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316 Chapter 7 / Internal Flows

TABLE 7.2 Nominal Loss Coefficients K (Turbulent Flow)a

Type of fitting Screwed Flanged

Diameter 2.5 cm 5 in. 10 cm 5 cm 10 cm 20 cm

Globe valve (fully open) 8.2 6.9 5.7 8.5 6.0 5.8
(half open) 20 17 14 21 15 14
(one-quarter open) 57 48 40 60 42 41
Angle valve (fully open) 4.7 2.0 1.0 2.4 2.0 2.0
Swing check valve (fully open) 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Gate valve (fully open) 0.24 0.16 0.11 0.35 0.16 0.07
Return bend 1.5 0.95 0.64 0.35 0.30 0.25
Tee (branch) 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.80 0.64 0.58
Tee (line) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.19 0.14 0.10
Standard elbow 1.5 0.95 0.64 0.39 0.30 0.26
Long sweep elbow 0.72 0.41 0.23 0.30 0.19 0.15
45° elbow 0.32 0.30 0.29

Square-edged entrance 0.5

Reentrant entrance 0.8

Well-rounded entrance 0.03

Pipe exit 1.0

Area ratio
Sudden contractionb 2:1 0.25
5:1 0.41
10:1 0.46

Area ratio A/A0

Orifice plate 1.5:1 0.85
2:1 3.4
4:1 29
2
冢 冣
A
 6:1 2.78   0.6
A0
A1 2
Sudden enlargementc 冢1  A冣 2

90° miter bend (without vanes) 1.1

(with vanes) 0.2

General contraction (30° included angle) 0.02

θ (70° included angle) 0.07

a
Values for other geometries can be found in Technical Paper 410, The Crane Company, 1957.
b
Based on exit velocity V2.
c
Based on entrance velocity V1.

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 TABLE 8–4
Loss coefficients KL of various pipe components for turbulent flow (for use in the relation hL 5 KLV 2/(2g), where V is the
average velocity in the pipe that contains the component)*

Pipe Inlet
Reentrant: KL 5 0.80 Sharp-edged: KL 5 0.50 Well-rounded (r /D . 0.2): KL 5 0.03
(t ,, D and I < 0.1D) Slightly rounded (r /D 5 0.1): KL 5 0.12
(see Fig. 8–39)

V D V D V D

l t

Pipe Exit
Reentrant: KL 5 a Sharp-edged: KL 5 a Rounded: KL 5 a

V V V

Note: The kinetic energy correction factor is a 5 2 for fully developed laminar flow, and a < 1.05 for fully developed turbulent flow.

Sudden Expansion and Contraction (based on the velocity in the smaller-diameter pipe)
d2 2
Sudden expansion: KL 5 a a1 2 b
D2

0.6
V d D

0.4
KL for sudden
KL contraction
Sudden contraction: See chart.
0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D d V
d2/D2

Gradual Expansion and Contraction (based on the velocity in the smaller-diameter pipe)
Expansion (for u 5 20°): Contraction:
KL 5 0.30 for d/D 5 0.2 KL 5 0.02 for u 5 30°
KL 5 0.25 for d/D 5 0.4 KL 5 0.04 for u 5 45° D u d
V d u D V
KL 5 0.15 for d/D 5 0.6 KL 5 0.07 for u 5 60°
KL 5 0.10 for d/D 5 0.8

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 378
INTERNAL FLOW

TABLE 8–4 (CONCLUDED)

Bends and Branches
90° smooth bend: 90° miter bend 90° miter bend 45° threaded elbow:
Flanged: KL 5 0.3 (without vanes): KL 5 1.1 (with vanes): KL 5 0.2 KL 5 0.4
Threaded: KL 5 0.9

45°
V V V V

180° return bend: Tee (branch flow): Tee (line flow): Threaded union:
Flanged: KL 5 0.2 Flanged: KL 5 1.0 Flanged: KL 5 0.2 KL 5 0.08
Threaded: KL 5 1.5 Threaded: KL 5 2.0 Threaded: KL 5 0.9

V
V V

Valves
Globe valve, fully open: KL 5 10 Gate valve, fully open: KL 5 0.2
1
Angle valve, fully open: KL 5 5 4 closed: KL 5 0.3
1
Ball valve, fully open: KL 5 0.05 2 closed: KL 5 2.1
3
Swing check valve: KL 5 2 4 closed: KL 5 17
* These are representative values for loss coefficients. Actual values strongly depend on the design and manufacture of the components and may differ from the

given values considerably (especially for valves). Actual manufacturer’s data should be used in the final design.

