EKASALA ]

Chapter VII

EKASALA
. 7.1 Introduction

Ekasala is the type of residential building popularly constructed for all

categories of people. This forms 75% of total samples covered .in the documentation
swvey. This form takes care of the climate and the functional and social requirement of
a large cross section of the population. Ekasala in it primaiy form is a unit structure of
one bay wide. The walls and columns of this structure are of material such as stone or
timber. Its characteristic feature is its steep sloping roof. The roof is supported by one
or more concentric horizontal annulr Utltarams (wall plate). the innermost of which is
known as Aaroodham Fig.5.9. This type of building may be used for a variety of
functions. In this chapter a detailed discussion on this residential type, itc; variations on
a local level, its planning, developmen� construction etc. is attempted.

7.2 Categories or Elullala

Fkasalas are constructed in larg e as well as in small plots. In larger plots division
of plo� division intoPadams and fixing of the centra1Ankanam precede the design and
positioning of Ekasala. Salas occupy the periphery of thisAnkanam. (Fig.7.1) In smaller
plots design and positioning of theEkasala is given priority with refe1ence to the central
point of .the plot The houses arc constructed with respect to the Central point. lhe
relation of the central lines of the Sala with respect to Central point and the entry to the
building decides the type of Ekasala. Generally if tl1e Sala is placed on the ea5tern side
of the yard it is Kizhakkini (&stem Sala). This Sala faces the west and had the main
entry from type west In case of small plots tl1e open yard together with the entry to the
Sala decides the type of Ekasala (Fig. 7.2).

62
7.3 FUl1ctJons of Different Salas

The four Diksalas are traditionally associated with different functions.

According to regional texts 51, Kizhakkini (Eastern Sa/a) is used for religious and
ritualistic functions and the Vadokkini (Northern Sa/a) is used as a living space for ladies
and children, or vice versa. The 11rekkini (Southern Sa/a) is used for entertaining guests
and thePadillijatli"i (Western Sala is for the storage of grains or vice versa. It haR been
observed during the field survey that Eastern and Northern Salas were used mainly for
religious or ritualistic functions. They were however used for family dining also. The
Southern and Western Salas were used for domestic functions and for storage.
According toMayamata 52 , Northern Sala is Sukhalaya (house of pleasure), Eastern Sala
isAnnalaya (house of food) Southern Sala is Dhallyalaya (house of grains) and Western
So/a is Dllalla/yaya (house of wCRlth). In ancient societies storage of grains and other
valuables is considen.."<.1 to he the most important function of a settled life. lIence when
single units are constructed the preference is always given for Southern and Western
Sa/a. Storage of grain is considered more important than other forms of wealtll and hence
the first preference is given for Southern Sala over the otller.

7.4 Categorisation according to the space characteristics

As the Sala is designated with respect to theAnkallom, it., space characteristics

are also decidedwith respect to this position. Each location is associated with a particular
God. 'Ihcse Gods are attributed with special qualities. Eastern Sala occupies tJle realm
of buua (God of enlightenment), Southern Sala occupies the realm of Yama (God of
death), Northern Sala the realm of Soma (God of wealth) and the Western Sa/a the re.alm
of VarwlQ (God of Fertility) Fig.7.3. These qualities are further represented by Dwaja
(nag mast), Simha (Uon), Gana or Gaja (elephant) and Vrishabha (bull) respectively.
The attributes associated with these symbols have fixed the Eastern Sala for Brahmins,
Southern Sa/a for KsJzatriya, Northern Sola for Vai.sya and Western Sa/a for Sudras.
Identifying spaces with symbols and their attributes and interpreting them in social
context form the basis of traditional settlement planning53. [''.g. In 8 town, the northern
sector categorised as Vaisya space, is earmarked for mercantile class dealing in oil,
yarns, doth et<.',

63
7.5 Preference of Ekasala as an Independent resldenllal unit

All texts specify that if only one Sala is constructed as an independent unit the
order of preference will be 1) Southern Sala and 2) western Sala 54• In Kerala most of
the buildings of Ekasala type are, however, constructed as Western Sala. A number of
reasons can be attributed to this preference. Mainly they are 1) User preference, 2)
climate and env ironmcnt 3) geological factors and 4) spiritual factors.

