Professional Documents
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Anecdotes/Short Stories
● On 1st June, 2018 - The Hindu prominently highlighted the success of all-women crew which
circumnavigated the globe on India-built sail boat INSV Tarini. The same paper also carried reports of a
girl-rape case in Kathua highlighting the paradoxical situation of women empowerment in India.
● The story goes to the dark days of 1950s when black-colored people in USA were facing worst ever
discrimination. It was Rosa Parks, a woman, a black woman, who dared to do the unthinkable - Rode
at the front of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus on the day the Supreme Court's ban on segregation of
the city's buses took effect.
● The only thing one could hear were shouts, whistles and claps when Agni-IV missile was successfully
tested. But, behind all these was the story of grit, of determination - The story of Tessy Thomas, An
Indian scientist and Project Director for Agni-IV missile.
● The life of Helen Keller, an American educator who overcame the adversity of being blind and deaf to
become one of the 20th century's leading humanitarians and founded American Civil Liberties Union.
● The highest-grossing Indian film ever, the fifth highest grossing non-English film ever is not a romantic
or male-protagonist based movie, but Dangal, a story Geeta Phogat and Babita Kumari who go on to
become India's first world-class female wrestlers.
DEFINITION
● According to United Nations - Women’s empowerment has five components:
o Women’s sense of self-worth;
o Their right to have and to determine choices;
o Their right to have access to opportunities and resources;
o Their right to have power to control their own lives, both within and outside the home; and
o Their ability to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social and economic
order, nationally and internationally.
• According to the World Bank - Empowerment is the process of increasing the capacity of individuals or
groups to make choices and to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes.
• ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
o Definition and restrictions in career for women: Women’s household work (Care economy) is unpaid
and undervalued; Pink-collared jobs; Feminization of agriculture and informal sector;
Entrepreneurship as a career option is not promoted
o Inequity at workplace: Salary differential; Creche facilities; Maternity leave; Sexual harassment at
workplace; Glass-ceiling effect
o At the level of framing and implementation of laws: Continuous discrimination regarding women’s
share in parental/ancestral property; Poor implementation of Sexual Harassment of Women at
Workplace, 2013 Examples - Lijjat Papad Model; Amul owes much of its success to women
participation; Kudumbshree
• POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
o Political Parties and Legislature: Discrimination at party level regarding number of tickets (Sexual
favours or compromises in lieu of party tickets/promotions) -> Less number of women legislators ->
Poor representation at legislatures;
o Executive: Bureaucracy (), Police, Armed Forces
o Judiciary: Representation; Discrimination against women, Sexual harassment against women.
UPSC - 2016 - Women’s Reservation Bill Would Usher in Empowerment for Women in India.
UPSC - 2015 - Whither Women’s Emancipation?
• ECOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT
o Nature or Earth is ascribed with the status of ‘Mother’.
o Eco-feminism - “Ecofeminism” was a term first used by Francoise D’Eaubonne in 1980 and gained
popularity in protests and actions against continued ecological disaster. It is a joining of
environmental, feminist, and women’s spirituality concerns. As the environmental movement along
with environmental crises raised the consciousness of women to the decay of the earth, they began
to see a parallel between the devaluation earth and the devaluation of women. Thus, the concept of
Ecofeminism has been introduced to highlight the convergence between nature and women.
o Women & Climate Change - A changing climate affects everyone– but it’s the world’s poorest and
those in vulnerable situations, especially women and girls, who bear the brunt of environmental,
economic and social shocks. In many developing countries, women and girls often carry the burden
of water and fuel collection and food provision. Thus, climate change has direct and indirect impact
on women - drought, floods, etc.
Prominent Examples where women have been at the forefront of movements against ecological
destruction
● Bishnoi movement in 1700s was led by Amrita Devi
● Chipko movement was primarily women-led movement where the women of Chamoli village hugged
trees to protect them from being cut. Vandana Shiva an ecofeminist was involved in it.
● Narmada Bachao Andolan was led by Medha Patkar
● The First World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) to take into account ecological
degradation was headed by a woman, Gro Harlem Brundtland.
Feminization of Agriculture
● Women have broadened and deepened their involvement in agricultural production over the last few
decades as they increasingly shoulder the responsibility for household survival and respond to economic
opportunities in commercial agriculture. This trend has been called the feminization of agriculture.
● In rural India, the percentage of women who depend on agriculture for their livelihood is as high as 84%.
They make up about 33% of cultivators and about 47% of agricultural labourers.
Issues
● While women have increased their work time in agricultural production, there has been little change in
the gender division of labor within the household with regard to reproductive work.
● Men are not assuming reproductive and domestic tasks, even as women are increasing their
participation in on-farm and off-farm productive activities
● Differentiated access to productive resources and markets
o Post-Conflict
▪ Sexual violence tends to continue post-conflict as it has been demonstrated increased gender
violence and detrimental effects on family relations.
▪ Also problems of rejection by families and communities, unwanted pregnancies and children as a
result of rape, rejection of these children, the stigmatisation and ostracisation of traumatised
women, the spread of sexually transmitted infections and HIV, suicide and coerced suicide (under
pressure from husbands or community members).
▪ Rape of women displaced by war and without male protection in refugee camps.
o Technology
▪ Enabled access and affordability of education, health, skills.
▪ Provision for employment opportunities especially in service sector eg. IT, ITES.
▪ Upcoming challenges to women labour owing to Artificial intelligence and Machine labour.
▪ Women centric technologies or inventions are not given priority or importance. For example, the
movie Padman was based on Arunachalam Muruganantham, a social entrepreneur who invented
a low cost sanitary pad making machine as poor women used unsanitary rags due to high cost of
commercial pads.
• WOMEN IN SPORTS
o Sports is mostly characterized by aggression, physical strength etc. and viewed as a male-bastion;
Women keen in a sports as a future not only face wrath of their family but also sports administrators,
coaches etc.
o Issues of pay parity; Discrimination regarding resources; Issues of sexual harassment; Poor
representation of women in sports governing bodies; Post-retirement from sports, the status of
women has continued to be same.