radiation back into
the atmosphere. By doing this, cool roofs allow for a more
comfortable and controlled indoor environment.
Benefits of Cool Roofs
Costs are one of the major benefits of cool roofs. Cool roofing is
known to be very affordable overall, with energy savings ranging
from 7%-15% of total cooling costs. Like all roofing projects,
however, costs can vary depending on multiple factors: project
size, project location, climate, and ease of roof access. Some
projects have very low installation costs with little to no
maintenance, while the associated energy savings provide a
great incentive for consumers. Payback periods can be as low as
six years. Other benefits of cool roofs are:
 Lower Temperatures: During hot months, internal building
temperatures are much lower than those in buildings that use
traditional cooling techniques.
 Reduced Maintenance Costs: Many cool roofing types require
little to no maintenance. Also, cool roofs typically have a longer
lifespan than conventional roofing systems, lowering overall
maintenance costs and extending roof life.
 Reduced Energy Use and Cost: Since less air conditioning is
needed during hot summer months, energy bills are lowered. One
study estimates that buildings with cool roofs use up to 40% less
cooling energy than buildings with dark-colored roofs.
 Mitigated Heat Island Index: Less heat will be maintained during
the day in dense urban areas. Not only will the overall building
temperature be lower, but the surrounding ambient temperature
within the urban area will decrease as well.
 Reduced Air Pollutant Emissions: Since air conditioning units will be
used less frequently, the subsequent decrease in energy demand
will result in reduced burning of fossil fuels and, therefore, reduced
emissions (including NOx) and greenhouse gases (such as CO2).
 Improved Air Quality: Reduced emissions and improved air
quality go hand-in-hand. With fewer pollutants being emitted into
the atmosphere, overall air quality will improve. Smog, which is
produced by ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
and carbon monoxide, can be significantly lowered in urban
areas and provide healthier breathing conditions for the
population.
 Utility Rebates: There are multiple incentives for sustainable efforts
and many pertain solely to cool roofing strategies. Please refer to
GBA’s Financial Incentives packet to learn about these
opportunities!
How it Works
The “coolness” of a roof can be determined by comparing two
factors: solar reflectance and thermal emittance.

Solar reflectivity, or albedo, measures a roof’s ability to reflect

sunlight and heat away from a building. It is rated on a scale from
0 to 1 (or 0%-100%), with higher values representing a cooler
roof. The most efficient cool roof reflects more than 65% of solar
energy away from the building, only absorbing a small
percentage into the structure’s interior. Meanwhile, conventional
roofing materials only reflect a mere 5% to 15% of this energy.