1) User preference

In the class less society of ancient Kerala simple unitaey Ekasala was the
universal house form of all people. But at a later stage. Kerala had a feudal social system
with the landlord owning the land and a number of tenants working for him. While the
landlords had the cou1ty arded houses, the tenants seiv ing him broadly designated as
Sudras (Working class) b.ad their eligible Western Sala. This pattern of residential
preference existed in Kerala till modern times. 'l11c western Sala could also he opted hy
all classes according to Anulopaprakaram (descending order theory). Herein Salas
designated for lower classes can be used by higher classes. Accordingly Western Sala
were constructed for other classes of people as well.

2) Climatic and environmental aspects

1l1e preference of Western Sala over Southern Sala in Kerala is also due to
climatic conditions prevailing in Kerala. Situated in the subtropical belt with maximum
humidity and sunlight, through ventilation becomes essential design requirement. for
comfort Lying in the coastal area with sea on the western side macro climatic wind is
from tl1e west and north west durin� most of tJ1e year. Western Sala orit.·ntt-d towards
tl1c prominent wind direction thus got the preference over Southern Salas.

3) Geological and physical features

'Ilic land slopes from cast to west with its general contour running along north
south axis. Placing a Sala along the north south axis poses minimum disturbance to tl1e
physical terrain and hence it is preferred against Southern Sala.

f34
4) Spiritual Factors

Great importance has been associated with east direction. being the direction of
the rising sun. It is considered auspicious to get the direct morning light into the main
area of the hous� the.Ara and hence preference for Western Sala.

7.6 Basic form or an Ekasala

An Fhisala has a core space with a roof resting on Utlwram (wall plate) It is
supported on peripheral walls of tJ1e core and is also termed as Bal,yotlwram or
Varotharam (&tcmal wall plate) (07.1). The core of any J,Jwsala may be vicwe<l as tl1c
SJX!Ce defined within this Varotharam. This Varotharam in the case of small structures
is also tenned as theAaroodlwtharam. The concept ofAaroodhotharam orAaroodham
is of regional origin as it is not mentioned in classical texts. Aarooclltam is also known
as 11,ai Utlwram (Thai meaning mother) in Southern Kerala E.kasalas arc hence known
as Ottathai house (house with one wall plate). In large span houses (D 7.2), one external
Utltaram along the periphery may not be sufficient to suppor1 the huge roof. Here an
additional Utharam is provided at a higher level supported by a propped beam which in
turn rests on the Varotharam. (Fig. 5. 7). In tltis case tJ1c second Utlwram placed al the
higher point is termed as Aaroodltam. J\ third Utlwram enclosing the veramfa around
the core is also usually seen and is known as Ankanotharam (Utharam alont� the
courtyard). This usually defines the built space of a primaty Ekasala. 111e e�trcme
boundary covered by the roof is defined by Vamadt1 (eave hoard). It is provided al tJ1e
extreme end of the roof overhang. This is an important element of the Ekasala which
defines tl1e covered an�a of the building. When tl1e lengllt of the Sala is more, ties are
provided at inteIVals connecting the longer sides of the l!tlwram to prevent side thrust

7.7 Positioning of Aaroodlram

Generally in small structures of single storey Aaroodham is placed ahove the

wall enclosing the core of the Sala. llut when veranda is to be added without increasing
the ceiling as in the case of low timber walled houses, it becomes necessary to raise the

65
roof by elevating the Aaroodham. In buildings of more than one storey also tl1e
Aaroodham has to be raised to a higher position. When Aaroodlzam is provided at a
higher position an additional Utharam known as Mannutharam in case of load bearing
structures and Utliarappady in case of timber structures is provided at the ceiling height
(Fig. 7.4). This additional Utharam acts as a support for tJ1e ceiling. The roof is raised
by some ingenious construction methods, not given in any Vastu texts. Some of them
documented are given below.

1) TheAaroodham rests on the wall. The height of Chittutharam on which the rafters
rests is increased to thrice the normal height thus increasing the roof height (Fig.
7.S.l).

2) Over the Utlrarappady laterite blocks known asltfakkidi are placed at inte1vals and
theAaroocDiam is placed over it (Fig. 7.S.2).