Head Pressure head converted Total

to velocity head head

KLV 2/2g Lost velocity head

V 21
2g V 22 /2g Remaining
P0 velocity head
rg
P1 Pressure P2 Remaining
rg head rg pressure head

1 2

Vena contracta

0 1 2
FIGURE 8–38
Graphical representation of flow
contraction and the associated head Separated
loss at a sharp-edged pipe inlet. flow

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 308

0.1
0.09 Critical
Laminar zone Transition
0.08 flow zone Completely turbulent regime
67730_07_ch07_p270-343.qxd

0.07 64 0.05
f = ––
Re 0.04
0.06
0.03
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Chapter 7 / Internal Flows

0.05 0.02
0.015
0.04
0.01
10:59 PM

Re 0.008
crit
Rcr
0.006
0.03
f 0.004

0.025
Page 308

0.002
e
D
–– Relative roughness

0.02 0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.015 e (ft) e (mm)
Riveted steel  0.01 3 0.0002
Concrete  0.001-0.01 0.3-3
Wood  0.001 0.3 0.0001
Cast iron 0.00085 0.26
Galvanized iron 0.0005 0.15 Smooth pipes 0.000,05
0.01 Wrought iron 0.00015 0.046 0.000,001
Drawn tubing 0.000005 0.0015 0.000,005
0.009

0.008 0.000,01
7 9 2 3 4 5 67 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 2 3 4 5 67 9 2 3 4 5 67 9 2 3 4 5 67 9
103 104 105 106 107 108
Reynolds number Re
Fig. 7.13 Moody diagram. (From L. F. Moody, Trans. ASME, Vol. 66, 1944. Reproduced with permission of ASME.)
(Note: If e/D  0.01 and Re  104, the dot locates f  0.043.)

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ANttLISIS DE FLUJOS INTERNOS IMPORTANTES

Tabla 9.2
Factores K para accesorios16

Dihmetro nominal, pulg

I 3
2 4 1 1; 2 3 4 5 6 8-10 12-16 18-24

Válvula d e compuerta (abierto) 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 O.OYb

Válvula d e globo (abierto) 9.2 8.5 7.8 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.4 4.1

Codo estándar (atornillado) 90” 0.80 0.75 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.5 1 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36

Codo estándar (atornillado) 4 5 ” 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.1’)

“T”estándar (flujo recto) 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.2x 0.26 0.24

“T”estándar (flujo cruzado) 1.62 1so 1.38 1.26 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.96 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.72

En las tablas 9.2 y 9.3 se dan los factores K para algunos accesorios importantes conectados a tuberías con
ciertos diámetros nominales. Nótese que el diámetro nominal no corresponde exactamente al diámetro interno
de la tubería. En la tabla 9.4 se dan los diámetros nominales para tubos de acero al carbón y aleaciones de
acero al igual que acero inoxidable, junto con el diámetro interno y con el área de la sección transversal interna.
Nótese que los diámetros internos hasta un tamaño de 12 pulg son ligeramente mayores que los diámetros
nominales, mientras que después de 12 pulg el diámetro interno es menor que el diámetro nominal.

Tabla 9.3
Factores K para codos bridados de 90”16

Tamaño nominal de la tubería, pulg

r/d 21 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 8-10 12-16 18-24

1 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.2x 0.26 0.24
3 0.32 0.30 0.276 0.228 0.216 0.204 0.192 0.018 0.168 0.156 0.144
6 0.459 0.425 0.391 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20
10 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36
14 1.03 0.95 0.87 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46
20 1.35 1.25 1.15 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60

En los ejemplos que siguen en la parte D de este capítulo y en muchos de los problemas de tarea, cuando se
especifica un diámetro se hace referencia a un diámetro interno, a menos que se especifique que es un diámetro
nominal. En el último caso, es necesario utilizar la tabla 9.4 para obtener el diámetro interno.

Finalmente, en la figura 9.22 se muestran los factores K para entradas a tuberías.

338 Además, se indica que en los ejemplos de la parte D y en muchos de los problemas de tareas se especi-
fican los factores K con el fín de ahorrar tiempo.
 FUJI0 VISCOSO INCOMPRESIBLE A TRAVÉS DE TUBEFtfAS

Tabla 9.4
Tamaños nominales para tuberías estándare@

Diámetro Diámetro hea de sección

nominal, interno, transversal interna,
PUk PUk PUW
7I 0.364 0.1041
3
4 0.824 0.533
1 1.049 0.864
1; l.hlO 2.03h
2 2.067 3.356
3 3.068 7.393
4 4.026 12.13
5 5.047 20.01
ó 6.065 28.89
8 7.981 50.03
10 10.020 78.85
12 12.000 113.10
14 13.000 132.73
16 15.25 182.65
18 17.250 233.74
20 19.250 291.04
22 21.250 354.66
24 23.250 424.56

Proyectándose hacia adentro Bordeagudo

K= 0.78 K = 0.5

0.15
rld 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.10 y superiores
K 0.28 0.24 0.15 0.09 0.04

Figura 9.22
Entrada a tuberías.
339