Thermal emittance refers to a roof’s ability to release absorbed

heat. A high thermal emittance is preferable in warmer areas so
 that the heat is not held within the roof and, therefore, the
building. Thermal emittance is also rated on a scale from 0 to 1 or
0%-100%.
Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is a value that incorporates the two
radiative properties above, with a single value produced to
represent a material’s temperature in the sun. SRI is measured on
a scale from 0-100 or 0%-100%, with a higher value representing
a cooler roof. Zero refers to a temperature as hot as a black
surface, while 100 refers to a temperature as cool as a white
surface. SRI is very important in determining how well a material
and its color will work on a roof.
Types of Cool Roofs
When considering the residential, industrial, and commercial
sectors, no two buildings are the same. As a result, there are
multiple types of cool roofs designed to suit various building
designs and structural components. Different techniques are used
for low-sloped and steep-sloped roofs.
Low-Sloped Roofs have an extremely flat roof line with a slight
incline for draining needs. These types are typically found
associated with industrial, institutional, and commercial buildings
and are great candidates for cool roofs because of their usual
large roof surface areas. Since the roof is the main source of heat
entry into a building, a cool one can significantly help lower heat
gain and energy costs. For low-sloped roofs, cool roof techniques
generally include, but are not limited to, built-up roofing, coatings,
and single-ply membranes (as described below).
 Coated Roofs are literally coated with a paint-like finish to help
enhance a roof’s adhesion, durability, and longevity while
simultaneously reducing bacterial growth. Cool coatings are best
for low-sloped roofs on existing buildings and can be added to a
multitude of surfaces, including asphalt cap sheet, gravel, metal,
and other single-ply materials. They are not simply white paint, but
can be pigmented in a variety of colors to implement different
cooling technologies. Most coatings are also ENERGY STAR-rated.
 Foam Roofs are roofs topped with a foam-like material for
insulation purposes. Used for over 45 years, foam roofing has been
 recognized as a dependable, long-lasting, and affordable cool
roofing technique. The foam is generally made from two liquid
chemicals that combine to form a solid, flexible, and lightweight
material that attaches seamlessly and has proven itself to be
sustainable by requiring minimal maintenance and creating
minimal waste.
 Built-Up Roofing Systems, or BUR systems, are roofs made up of
multiple layers of various materials and minerals. These various
plies, when put together, help prevent solar heat from entering
the building. Common BUR layers include: a base sheet, fabric
reinforcement layers, and a protective surface layer. Cooling
strategies for built-up roofs can vary by building type. One
method embeds reflective materials into asphalt or coal tar to
reflect the sun’s light. Another technique is to top the built-up roof
with mineral-surfaced sheets consisting of reflective mineral
granules or applied coatings.
 Modified Bitumen, widely known as “Mod-Bit,” is an asphalt-based
roofing system similar to BUR systems. It is designed to
accommodate both cold and warm temperatures and it is more
elastic than BUR systems. It is installed in four main ways: torch-
applied, hot-mopped, cold-applied, or with self-adhesives.
 Single-Ply Membranes are used for low-sloped roofs that require
more extensive repair. They are prefabricated sheets that are
individually applied to a rooftop. The two main types are single-
ply EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) and single-ply
thermoplastics, both of which are further discussed in the “Cool
Roofing Materials” section below.
Steep-Sloped Roofs have an inclined roof line and are generally
seen in residential settings. Materials for steep-sloped cool roofs
include asphalt shingles, metal roofing, tiles, and shakes. Different
cool roofing techniques are used for steep-sloped roofs because
of their different structure and materials. Applying coatings over
existing shingles can prevent them from drying, causing water
damage. Also, since steep-sloped roofs generally account for
40% of the exterior visual appearance of a home or building, more
aesthetically pleasing techniques (such as shingling and tiling) are
therefore used to cool them.
 Cool Roofing Materials
As previously mentioned, various cool roofing materials are used
for different roofing types. Because of this large variability, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency has a list of over 3,000 ENERGY
STAR®-rated cool roofing materials, which should be chosen based
upon building type, roof type, and location.
 Asphalt Shingles are composed of asphalt mats made from
organic felts or fiberglass. Their SRI is relatively low, as white
shingles are only about 30% reflective and other color tiles even
less so. They are widely used in the residential sector because
they are low in cost and simple to install.
 Metal roofs, one of the most popular roofing materials used today,
can achieve a solar reflectance of over 70%, allowing buildings to
remain much cooler and lowering their energy costs. Metal is also
extremely durable and weather-resistant, lightweight, and 100%
recyclable at the end of its useful life.
Cool Roof Reflective Coatings
 White roof coatings are opaque and reflective, consisting of
polymeric materials and some types of white pigment. They
normally reflect 70% to 80% of the sun’s energy and, the thicker
the layers of coating, the more reflective they are. They keep
surface temperatures very close to ambient temperatures.
 Pigmented coatings are less efficient than white coatings. Darker
shades such as red, green, and blue reflect only 20% or less of the
sun’s solar rays. This technique is commonly seen in the residential
sector, however, with colors being used to create a more
aesthetically pleasing home or building.
 Aluminum roof coatings often consist of an asphalt-like resin
containing aluminum leafing flakes. This coating provides a visual
of an aluminum sheet and gives no indication of the asphalt layer
underneath. Most aluminum coatings offer at least 50% solar
reflectance and can exceed 70% with certain brands. It has also
been found that indoor temperatures can be reduced by as
much as 15°-20°F with their use.
 Roofing Membranes are made from felt, fiberglass, or polyester
that is attached with flexible polymeric materials such as asphalt,
 synthetic rubber, or synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl
chloride. All membranes are constructed to be strong, flexible,
and waterproof. The top layer can be covered with either
pigments that increase solar reflectance or with roofing
gravel. The two main types of single-ply membranes are:Single-Ply
EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) alone accounts for
40% of the commercial low-sloped roofing market today. Its
popularity comes from its flexibility among multiple climates. EPDM
membranes are black or white in color and allow for easy repair.
 Single-Ply Thermoplastic membranes are flexible sheets made of
plastic polymers. When heat is applied to this material,
thermoplastics mold together and become seamless. Common
examples include polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermoplastic
polyolefin (TPO). Both PVC and TPO are among the fastest-
growing roofing systems today. These thermoplastic single-ply
membranes combine both the durability of EPDM membranes
and the performance of a welded roofing system to provide a
high-quality cool roof. Although they are commonly white in
color, pigments can be added to accommodate the
manufacturer’s color interest.
 Tiles are commonly seen in warmer climates because of their high
solar reflectivity. Clay tiles are a popular cool roofing material,
with an SRI of over 50% and a thermal emittance of up to
86%. They are known to be extremely durable and 100%
recyclable at their end-of-life use. Colors vary as well to provide a
great number of options to consumers. Highly durable concrete
tiles are also popular and offered in a wide variety of colors, with
the ability to perform in extreme weather conditions.
 GREEN ROOFS
A green roof is a vegetative layer grown on a rooftop of a
building. Also known as roof gardens, these green roofs serve as a
large contributor to energy efficiency of buildings.