3) Providing parappet of desired height over the Utharappady or Mannutharam and

Aaroodliam is placed over it In most of the loadbearing structures documented t11e
parapet was sufficiently high to accommodate an attic. (Fig. 7.5.3).

4) By shiftingAaroodham towards tl1eexterior so that veranda alRo is enclosed within

the core. Here Aaroodham rests on cantilever supported by Utharappadi (Fig.
7.5.4).

5) Aaroo,010111 is placed over an additional truss supported on Varot/Jaram

(Fig.7.5.5).

6) Aaroodham provided at a higher point and supported by short colums over ceiling
(Fig.7.5.6).

7.8 Planning of the core of Ekasala

The core of an F.kasala is the space enclosed by Varotharam. They can be with
or without an Ara. In most of tJ1e early hous�Ara is an indispensable space t.-sst.•nti:11ly
mea1it for s tornge of grains. Irrespective of the planning and arrangement of rooms (Fig.
7.6), Ara always occupies the central JX)Sition and faces theAnkanam. It is constructed

06
entirely of wood inchuding the floor and the ceiling. lhc core of an T<kisala is usually
enclosed within walls. In some houses as seen inAranmula (D7.3) an open JXlrtico fonns
part of the core. In some otJ1er houses tJ1e venmda is included witJ1in tJ1e core ( D 7. 4) .
The other rooms in the core are used as living or sleeping areas. Sometimes a staircase
is acconunodated in case of storcy<.-d structures (D7.5). Of.her activity areaCJ like dining,
kitchen and other utility areas are always provided as extensions. 1lte number of rooms
in the core mainly depends on the size of the core and presence of Ara. If Ara is present,
even the smallest core contains three rooms. Otheiwise tlle minimum number is two.
Larger Ekasalas as self contained units have more rooms. Eg. Kottil 1harawad has nine
various activity rooms (D 7.1) in one floor and Therettu Lakshmibhavan has six rooms
(D7.6).

7.8.1 Nilavora (Underground chamber or cellar)

Provision of a M/avara is invariably made under ilie Ara. It is missing in some

c�-;cs. The sample (D 7.5) is one except.ion t.o this rule. Mlm•a,·a nonnally occupies 1hc
entireAra space. Entry to tlleNilavara is either from t11eAra it.self (D7.3) or from an
antespace behind tJ1eAra (D 7.6) . 'The entry is well concealed from the exte1ior. Roof
of the Mlavara (floor of tlleAra) is raised above the surrounding floor leaving a space
for a small ventilator facing ilie Ankanam (fig. 7. 7). This is the only opening to the
Nilavara barring the door. 'lhe floor of the Nilavara is 60 cm to 90cms below the ground
level and a movable staircase is provided for entty in to it Ntlat-•ara is used for stornge
of valuables and as larder for presetving food items.

7.9 Scale of Ekasala

The construction materials and the structural system are selected tQ suit tlle size
of the building. 1he load bearing structures are generally larger compared to iliose
constructed entirely of wood From the field study it has been obsetved that the length
of the former ranges from 15K to 32K (l lM to 23M) and that of ilie latter ranges from
8 K to 18K (6M to 13M). Wooden houses are thus conspicuously of smaller size.

67
· 7.10 Development of Ekosala

The core of the Ekasala contains mainly two types of activity spaces 1) Space
for storage of grains and other valuables and 2) Space for sleeping. But in a self
contained residential Ekasala, other spaces are necessai:y and the same are provided as
extensions to the core. The extensions can be effected in two ways 1) By repetition and
2) By addition.

7.10.1 Extension by repetition

This form of extension produces Dvisala (combination of two Ekasalas),

Trisala (Three Ekasalas) Chatussala (four Salas) and so on. The Dvisalas and Trisalas
are very rare. Only oneDvisala was identified and documented. No extant Trisala could
be located in the study. Chatussalas and others are discussed in detail in chapters IX
and X.

7.10.2 Extension of Ekasala by addition

The core of an Ekasala is extended by addition of spaces horizontally and

vertically. In horizontal development concentric, linear and the combination modes are
visible. In concentric development, the core is developed with the addition of vemnda
on one, two, three or four sides. Vastu texts prescribe that when veranda is on one side
it should be on the front or to the right Two vcranJas occupy front and back, or ldt and
right; three verandas are provided without back veranda or left veranda (Fig. 7.8). But
almost all the Ekasalas documented in this study have verandm, on all four sides with
the provision of an Ankanotharam. Provision of veranda is climatically essential in
Kerala. It gives shade and protection to the core and is used as multifunctional space
accommodating kitchen, dining area living rooms and even as sleeping spaces.
Accordingly they are open, semi enclosed or enclosed In very small houses instead of
veranda a small 11rinna (a narrow raised platform) is provided which is confined within
the Yamada A second degree of concentric development is some times seen (D 7. 7) as
an additional veranda, but this is also very rare.

fiA
 Linear development can be along the longitudinal axis, parallel to it or
perpendicular to this axis, as shown in figure. 7.8. Local variations are visible in linear
extensions. In Northern region linear extensions parallel to the axis are seen in almost
all houses (D7.8). Front or back veranda is extended. to form new spaces (D7.9) or both
verandas are extended. (D 7.10) . The extension is used as kitchen or living space
depending on its position. If it is to accommodate kitchen, North extension along East ,
or West veranda is preferred; for living activity souh extension is preferred. Also more
than on extensions are common. E"{tensions perpendicular to the axixs are also seen in
Northern region (D 7.11).

In contrast to this, linear extensions in the Southern region are along the main
axis and the entire width of the core is extended (D 7.12). It can be on one side (D 7.6)
or in both sides (D 7.12). They are used for kitchen, dining and living depending on
the position.lne linear expansion is effected structurally in ingenious ways tJrns crl'ating
different roof pattern resulting in different visaul character, with the same ground pfon
as shown in Fig. 7. 9. Linear extension perpendicular to the main axis is also not
uncommon. When they are used as living space it is always open and is known as
Poollmkham (portico) or Ta/am (D 7.8) Combination of longitudinal and transverse
extensions are also obseived. (D 7.13) A unique from of horizontal development is
achieved by an extension of space leaving an internal courtyard for lighting thus
producing a pseudo chatussala. lbis is termed as a Koottikkettu ( extension or connected
structure) since it does not have independentAaroodlram (D 7.14).

Vertifical development is usually effected in the load bearing masonry

structures. In most of the houses documented in the Northern region, tJ,e vertical
extension is effected only to the core of the structure with a staircase within (D 7.8). In
later buildings with a pronounced colonial influence. the core as well as the veranda is
. extended vertically, the staircase being shifted (D 7.7) from the core to the veranda. A
third floor is sometime added Attic over the first floor is also common. It may be noted
that the horizontal extension is a common feature. But the vcrtkal extension is rare
although its possibility is not excluded. Generally the core is extended to its full expected
height in all cases.
7.11 Structural aspects of Flcasala

Mainly two structural typ<.'8 arc SN'n l) Frnm(-<l (limher) and 2) Loadlwming
(masonruy). 'Ibe details regarding the timber struct.res are given in the next chapter
"Timber walled houses". They are widely seen in South Kernla.

Load bearing or masomy construction is primarily seen m the central and

Northern Kerala where good quality laterite is available and the soil condition is good
In aU cases trenches are dug to a depth equal to the height of the basement and filled
with laterite and mud and consolidated with water. Basement is constructed with laterite
in lime or mud mortar.

The walls are constructed using laterite in laterite powder with or without the
addition of lime. llte thickness of tlte wall depends on tJ1c span and the number of
storey s. Minimum thickness of 8 Angulam (24 ems) is provied for small Ekasala of
Single storey and is increased to 14 Angulam (42 ems) for a span of SM (D 7. 7) and 24
Angulam (12 ems) for a span of 8 Mts (D 7.2) in the ground floor. lbe wall thickness
is approximately 1/12 of the span. lhe wall thickness in upper floors is reduced at. n rate
of twoAngu/am per lloor/Attic. 'Ille inner sUitace remains vertical and the reduction is
effected on the exterior surface. Almost all buildings are plastered using Sudha (lime
plaster) except very few older buildings finished externally in unplastered latcrite.
Flooring was originally done in unplastered laterite. Flooring was originally done in
cowdung. later changed to clay tiles and finally in cement Upper floors are pmv idcd
with a layer of teak leaves over the wooden planks over which fine sand is spread.
Laterite soil mixed with lime and water is rammed above tl1is and flooring is finished.
Fig. 7.10.