Green roofs reduce the temperature of the building and the

surrounding air in multiple ways:
1. Shading: They provide shade to the top of a building
2. Evapotranspiration: the plants in a green roof absorb water
through their roots, and then use surrounding heat from the air to
evaporate the water
While some roofs can reach temperatures of up to 90°F in the
summertime, these two features can allow green roofs to actually
be cooler than the surrounding air temperature! This in turn
mitigates the urban heat island effect.
Green Roofs Today
Green roof production has grown significantly over the past
decade; with a 115% increase in green roof production recorded
from 2010 to 2011 alone. In 2012, the North American Green Roof
Industry recorded 982 green roof projects, which was a 24%
increase from 2011. Washington D.C. installed the most green roofs
in North America this past year with 1,326,872 square feet.
Succeeding Washington D.C. were Chicago, New York City,
Toronto, Philadelphia and Cincinnati. Be sure to check out GRHC’s
(Green Roofs for Healthier Cities) Annual Green Roof Industry
Survey for 2016 for more current green roof statistics!
The Green Features of a Green Roof

Multiple layers work together to produce a green roof’s high

efficiency and quality:
 Vegetation: The top layer of a green roof consists of vegetation.
Chosen plants should be based on the type of roof, surrounding
climate, and condition of the building. For flatter roofs and
stronger buildings, taller and heavier vegetation can be used.
Lighter and shorter vegetation is recommended for slanted roofs.
 Growing Medium: The growing medium is the foundation for all
the vegetation on the top later. The medium type, mixture and
depth area all depend on the plants chosen for the green roof. A
wind erosion layer, commonly made of burlap jute blankets, can
also be installed to prevent wind from blowing top soil off the roof.
 Root Barrier: Root barriers are associated with deep-rooted plants
such as trees and shrubs. A root barrier prevents roots from
reaching the membrane on the bottom layer, which when
punctured, could potentially cause roof leaks and decay.
Common materials used for this layer are foil or plastic.
 Drainage: A drainage layer is installed to adequately remove
excess water from a green roof. Green Roof Solutions states that
drainage systems are designed to ensure storm water can be
used by the top plants for extended periods of time without
oversaturation of the entire green roof system. Note that this layer
can also be found above the root barrier layer as well.
 Insulation: The insulation layer is the protector of the membrane
layer below. The insulation prevents the weight of the green roof
from crushing the insulation and impairing the membrane. A light
weight extensive green roof can include insulation below the
membrane.
 Membrane Protection: The roof’s membrane needs protection to
prevent deterioration. The protective layer can be a slab of
lightweight concrete, insulation, thick plastic, copper foil or any
combination of these.
 Membrane: A membrane is the bottommost layer of a green roof,
and is the main separation between the green roof above and
the structural supports below. Due to the excessive water amounts
associated with green roofs, the membrane must be strong
enough to support this water weight and to not let it seep through.
Types of Green Roofs

There are generally two types of green roofs that differ by cost,
depth of growing medium, plant types and the potential for
accessibility or use. Extensive green roofs are simpler, lighter
weight systems commonly seen on residential buildings. The
concept of extensive green roofs is to design a rugged, durable
roof that requires little maintenance and no human interaction.
Used vegetation consists of hardy, weather-resistant plants that
can adapt to extreme climates. Intensive green roofs, on the other
hand, more so resemble a traditional roof. There is almost no limit
to the plants that can be used on these roofs, or the weight.
Intensive roofs are commonly used for public areas, where people
can walk and enjoy the area. Common differences between the
two roof types are listed below:
A green roof may include components of these two types of
green roof systems and be referred to as either semi-intensive or
semi-extensive green roof.
 Extensive Green Roofs Intensive Green Roods

Common Roof Type

Residential, Slanted Roof Commercial, Flat Roof

Planting Medium
1.6-6 in. 6+ in.