Columns mainly used in the veranda extension are of either wood or lat.erite
blocks. Roof is exclusively of wood and a single roof encloses the core and the
extensions in case of single storeyed buildings. In case of more storeys, where only the
core is extended vertically, main roof is provided over the core and for veranda a lean
to roof supported on wooden members fixed to the waJI (Fig. 7.11). The ridge of tllc
veranda lean to is extended to form the ridge of the extensions parallel to the aixs.

70
 The roof is the most important element in any traditional structure. Local
variations in the arrangement of the rafters and the ridge are seen. These variations are
not given in tlu.• Vastu workerR, and might have been indigenously developed. In the
earlier metJ1od all tJ1e rafters were slanting towards the ridge as shown in Fig. 7.12. 'lhe
measurement of each rafter as well as the joining details of Valabarulliam (Collar) and
Vala (collarpin) are to be worked out independently for each rafter. The next stage can
be seen in later buildings where all the rafters on the longer side are straight and of equal
length while tl1ose at the two sides are slanting Fig. 7.12. I the tJ1ird and tlte last stage
of development slanting rafters are avoided and the roof strncture consist,; of ridge, hip
· rafters, p1incipal rafters and jack rafters Fig. 7 .12.3.

A local change in the shape and function of tl1e ridge also is seen. In the early
buildings the ridge is a flat, non-structural connecting member as seen in southern areas.
This changes into a square rectangular structural member in central and northern areas
Fig. 7.13.

7.12 Gnlbles

The discussion of the structure will be in complete without the description of

the gables. Gables are considered as the essential feature of traditional Kerala
Architecture. The sutvey however reveals that itis not a common feature in all parts of
Kerala. It is specific to certain areas only. Buildings in southern and central region
have gable;, but those of the northern region have no such gables. They also show
prominent local style, from a straight gable in the central Kerala to an upward sloping
gable in southern Kerala The angles of the ridge and tJ1e face of the gables also vary.
They are maximum in the Quilon region. The gables appear to he purely aesthetic
element added to the plain roof envelope Fig. 7.14. The most exquisitively carved gables
are provided in timber walled houses where roof height is very low and appears dominant
in the onlooker's visual field. The roof looses its prominence as a v isual member when
it is placed at a higher level lbis must have resulted in the avoidance of gables in tJ1e
higher buildings in northern region.

71
7.13 Observations

The obseivations from the study of Ekasa/as can be summa�sed as follows.

1. Ekasalas are popularly constructed house forms in Kerala and used by all sections
of the society.

2. User choice and macro climatic conditions have preferred Western Sala to
Southern Sala.

3. Local changes in the structural system and types are visible depending on soil
condition and material available.

4. Ekasalas are self contained independent residential units which take care of
different activities associated with a residence.

5. 11te core of the Ekasala is used for storage, living and sleeping where as the
extensions take care of other activities.

6. Ingenious construction techniques as demonstrated in tlte roof structure are

developed which are not mentioned in scriptures. Local customs and practices in
planning and design are also seen.

7. Ekasalas are remarkably flexible buildings designed with a defined core which
can be extended in innumerable ways depending on social climatic. lunctional and
financial requirement of a large section of people. It is a vecy versatile form of
residential building and can be of relevance even modem context

72
 N
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Fig 7.1 DESIGNATION OF SALAS

W.RJ ANKANAM
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WI TH RESPECT TO ON THE P~ERIPHERY OF
FFONTYARD & COURTYARD OF THE PLOT

J
1" .Chiltutharam Chittutharam

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Fig7.4 POSITIONING OF MANNUTHARAM AND ARAPPADI

WI T H RES PEeT TO AAROODHAM
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Fig 7.5 JNGENIOUS METHODS TO INCREASE ROOF HEIGHT

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Fig7.7 SECTION THROUGH A PADINJATINI WITH

ARA AND NILLAVARA (NOT TO SCAlE)
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