Manageable Weight 10-35 lb / ft2 150 lb / ft2

Used Vegetation
Drought-tolerant Plants, Shrubs,
succulents, Grasses Gardens, Trees

Base Cost $10 / ft2 $25 / ft2

Amount of Required
Maintenance Low High

Benefits of Green Roofs

 Aesthetic Improvement: Aside from their sustainable aspects,
green roofs can be a beautiful addition to any building, and can
be designed to become a public area for building occupants
and guests. Greenroofs.com states that these public areas can
increase a sense of community and overall public safety!
 Energy Reduction: The needs for heating and cooling a structure
reduce drastically due to the thermal efficiency of green
roofs. Acting as natural shade and a heat-absorber for a building,
a green roof can significantly reduce cooling costs by as much as
25%.
 Increased Market Value: Installation of a green roof has been
shown to increase the marketability of a building and add a value
of 6%-15%. Significant aesthetic effects accrue to the owner,
occupants and the surrounding community.
 LEED Certification Points: A green roof has the potential of earning
up to 34 points for a building. Refer to this link for more information.
 Moderate the Urban Heat Island Effect: The urban heat island
effect is caused by specific areas (usually urban areas or cities)
being hotter than nearby rural areas. This heat primarily comes
from rooftops in urban areas since they are commonly painted
black or other dark colors. Therefore, the installation of green roofs
can lower the surrounding air temperature and help moderate
the urban heat island effect.
 Reduced Air Pollution: The reduced energy demand from green
roofs reduces air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions related
to energy production. Plants also remove air pollutants and
greenhouse gas emissions through two processes: dry deposition
and carbon sequestration and storage. Lastly, green roofs help
slow the rate of ozone formation by reducing overall air
temperatures.
 Saved costs: Although installation costs are higher than traditional
roofs, the lifespan and low-maintenance of a green roof can result
in vast cost savings. Research from the University of Michigan
showed that with initial roof costs of a green roof and a
conventional roof relatively being $464,000 and $335,000, the
green roof would actually save around $200,000 over its lifetime!
People can also install green roofs on their own, cutting down the
costs significantly!
 Stormwater Management: Green roofs- depending on size,
density, and type- can capture stormwater and return it to the
atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation. According to
greenroofs.org, 70-90% of precipitation can be retained in the
summer time, and 25-40% in the winter time. Green roofs can also
reduce stormwater runoff by holding water within the substrate
and therefore delaying the runoff time. By having a green roof,
buildings could also eliminate roof drains and other stormwater
management infrastructure.
 Financial Incentives: Be sure to check out GBA’s Green Building
Incentives [CM4] packet for more information!
 Urban Food Production: Green roofs provide the possibility of
growing edible gardens on top of buildings! Local and
convenient, green roofs can source food just above occupants’
heads. Urban food production reduces the woes of long-distance
food supply. They also contribute to community nutrition and
social interaction.

ENERGY EFFICIENT WINDOWS

Energy-efficient windows minimize the need for heating, cooling,
and artificial lighting by using some combination of window
glazes, multiple panes, tightly-sealed edges, insulated frames, and
gas fills. In a typical home, roughly 30% of heating and air
conditioning is lost through the windows!

Energy loss happens through conduction, radiation, convection

currents, and air leakage, but energy-efficient windows are an
effective way to combat these processes and cut back on energy
use. The success of energy-efficient features varies based on
climate, window direction, and how a window fits into overall
home design, so homeowners should carefully consider which
types of windows best fit their needs. The National Fenestration
Rating Council, ENERGY STAR, and the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) rate windows on their efficiency and suitability for different
regions and purposes. Many of the same guiding principles in
choosing efficient windows also apply to skylights and glass doors.
Specifications

U-factor: measures how much heat is conducted through a

window. This rating may apply to the whole window fixture (glass,
frame, spacers, etc.) or only to the glass itself. A low U-factor
signifies that a window is well-insulated and therefore more
energy-efficient. A rating of 0.30 or below is considered very good.

Solar heat-gain coefficient (SHGC): the fraction of solar heat

energy that passes through a window. SHGC can improve indoor
climate control through the installation of high-SHGC (>0.55)
windows in cold climates and low-SHGC (<0.40) windows in warm
climates. Medium- to high-SHGC windows are most suitable for
Pennsylvania homes.
Allegheny County is in ENERGY STAR’s Northern Climate Zone. Any
products with an ENERGY STAR label for this region must meet the
requirements listed here.

Visible transmittance (VT): the amount of visible light that can pass
through a window. VT is measured on a scale of 0 to 1, where 0
signifies no light transmittance and 1 is complete light
transmittance. High VT can reduce the need for artificial lighting
inside a home. Coatings, glazes, and tints can reduce VT—unless
they are spectrally selective (meaning they screen out certain
wavelengths of solar radiation, mainly infrared, while allowing
most visible light to pass through).

Light-to-solar gain (LSG): ratio of VT to SHGC. A high LSG rating is

given to a window that lets through a lot of light relative to the
amount of heat.

Low-emissivity (low-e) glazes: transparent metal-oxide insulators

that block longer wavelengths of energy while still allowing visible
light (shorter wavelengths) to pass through. Low-e windows work
well for keeping heat either inside or outside of a building,
depending on climate. In fact, adding a low-e coating to a
window adds as much extra insulation as an extra pane of glass!
Glazes may also help avoid condensation on the inside of
windows, as well as fading of fabric, paper, or wood furnishings.
They are added to one of the two inter-pane surfaces, depending
on climate and manufacturer.
Air leakage: low air leakage is always good. Windows should have
a leakage rating of less than 0.30 cubic feet per minute per
square foot of window and should be properly installed to avoid
leaks around the edges. Windows that open outward, like awnings
or casements, close more tightly than sliding windows.

Gas fills: some double-paned windows are made with an inert gas
such as argon or krypton in the inter-pane space because they
are better insulators than air. Manufacturers may use a mix of
gases, as argon is cheaper but krypton is more effective.

External factors: window efficiency considerations are not limited

to window specifications alone. Shading of windows by overhangs
or plants can help keep a house cool in the summer when the sun
is high in the sky. Curtains or shutters can also help keep out light
or heat as desired. If possible, window direction should be
incorporated into home design. For example, in colder climates,
high-SHGC windows should predominantly face south to capture
the most heat when the sun is low in the sky during winter. North-
facing windows, on the other hand, tend to provide more light
than heat. Tubular daylighting devices, which channel sunlight
through a reflective tube, may be a good way to add natural
light to rooms where traditional windows or skylights are not
feasible.
Cost and Maintenance

Window prices depend more on type and size than anything else,
so many manufacturers now offer comparably priced efficient
windows. With that in mind, energy-efficient windows are an
investment in a building and even when they do cost more, they
will pay themselves off within a few years through decreased
heating and cooling costs—and will continue to save money
throughout their lifespan.

Well-placed windows can decrease the need for artificial lighting

by allowing in natural light, which will also help save on energy
costs. If efficient windows are installed as part of a new
 construction project, a smaller, more affordable heating and
cooling system may be sufficient for the building.

Through 2013, homeowners who install ENERGY STAR products may

receive a tax credit equal to 10% of the product cost, up to $200
for eligible windows/skylights and $500 for eligible doors.
For homeowners who are not looking to invest in new windows,
several actions can make existing windows more efficient. Air
leakage can be reduced by caulking or adding weather-stripping
material around window edges or by adding storm windows. Low-
e coatings and window films affixed by homeowners can increase
a window’s efficiency, although they might add a slight tint or
give windows a mirror-like appearance.
Advantages and Disadvantages
 Long-term savings: DOE-estimated annual savings for PA are $401
for replacing single-pane windows and $166 when replacing
double-pane windows, not-to-mention the benefits of a smaller
carbon footprint.
 Home comfort: Efficient windows result in less variation in interior
temperatures and fewer drafts.
 Upfront costs: As an investment in a house, efficient windows may
cost more initially.
 More complex planning: Different considerations dominate for
different windows in a house.